Public International Law Cases for Treaties

8/19/2019 Public International Law Cases for Treaties

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G.R. No. 138570 October 10, 2000

BAYAN (Bagong Alyansang Makabayan), a JUNK VFA MOVEMENT, BISHOP TOMAS MILLAMENA (Igls!a F!l!"!na In#"n#!n$), BISHOP ELME% BOLO&AN (Un!$# &'*' o+&'!s$ o+ $' P'!l), -% %EYNAL-O LE.AS&A, M-, KILUSAN. MAMBUBUKI- N. PILIPINAS, KILUSAN. MAYO UNO, .AB%IELA, P%OLABO%, an# $' PUBLI& INTE%EST LA/&ENTE%, petitioners, vs.

E0E&UTIVE SE&%ETA%Y %ONAL-O 1AMO%A, FO%EI.N AFFAI%S SE&%ETA%Y -OMIN.O SIA1ON, -EFENSE SE&%ETA%Y O%LAN-O ME%&A-O, B%I. .EN ALE0AN-E%A.UI%%E, SENATE P%ESI-ENT MA%&ELO FE%NAN, SENATO% F%ANKLIN -%ILON, SENATO% BLAS OPLE, SENATO% %O-OLFO BIA1ON, an# SENATO% F%AN&IS&OTATA-, respondents.

x - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x

.% No 234567 O*$ob 28, 7888

PHILIPPINE &ONSTITUTION ASSO&IATION, IN&(PHIL&ONSA), E0E9UIEL B .A%&IA, AMA-O.AT IN&ION., &AMILO L SABIO, AN- %AMON A .ON1ALES, petitioners, vs.

HON %ONAL-O B 1AMO%A, as E:*$!; S*$ay, HON O%LAN-O ME%&A-O, as S*$ay o+ Na$!onal -+ns, an# HON -OMIN.O L SIA1ON, J%, as S*$ay o+ Fo!A++a!s, respondents.

x - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x

.% No 234546 O*$ob 28, 7888

TEOFISTO T .UIN.ONA, J%, %AUL S %O&O, an# SE%.IO % OSME


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On :#$( 18, 17, t"e nte& St%tes '%ne$, "e%&e& b( S Defense De'#t( ssst%nt Secret%r( for s% +%cfc ;#rt C%)'be$$, )et *t" t"e +"$''ne '%ne$, "e%&e& b( /ore!n ff%

n&ersecret%r( Ro&o$fo Severno :r., to exc"%n!e notes on . Ne!ot%tons b( bot" '%ne$s on t"e / $e& to % conso$&%te& &r%ft text, *"c" n t#rn res#$te& t

fn%$ seres of conferences %n& ne!ot%tons3 t"%t c#$)n%te& n %n$% on :%n#%r( 12 %n& 13, 18. "ere%fter, t"en +res&ent /&e$ . R%)os %''rove& t"e /, *"c" *%s res'ectve

s!ne& b( '#b$c res'on&ent Secret%r( S%on %n& ntes St%tes )b%ss%&or "o)%s ?#bb%r& on /ebr#%r( 10, 18.

On October 5, 18, +res&ent :ose'" E. Estr%&%, t"ro#!" res'on&ent Secret%r( of /ore!n ff%rs, r%tfe& t"e /.

On October , 18, t"e +res&ent, %ctn! t"ro#!" res'on&ent Exec#tve Secret%r( Ron%$&o @%)or%, offc%$$( tr%ns)tte& to t"e Sen%te of t"e +"$''nes, 5 t"e Instr#)ent of R%tfc%ton,

$etter of t"e +res&ent %n& t"e /, for conc#rrence '#rs#%nt to Secton 21, rtc$e II of t"e 187 Constt#ton. "e Sen%te, n t#rn, referre& t"e / to ts Co))ttee on /ore!n Re$%to

c"%re& b( Sen%tor 4$%s /. O'$e, %n& ts Co))ttee on N%ton%$ Defense %n& Sec#rt(, c"%re& b( Sen%tor Ro&o$fo G. 4%on, for t"er ont cons&er%ton %n& reco))en&%ton. "ere%fter, o

'#b$c "e%rn!s *ere "e$& b( t"e t*o Co))ttees.7

On %( 3, 1, t"e Co))ttees s#b)tte& +ro'ose& Sen%te Reso$#ton No. 3 8 reco))en&n! t"e conc#rrence of t"e Sen%te to t"e / %n& t"e cre%ton of % Ae!s$%tve Overs

Co))ttee to oversee ts )'$e)ent%ton. Deb%tes t"en ens#e&.

On %( 27, 1, +ro'ose& Sen%te Reso$#ton No. 3 *%s %''rove& b( t"e Sen%te, b( % t*o-t"r&s =2B3> vote of ts )e)bers. Sen%te Reso$#ton No. 3 *%s t"en re-n#)bere& %s Sen

Reso$#ton No. 18.10

On :#ne 1, 1, t"e / offc%$$( entere& nto force %fter %n Exc"%n!e of Notes bet*een res'on&ent Secret%r( S%on %n& nte& St%tes )b%ss%&or ?#bb%r&.

"e /, *"c" conssts of % +re%)b$e %n& nne => rtc$es, 'rov&es for t"e )ec"%ns) for re!#$%tn! t"e crc#)st%nces %n& con&tons #n&er *"c" S r)e& /orces %n& &efen

'ersonne$ )%( be 'resent n t"e +"$''nes, %n& s #ote& n ts f#$$ text, "ere#n&er

, br%nc"

servce %n& '"oto!r%'"

n&v%$ or co$$ectve &oc#)ent ss#e& b( t"e %''ro'r%te nte& St%tes %#t"ort(, %#t"orn! t"e tr%ve$ or vst %n& &entf(n! t"e n&v%$ or !ro#' %s nt

St%tes )$t%r( 'ersonne$ %n&

t"e co))%n&n! offcer of % )$t%r( %rcr%ft or vesse$ s"%$$ 'resent % &ec$%r%ton of "e%$t", %n& *"en re#re& b( t"e co!n%nt re'resent%tve of t"e Govern)e

of t"e +"$''nes, s"%$$ conct % #%r%ntne ns'ecton %n& *$$ certf( t"%t t"e %rcr%ft or vesse$ s free fro) #%r%ntn%b$e &se%ses. n( #%r%ntne ns'ecton

nte& St%tes %rcr%ft or nte& St%tes vesse$s or c%r!oes t"ereon s"%$$ be concte& b( t"e nte& St%tes co))%n&n! offcer n %ccor&%nce *t" t"e ntern%ton

"e%$t" re!#$%tons %s 'ro)#$!%te& b( t"e 9or$& ?e%$t" Or!%n%ton, %n& )#t#%$$( %!ree& 'roceres.


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tre%son

=2> s%bot%!e, es'on%!e or vo$%ton of %n( $%* re$%tn! to n%ton%$ &efense.

, 2 =b>, %n& 3 =b> of t"s rtc$e.

=b> nte& St%tes )$t%r( %#t"ortes s"%$$ "%ve t"e 'r)%r( r!"t to exercse #rs&cton over nte& St%tes 'ersonne$ s#bect to t"e )$t%r( $%* of t"e nte& St%tes n re$%ton to.

=1> offenses so$e$( %!%nst t"e 'ro'ert( or sec#rt( of t"e nte& St%tes or offenses so$e$( %!%nst t"e 'ro'ert( or 'erson of nte& St%tes 'ersonne$ %n&

=2> offenses %rsn! o#t of %n( %ct or o)sson &one n 'erfor)%nce of offc%$ t(.

=c> "e %#t"ortes of et"er !overn)ent )%( re#est t"e %#t"ortes of t"e ot"er !overn)ent to *%ve t"er 'r)%r( r!"t to exercse #rs&cton n % '%rtc#$%r c%se.

=&> Reco!nn! t"e res'onsb$t( of t"e nte& St%tes )$t%r( %#t"ortes to )%nt%n !oo& or&er %n& &sc'$ne %)on! t"er forces, +"$''ne %#t"ortes *$$, #'

re#est b( t"e nte& St%tes, *%ve t"er 'r)%r( r!"t to exercse #rs&cton exce't n c%ses of '%rtc#$%r )'ort%nce to t"e +"$''nes. If t"e Govern)ent of t

+"$''nes &eter)nes t"%t t"e c%se s of '%rtc#$%r )'ort%nce, t s"%$$ co))#nc%te s#c" &eter)n%ton to t"e nte& St%tes %#t"ortes *t"n t*ent( =20> &%(s %ftt"e +"$''ne %#t"ortes receve t"e nte& St%tes re#est.

=e> 9"en t"e nte& St%tes )$t%r( co))%n&er &eter)nes t"%t %n offense c"%r!e& b( %#t"ortes of t"e +"$''nes %!%nst nte& st%tes 'ersonne$ %rses o#t of

%ct or o)sson &one n t"e 'erfor)%nce of offc%$ t(, t"e co))%n&er *$$ ss#e % certfc%te settn! fort" s#c" &eter)n%ton. "s certfc%te *$$ be tr%ns)tte& to

%''ro'r%te %#t"ortes of t"e +"$''nes %n& *$$ constt#te s#ffcent 'roof of 'erfor)%nce of offc%$ t( for t"e '#r'oses of '%r%!r%'" 3=b>=2> of t"s rtc$e. In t"o

c%ses *"ere t"e Govern)ent of t"e +"$''nes be$eves t"e crc#)st%nces of t"e c%se re#re % reve* of t"e t( certfc%te, nte& St%tes )$t%r( %#t"ortes %

+"$''ne %#t"ortes s"%$$ cons#$t ))e&%te$(. +"$''ne %#t"ortes %t t"e "!"est $eve$s )%( %$so 'resent %n( nfor)%ton be%rn! on ts v%$&t(. nte& St%t

)$t%r( %#t"ortes s"%$$ t%6e f#$$ %cco#nt of t"e +"$''ne 'oston. 9"ere %''ro'r%te, nte& St%tes )$t%r( %#t"ortes *$$ t%6e &sc'$n%r( or ot"er %cton %!%n

offen&ers n offc%$ t( c%ses, %n& notf( t"e Govern)ent of t"e +"$''nes of t"e %ctons t%6en.

=f> If t"e !overn)ent "%vn! t"e 'r)%r( r!"t &oes not exercse #rs&cton, t s"%$$ notf( t"e %#t"ortes of t"e ot"er !overn)ent %s soon %s 'ossb$e.


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=!> "e %#t"ortes of t"e +"$''nes %n& t"e nte& St%tes s"%$$ notf( e%c" ot"er of t"e &s'oston of %$$ c%ses n *"c" bot" t"e %#t"ortes of t"e +"$''nes %n&

nte& St%tes "%ve t"e r!"t to exercse #rs&cton.

o be nfor)e& n %&v%nce of tr%$ of t"e s'ecfc c"%r!e or c"%r!es )%&e %!%nst t"e) %n& to "%ve re%son%b$e t)e to 're'%re % &efense

=c> o be confronte& *t" *tnesses %!%nst t"e) %n& to cross ex%)ne s#c" *tnesses

=&> o 'resent ev&ence n t"er &efense %n& to "%ve co)'#$sor( 'rocess for obt%nn! *tnesses

=e> o "%ve free %n& %ssste& $e!%$ re'resent%ton of t"er o*n c"oce on t"e s%)e b%ss %s n%ton%$s of t"e +"$''nes

=f> o "%ve t"e servce of % co)'etent nter'reter %n&

=!> o co))#nc%te 'ro)'t$( *t" %n& to be vste& re!#$%r$( b( nte& St%tes %#t"ortes, %n& to "%ve s#c" %#t"ortes 'resent %t %$$ #&c%$ 'rocee&n!s. "ese 'rocee&n!s s"

be '#b$c #n$ess t"e co#rt, n %ccor&%nce *t" +"$''ne $%*s, exc$#&es 'ersons *"o "%ve no ro$e n t"e 'rocee&n!s.


