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Public Policy, Economic Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State Saginaw Valley State University University

Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

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Page 1: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Public Policy, Economic Policy, Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policyand Social Welfare Policy

Michael R. BaysdellMichael R. Baysdell

PS 123 U.S. GovernmentPS 123 U.S. Government

Saginaw Valley State UniversitySaginaw Valley State University

Page 2: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

The Policy Making Process The Policy Making Process

The most important decision affecting policy-The most important decision affecting policy-making is deciding what belongs on the political making is deciding what belongs on the political agenda.agenda.

Shared beliefs determine what is legitimate for the Shared beliefs determine what is legitimate for the government to do.government to do.

Legitimacy is affected by…Legitimacy is affected by… a)a) Shared political valuesShared political values b)b) Weight of custom and traditionWeight of custom and tradition c)c) Impact of eventsImpact of events d)d) Changes in the way that political elites think Changes in the way that political elites think

and talk about politics and talk about politics

Page 3: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Increasing Gov’t SphereIncreasing Gov’t Sphere People believe that government should continue to do what it is doing now.People believe that government should continue to do what it is doing now. Changes in attitudes and events tend to increase government activities.Changes in attitudes and events tend to increase government activities. Government growth cannot be attributed to one political party.Government growth cannot be attributed to one political party. May also be enlarged without public demand and even when conditions are May also be enlarged without public demand and even when conditions are

improving (Medicare Part B)improving (Medicare Part B)

Groups are a motivating force in adding new issuesGroups are a motivating force in adding new issues (1)(1) May be organized (e.g., corporations) or disorganized (urban May be organized (e.g., corporations) or disorganized (urban

minorities)minorities) (2)(2) May react to a sense of May react to a sense of relative deprivation--people’s feeling that relative deprivation--people’s feeling that

they are worse off than they expected to be they are worse off than they expected to be Examples: unions and factory Examples: unions and factory regulation; the black riots of the 1960sregulation; the black riots of the 1960s

(3)(3) May change the values and beliefs of others; example: the white May change the values and beliefs of others; example: the white response to urban riotsresponse to urban riots

Page 4: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Institutions Add New Issues.Institutions Add New Issues. Courts make decisions that force action by other branches: school Courts make decisions that force action by other branches: school

desegregation, abortiondesegregation, abortion (ii).(ii). Change the political agenda and rearrange political forcesChange the political agenda and rearrange political forces (iii).(iii). Courts facilitate change when there is no popular majority.Courts facilitate change when there is no popular majority.

Bureaucracy is a source of political innovationBureaucracy is a source of political innovation (ii).(ii). Professionalization of reformProfessionalization of reform (iii).(iii). Forms alliances, especially with senators and their staffsForms alliances, especially with senators and their staffs

SenateSenate (i).(i). More activists than everMore activists than ever (ii).(ii). Source of presidential candidates with new ideasSource of presidential candidates with new ideas

MediaMedia (i).(i). Helps place issues on political agendaHelps place issues on political agenda (ii).(ii). Publicizes issues placed there by others, e.g., safety standards Publicizes issues placed there by others, e.g., safety standards

proposed by proposed by SenateSenate c)c) Summarize public opinion dynamics:Summarize public opinion dynamics:

Page 5: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Summary of Public Opinion DynamicsSummary of Public Opinion Dynamics

Popular attitudes chance slowly, unless they Popular attitudes chance slowly, unless they are spurred by critical events.are spurred by critical events.

Elite attitudes are more volatile and more Elite attitudes are more volatile and more interdependent with government actions.interdependent with government actions.

Page 6: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Costs and BenefitsCosts and Benefits Costs and benefits of a proposed policy provide a way to understand how Costs and benefits of a proposed policy provide a way to understand how

an issue affects political power.an issue affects political power.

1.1. Cost: any burden, monetary or nonmonetary that some people must, or Cost: any burden, monetary or nonmonetary that some people must, or expect, to bear from the policyexpect, to bear from the policy

2.2. Benefit: any satisfaction, monetary or nonmonetary that some people must, Benefit: any satisfaction, monetary or nonmonetary that some people must, or expect, to receive from the policyor expect, to receive from the policy

3.3. Two aspects of costs and benefits are important.Two aspects of costs and benefits are important.a)a) Perception of costs and benefits affects politicsPerception of costs and benefits affects politicsb)b) People consider whether it is legitimate for a group to benefit.People consider whether it is legitimate for a group to benefit.