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'ro'ert( )%( be re)ove& fro) t"e +"$''nes, or &s'ose& of t"eren, 'rov&e& t"%t &s'oston of s#c" 'ro'ert( n t"e +"$''nes to 'ersons or enttes not entt$e& to exe)'t

fro) %''$c%b$e t%xes %n& tes s"%$$ be s#bect to '%()ent of s#c" t%xes, %n& tes %n& 'ror %''rov%$ of t"e +"$''ne Govern)ent.


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t t"e o#tset, res'on&ents c"%$$en!e 'ettonerFs st%n&n! to s#e, on t"e !ro#n& t"%t t"e $%tter "%ve not s"o*n %n( nterest n t"e c%se, %n& t"%t 'ettoners f%$e& to s#bst%nt%te t"%t t"e( "%v

s#st%ne&, or *$$ s#st%n &rect n#r( %s % res#$t of t"e o'er%ton of t"e / . 12 +ettoners, on t"e ot"er "%n&, co#nter t"%t t"e v%$&t( or nv%$&t( of t"e / s % )%tter of tr%nscen&en

)'ort%nce *"c" #stfes t"er st%n&n!.13

'%rt( brn!n! % s#t c"%$$en!n! t"e constt#ton%$t( of % $%*, %ct, or st%t#te )#st s"o* .< =n&erscorn! S#''$e&>

"s 'rnc'$e *%s reter%te& n t"e s#bse#ent c%ses of on#ales vs. C'(!L!C ,21 Da#a vs. Singson,22 %n&Basco vs. Phil. A$use$ent an a$ing Corp. ,23 *"ere *e e)'"%tc%$$( "e


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of %$$ t"e e)bers of t"e Sen%te s re#re& to )%

t"e s#bect tre%t(, or ntern%ton%$ %!ree)ent, v%$& %n& bn&n! on t"e '%rt of t"e +"$''nes. "s 'rovson $%(s &o*n t"e !ener%$ r#$e on tre%tse or ntern%ton%$ %!ree)ents %n& %''$es

%n( for) of tre%t( *t" % *&e v%ret( of s#bect )%tter, s#c" %s, b#t not $)te& to, extr%&ton or t%x tre%tse or t"ose econo)c n n%t#re. $$ tre%tes or ntern%ton%$ %!ree)ents entere& nto

t"e +"$''nes, re!%r&$ess of s#bect )%tter, cover%!e, or '%rtc#$%r &es!n%ton or %''e$$%ton, re#res t"e conc#rrence of t"e Sen%te to be v%$& %n& effectve.

In contr%st, Secton 25, rtc$e HIII s % s'ec%$ 'rovson t"%t %''$es to tre%tes *"c" nvo$ve t"e 'resence of fore!n )$t%r( b%ses, troo's or f%c$tes n t"e +"$''nes. n&er t"s 'rovso

t"e conc#rrence of t"e Sen%te s on$( one of t"e re#stes to ren&er co)'$%nce *t" t"e constt#ton%$ re#re)ents %n& to cons&er t"e %!ree)ent bn&n! on t"e +"$''nes. Secton

rtc$e HIII f#rt"er re#res t"%t


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R. 4ONG. I c%nnot fn& %n( re%son *"( t"e !overn)ent c%n enter nto % tre%t( covern! on$( troo's.

/R. 4ERNS. 9"( not +rob%b$( f *e stretc" o#r )%!n%ton % $tt$e bt )ore, *e *$$ fn& so)e. 9e #st *%nt to cover ever(t"n!.< 2 =n&erscorn! S#''$e&>

oreover, )$t%r( b%ses est%b$s"e& *t"n t"e terrtor( of %not"er st%te s no $on!er v%b$e bec%#se of t"e %$tern%tves offere& b( ne* )e%ns %n& *e%'ons of *%rf%re s#c" %s n#c$

*e%'ons, !#&e& )ss$es %s *e$$ %s "#!e se% vesse$s t"%t c%n s t%( %f$o%t n t"e se% even for )ont"s %n& (e%rs *t"o#t ret#rnn! to t"er "o)e co#ntr(. "ese )$t%r( *%rs"'s %re %ct#

#se& %s s#bstt#tes for % $%n&-"o)e b%se not on$( of )$t%r( %rcr%ft b#t %$so of )$t%r( 'ersonne$ %n& f%c$tes. 4es&es, vesse$s %re )ob$e %s co)'%re& to % $%n&-b%se& )$t%

"e%&#%rters.

t t"s #nct#re, *e s"%$$ t"en reso$ve t"e ss#e of *"et"er or not t"e re#re)ents of Secton 25 *ere co)'$e& *t" *"en t"e Sen%te !%ve ts conc#rrence to t"e /.

Secton 25, rtc$e HIII &s%$$o*s fore!n )$t%r( b%ses, troo's, or f%c$tes n t"e co#ntr(, #n$ess t"e fo$$o*n! con&tons %re s#ffcent$( )et, %i&' =%> t )#st be #n&er % $a$y =b> t"e tre)#st be #ly *on*# !n by $' Sna$ %n&, *"en so re#re& b( con!ress, r%tfe& b( % )%ort( of t"e votes c%st b( t"e 'eo'$e n % n%ton%$ referen) %n& =c> *ogn!# a$a$y b( t"e ot"er contr%ctn! st%te.

"ere s no &s'#te %s to t"e 'resence of t"e frst t*o re#stes n t"e c%se of t"e /. "e conc#rrence "%n&e& b( t"e Sen%te t"ro#!" Reso$#ton No. 18 s n %ccor&%nce *t" t"e 'rovson

of t"e Constt#ton, *"et"er #n&er t"e !ener%$ re#re)ent n Secton 21, rtc$e II, or t"e s'ecfc )%n&%te )entone& n Secton 25, rtc$e HIII, t"e 'rovson n t"e $%tter %rtc$e re#rn

r%tfc%ton b( % )%ort( of t"e votes c%st n % n%ton%$ referen) ben! #nnecess%r( snce Con!ress "%s not re#re& t.

s to t"e )%tter of votn!, S*$!on 72, A$!*l VII '%rtc#$%r$( re#res t"%t % tre%t( or ntern%ton%$ %!ree)ent, to be v%$& %n& effectve, )#st be *on*# !n by a$ las$ $o?$'!#s o+ all @@bs o+ $' Sna$ On t"e ot"er "%n&, Secton 25, rtc$e HIII s)'$( 'rov&es t"%t t"e tre%t( be #ly *on*# !n by $' Sna$.

''$(n! t"e fore!on! constt#ton%$ 'rovsons, % t*o-t"r&s vote of %$$ t"e )e)bers of t"e Sen%te s c$e%r$( re#re& so t"%t t"e conc#rrence conte)'$%te& b( $%* )%( be v%$&$( obt%ne& %

&ee)e& 'resent. 9"$e t s tr#e t"%t Secton 25, rtc$e HIII re#res, %)on! ot"er t"n!s, t"%t t"e tre%t(-t"e /, n t"e nst%nt c%se-be


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In o#r #rs&cton, *e "%ve reco!ne& t"e bn&n! effect of exec#tve %!ree)ents even *t"o#t t"e conc#rrence of t"e Sen%te or Con!ress. In Co$$issioner o0 Custo$s vs. !astern S

1raing,0 *e "%& occ%son to 'rono#nce

"e &e$ber%tons of t"e Constt#ton%$ Co))sson *"c" &r%fte& t"e 187 Constt#ton s en$!"tenn! %n& "!"$(-nstr#ctve


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s re!%r&s t"e 'o*er to enter nto tre%tes or ntern%ton%$ %!ree)ents, t"e Constt#ton vests t"e s%)e n t"e +res&ent, s#bect on$( to t"e conc#rrence of %t $e%st t*o-t"r&s vote of %$$ t

)e)bers of t"e Sen%te. In t"s $!"t, t"e ne!ot%ton of t"e / %n& t"e s#bse#ent r%tfc%ton of t"e %!ree)ent %re exc$#sve %cts *"c" 'ert%n so$e$( to t"e +res&ent, n t"e $%*f#$ exerc

of "s v%st exec#tve %n& &'$o)%tc 'o*ers !r%nte& ") no $ess t"%n b( t"e f#n&%)ent%$ $%* tse$f. Into t*e ield o ne!otiation t*e Senate cannot intrude, and Con!ress itsel is po)erless

in%ade it .53 Conse#ent$(, t"e %cts or #&!)ent c%$$s of t"e +res&ent nvo$vn! t"e /-s'ecfc%$$( t"e %cts of r%tfc%ton %n& entern! nto % tre%t( %n& t"ose necess%r( or nc&ent%$ to t"

exercse of s#c" 'rnc'%$ %cts - s#%re$( f%$$ *t"n t"e s'"ere of "s constt#ton%$ 'o*ers %n& t"#s, )%( not be v%$&$( str#c6 &o*n, )#c" $ess c%$br%te& b( t"s Co#rt, n t"e %bsence of c$e

s"o*n! of !r%ve %b#se of 'o*er or &screton.

It s t"e Co#rtFs cons&ere& ve* t"%t t"e +res&ent, n r%tf(n! t"e / %n& n s#b)ttn! t"e s%)e to t"e Sen%te for conc#rrence, %cte& *t"n t"e confnes %n& $)ts of t"e 'o*ers veste&

") b( t"e Constt#ton. It s of no )o)ent t"%t t"e +res&ent, n t"e exercse of "s *&e $%tt#&e of &screton %n& n t"e "onest be$ef t"%t t"e / f%$$s *t"n t"e %)bt of Secton 21, rtc$e

of t"e Constt#ton, referre& t"e / to t"e Sen%te for conc#rrence #n&er t"e %fore)entone& 'rovson. Cert%n$(, no %b#se of &screton, )#c" $ess % !r%ve, '%tent %n& *")sc%$ %b#se

#&!)ent, )%( be )'#te& to t"e +res&ent n "s %ct of r%tf(n! t"e / %n& referrn! t"e s%)e to t"e Sen%te for t"e '#r'ose of co)'$(n! *t" t"e conc#rrence re#re)ent e)bo&e& n t

f#n&%)ent%$ $%*. In &on! so, t"e +res&ent )ere$( 'erfor)e& % constt#ton%$ t%s6 %n& exercse& % 'rero!%tve t"%t c"ef$( 'ert%ns to t"e f#nctons of "s offce. Even f "e erre& n s#b)tt

t"e / to t"e Sen%te for conc#rrence #n&er t"e 'rovsons of Secton 21 of rtc$e II, nste%& of Secton 25 of rtc$e HIII of t"e Constt#ton, st$$, t"e +res&ent )%( not be f%#$te&

sc%rre&, )#c" $ess be %&#&!e& !#$t( of co))ttn! %n %b#se of &screton n so)e '%tent, !ross, %n& c%'rco#s )%nner.

/or *"$e t s conce&e& t"%t rtc$e III, Secton 1, of t"e Constt#ton "%s bro%&ene& t"e sco'e of #&c%$ n#r( nto %re%s nor)%$$( $eft to t"e 'o$tc%$ &e'%rt)ents to &ec&e, s#c" %s t"o

re$%tn! to n%ton%$ sec#rt(, t "%s not %$to!et"er &one %*%( *t" 'o$tc%$ #estons s#c" %s t"ose *"c" %rse n t"e fe$& of fore!n re$%tons. 5 "e ?!" rb#n%$Fs f#ncton, %s s%nctone&

rtc$e III, Secton 1, is "erel# 1to2 c*ec- )*et*er or not t*e !o%ern"ental $ranc* or a!enc# *as !one $e#ond t*e constitutional li"its o its 3urisdiction, not t*at it erred or *as a diere

%ie). In t*e a$sence o a s*o)in!4 1o2 !ra%e a$use o discretion a"ountin! to lac- o 3urisdiction, t*ere is no occasion or t*e Court to eercise its correcti%e po)er4It *as no po)er to lo

into )*at it t*in-s is apparent error. 55

s to t"e 'o*er to conc#r *t" tre%tes, t"e constt#ton $o&!es t"e s%)e *t" t"e Sen%te %$one. 56)p*i5 "#s, once t"e Sen%te5 'erfor)s t"%t 'o*er, or exercses ts 'rero!%tve *t"n

bo#n&%res 'rescrbe& b( t"e Constt#ton, t"e conc#rrence c%nnot, n $6e )%nner, be ve*e& to constt#te %n %b#se of 'o*er, )#c" $ess !r%ve %b#se t"ereof. Coro$$%r$(, t"e Sen%te, n t"

exercse of ts &screton %n& %ctn! *t"n t"e $)ts of s#c" 'o*er, )%( not be s)$%r$( f%#$te& for "%vn! s)'$( 'erfor)e& % t%s6 conferre& %n& s%nctone& b( no $ess t"%n t"e f#n&%)en

$%*.

/or t"e ro$e of t"e Sen%te n re$%ton to tre%tes s essent%$$( $e!s$%tve n c"%r%cter 57 t"e Sen%te, %s %n n&e'en&ent bo&( 'ossesse& of ts o*n er#&te )n&, "%s t"e 'rero!%tve to et"%cce't or reect t"e 'ro'ose& %!ree)ent, %n& *"%tever %cton t t%6es n t"e exercse of ts *&e $%tt#&e of &screton, 'ert%ns to t"e *s&o) r%t"er t"%n t"e $e!%$t( of t"e %ct. In t"s sens

t"e Sen%te '%rt%6es % 'rnc'%$, (et &e$c%te, ro$e n 6ee'n! t"e 'rnc'$es of separation o po)ers %n& of c*ec-s and $alances %$ve %n& v!$%nt$( ens#res t"%t t"ese c"ers"e& r#&)e

re)%n tr#e to t"er for) n % &e)ocr%tc !overn)ent s#c" %s o#rs. "e Constt#ton t"#s %n)%tes, t"ro#!" t"s tre%t(-conc#rrn! 'o*er of t"e Sen%te, % "e%$t"( s(ste) of c"ec6s %

b%$%nces n&s'ens%b$e to*%r& o#r n%tonFs '#rs#t of 'o$tc%$ )%t#rt( %n& !ro*t". r#e eno#!", r#&)ent%r( s t"e 'rnc'$e t"%t )%tters 'ert%nn! to t"e *s&o) of % $e!s$%tve %ct %

be(on& t"e %)bt %n& 'rovnce of t"e co#rts to n#re.

In fne, %bsent %n( c$e%r s"o*n! of !r%ve %b#se of &screton on t"e '%rt of res'on&ents, t"s Co#rt- %s t"e fn%$ %rbter of $e!%$ controverses %n& st%#nc" sentne$ of t"e r!"ts of t"e 'eo'$

s t"en *t"o#t 'o*er to conct %n nc#rson %n& )e&&$e *t" s#c" %ff%rs '#re$( exec#tve %n& $e!s$%tve n c"%r%cter %n& n%t#re. /or t"e Constt#ton no $ess, )%'s o#t t"e &stn

bo#n&%res %n& $)ts t"e )etes %n& bo#n&s *t"n *"c" e%c" of t"e t"ree 'o$tc%$ br%nc"es of !overn)ent )%( exercse t"e 'o*ers exc$#sve$( %n& essent%$$( conferre& to t b( $%*.

/HE%EFO%E, n $!"t of t"e fore!on! &s#stons, t"e nst%nt 'ettons %re "ereb( DISISSED. SO ORDERED.

D%v&e, :r., C.:., 4e$$os$$o, ;%'#n%n, K#s#)bn!, +#rs)%, +%r&o, Gon%!%-Re(es, Ln%res-S%nt%!o, %n& De Aeon, :r., ::., conc#r.

e$o, %n& t#!, ::., on t"e &ssent of :. +#no.+#no , :., see &ssentn! o'non.

en&o%, :., n t"e res#$t.

+%n!%nb%n, :., no '%rt e to c$ose 'erson%$ %n& for)er 'rofesson%$ re$%tons *t" % 'ettoner, Sen. :.R. S%$on!%.

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.% No 252GG5 A"!l 22, 7887

A%THU% - LIM an# PAULINO % E%SAN-O, 'ettoners, vs. HONO%ABLE E0E&UTIVE SE&%ETA%Y as al$ go o+ HE% E0&ELLEN&EY .LO%IA MA&APA.AL?A%%OYO, an#HONO%ABLE AN.ELO %EYES !n '!s *a"a*!$y as S*$ay o+ Na$!onal -+ns,res'on&ents.

----------------------------------------

SANLAKAS an# PA%TI-O N. MAN..A.A/A, 'ettoners-ntervenors, vs. .LO%IA MA&APA.A?A%%OYO, ALBE%TO %OMULO, AN.ELO %EYES, res'on&ents.

-E LEON, J%, J.:

"s c%se nvo$ves % 'etton for certor%r %n& 'ro"bton %s *e$$ %s % 'etton-n-nterventon, 'r%(n! t"%t res'on&ents be restr%ne& fro) 'rocee&n! *t" t"e so-c%$$e& co))erc%$ %rcr%fts *ere "%c6e&, f$o*n %n& s)%s"e& nto t"e t*n to*ers of t"e 9or$& r%&e Center n Ne* Lor6 Ct( %n& t"+ent%!on b#$&n! n 9%s"n!ton, D.C. b( terrorsts *t" %$$e!e& $n6s to t"e %$-K%e&% =. /+ %n& S nt Co))%n&ers *$$ ret%n co))%n& over t"er res'ectve forces #n&er t"e over%$$ %#t"ort( of t"e Exercse CDrectors. R+ %n& S '%rtc'%nts s"%$$ co)'$( *t" o'er%ton%$ nstr#ctons of t"e /+ rn! t"e /H.5. "e exercse s"%$$ be concte& %n& co)'$ete& *t"n % 'ero& of not )ore t"%n sx )ont"s, *t" t"e 'roecte& '%rtc'%ton of 0 S 'ersonne$ %n& 3,800 R+ /orces. C"ef of St%ff, /+ s"%$$ &rect t"e Exercse Co-Drectors to *n& #' %n& ter)n%te t"e Exercse %n& ot"er %ctvtes *t"n t"e sx )ont" Exercse 'ero&.

. "e Exercse s % )#t#%$ co#nter-terrors) %&vsn!, %ssstn! %n& tr%nn! Exercse re$%tve to +"$''ne efforts %!%nst t"e SG, %n& *$$ be concte& on t"e Is$%n& of 4%s$%/#rt"er %&vsn!, %ssstn! %n& tr%nn! exercses s"%$$ be concte& n %$%!#t%( %n& t"e @%)bo%n!% %re%. Re$%te& %ctvtes n Ceb# *$$ be for s#''ort of t"e Exercse.7. On$( 10 S /orces or!%ne& n 12-)%n S'ec%$ /orces e%)s s"%$$ be &e'$o(e& *t" /+ fe$&, co))%n&ers. "e S te%)s s"%$$ re)%n %t t"e 4%tt%$on ?e%&#%rters %n *"en %''rove&, Co)'%n( %ctc%$ "e%&#%rters *"ere t"e( c%n observe %n& %ssess t"e 'erfor)%nce of t"e /+ /orces.8. S exercse '%rtc'%nts s"%$$ not en!%!e n co)b%t, *t"o#t 're#&ce to t"er r!"t of se$f-&efense.. "ese ter)s of Reference %re for '#r'oses of t"s Exercse on$( %n& &o not cre%te %&&ton%$ $e!%$ ob$!%tons bet*een t"e S Govern)ent %n& t"e Re'#b$c of t"e +"$''neII. EHERCISE AEEA1. RINING

%. "e Exercse s"%$$ nvo$ve t"e conct of )#t#%$ )$t%r( %ssstn!, %&vsn! %n& tr%nn! of R+ %n& S /orces *t" t"e 'r)%r( obectve of en"%ncn! to'er%ton%$ c%'%b$tes of bot" forces to co)b%t terrors).b. t no t)e s"%$$ S /orces o'er%te n&e'en&ent$( *t"n R+ terrtor(.c. /$!"t '$%ns of %$$ %rcr%ft nvo$ve& n t"e exercse *$$ co)'$( *t" t"e $oc%$ %r tr%ffc re!#$%tons.

2. DINISRION M AOGISICS%. R+ %n& S '%rtc'%nts s"%$$ be !ven % co#ntr( %n& %re% brefn! %t t"e st%rt of t"e Exercse. "s brefn! s"%$$ %c#%nt S /orces on t"e c#$t#re %n& senstvtof t"e /$'nos %n& t"e 'rovsons of t"e / . "e brefn! s"%$$ %$so 'ro)ote t"e f#$$ coo'er%ton on t"e '%rt of t"e R+ %n& S '%rtc'%nts for t"e s#ccessf#$ conof t"e Exercse.

b. R+ %n& S '%rtc'%tn! forces )%( s"%re, n %ccor&%nce *t" t"er res'ectve $%*s %n& re!#$%tons, n t"e #se of t"er reso#rces, e#')ent %n& ot"er %ssets. " *$$ #se t"er res'ectve $o!stcs c"%nne$s.c. e&c%$ ev%$#%ton s"%$$ be ont$( '$%nne& %n& exec#te& #t$n! R+ %n& S %ssets %n& reso#rces.&. Ae!%$ $%son offcers fro) e%c" res'ectve '%rt( s"%$$ be %''onte& b( t"e Exercse Drectors.

3. +4AIC //IRS%. Co)bne& R+-S Infor)%ton 4#re%#s s"%$$ be est%b$s"e& %t t"e Exercse Drector%te n @%)bo%n!% Ct( %n& %t G?K, /+ n C%)' !#n%$&o, K#eon Ct(.b. Aoc%$ )e&% re$%tons *$$ be t"e concern of t"e /+ %n& %$$ '#b$c %ff%rs !#&e$nes s"%$$ be ont$( &eve$o'e& b( R+ %n& S /orces.c. Soco-Econo)c ssst%nce +roects s"%$$ be '$%nne& %n& exec#te& ont$( b( R+ %n& S /orces n %ccor&%nce *t" t"er res'ectve $%*s %n& re!#$%tons, %n&cons#$t%ton *t" co))#nt( %n& $oc%$ !overn)ent offc%$s.

Conte)'or%neo#s$(, ssst%nt Secret%r( for )erc%n ff%rs nerv% :e%n . /%$con %n& nte& St%tes C*ar!e d7 Aaires Robert /tts s!ne& t"e !ree& n#tes of t"e &sc#sson bet*et"e ce-+res&ent %n& ssst%nt Secret%r( ;e$$(.

+ettoners A) %n& Ers%n&o 'resent t"e fo$$o*n! %r!#)ents

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I

?E +?IAI++INES ND ?E NIED SES SIGNED ?E A DE/ENSE REL =D> n 151 O +ROIDE A IAIRL SSIS NCE IN CCORDN9I? ?E CONSIIONA +ROCESSE-S O/ EC? CONRL ONAL IN ?E CSE O/ N RED C; 4L N EHERNA GGRESSOR, ENING ?IRCONRL GINS ONE O/ ?E.

4L NO SREC? O/ ?E IGIN ION CN I 4E SID ? ?E 4 SLL/ 4NDIS IN 4SIAN CONSIE N EHERNA RED /ORCE ? ?S4:EC ?E +?IAI++INES O N RED EHERNA C; O 9RRN .S. IAIRL SSISNCE NDER ?E D O/ 151.

II

NEI?ER DOES ?E / O/ 1 ?ORI@E ERICN SOADIERS O ENGGE IN CO4 O+ERIONS IN +?IAI++INE ERRIORL, NO EEN O /IRE 4C; /IRED +ON %n( nstr#)ent *"c" *%s )%&e b( one or )ore '%rtes n connexon *t" t"e conc$#son of t"e tre%t( %n& %cce'te& b( t"e ot"er '%rtes %s %n nstr#)ent re$%te& to t'%rt(.