4.4. Politics is a process of settling disputes over who benefits/pays and who Politics is a process of settling disputes over who benefits/pays and who ought to benefit/pay—so ideas and values are as important as interests.ought to benefit/pay—so ideas and values are as important as interests.

5.5. People prefer programs that provide benefits to them at low cost.People prefer programs that provide benefits to them at low cost.6.6. Perceived distribution of costs and benefits shapes the kinds of political Perceived distribution of costs and benefits shapes the kinds of political

coalitions that form, but does not necessarily determine who wins.coalitions that form, but does not necessarily determine who wins.

Page 7: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Case Study: Business RegulationCase Study: Business Regulation Majoritarian politicsMajoritarian politics 1.1. Antitrust legislation in 1890sAntitrust legislation in 1890s a)a) Public indignation strong but unfocusedPublic indignation strong but unfocused b)b) Legislation vague; no specific enforcement agencyLegislation vague; no specific enforcement agency c)c) Sherman Act (1890)Sherman Act (1890) 2.2. Antitrust legislation was strengthened in the twentieth century.Antitrust legislation was strengthened in the twentieth century. a)a) Presidents took the initiative in encouraging its enforcement.Presidents took the initiative in encouraging its enforcement. b)b) Politicians, business leaders were committed to a strong antitrust Politicians, business leaders were committed to a strong antitrust

policy.policy. c)c) Federal Trade Commission (created in 1914)Federal Trade Commission (created in 1914) d)d) Clayton Act (1914)Clayton Act (1914) e)e) Enforcement was determined primarily by the ideology and personal Enforcement was determined primarily by the ideology and personal

convictions of the current presidential administration, not by interest group convictions of the current presidential administration, not by interest group activism.activism.

Entrepreneurial Politics: 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, 1970s Clean Air ActEntrepreneurial Politics: 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act, 1970s Clean Air Act

Page 8: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Business Regulation Cont’dBusiness Regulation Cont’d

Interest group politics: Labor-management conflictInterest group politics: Labor-management conflict a)a) 1935: labor unions seek government protection for 1935: labor unions seek government protection for

their rights; business firms in oppositiontheir rights; business firms in opposition (1)(1) Unions win.Unions win. (2)(2) Wagner Act creates National Labor Relations Board Wagner Act creates National Labor Relations Board

(NLRB).(NLRB). b)b) 1947: Taft-Hartley Act a victory for management: 1947: Taft-Hartley Act a victory for management:

permits states to pass right-to-work lawpermits states to pass right-to-work law c)c) 1959: Landrum-Griffin Act another victory for 1959: Landrum-Griffin Act another victory for

management: requires secret ballot union elections, union management: requires secret ballot union elections, union financial reportsfinancial reports

Client Politics: Licensing of doctors, lawyers, barbers—Client Politics: Licensing of doctors, lawyers, barbers—restricts entry and allows members to charge higher ratesrestricts entry and allows members to charge higher rates

Page 9: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

DeregulationDeregulation

Idea: governmental regulation was bad in Idea: governmental regulation was bad in industries that could be competitiveindustries that could be competitive

Example: airline fares, long distance Example: airline fares, long distance telephoning, truckingtelephoning, trucking

A challenge to iron triangles and client A challenge to iron triangles and client politicspolitics

Page 10: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Economic Policy (Ch. 16)Economic Policy (Ch. 16) Both the deficit and the balanced budget have led to policy debates.Both the deficit and the balanced budget have led to policy debates. 1.1. Republicans wanted to return the 1999 surplus to the public, Republicans wanted to return the 1999 surplus to the public,

while Democrats wanted to use it for new programs.while Democrats wanted to use it for new programs. 2.2. Both goals were servedBoth goals were served a)a) Republicans: Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Republicans: Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation

Act of 2001, one of only three large tax cuts since WWIIAct of 2001, one of only three large tax cuts since WWII b)b) Democrats: Tax cuts end on 2010; and spending was Democrats: Tax cuts end on 2010; and spending was

increased to many federal programsincreased to many federal programs 3.3. Economic forecasts are always uncertain – see that Economic forecasts are always uncertain – see that

September 11th attacks and subsequent military actions had September 11th attacks and subsequent military actions had significant economic implicationssignificant economic implications

4.4. In recession --according to Keynesian theoryIn recession --according to Keynesian theory a)a) Tax revenues decrease.Tax revenues decrease. b)b) Spending on social programs needs to increase.Spending on social programs needs to increase. C) This aggravates Supply-Siders and Tax-and-SpendersC) This aggravates Supply-Siders and Tax-and-Spenders

Page 11: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Government Spending (Ugh!)Government Spending (Ugh!)