3. "ere s"%$$ be t%6en nto %cco#nt, to!et"er *t" t"e context=%> %n( s#bse#ent %!ree)ent bet*een t"e '%rtes re!%r&n! t"e nter'ret%ton of t"e tre%t( or t"e %''$c%ton of ts 'rovsons=b> %n( s#bse#ent 'r%ctce n t"e %''$c%ton of t"e tre%t( *"c" est%b$s"es t"e %!ree)ent of t"e '%rtes re!%r&n! ts nter'ret%ton

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=c> %n( re$ev%nt r#$es of ntern%ton%$ $%* %''$c%b$e n t"e re$%tons bet*een t"e '%rtes.. s'ec%$ )e%nn! s"%$$ be !ven to % ter) f t s est%b$s"e& t"%t t"e '%rtes so nten&e&.

Article 32Supple"entar# "eans o interpretation

Reco#rse )%( be "%& to s#''$e)ent%r( )e%ns of nter'ret%ton, nc$#&n! t"e 're'%r%tor( *or6 of t"e tre%t( %n& t"e crc#)st%nces of ts conc$#son, n or&er to confr) )e%nn! res#$tn! fro) t"e %''$c%ton of %rtc$e 31, or to &eter)ne t"e )e%nn! *"en t"e nter'ret%ton %ccor&n! to %rtc$e 31

=%> $e%ves t"e )e%nn! %)b!#o#s or obsc#re or=b> $e%&s to % res#$t *"c" s )%nfest$( %bs#r& #nre%son%b$e.

It s c$e%r fro) t"e fore!on! t"%t t"e c%r&n%$ r#$e of nter'ret%ton )#st nvo$ve %n ex%)n%ton of t"e text, *"c" s 'res#)e& to verb%$e t"e '%rtes ntentons. "e Conventon $6e*s&ct%tes *"%t )%( be #se& %s %&s to &ece t"e )e%nn! of ter)s, *"c" t refers to %s t"e context of t"e tre%t(, %s *e$$ %s ot"er e$e)ents )%( be t%6en nto %cco#nt %$on!s&e t"e %fores%context. s ex'$%ne& b( % *rter on t"e Conventon ,

tP"e Co))ssons 'ro'os%$s =*"c" *ere %&o'te& vrt#%$$( *t"o#t c"%n!e b( t"e conference %n& %re no* ref$ecte& n rts. 31 M 32 of t"e Conventon> *ere c$e%r$( b%se& on t"e v

t"%t t"e text of % tre%t( )#st be 'res#)e& to be t"e %#t"entc ex'resson of t"e ntentons of t"e '%rtes t"e Co))sson %ccor&n!$( c%)e &o*n fr)$( n f%vo#r of t"e ve* t"%t st%rtn! 'ont of nter'ret%ton s t"e e$#c&%ton of t"e )e%nn! of t"e text, not %n nvest!%ton a$ initio nto t"e ntentons of t"e '%rtes. "s s not to s%( tt"e tra%aupreparatoires of % tre%t( , or t"e crc#)st%nces of ts conc$#son, %re re$e!%te& to % s#bor&n%te, %n& *"o$$( neffectve, ro$e. s +rofessor 4r!!s 'onts o#t, no r!& te)'o'ro"bton on resort to tra%au preparatoires of % tre%t( *%s nten&e& b( t"e #se of t"e '"r%se s#''$e)ent%r( )e%ns of nter'ret%ton n *"%t s no* rtc$e 32 of t"e enConventon. "e &stncton bet*een t"e !ener%$ r#$e of nter'ret%ton %n& t"e s#''$e)ent%r( )e%ns of nter'ret%ton s nten&e& r%t"er to ens#re t"%t t"e s#''$e)ent%r( )e%ns &o constt#te %n %$tern%tve, %#tono)o#s )et"o& of nter'ret%ton &vorce& fro) t"e !ener%$ r#$e. 10

"e er)s of Reference r!"t$( f%$$ *t"n t"e context of t"e /.

fter st#&e& ref$ecton, t %''e%re& f%rfetc"e& t"%t t"e %)b!#t( s#rro#n&n! t"e )e%nn! of t"e *or& .%ctvtes< %rose fro) %cc&ent. In o#r ve*, t *%s &e$ber%te$( )%&e t"%t *%( to !bot" '%rtes % cert%n $ee*%( n ne!ot%ton. In t"s )%nner, vstn! S forces )%( soo#rn n +"$''ne terrtor( for '#r'oses ot"er t"%n )$t%r(. s conceve&, t"e ont exercses )%( nc$#tr%nn! on ne* tec"n#es of '%tro$ %n& s#rve$$%nce to 'rotect t"e n%tons )%rne reso#rces, se% se%rc"-%n&-resc#e o'er%tons to %ssst vesse$s n &stress, &s%ster re$ef o'er%tons, cv%cton 'roects s#c" %s t"e b#$&n! of sc"oo$ "o#ses, )e&c%$ %n& "#)%nt%r%n )ssons, %n& t"e $6e.

n&er t"ese %#s'ces, t"e / !ves $e!t)%c( to t"e c#rrent 4%$6%t%n exercses. It s on$( $o!c%$ to %ss#)e t"%t .4%$6%t%n 02-1,< %


14/54

=> $$ c%ses n *"c" t"e constitutionalit# or %alidit# o an# treat#, international or eecuti%e a!ree"ent, $%*, 'res&ent%$ &ecree, 'roc$%)%ton, or&er, nstr#cton, or&n%ncere!#$%ton s n #eston.

xxx xxx xxx xxxIn chong v. Hernane#,1 *e r#$e& t"%t t"e 'rovsons of % tre%t( %re %$*%(s s#bect to #%$fc%ton or %)en&)ent b( % s#bse#ent $%*, or t"%t t s s#bect to t"e 'o$ce 'o*er of t"e St%In on#ales v. Hechanova,17

xxx s re!%r&s t"e #eston *"et"er %n ntern%ton%$ %!ree)ent )%( be nv%$&%te& b( o#r co#rts, s#ffce t to s%( t"%t t"e Constt#ton of t"e +"$''nes "%s c$e%r$( sett$e& t n t%ffr)%tve, b( 'rov&n!, n Secton 2 of rtc$e III t"ereof, t"%t t"e S#'re)e Co#rt )%( not be &e'rve&

n&er t"e ex'%n&e& conce't of #&c%$ 'o*er #n&er t"e Constt#ton, co#rts %re c"%r!e& *t" t"e t( nares9Santia!o, on t"e &ssentn! o'non.Pan!ani$an, se'%r%te o'non.Da%ide.,


15/54


16/54


17/54

.% No 254844 Jly =, 7885

SENATO% A9UILINO PIMENTEL, J%, %EP ETTA %OSALES, PHILIPPINE &OALITION FO% THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INTE%NATIONAL &%IMINAL &OU%T, TASK FO%&E-ETAINEES OF THE PHILIPPINES, FAMILIES OF VI&TIMS OF INVOLUNTA%Y -ISAPPEA%AN&ES, BIAN&A HA&INTHA % %O9UE, HA%%ISON JA&OB % %O9UE, AHME-PA.LINA/AN, %ON P SALO,Q LEAVI-ES . -OMIN.O, E-.A%-O &A%LO VISTAN, NOEL VILLA%OMAN, &ELESTE &EMB%ANO, LI1A ABIE%A, JAIME A%%OYO, MA%/ILLLASOS, &%ISTINA ATEN-I-O, IS%AFEL FA.ELA, an# %OMEL BA.A%ES, +ettoners,vs.

OFFI&E OF THE E0E&UTIVE SE&%ETA%Y, HON ALBE%TO %OMULO, an# $' -EPA%TMENT OF FO%EI.N AFFAI%S, "sn$# by HON BLAS OPLE, %s"on#n$s

D E C I S I O N

PUNO J

"s s % 'etton for "anda"us f$e& b( 'ettoners to co)'e$ t"e Offce of t"e Exec#tve Secret%r( %n& t"e De'%rt)ent of /ore!n ff%rs to tr%ns)t t"e s!ne& co'( of t"e Ro)e St%t#te of t

Intern%ton%$ Cr)n%$ Co#rt to t"e Sen%te of t"e +"$''nes for ts conc#rrence n %ccor&%nce *t" Secton 21, rtc$e II of t"e 187 Constt#ton.

"e Ro)e St%t#te est%b$s"e& t"e Intern%ton%$ Cr)n%$ Co#rt *"c" %n& one =1>, res'ectve$(, %t t"e t)e of f$n! of t"e nst%nt 'etton, %n& s#n! #n&er t"e &octrne of nter-!ener%ton%$ r!"ts en#nc%te& n t"e c%se of O"osa ;s Fa*$oan, J %n& % !rof fft" (e%r *or6n! $%* st#&ents fro) t"e nverst( of t"e +"$''nes Co$$e!e of A%* *"o %re s#n! %s t%x'%(ers.

"e #eston n st%n&n! s *"et"er % '%rt( "%s %$$e!e& s#c" % 'erson%$ st%6e n t"e o#tco)e of t"e controvers( %s to %ss#re t"%t concrete %&verseness *"c" s"%r'ens t"e 'resent%ton

ss#es #'on *"c" t"e co#rt so $%r!e$( &e'en&s for $$#)n%ton of &ffc#$t constt#ton%$ #estons.10

9e fn& t"%t %)on! t"e 'ettoners, on$( Sen%tor +)ente$ "%s t"e $e!%$ st%n&n! to f$e t"e nst%nt s#t. "e ot"er 'ettoners )%nt%n t"er st%n&n! %s %&voc%tes %n& &efen&ers of "#)

r!"ts, %n& %s ctens of t"e co#ntr(. "e( "%ve not s"o*n, "o*ever, t"%t t"e( "%ve s#st%ne& or *$$ s#st%n % &rect n#r( fro) t"e non-tr%ns)tt%$ of t"e s!ne& text of t"e Ro)e St%t#te

t"e Sen%te. "er contenton t"%t t"e( *$$ be &e'rve& of t"er re)e&es for t"e 'rotecton %n& enforce)ent of t"er r!"ts &oes not 'ers#%&e. "e Ro)e St%t#te s nten&e& to co)'$e)

n%ton%$ cr)n%$ $%*s %n& co#rts. S#ffcent re)e&es %re %v%$%b$e #n&er o#r n%ton%$ $%*s to 'rotect o#r ctens %!%nst "#)%n r!"ts vo$%tons %n& 'ettoners c%n %$*%(s see6 re&ress

%n( %b#se n o#r &o)estc co#rts.

s re!%r&s Sen%tor +)ente$, t "%s been "e$& t"%t


18/54

"e core ss#e n t"s 'etton for "anda"us s *"et"er t"e Exec#tve Secret%r( %n& t"e De'%rt)ent of /ore!n ff%rs "%ve % @!n!s$!al t( to tr%ns)t to t"e Sen%te t"e co'( of t"e RoSt%t#te s!ne& b( % )e)ber of t"e +"$''ne sson to t"e nte& N%tons even *t"o#t t"e s!n%t#re of t"e +res&ent.

9e r#$e n t"e ne!%tve.

In o#r s(ste) of !overn)ent, t"e +res&ent, ben! t"e "e%& of st%te, s re!%r&e& %s t"e so$e or!%n %n& %#t"ort( n extern%$ re$%tons %n& s t"e co#ntr(Fs so$e re'resent%tve *t" fore

n%tons.12 s t"e c"ef %rc"tect of fore!n 'o$c(, t"e +res&ent %cts %s t"e co#ntr(Fs )o#t"'ece *t" res'ect to ntern%ton%$ %ff%rs. ?ence, t"e +res&ent s veste& *t" t"e %#t"ort( to &

*t" fore!n st%tes %n& !overn)ents, exten& or *t""o$& reco!nton, )%nt%n &'$o)%tc re$%tons, enter nto tre%tes, %n& ot"er*se tr%ns%ct t"e b#sness of fore!n re$%tons. 13 In t"e re%$)

tre%t(-)%6n!, t"e +res&ent "%s t"e so$e %#t"ort( to ne!ot%te *t" ot"er st%tes.