2006 Government spending at all levels: $3 Trillion2006 Government spending at all levels: $3 Trillion $10,000 for each American$10,000 for each American Government spending increased because of 3 Government spending increased because of 3

events: The Great Depression, World War II, and events: The Great Depression, World War II, and LBJ’s Great SocietyLBJ’s Great Society

Governments buy everything from F-22s to toilet Governments buy everything from F-22s to toilet paper for government buildingspaper for government buildings

Government spending creates competition within Government spending creates competition within the private sector. EX: Lockheed “Skunk Works” F-the private sector. EX: Lockheed “Skunk Works” F-117117

The National government gives money to local and The National government gives money to local and regional governments to spend. See next slide.regional governments to spend. See next slide.

Page 12: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Cooperative FederalismCooperative Federalism Ways of Distributing $ to states:Ways of Distributing $ to states: Grants-in-Aid: grants of federal mone to Grants-in-Aid: grants of federal mone to

cities (land-grant colleges too)…allows cities (land-grant colleges too)…allows Congress to become enmeshed in public ed. Congress to become enmeshed in public ed. And mental healthAnd mental health

Block grants—fewer strings. EX: TANFBlock grants—fewer strings. EX: TANF Revenue Sharing—no strings, done away Revenue Sharing—no strings, done away

with in 1986 by Reaganwith in 1986 by Reagan Federal Agency Aid--FBI aid, other agency Federal Agency Aid--FBI aid, other agency

aid, FEMA, Census Bureauaid, FEMA, Census Bureau

Page 13: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Establishing the Federal BudgetEstablishing the Federal Budget“The President proposes, and Congress disposes”“The President proposes, and Congress disposes”

The government’s fiscal year is Oct. 1- Sept. 30.The government’s fiscal year is Oct. 1- Sept. 30. 11stst step: President confers with his advisors and step: President confers with his advisors and

drafts a budget to submit to Congressdrafts a budget to submit to Congress Second step: Congress accepts, rejects, or Second step: Congress accepts, rejects, or

modifies. House sets budget targets and bills are modifies. House sets budget targets and bills are referred to committees and subcommittees. Full referred to committees and subcommittees. Full house must vote, and this process must be house must vote, and this process must be completed by September 15. Process is repeated completed by September 15. Process is repeated in the Senate. in the Senate.

President may approve or veto the budgetPresident may approve or veto the budget Different political parties distribute discretionary Different political parties distribute discretionary

funds VERY differently. Republicans—Military funds VERY differently. Republicans—Military spending Democrats--Welfarespending Democrats--Welfare

Now, let’s look at the results….Now, let’s look at the results….

Page 14: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Mandatory and Discretionary Mandatory and Discretionary SpendingSpending

Mandatory spendingMandatory spending refers to money that refers to money that lawmakers are required lawmakers are required by law to spend on by law to spend on certain programs or to certain programs or to use for interest payments use for interest payments on the national debt. on the national debt. Includes Social Security, Includes Social Security, Income Security, Income Security, Medicare, Debt Interest, Medicare, Debt Interest, Veterans benefitsVeterans benefits

Discretionary spendingDiscretionary spending is is spending about which spending about which government planners can government planners can make choices. VERY make choices. VERY small!! (Education, small!! (Education, Employment, Social Employment, Social Services, Transportation, Services, Transportation, Justice, EnvironmentJustice, Environment

Administration of JusticeAdministration of Justice

HealthHealth

MedicareMedicare

Income securityIncome security

Social SecuritySocial Security

Veteran’s benefitsVeteran’s benefits

OtherOther

Net interestNet interest

DefenseDefense

Science, space and Science, space and technologytechnology

Energy, natural Energy, natural resources,&environmentresources,&environment

AgricultureAgriculture

TransportationTransportation

EducationEducation

Note: Because of rounding, totals may be less or greater than 100%.Note: Because of rounding, totals may be less or greater than 100%.Source: Source: Statistical Abstract of the United StatesStatistical Abstract of the United States

2%2%

1%1%

2.5%2.5%

2%2%0.7%0.7%

1%1%1%1%

15%15%16%16%

3%3%

8%8%

12%12%

14%14%

23%23%

Federal SpendingFederal Spending

Page 15: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

EntitlementsEntitlements An An entitlement programentitlement program is a social welfare program that is a social welfare program that

people must receive to if they meet certain eligibility people must receive to if they meet certain eligibility requirements. requirements.