Nonet"e$ess, *"$e t"e +res&ent "%s t"e so$e %#t"ort( to ne!ot%te %n& enter nto tre%tes, t"e Constt#ton 'rov&es % $)t%ton to "s 'o*er b( re#rn! t"e conc#rrence of 2B3 of %$$ t

)e)bers of t"e Sen%te for t"e v%$&t( of t"e tre%t( entere& nto b( "). Secton 21, rtc$e II of t"e 187 Constt#ton 'rov&es t"%t , rtc$e II of t"e 135 Constt#ton 'rov&e&

Sec. 10. =7> "e +res&ent s"%$$ "%ve t"e 'o*er, *t" t"e conc#rrence of t*o-t"r&s of %$$ t"e e)bers of t"e Sen%te, to )%6e tre%tes xxx.

Secton 1 =1> rtc$e III of t"e 173 Constt#ton st%te&

Sec. 1. =1> Exce't %s ot"er*se 'rov&e& n t"s Constt#ton, no tre%t( s"%$$ be v%$& %n& effectve #n$ess conc#rre& n b( % )%ort( of %$$ t"e e)bers of t"e 4%t%s%n! +%)b%ns%.

"e '%rtc'%ton of t"e $e!s$%tve br%nc" n t"e tre%t(-)%6n! 'rocess *%s &ee)e& essent%$ to 'rov&e % c"ec6 on t"e exec#tve n t"e fe$& of fore!n re$%tons. 1 4( re#rn! t"e conc#rreof t"e $e!s$%t#re n t"e tre%tes entere& nto b( t"e +res&ent, t"e Constt#ton ens#res % "e%$t"( s(ste) of c"ec6s %n& b%$%nce necess%r( n t"e n%tonFs '#rs#t of 'o$tc%$ )%t#rt( %n

!ro*t".15

In f$n! t"s 'etton, t"e 'ettoners nter'ret Secton 21, rtc$e II of t"e 187 Constt#ton to )e%n t"%t t"e 'o*er to r%tf( tre%tes be$on!s to t"e Sen%te.

9e &s%!ree.

:#stce Is%!%n Cr#, n "s boo6 on Intern%ton%$ A%*, &escrbes t"e tre%t(-)%6n! 'rocess n t"s *se

"e #s#%$ ste's n t"e tre%t(-)%6n! 'rocess %re ne!ot%ton, s!n%t#re, r%tfc%ton, %n& exc"%n!e of t"e nstr#)ents of r%tfc%ton. "e tre%t( )%( t"en be s#b)tte& for re!str%ton %

'#b$c%ton #n&er t"e .N. C"%rter, %$t"o#!" t"s ste' s not essent%$ to t"e v%$&t( of t"e %!ree)ent %s bet*een t"e '%rtes.

Ne!otiation )%( be #n&ert%6en &rect$( b( t"e "e%& of st%te b#t "e no* #s#%$$( %ss!ns t"s t%s6 to "s %#t"ore& re'resent%tves. "ese re'resent%tves %re 'rov&e& *t" cre&ent%$s 6no*

%s f#$$ 'o*ers, *"c" t"e( ex"bt to t"e ot"er ne!ot%tors %t t"e st%rt of t"e for)%$ &sc#ssons. It s st%n&%r& 'r%ctce for one of t"e '%rtes to s#b)t % &r%ft of t"e 'ro'ose& tre%t( *"c

to!et"er *t" t"e co#nter-'ro'os%$s, beco)es t"e b%ss of t"e s#bse#ent ne!ot%tons. "e ne!ot%tons )%( be bref or 'rotr%cte&, &e'en&n! on t"e ss#es nvo$ve&, %n& )%( ev


19/54

. $$ exec#tve %!ree)ents s"%$$ be tr%ns)tte& to t"e De'%rt)ent of /ore!n ff%rs %fter t"er s!nn! for t"e 're'%r%ton of t"e r%tfc%ton '%'ers. "e tr%ns)tt%$ s"%$$ nc$#&e t"e "!"$!"ts

t"e %!ree)ents %n& t"e benefts *"c" *$$ %ccr#e to t"e +"$''nes %rsn! fro) t"e).

. "e De'%rt)ent of /ore!n ff%rs, '#rs#%nt to t"e en&orse)ent b( t"e concerne& %!enc(, s"%$$ tr%ns)t t"e %!ree)ents to t"e +res&ent of t"e +"$''nes for "s r%tfc%ton. "e or!

s!ne& nstr#)ent of r%tfc%ton s"%$$ t"en be ret#rne& to t"e De'%rt)ent of /ore!n ff%rs for %''ro'r%te %cton.

4. re%tes.

. $$ tre%tes, re!%r&$ess of t"er &es!n%ton, s"%$$ co)'$( *t" t"e re#re)ents 'rov&e& n s#b-'%r%!r%'"sP 1 %n& 2, te) =Exec#tve !ree)ents> of t"s Secton. In %&&ton, t"

De'%rt)ent of /ore!n ff%rs s"%$$ s#b)t t"e tre%tes to t"e Sen%te of t"e +"$''nes for conc#rrence n t"e r%tfc%ton b( t"e +res&ent. certfe& tr#e co'( of t"e tre%tes, n s#c" n#)be

%s )%( be re#re& b( t"e Sen%te, to!et"er *t" % certfe& tr#e co'( of t"e r%tfc%ton nstr#)ent, s"%$$ %cco)'%n( t"e s#b)sson of t"e tre%tes to t"e Sen%te.

. 'on rece't of t"e conc#rrence b( t"e Sen%te, t"e De'%rt)ent of /ore!n ff%rs s"%$$ co)'$( *t" t"e 'rovson of t"e tre%tes n effectn! t"er entr( nto force.

+ettonersF s#b)sson t"%t t"e +"$''nes s bo#n& #n&er tre%t( $%* %n& ntern%ton%$ $%* to r%tf( t"e tre%t( *"c" t "%s s!ne& s *t"o#t b%ss. "e s!n%t#re &oes not s!nf( t"e fn

consent of t"e st%te to t"e tre%t(. It s t"e r%tfc%ton t"%t bn&s t"e st%te to t"e 'rovsons t"ereof. In f%ct, t"e Ro)e St%t#te tse$f re#res t"%t t"e s!n%t#re of t"e re'resent%tves of t"e st%t

be s#bect to r%tfc%ton, %cce't%nce or %''rov%$ of t"e s!n%tor( st%tes. R%tfc%ton s t"e %ct b( *"c" t"e 'rovsons of % tre%t( %re for)%$$( confr)e& %n& %''rove& b( % St%te. 4( r%tf(n!

tre%t( s!ne& n ts be"%$f, % st%te ex'resses ts *$$n!ness to be bo#n& b( t"e 'rovsons of s#c" tre%t(. fter t"e tre%t( s s!ne& b( t"e st%teFs re'resent%tve, t"e +res&ent, ben! %cco#nt%

to t"e 'eo'$e, s b#r&ene& *t" t"e res'onsb$t( %n& t"e t( to c%ref#$$( st#&( t"e contents of t"e tre%t( %n& ens#re t"%t t"e( %re not n)c%$ to t"e nterest of t"e st%te %n& ts 'eo'$e. "#

t"e +res&ent "%s t"e &screton even %fter t"e s!nn! of t"e tre%t( b( t"e +"$''ne re'resent%tve *"et"er or not to r%tf( t"e s%)e. "e enn% Conventon on t"e A%* of re%tes &oes n

conte)'$%te to &efe%t or even restr%n t"s 'o*er of t"e "e%& of st%tes. If t"%t *ere so, t"e re#re)ent of r%tfc%ton of tre%tes *o#$& be 'ont$ess %n& f#t$e. It "%s been "e$& t"%t % st%te "%

no $e!%$ or even )or%$ t( to r%tf( % tre%t( *"c" "%s been s!ne& b( ts '$en'otent%res. 18 "ere s no $e!%$ ob$!%ton to r%tf( % tre%t(, b#t t !oes *t"o#t s%(n! t"%t t"e ref#s%$ )#st b%se& on s#bst%nt%$ !ro#n&s %n& not on s#'erfc%$ or *")sc%$ re%sons. Ot"er*se, t"e ot"er st%te *o#$& be #stfe& n t%6n! offense. 1

It s"o#$& be e)'"%se& t"%t #n&er o#r Constt#ton, t"e 'o*er to r%tf( s veste& n t"e +res&ent, s#bect to t"e conc#rrence of t"e Sen%te. "e ro$e of t"e Sen%te, "o*ever, s $)te& on$(

!vn! or *t""o$&n! ts consent, or conc#rrence, to t"e r%tfc%ton.20 ?ence, t s *t"n t"e %#t"ort( of t"e +res&ent to ref#se to s#b)t % tre%t( to t"e Sen%te or, "%vn! sec#re& ts consent ts r%tfc%ton, ref#se to r%tf( t.21 $t"o#!" t"e ref#s%$ of % st%te to r%tf( % tre%t( *"c" "%s been s!ne& n ts be"%$f s % sero#s ste' t"%t s"o#$& not be t%6en $!"t$(, 22 s#c" &ecson s *

t"e co)'etence of t"e +res&ent %$one, *"c" c%nnot be encro%c"e& b( t"s Co#rt %ia % *rt of"anda"us. "s Co#rt "%s no #rs&cton over %ctons see6n! to enon t"e +res&ent n t

'erfor)%nce of "s offc%$ tes.23 "e Co#rt, t"erefore, c%nnot ss#e t"e *rt of "anda"us 'r%(e& for b( t"e 'ettoners %s t s be(on& ts #rs&cton to co)'e$ t"e exec#tve br%nc" of t

!overn)ent to tr%ns)t t"e s!ne& text of Ro)e St%t#te to t"e Sen%te.

IN VIE/ /HE%EOF, t"e 'etton s -ISMISSE-.

SO O%-E%E-

%EYNATO S PUNO

http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt18http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt19http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt20http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt20http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt20http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt21http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt21http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt21http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt22http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt23http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt23http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt23http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt18http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt19http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt20http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt21http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt22http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2005/jul2005/gr_158088_2005.html#fnt23


20/54

.% No 28=8=G O*$ob 23, 7885

S"oss %na$o &ons$an$!no, J an# Lo#s &ons$an$!no an# $'! @!no *'!l#n %na$o %#n$o, Anna Ma!ka L!ssa, N!na El !ssa, an# Anna Ka@!na, F#o@ Fo@ -b$&oal!$!on, an# F!lo@no S$a Ana III, +ettoners,vs.

Hon Jos B &!s!a, !n '!s *a"a*!$y as .o;no o+ $' &n$al Bank, Hon %a@on #l %osa!o, !n '!s *a"a*!$y as S*$ay o+ F!nan*, Hon E@@anl V Pla, !n '!s *a"a*!$as P'!l!""!n -b$ Ngo$!a$!ng &'a!@an, an# $' NATIONAL T%EASU%E%, Res'on&ents.

D E C I S I O N

T!nga, J

"e #%!)re t"%t s t"e fore!n &ebt 'rob$e) "%s es'ec%$$( confo#n&e& &eve$o'n! n%tons %ro#n& t"e *or$& for &ec%&es. It "%s &efe& e%s( so$#tons %cce't%b$e bot" to &ebtor co#ntr

%n& t"er cre&tors. It "%s %$so e)er!e& %s cause cele$re for v%ro#s 'o$tc%$ )ove)ents %n& !r%ssroots %ctvsts %n& t"e *e$$s'rn! of )#c" sc"o$%r$( t"o#!"t %n& &eb%te.

"e 'resent 'etton $$#str%tes so)e of t"e &eo$o!c%$ %n& f#ncton%$ &fferences bet*een ex'erts on "o* to %c"eve &ebt re$ef. ?o*ever, t"s ben! % co#rt of $%*, not %n %c%&e)c for#) o

conventon on &eve$o')ent econo)cs, o#r reso$#ton "%s to "n!e on t"e 'resente& $e!%$ ss#es *"c" center on t"e %''rec%ton of t"e constt#ton%$ 'rovson t"%t e)'o*ers t"e +res&e

to contr%ct %n& !#%r%ntee fore!n $o%ns. "e #$t)%te c"oce s bet*een % restrctve re%&n! of t"e constt#ton%$ 'rovson %n& %n %$)ent%tve %''$c%ton t"ereof consstent *t" t)e-"onor

'rnc'$es on exec#tve 'o*er %n& t"e alter e!o &octrne.

"s Petition or Certiorari, Pro*i$ition and :anda"us %ss%$s s%& contr%cts *"c" *ere entere& nto '#rs#%nt to t"e +"$''ne Co)'re"ensve /n%ncn! +ro!r%) for 12 =


21/54

rtc$e II of t"e Constt#ton.1 "e 'rovson st%tes t"%t t"e +res&ent )%( contr%ct or !#%r%ntee fore!n $o%ns n be"%$f of t"e Re'#b$c. It s c$%)e& t"%t t"e b#(b%c6 %n& sec#rt%tonBbo

converson sc"e)es %re net"er

+ettoners conten& t"%t t"e /n%ncn! +ro!r%) *%s )%&e %v%$%b$e for &ebts t"%t *ere et"er fr%#$ent$( contr%cte& or vo&. In t"s re!%r&, 'ettoners re$( on % 12 Co))sson on #

=CO> re'ort *"c" &entfe& sever%$


22/54


23/54

. . . .

c. Tasy bon#s, notes, sec#rtes o o$' ;!#n*s o+ !n#b$#nss 'a;!ng @a$!$!s o+ on ya o @o b$ no$ :*#!ng $n$y?+!; yas +o@ $' #a$ !ss =E)'"%ss s#''$e&.>

n&er t"e fore!on! 'rovsons, sovere!n bon&s )%( be ss#e& not on$( to s#''$e)ent !overn)ent ex'en&t#res b#t %$so to 'rov&e for t"e '#rc"%se, 37 re&e)'ton,38 or ref#n&n!3 of

ob$!%ton, et"er &rect or !#%r%ntee&, of t"e +"$''ne Govern)ent.

+ettoners, "o*ever, 'ont o#t t"%t % s#''ose& &fference bet*een contr%ctn! % $o%n %n& ss#n! bon&s s t"%t t"e for)er cre%tes % &efnte cre&tor-&ebtor re$%tons"' bet*een t"e '%rt

*"$e t"e $%tter &oes not.0 "e( ex'$%n t"%t % contr%ct of $o%n en%b$es t"e &ebtor to restr#ct#re or nov%te t"e $o%n, *"c" beneft s $ost #'on t"e converson of t"e &ebts to be%rer bon&s s#

t"%t


24/54

ore f#n&%)ent%$$(, *"en t%6en n t"e context of sovere!n &ebts, % b#(b%c6 s s)'$( t"e '#rc"%se b( t"e sovere!n ss#er of ts o*n &ebts %t % &sco#nt. C$e%r$( t"en, t"e obecton to t

v%$&t( of t"e b#(b%c6 sc"e)e s *t"o#t b%ss.

Second Issue' Dele!ation o Po)er

+ettoners stress t"%t #n$6e ot"er 'o*ers *"c" )%( be v%$&$( &e$e!%te& b( t"e +res&ent, t"e 'o*er to nc#r fore!n &ebts s ex'ress$( reserve& b( t"e Constt#ton n t"e 'erson of t"

+res&ent. "e( %r!#e t"%t t"e !r%vt( b( *"c" t"e exercse of t"e 'o*er *$$ %ffect t"e /$'no n%ton re#res t"%t t"e +res&ent %$one )#st exercse t"s 'o*er. "e( s#b)t t"%t t"

re#re)ent of 'ror conc#rrence of %n entt( s'ecfc%$$( n%)e& b( t"e Constt#tonUt"e onet%r( 4o%r&Urenforces t"e s#b)sson t"%t not res'on&ents b#t t"e +res&ent


25/54

In o#r recent r#$n!s n Sout*ern Cross Ce"ent Corporation %. T*e P*ilippine Ce"ent :anuacturers Corp. ,0 t"s Co#rt "%& occ%son to ex%)ne t"e %#t"ort( !r%nte& b( Con!ress to

De'%rt)ent of r%&e %n& Instr( =DI> Secret%r( to )'ose s%fe!#%r& )e%s#res '#rs#%nt to t"e S%fe!#%r& e%s#res ct. In &on! so, t"e Co#rt *%s )'e$$e& to constr#e Secton 28=

rtc$e I of t"e Constt#ton, *"c" %$$o*e& Con!ress, b( $%*, to %#t"ore t"e +res&ent to , rtc$e I %#t"ore& Con!ress to )'ose $)t%tons %n& restrctons on t"e %#t"ort( of t"e +res&ent to )'ose t%rffs %n& )'osts, t"e DI Secret%r( *%s necess%r

s#becte& to t"e s%)e restrctons t"%t Con!ress co#$& )'ose on t"e +res&ent n t"e exercse of t"s t%xn! 'o*er.

S)$%r$(, n t"e nst%nt c%se, t"e Constt#ton %$$oc%tes to t"e +res&ent t"e exercse of t"e fore!n borro*n! 'o*er % De'%rt)ent of /n%nce st#&( s"o*n! t"%t %s % res#$t of t"e )'$e)ent%ton of vo$#nt%r( &ebt recto

sc"e)es, t"e co#ntr(Fs &ebt stoc6 *%s rece& b( .S. . b$$on %s of Dece)ber 11 8 =2> reve$%tons )%&e b( n&e'en&ent n&v%$s )%&e n % "e%rn! before t"e Sen%te Co))t

on Econo)c ff%rs n&c%tn! t"%t t"e %ss%$e& %!ree)ents *o#$& brn! %bo#t s#bst%nt%$ benefts to t"e co#ntr( %n& =3> t"e :ont Ae!s$%tve-Exec#tve /ore!n Debt Co#nc$Fs en&orse)

of t"e %''rov%$ of t"e fn%ncn! '%c6%!e cont%nn! t"e &ebt-

re$ef %!ree)ents %n& ss#%nce of % oton to r!e t"e +"$''ne Debt Ne!ot%tn! +%ne$ to contn#e *t" t"e ne!ot%ton on t"e %fores%& '%c6%!e.70

Even *t" t"ese #stfc%tons, res'on&ents %ver t"%t t"er %cts %re *t"n t"e %ren% of 'o$tc%$ #estons *"c", b%se& on t"e &octrne of se'%r%ton of 'o*ers, 71 t"e #&c%r( )#st $e%ve *t"

nterference $est t"e co#rts s#bstt#te t"er #&!)ent for t"%t of t"e offc%$ concerne& %n& &ec&e % )%tter *"c" b( ts n%t#re or $%* s for t"e $%tter %$one to &ec&e .72

On t"e ot"er "%n&, n f#rt"er%nce of t"er %r!#)ent on res'on&entsF vo$%ton of constt#ton%$ 'o$ces, 'ettoners cte %n %rtc$e of :#&e Es!#err%, T*e 5@ Bu#$ac- and Securiti&at

A!ree"ent )it* P*ilippine Co""ercial Ban- Creditors,73 n $$#str%tn! % best-c%se scen%ro n entern! t"e s#bect &ebt-re$ef %!ree)ents. "e co)'#t%ton res#$ts n % (e$& of 218. )$$

r%t"er

t"%n t"e 2,01.00 )$$on c$%)e& b( t"e &ebt ne!ot%tors.7 On t"e ot"er "%n&, t"e *orst-c%se scen%ro %$$e!e&$( s t"%t % net %)o#nt of 1.38 )$$on *$$ f$o* o#t of t"e co#ntr( %s % res#$

t"e &ebt '%c6%!e.75

ss#)n! t"e %cc#r%c( of t"e fore!on! for t"e nonce, &es'te t"e *%tere&-&o*n '%r%)eters of 'ettonersF co)'#t%tons, *e c%n )%6e no conc$#son ot"er t"%n t"%t res'on&entsF efforts *e

!e%re& to*%r&s &ebt-re$ef *t" )%r6e& 'ostve res#$ts %n& to*%r&s %c"evn! t"e constt#ton%$ 'o$ces *"c" 'ettoners so "%st$( &ec$%re %s "%vn! been vo$%te& b( res'on&ents. 9

reco!ne t"%t %s *t" ot"er sc"e)es &e'en&ent on vo$%t$e )%r6et %n& econo)c str#ct#res, t"e contr%cts entere& nto b( res'on&ents )%( 'ossb$( "%ve % net o#tf$o* %n& t"erefore ne!%t

res#$t. ?o*ever, even 'ettoners c%$$ t"s $%tter event t"e *orst-c%se scen%ro. +$%ns %re se$&o) foo$'roof. o %s6 t"e Co#rt to str6e &o*n &ebt-re$ef contr%cts, *"c", %ccor&n!

n&e'en&ent t"r& '%rt( ev%$#%tons #sn! "storc%$$(-s#!!este& r%tes *o#$& res#$t n


26/54

re$ef t"%t 'ettoners *o#$& *%nt. +ettoners cte t"e %fore)entone& %rtc$e n st%tn! t"%t t"%t 'rnc'%$ '%()ents,


27/54

.% No 2=6>2> Fbay 2G, 7886

PLA%I-EL M ABAYA, &OMMO-O%E PLA%I-EL & .A%&IA ($!#) an# PMA 5> FOUN-ATION, IN&, " by !$s Ps!#n$, &OMMO-O%E &A%LOS L A.UST($!#), +ettoners,vs.HON SE&%ETA%Y HE%MO.ENES E EB-ANE, J%, !n '!s *a"a*!$y as S*$ay o+ $' -EPA%TMENT OF PUBLI& /O%KS an# HI.H/AYS, HON SE&%ETA%Y EMILIABON&O-IN, !n ' *a"a*!$y as S*$ay o+ $' -EPA%TMENT OF BU-.ET an# MANA.EMENT, HON SE&%ETA%Y &ESA% V PU%ISIMA, !n '!s *a"a*!$y as S*$ay o+ $-EPA%TMENT OF FINAN&E, HON T%EASU%E% NO%MA L LASALA, !n ' *a"a*!$y as Tas o+ $' Ba o+ Tasy, an# &HINA %OA- an# B%I-&O%PO%ATION,Res'on&ents.

D E C I S I O N

&ALLEJO, S%, J.:

4efore t"e Co#rt s t"e 'etton for certor%r %n& 'ro"bton #n&er R#$e 5 of t"e R#$es of Co#rt see6n! to set %s&e %n& n#$$f( Reso$#ton No. +:?A--0-012 &%te& %( 7, 200 ss#e& b( t4&s %n& *%r&s Co))ttee =4C> of t"e De'%rt)ent of +#b$c 9or6s %n& ?!"*%(s =D+9?> %n& %''rove& b( t"en D+9? ctn! Secret%r( /$or%nte Sor#e. "e %ss%$e& reso$#toreco))en&e& t"e %*%r& to 'rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton of t"e contr%ct for t"e )'$e)ent%ton of cv$ *or6s for Contr%ct +%c6%!e No. I =C+ I>, *"c" conssts of t)'rove)entBre"%b$t%ton of t"e S%n n&res =Co&on>-r%c-:ct. 4%!o-!% ro%&, *t" t"e $en!t" of 7.818 6$o)eters, n t"e s$%n& 'rovnce of C%t%n%nes.