Social SecuritySocial Security– Social Security is the largest category of government Social Security is the largest category of government

spending.spending.MedicareMedicare

– Medicare pays for certain health benefits for people Medicare pays for certain health benefits for people over 65 or people who have certain disabilities and over 65 or people who have certain disabilities and diseases.diseases.

MedicaidMedicaid– Medicaid benefits low-income families, some people Medicaid benefits low-income families, some people

with disabilities, and elderly people in nursing homes. with disabilities, and elderly people in nursing homes. Medicaid costs are shared by the federal and state Medicaid costs are shared by the federal and state governments.governments.

Page 16: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Discretionary SpendingDiscretionary SpendingDefense SpendingDefense Spending

Spending on defense accounts for about half of the federal Spending on defense accounts for about half of the federal government’s discretionary spending.government’s discretionary spending.

Defense spending pays military personnel salaries, buys Defense spending pays military personnel salaries, buys military equipment, and covers operating costs of military military equipment, and covers operating costs of military bases.bases.

Other Discretionary SpendingOther Discretionary Spending Other discretionary spending categories include:Other discretionary spending categories include: educationeducation trainingtraining environmental cleanupenvironmental cleanup national parks and monumentsnational parks and monuments scientific researchscientific research land managementland management farm subsidiesfarm subsidies foreign aidforeign aid

Page 17: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

The Budget ProcessThe Budget Process1.1. President submits budget.President submits budget.2.2. House and Senate budget committees analyze the budget, with House and Senate budget committees analyze the budget, with

the Congressional Budget Office.the Congressional Budget Office.3.3. Each committee proposes to its house a budget resolution that Each committee proposes to its house a budget resolution that

sets a total budget ceiling and ceilings for each of several sets a total budget ceiling and ceilings for each of several spending areas.spending areas.

4.4. Congress is supposed to adopt these resolutions, to guide its Congress is supposed to adopt these resolutions, to guide its budget debates.budget debates.

5.5. Congress considers appropriations bills and sees whether they Congress considers appropriations bills and sees whether they are congruent with the budget resolution.are congruent with the budget resolution.

6.6. Appropriations bills cannot make big changes in the budget Appropriations bills cannot make big changes in the budget because approximately two-thirds of government spending in because approximately two-thirds of government spending in on entitlements.on entitlements.

7.7. Nothing requires Congress to make cuts, but the process has Nothing requires Congress to make cuts, but the process has made some links between spending and revenues.made some links between spending and revenues.

8.8. Reagan secured large cuts in 1981, but was unsuccessful in Reagan secured large cuts in 1981, but was unsuccessful in subsequent years.subsequent years.

Page 18: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Section Review—Federal Gov’t Section Review—Federal Gov’t SpendingSpending

1. All of the following are examples of mandatory 1. All of the following are examples of mandatory spending exceptspending except(a) defense spending.(a) defense spending.(b) Medicare.(b) Medicare.(c) Social Security.(c) Social Security.(d) Medicaid.(d) Medicaid.

2. An entitlement program is2. An entitlement program is(a) a program to provide benefits paid to everyone.(a) a program to provide benefits paid to everyone.(b) a program to provide benefits paid to government (b) a program to provide benefits paid to government

employees only.employees only.(c) a program to provide benefits to people who meet (c) a program to provide benefits to people who meet

certain requirements.certain requirements.(d) a program to provide benefits to illegal aliens.(d) a program to provide benefits to illegal aliens.

Page 19: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Case Study: Social SecurityCase Study: Social Security

Passed by liberals in 1935 as OASDI—Passed by liberals in 1935 as OASDI—Constitutional by 5-4 decisionConstitutional by 5-4 decision

Funded by a payroll tax paid by Funded by a payroll tax paid by all workersall workers (deduction on paycheck). Only workers with (deduction on paycheck). Only workers with enough credits are eligible.enough credits are eligible.

6.2% tax on salary up to $90,000 limit6.2% tax on salary up to $90,000 limit 1.45% Medicare tax on all 1.45% Medicare tax on all earnedearned income income Medicare and Medicaid added in 1965 (health Medicare and Medicaid added in 1965 (health

insurance--Medicare 65+; Medicaid poor)insurance--Medicare 65+; Medicaid poor)

Page 20: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Problems with Social SecurityProblems with Social Security

Problem: there will soon be insufficient people paying Problem: there will soon be insufficient people paying Social Security taxes to provide benefits for every retired Social Security taxes to provide benefits for every retired person. Baby boomers aging, will retire soon and require person. Baby boomers aging, will retire soon and require more health care. AARP strong influence demands policy more health care. AARP strong influence demands policy favorable to members.favorable to members.

Solutions opposed by the public include…Solutions opposed by the public include…a)a) Raising the retirement age to 70, freezing retirement Raising the retirement age to 70, freezing retirement

benefits, and raising Social Security taxesbenefits, and raising Social Security taxesb)b) Privatizing Social SecurityPrivatizing Social Securityc)c) Combine the first two reforms, and allow citizens to invest Combine the first two reforms, and allow citizens to invest

a portion of their Social Security taxes into mutual fundsa portion of their Social Security taxes into mutual funds

And now, Medicare Part B (Prescription Drug coverage) And now, Medicare Part B (Prescription Drug coverage) makes the problem even worse.makes the problem even worse.

Page 21: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Foreign, Defense, and Military PolicyForeign, Defense, and Military Policy

President is the commander-in-chief but Congress President is the commander-in-chief but Congress appropriates the moneyappropriates the money

President appoints ambassadors but Senate confirms President appoints ambassadors but Senate confirms them.them.

President negotiates treaties but the Senate must ratify President negotiates treaties but the Senate must ratify them with a two-thirds vote.them with a two-thirds vote.

Only Congress can regulate commerce with other nations Only Congress can regulate commerce with other nations and declare war.and declare war.

But Americans think that the president in charge and But Americans think that the president in charge and history confirms that belief.history confirms that belief.

National Security Council led by Nat’l Security Advisor, also National Security Council led by Nat’l Security Advisor, also contains Veep, Sec of State, Sec of Defense, CIA director, contains Veep, Sec of State, Sec of Defense, CIA director, Chairman JCS, Att’y GeneralChairman JCS, Att’y General

Page 22: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Presidential DeploymentsPresidential Deployments (1)(1) 1801, Jefferson sends the Navy to deal with the Barbary pirates.1801, Jefferson sends the Navy to deal with the Barbary pirates. (2)(2) 1845, Polk sends troops to Mexico.1845, Polk sends troops to Mexico. (3)(3) 1861, Lincoln blockades southern ports and declares martial 1861, Lincoln blockades southern ports and declares martial

law.law. (4)(4) 1940, FDR sends destroyers to Britain to be used against 1940, FDR sends destroyers to Britain to be used against

Germany (Germany was then our ally).Germany (Germany was then our ally). (5)(5) 1950, Truman sends troops to Korea.1950, Truman sends troops to Korea. (6)(6) 1960s, Kennedy, Johnson send advisors and then troops to 1960s, Kennedy, Johnson send advisors and then troops to

Vietnam.Vietnam. (7)(7) 1983, Reagan sends troops to Grenada to overthrow a pro-1983, Reagan sends troops to Grenada to overthrow a pro-

Castro regime.Castro regime. (8)(8) 1987, Reagan sends the Navy to protect tankers in Persian Gulf.1987, Reagan sends the Navy to protect tankers in Persian Gulf. (9)(9) 1989, George H.W. Bush orders the invasion of Panama.1989, George H.W. Bush orders the invasion of Panama. (10)(10) 1990, George H.W. Bush sends forces into Saudi Arabia when 1990, George H.W. Bush sends forces into Saudi Arabia when

Iraq invades Kuwait.Iraq invades Kuwait. (11)(11) 1999, Clinton orders attacks against Serbs in Kosovo.1999, Clinton orders attacks against Serbs in Kosovo. (12)(12) 2001, George W. Bush sends troops to Afghanistan.2001, George W. Bush sends troops to Afghanistan.

Page 23: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Times When Presidents were Times When Presidents were Unable to Act Decisively:Unable to Act Decisively:

(1)(1) Wilson and FDR were unable to ally with Britain Wilson and FDR were unable to ally with Britain before World War I and World War II.before World War I and World War II.

(2)(2) Wilson was unable to lead United States into Wilson was unable to lead United States into League of Nations.League of Nations.