"e C+ I 'roect s one of t"e fo#r '%c6%!es co)'rsn! t"e 'roect for t"e )'rove)entBre"%b$t%ton of t"e C%t%n%nes Crc#)ferent%$ Ro%&, covern! % tot%$ $en!t" of %bo#t 20.56$o)eters, *"c" s t"e )%n "!"*%( n C%t%n%nes +rovnce. "e ro%& secton =C%t%n%nes Crc#)ferent%$ Ro%&> s '%rt of t"e rter%$ Ro%& An6s Deve$o')ent +roect =+"%se f#n&e& #n&er Ao%n !ree)ent No. +?-+20 &%te& Dece)ber 28, 1 bet*een t"e :%'%n 4%n6 for Intern%ton%$ Coo'er%ton =:4IC> %n& t"e Govern)ent of t"e Re'#b$c of t"e +"$''nes

4%c6!ro#n&

4%se& on t"e Exc"%n!e of Notes &%te& Dece)ber 27, 1,1 t"e Govern)ent of :%'%n %n& t"e Govern)ent of t"e +"$''nes, t"ro#!" t"er res'ectve re'resent%tves, n%)e$(, r. Los""r%, )b%ss%&or Extr%or&n%r( %n& +$en'otent%r( of :%'%n to t"e Re'#b$c of t"e +"$''nes, %n& t"en Secret%r( of /ore!n ff%rs Do)n!o A. S%on, "%ve re%c"e& %n #n&erst%n&concernn! :%'%nese $o%ns to be exten&e& to t"e +"$''nes. "ese $o%ns *ere %)e& %t 'ro)otn! o#r co#ntr(Fs econo)c st%b$%ton %n& &eve$o')ent efforts.

"e Exc"%n!e of Notes consste& of t*o &oc#)ents =1> % Aetter fro) t"e Govern)ent of :%'%n, s!ne& b( )b%ss%&or r%, %&&resse& to t"en Secret%r( of /ore!n ff%rs S%on, confr)t"e #n&erst%n&n! re%c"e& bet*een t"e t*o !overn)ents concernn! t"e $o%ns to be exten&e& b( t"e Govern)ent of :%'%n to t"e +"$''nes %n& =2> % &oc#)ent &eno)n%te& %s Recor&sDsc#sson *"ere t"e s%$ent ter)s of t"e $o%ns %s set fort" b( t"e Govern)ent of :%'%n, t"ro#!" t"e :%'%nese &e$e!%ton, *ere reter%te& %n& t"e s%& ter)s *ere %cce'te& b( t"e +"$''n

&e$e!%ton. 4ot" )b%ss%&or r% %n& t"en Secret%r( S%on s!ne& t"e Recor&s of Dsc#sson %s re'resent%tves of t"e Govern)ent of :%'%n %n& +"$''ne Govern)ent, res'ectve$(."e Exc"%n!e of Notes 'rov&e& t"%t t"e $o%ns to be exten&e& b( t"e Govern)ent of :%'%n to t"e +"$''nes consste& of t*o $o%ns Ao%n I %n& Ao%n II. "e Exc"%n!e of Notes st%te& n '%

I

1. $o%n n :%'%nese (en #' to t"e %)o#nt of sevent(-nne b$$on e!"t "#n&re& %n& sxt(-one )$$on (en =L7,81,000,000> ="eren%fter referre& to %s %bove *$$ be conc$#&e& %fter t"e 4%n6 s s%tsfe& of t"e fe%sb$t(, nc$#&n! envron)encons&er%ton, of t"e 'roect to *"c" s#c" $o%n %!ree)ent re$%tes.

3. =1> "e Ao%n I *$$ be )%&e %v%$%b$e to cover '%()ents to be )%&e b( t"e +"$''ne exec#tn! %!ences to s#''$ers, contr%ctors %n&Bor cons#$t%nts of e$!b$e so#rce co#ntr#n&er s#c" contr%cts %s )%( be entere& nto bet*een t"e) for '#rc"%ses of 'rocts %n&Bor servces re#re& for t"e )'$e)ent%ton of t"e 'roects en#)er%te& n t"e Ast'rov&e& t"%t s#c" '#rc"%ses %re )%&e n s#c" e$!b$e so#rce co#ntres for 'rocts 'roce& n %n&Bor servces s#''$e& fro) t"ose co#ntres.

=2> "e sco'e of e$!b$e so#rce co#ntres )entone& n s#b-'%r%!r%'" =1> %bove *$$ be %!ree& #'on bet*een t"e %#t"ortes concerne& of t"e t*o Govern)ents.

=3> '%rt of t"e Ao%n I )%( be #se& to cover e$!b$e $oc%$ c#rrenc( re#re)ents for t"e )'$e)ent%ton of t"e 'roects en#)er%te& n t"e Ast .

. 9t" re!%r& to t"e s"''n! %n& )%rne ns#r%nce of t"e 'rocts '#rc"%se& #n&er t"e Ao%n I, t"e Govern)ent of t"e Re'#b$c of t"e +"$''nes *$$ refr%n fro) )'osn! %restrctons t"%t )%( "n&er f%r %n& free co)'etton %)on! t"e s"''n! %n& )%rne ns#r%nce co)'%nes.

x x x x2 5a)p*i5.net

+ertnent$(, Ast , *"c" s'ecfe& t"e 'roects to be fn%nce& #n&er t"e Ao%n I, nc$#&es t"e rter%$ Ro%& An6s Deve$o')ent +roect =+"%se I>, to *t

AIS

%x)#) %)o#nt n )$$on (en>

1. Secon&%r( Ec%ton Deve$o')ent %n& I)'rove)ent +roect 7,210

2. R#r%$ 9%ter S#''$( +roect =+"%se > 51

3. 4o"o$ Irr!%ton +roect =+"%se II> ,078

. !r%r%n Refor) Infr%str#ct#re S#''ort +roect =+"%se II> 1,0

5. rter%$ Ro%& An6s Deve$o')ent +roect =+"%se I> 15,38

. Cor&$$er% Ro%& I)'rove)ent +roect 5,852

7. +"$''nes-:%'%n /ren&s"' ?!"*%( n&%n%o Secton Re"%b$t%ton +roect =+"%se II> 7,3

8. Re"%b$t%ton %n& %nten%nce of 4r&!es $on! rter%$ Ro%&s +roect =+"%se I> 5,08

. %rt)e S%fet( I)'rove)ent +roect =+"%se C> ,71

10. +n%t#bo ?%%r& r!ent t!%ton +roect =+"%se II> ,013

11. +%s!-%r6n% Rver C"%nne$ I)'rove)ent +roect =+"%se I> 1,17

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28/54

ot%$ 7,813

"e Exc"%n!e of Notes f#rt"er 'rov&e& t"%t

III

x x x x

3. "e Govern)ent of t"e Re'#b$c of t"e +"$''nes *$$ ens#re t"%t t"e 'rocts %n&Bor servces )entone& n s#b-'%r%!r%'" =1> of '%r%!r%'" 3 of +%rt I %n& s#b-'%r%!r%'" =1> of '%r%!r% of +%rt II %re 'roc#re& n %ccor&%nce *t" t"e !#&e$nes for 'roc#re)ent of t"e 4%n6, *"c" set fort", nter %$%, t"e 'roceres of ntern%ton%$ ten&ern! to be fo$$o*e& exce't *"ere s#'roceres %re n%''$c%b$e or n%''ro'r%te.

x x x x

"e Recor&s of Dsc#sson, *"c" for)e& '%rt of t"e Exc"%n!e of Notes, %$so st%te& n '%rt, t"#s

x x x x

1. 9t" reference to s#b-'%r%!r%'" =3> of '%r%!r%'" 3 of +%rt I of t"e Exc"%n!e of Notes concernn! t"e fn%ncn! of e$!b$e $oc%$ c#rrenc( re#re)ents for t"e )'$e)ent%ton of t"e 'roe)entone& n t"e s%& s#b-'%r%!r%'", t"e re'resent%tve of t"e :%'%nese &e$e!%ton st%te& t"%t

=1> s#c" re#re)ent of $oc%$ c#rrenc( %s !ener%$ %&)nstr%tve ex'enses, nterest rn! constr#cton, t%xes %n& tes, ex'enses concernn! offce, re)#ner%ton to e)'$o(eof t"e exec#tn! %!ences %n& "o#sn!, not &rect$( re$%te& to t"e )'$e)ent%ton of t"e s%& 'roects, %s *e$$ %s '#rc"%se of $%n& 'ro'ertes, co)'ens%ton %n& t"e $6e, "o*ev *$$ not be cons&ere& %s e$!b$e for fn%ncn! #n&er t"e Ao%n I %n&

=2> t"e 'roc#re)ent of 'rocts %n&Bor servces *$$ be )%&e n %ccor&%nce *t" t"e 'roceres of ntern%ton%$ co)'ettve ten&ern! exce't *"ere s#c" 'roceres %n%''$c%b$e %n& n%''ro'r%te.

x x x x5

"#s, n %ccor&%nce *t" t"e %!ree)ent re%c"e& b( t"e Govern)ent of :%'%n %n& t"e +"$''ne Govern)ent, %s ex'resse& n t"e Exc"%n!e of Notes bet*een t"e re'resent%tves of t"e t!overn)ents, t"e +"$''nes obt%ne& fro) %n& *%s !r%nte& % $o%n b( t"e :4IC. Ao%n !ree)ent No. +?-+20 &%te& Dece)ber 28, 1, n '%rtc#$%r, st%te& %s fo$$o*s

Ao%n !ree)ent No. +?-+20, &%te& Dece)ber 28, 1, bet*een :+N 4N; /OR INERNIONA COO+ERION %n& t"e GOERNEN O/ ?E RE+4AIC O/

+?IAI++INES.

In t"e $!"t of t"e contents of t"e Exc"%n!e of Notes bet*een t"e Govern)ent of :%'%n %n& t"e Govern)ent of t"e Re'#b$c of t"e +"$''nes &%te& Dece)ber 27, 1, concernn:%'%nese $o%ns to be exten&e& *t" % ve* to 'ro)otn! t"e econo)c st%b$%ton %n& &eve$o')ent efforts of t"e Re'#b$c of t"e +"$''nes.

:+N 4N; /OR INERNIONA COO+ERION ="eren%fter referre& to %s on t"e ter)s %n& con&tons set fort" n Ao%n !ree)ent %n& n %ccor&%nce *t" t"e re$ev%nt $%*s %n& re!#$%tons of :%'%n.7 "e s%& %)o#nt s"%$$ be #se& for t"e '#rc"%se of e$!b$e !oo&s %n& servces necess%r( for t)'$e)ent%ton of t"e %bove-)entone& 'roect fro) s#''$ers, contr%ctors or cons#$t%nts. 8

/#rt"er, t *%s 'rov&e& #n&er t"e s%& $o%n %!ree)ent t"%t ot"er ter)s %n& con&tons !ener%$$( %''$c%b$e t"ereto s"%$$ be set fort" n t"e Gener%$ er)s %n& Con&tons, &%te& Nove)b187, ss#e& b( t"e Overse%s Econo)c Coo'er%ton /#n& =OEC/> %n& for t"e '#r'ose, reference to s"%$$ be s#bstt#te&, of *"c" t"e C%t%n%nCrc#)ferent%$ Ro%& *%s % '%rt. "s ro%& secton, n t#rn, *%s &v&e& nto fo#r contr%ct '%c6%!es =C+>

C+ I S%n n&res =Co&on>-r%c-:ct. 4%to- !% Ro%& - 7.818 6)s

C+ II !%-4%!%)%noc Ro%& - 10.0 6)s.

C+ III 4%!%)%noc-+%n&%n Ro%& - 7.50 6)s.

C+ I +%n&%n-C%r%)or%n-Co&on Ro%& - .0 6)s.11

S#bse#ent$(, t"e D+9?, %s t"e !overn)ent %!enc( t%s6e& to )'$e)ent t"e 'roect, c%#se& t"e '#b$c%ton of t"e *%s n t"e %)o#nt of +738,710,53.7.