(3)(3) Ford could not intervene in Angola, to support an Ford could not intervene in Angola, to support an anti-Marxist regime.anti-Marxist regime.

(4)(4) Reagan was criticized on his commitments to El Reagan was criticized on his commitments to El Salvador and Lebanon.Salvador and Lebanon.

(5)(5) Congressional debate on Bush’s waging of Gulf War Congressional debate on Bush’s waging of Gulf War was extended was extended

(6) SC struck down Truman’s 1952 seizure of steel mills(6) SC struck down Truman’s 1952 seizure of steel mills War Powers Act makes Presidents less likely to deploy War Powers Act makes Presidents less likely to deploy

troopstroops

Page 24: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

ReorganizationsReorganizations

1973: All volunteer force1973: All volunteer force

National Security Act of 1947: Created Defense National Security Act of 1947: Created Defense Department, unified command but separate services. Department, unified command but separate services. Secretary of Defense, Army, Navy civiliansSecretary of Defense, Army, Navy civilians

Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986: Joint Chiefs of Staff Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986: Joint Chiefs of Staff created (uniformed head of each service, chair and vice created (uniformed head of each service, chair and vice chair appointed by President and confirmed by Senate). chair appointed by President and confirmed by Senate).

Current JCS—Gen. Peter Pace (Marines)Current JCS—Gen. Peter Pace (Marines) Civilian secretary is responsible for purchasing and public Civilian secretary is responsible for purchasing and public

affars.affars.

Page 25: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy

Controversial because it creates winners Controversial because it creates winners and losersand losers

Scientific uncertainty (global warming farce)Scientific uncertainty (global warming farce) Difficult to impose nationally because of Difficult to impose nationally because of

different considerations—so left to states, different considerations—so left to states, subject to federal controlsubject to federal control

Page 26: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Legislative successesLegislative successes

1969. NEPA: requires impact statements1969. NEPA: requires impact statements 1970, Environmental Protection Agency established1970, Environmental Protection Agency established 1970, Clean Air Act passed. 90% reduction in 1970, Clean Air Act passed. 90% reduction in

hydrocarbons, CO, NOx, led to catalytic converters, hydrocarbons, CO, NOx, led to catalytic converters, elimination of lead in fuelelimination of lead in fuel

1972, clean water legislation passed, EPA given mandate 1972, clean water legislation passed, EPA given mandate to examine pesticidesto examine pesticides

1973, Endangered Species Act passed.1973, Endangered Species Act passed. 1997 Kyoto Protocol (US a signatory but not ratified)1997 Kyoto Protocol (US a signatory but not ratified) Now: Pollution allowances and credits serve as a Now: Pollution allowances and credits serve as a

compromise between two extremescompromise between two extremes

Page 27: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives After reading and reviewing the material in this chapter, the student should be able to After reading and reviewing the material in this chapter, the student should be able to

do each of the following:do each of the following: Explain how certain issues at certain times are placed on the political agenda for Explain how certain issues at certain times are placed on the political agenda for

action.action. Define the terms “costs,” “benefits,” and “perceived” as used in this chapter.Define the terms “costs,” “benefits,” and “perceived” as used in this chapter. Use the above terms to explain the four types of politics presented in the text: Use the above terms to explain the four types of politics presented in the text:

majoritarian, client, interest group, and entrepreneurial, giving examples of each.majoritarian, client, interest group, and entrepreneurial, giving examples of each. Discuss the roles played in the process of public policy formation by people’s Discuss the roles played in the process of public policy formation by people’s

perceptions, beliefs, interests, and values.perceptions, beliefs, interests, and values. Show how voters have contradictory attitudes regarding their own and others’ Show how voters have contradictory attitudes regarding their own and others’

economic circumstances.economic circumstances. List and briefly explain four competing economic theories. Assess the nature and List and briefly explain four competing economic theories. Assess the nature and

impact of Reaganomics.impact of Reaganomics. List the four major executive branch agencies involved in setting economic policy and List the four major executive branch agencies involved in setting economic policy and

explain the role of each.explain the role of each. Analyze federal fiscal policy in terms of the text’s four categories of policy-making Analyze federal fiscal policy in terms of the text’s four categories of policy-making

politics.politics. Trace the history of federal government budgeting practices.Trace the history of federal government budgeting practices. Discuss how the September 11th attacks, as well as the subsequent economic Discuss how the September 11th attacks, as well as the subsequent economic

developments and government actions, have changed economic policy debates.developments and government actions, have changed economic policy debates.

Page 28: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Learning Objectives (Cont’d)Learning Objectives (Cont’d) Describe the goals of the social welfare system, and contrast its programs with those of the British in terms of centralization.Describe the goals of the social welfare system, and contrast its programs with those of the British in terms of centralization. Describe the major elements of the system, including the Social Security Act of 1935, the Medicare Act of 1965, and the Describe the major elements of the system, including the Social Security Act of 1935, the Medicare Act of 1965, and the

abolition of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program.abolition of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. Explain why some welfare policies involve majoritarian politics, while others involve client politics. Give examples and Explain why some welfare policies involve majoritarian politics, while others involve client politics. Give examples and

indicate the political consequences of each.indicate the political consequences of each. Discuss the politics of welfare reform.Discuss the politics of welfare reform. List the constitutional powers of the president and compare them with the authority of Congress in foreign affairs. Explain List the constitutional powers of the president and compare them with the authority of Congress in foreign affairs. Explain

why the president now has a larger role than the Framers necessarily intended.why the president now has a larger role than the Framers necessarily intended. Explain why checks on the powers of the national government in foreign affairs are primarily political rather than Explain why checks on the powers of the national government in foreign affairs are primarily political rather than

constitutional.constitutional. Give reasons for the volatility of public opinion on foreign affairs. Describe the problems that the president may face, using Give reasons for the volatility of public opinion on foreign affairs. Describe the problems that the president may face, using

public opinion on the Vietnam War as an example.public opinion on the Vietnam War as an example. Explain the worldview concept and describe the containment strategy of George Kennan. Summarize essential elements of Explain the worldview concept and describe the containment strategy of George Kennan. Summarize essential elements of

the anti-appeasement, disengagement, and human rights worldviews.the anti-appeasement, disengagement, and human rights worldviews. Analyze the key allocative decisions about the defense budget. Explain how the congressional role in deciding on weapons Analyze the key allocative decisions about the defense budget. Explain how the congressional role in deciding on weapons

systems has changed in recent years.systems has changed in recent years. Explain why the 1947 and 1949 Defense Reorganization Acts did not merge the armed services. Review the present Explain why the 1947 and 1949 Defense Reorganization Acts did not merge the armed services. Review the present

structure of the department, and explain how it contributes to inter-service rivalries. Discuss the reforms adopted in 1986 and structure of the department, and explain how it contributes to inter-service rivalries. Discuss the reforms adopted in 1986 and the challenges the services confront in fighting the war on terrorism.the challenges the services confront in fighting the war on terrorism.

Explain why the cost overrun problem is due to bureaucratic and political factors, and describe proposed reforms of the Explain why the cost overrun problem is due to bureaucratic and political factors, and describe proposed reforms of the system.system.

Page 29: Public Policy, Economic Policy, and Social Welfare Policy Michael R. Baysdell PS 123 U.S. Government Saginaw Valley State University

Final ObjectivesFinal Objectives

List three reasons why environmental policy tends to be so controversial and List three reasons why environmental policy tends to be so controversial and provide examples of each.provide examples of each.

2.2. Describe the role of (a) the United States political system and (b) local Describe the role of (a) the United States political system and (b) local politics in shaping environmental policy. Contrast these with environmental politics in shaping environmental policy. Contrast these with environmental policy making in Britain.policy making in Britain.

3.3. Describe the role of entrepreneurial politics in the government’s Describe the role of entrepreneurial politics in the government’s response to global warming.response to global warming.

4.4. Describe the role of majoritarian politics in the government’s efforts to Describe the role of majoritarian politics in the government’s efforts to reduce automobile emissions. Explain why majoritarian politics has worked in reduce automobile emissions. Explain why majoritarian politics has worked in some cases and not others.some cases and not others.

5.5. Describe the role of interest group politics in the government’s efforts to Describe the role of interest group politics in the government’s efforts to resolve the acid rain controversy. List proposed alternative solutions and outline resolve the acid rain controversy. List proposed alternative solutions and outline the terms of the compromise reached by Congress and the Bush administration.the terms of the compromise reached by Congress and the Bush administration.

6.6. Describe the role of client politics in the government’s efforts to Describe the role of client politics in the government’s efforts to regulate the use of agricultural pesticides and logging in U.S. forests.regulate the use of agricultural pesticides and logging in U.S. forests.