"e res#$t of t"e b&&n! reve%$e& t"e fo$$o*n! t"ree $o*est b&&ers %n& t"er res'ectve b&s vs-W-vs t"e 4C13

N%)e of 4&&er Or!n%$ 4& s Re%& =+esos> s-Correcte& 4& )o#nt =+esos> %r%nce

1> C"n% Ro%& n& 4r&!e Cor'or%ton + 3,183,0.8 +52,5,821.71 28.5T

2> C%vte I&e%$ IntF$ Const. Devt. Cor'. +1,0,2,58.11 +1,0,2,58.11 8.0T

3> It%$%n "% DevFt. +#b$c Co)'%n(, At&. +1,125,022,075.3 +1,125,32,75.3 52.35T

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29/54

"e b& of 'rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton *%s correcte& fro) t"e or!n%$ +3,183,0.8 =*t" v%r%nce of 3.5T fro) t"e 4C> to +52,5,821.71 =*t" v%r%nce28.5T fro) t"e 4C> b%se& on t"er $etter c$%rfc%ton &%te& 'r$ 21, 200.1

fter f#rt"er ev%$#%ton of t"e b&s, '%rtc#$%r$( t"ose of t"e $o*est t"ree b&&ers, r. ?e&f#)e E%*%, +roect %n%!er of t"e C%t%n%nes Crc#)ferent%$ Ro%& I)'rove)ent +ro=CCRI+>, n "s Contr%ctorFs 4& Ev%$#%ton Re'ort &%te& 'r$ 200, reco))en&e& t"e %*%r& of t"e contr%ct to 'rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton

In %ccor&%nce *t" t"e G#&e$nes for t"e +roc#re)ents #n&er OD Offc%$ Deve$o')ent ssst%nceP Ao%ns, t"e Cons#$t%nt "ereb( reco))en&s t"e %*%r& of t"e contr%ct for t"e constr#ctof C+ I, S%n n&res =Co&on> U r%c U :ct. 4%to U !% Secton #n&er t"e rter%$ Ro%& An6s Deve$o')ent +roects, +"%se I, :4IC Ao%n No. +?-+20 to t"e Ao*est Co)'$(n! 4&&er, C"Ro%& %n& 4r&!e Cor'or%ton, %t ts tot%$ correcte& b& %)o#nt of Nne ?#n&re& /ft(-*o $$on /ve ?#n&re& Sxt( -/o#r "o#s%n& E!"t ?#n&re& *ent(-One M 71B100 +esos. 15

"e 4C of t"e D+9?, *t" t"e %''rov%$ of t"en ctn! Secret%r( Sor#e, ss#e& t"e %ss%$e& Reso$#ton No. +:?A--0-012 &%te& %( 7, 200 reco))en&n! t"e %*%r& n f%vor of 'rvres'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton of t"e contr%ct for t"e )'$e)ent%ton of cv$ *or6s for C+ I, S%n n&res =Co&on> U r%c U :ct. 4%to U !% Ro%& =C%t%n%nes Crc#)ferenRo%& I)'rove)ent +roect> of t"e rter%$ Ro%&s An6s Deve$o')ent +roect, +"%se I, $oc%te& n C%t%n%nes +rovnce, #n&er :4IC Ao%n !ree)ent No. +?-+20. 1 On Se'te)ber 200, % Contr%ct of !ree)ent *%s entere& nto b( %n& bet*een t"e D+9? %n& 'rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton for t"e )'$e)ent%ton of t"e C+ I 'roect.

"e +%rtes

+ettoner +$%r&e$ . b%(% c$%)s t"%t "e f$e& t"e nst%nt 'etton %s % t%x'%(er, for)er $%*)%6er, %n& % /$'no cten. +ettoner +$%r&e$ C. G%rc% $6e*se c$%)s t"%t "e f$e& t"e s#t %st%x'%(er, for)er )$t%r( offcer, %n& % /$'no cten. +ettoner + F5 /o#n&%ton, Inc., on t"e ot"er "%n&, s % non-stoc6, non-'roft cor'or%ton or!%ne& #n&er t"e exstn! +"$''$%*s. It c$%)s t"%t ts )e)bers %re %$$ t%x'%(ers %n& %$#)n of t"e +"$''ne $t%r( c%&e)(. It s re'resente& b( ts +res&ent, C%r$os A. !#stn.

N%)e& %s '#b$c res'on&ents %re t"e D+9?, %s t"e !overn)ent %!enc( t%s6e& *t" t"e )'$e)ent%ton of !overn)ent nfr%str#ct#re 'roects t"e De'%rt)ent of 4#&!et %n& %n%!e)e=D4> %s t"e !overn)ent %!enc( t"%t %#t"ores t"e re$e%se %n& &sb#rse)ent of '#b$c f#n&s for t"e )'$e)ent%ton of !overn)ent nfr%str#ct#re 'roects %n& t"e De'%rt)ent of /n%n=DO/> %s t"e !overn)ent %!enc( t"%t %cts %s t"e c#sto&%n %n& )%n%!er of %$$ fn%nc%$ reso#rces of t"e !overn)ent. $so n%)e& %s n&v%$ '#b$c res'on&ents %re ?er)o!enesEb&%ne, :r., E)$% . 4onco&n %n& Ces%r . +#rs)% n t"er c%'%ctes %s for)er Secret%res of t"e D+9?, D4 %n& DO/, res'ectve$(. On t"e ot"er "%n&, '#b$c res'on&ent Nor)%A%s%$% *%s )'$e%&e& n "er c%'%ct( %s re%s#rer of t"e 4#re%# of re%s#r(.

+rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton s % $( or!%ne& cor'or%ton en!%!e& n t"e b#sness of constr#cton.

"e +ettonersF C%se

"e 'ettoners )%n$( see6 to n#$$f( D+9? Reso$#ton No. +:?A--0-012 &%te& %( 7, 200, *"c" reco))en&e& t"e %*%r& to 'rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton of contr%ct for t"e )'$e)ent%ton of t"e cv$ *or6s of C+ I. "e( %$so see6 to %nn#$ t"e contr%ct of %!ree)ent s#bse#ent$( entere& nto b( %n& bet*een t"e D+9? %n& 'rv%te res'on&e

C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton '#rs#%nt to t"e s%& reso$#ton.

"e( 'ose t"e fo$$o*n! ss#es for t"e Co#rtFs reso$#ton

I. 9"et"er or not +ettoners "%ve st%n&n! to f$e t"e nst%nt +etton.

II. 9"et"er or not +ettoners %re entt$e& to t"e ss#%nce of % 9rt of Certor%r reversn! %n& settn! %s&e D+9? Reso$#ton No. +:?A--0-012, reco))en&n! t"e %*%r& of Contr%ct !ree)ent for t"e )'$e)ent%ton of cv$ *or6s for C+I, S%n n&res =CODON>-IRC-:C 4O-IG ROD =CNDNES CIRC/ERENIA ROI+ROEEN +RO:EC> of t"e rter%$ Ro%& An6s Deve$o')ent +roect, +"%se I, $oc%te& n C%t%n%nes +rovnce, #n&er :4IC AB No. +?-+20, to C"n% Ro%& M 4r&Cor'or%ton.

III. 9"et"er or not t"e Contr%ct !ree)ent exec#te& b( %n& bet*een t"e Re'#b$c of t"e +"$''nes, t"ro#!" t"e De'%rt)ent of +#b$c 9or6s %n& ?!"*%(s, %n& t"e C"n% RoM 4r&!e Cor'or%ton, for t"e )'$e)ent%ton of cv$ *or6s for C+I, S%n n&res =CODON>-IRC-:C 4O-IG ROD =CNDNES CIRC/ERENIA ROI+ROEEN +RO:EC> of t"e rter%$ Ro%& An6s Deve$o')ent +roect, +"%se I, $oc%te& n C%t%n%nes +rovnce, #n&er :4IC AB No. +?-+20, s vo& %b nto.

I. 9"et"er or not +ettoners %re entt$e& to t"e ss#%nce of % 9rt of +ro"bton 'er)%nent$( 'ro"btn! t"e )'$e)ent%ton of D+9? Reso$#ton No. +:?A--0-012 %n& tContr%ct !ree)ent exec#te& b( %n& bet*een t"e Re'#b$c of t"e +"$''nes =t"ro#!" t"e De'%rt)ent of +#b$c 9or6s %n& ?!"*%(s> %n& t"e C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%to%n& t"e &sb#rse)ent of '#b$c f#n&s b( t"e DPe'%rt)ent of 4P#&!et %n& P%n%!e)ent for s#c" '#r'ose.

. 9"et"er or not +ettoners %re entt$e& to % +re$)n%r( In#ncton %n&Bor % e)'or%r( Restr%nn! Or&er ))e&%te$( enonn! t"e )'$e)ent%ton of D+9? Reso$#ton N+:?A--0-012 %n& t"e Contr%ct !ree)ent exec#te& b( %n& bet*een t"e Re'#b$c of t"e +"$''nes =t"ro#!" t"e De'%rt)ent of +#b$c 9or6s %n& ?!"*%(s> %n& t"e C"Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton, %n& t"e &sb#rse)ent of '#b$c f#n&s b( t"e De'%rt)ent of 4#&!et %n& %n%!e)ent for s#c" '#r'ose, rn! t"e 'en&enc( of t"s c%se .17

+re$)n%r$(, t"e 'ettoners %ssert t"%t t"e( "%ve st%n&n! or $oc#s st%n& to f$e t"e nst%nt 'etton. "e( c$%) t"%t %s t%x'%(ers %n& concerne& ctens, t"e( "%ve t"e r!"t %n& t(#eston t"e ex'en&t#re of '#b$c f#n&s on $$e!%$ %cts. "e( 'ont o#t t"%t t"e +"$''ne Govern)ent %$$oc%tes % 'eso-co#nter'%rt for C+ I, *"c" %)o#nt s %''ro'r%te& b( Con!ress n tGener%$ ''ro'r%tons ct "ence, f#n&s t"%t %re ben! #t$e& n t"e )'$e)ent%ton of t"e #estone& 'roect %$so '%rt%6e of t%x'%(ersF )one(. "e 'resent %cton, %s % t%x'%(ersF s#t,t"#s %$$e!e&$( 'ro'er.

"e( $6e*se c"%r%ctere t"e nst%nt 'etton %s one of tr%nscen&ent%$ )'ort%nce t"%t *%rr%nts t"e Co#rtFs %&o'ton of % $ber%$ st%nce on t"e ss#e of st%n&n!. It cte& sever%$ c%ses *"et"e Co#rt br#s"e& %s&e 'rocer%$ tec"nc%$tes n or&er to reso$ve ss#es nvo$vn! '%r%)o#nt '#b$c nterest %n& tr%nscen&ent%$ )'ort%nce. 18 /#rt"er, 'ettoner b%(% %sserts t"%t'ossesses t"e re#ste st%n&n! %s % for)er )e)ber of t"e ?o#se of Re'resent%tves %n& one of t"e 'rnc'%$ %#t"ors of Re'#b$c ct No. 18 =R 18> 1 6no*n %s t"e Govern)+roc#re)ent Refor) ct, t"e $%* %$$e!e&$( vo$%te& b( t"e '#b$c res'on&ents.

On t"e s#bst%ntve ss#es, t"e 'ettoners %nc"or t"e nst%nt 'etton on t"e contenton t"%t t"e %*%r& of t"e contr%ct to 'rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton vo$%tes R 1'%rtc#$%r$( Secton 31 t"ereof *"c" re%&s

SEC. 31. Ce$n! for 4& +rces. U "e 4C s"%$$ be t"e #''er $)t or ce$n! for t"e 4& 'rces. 4& 'rces t"%t excee& t"s ce$n! s"%$$ be &s#%$fe& o#tr!"t fro) f#rt"er '%rtc'%tn! n tb&&n!. "ere s"%$$ be no $o*er $)t to t"e %)o#nt of t"e %*%r&.

In re$%ton t"ereto, t"e 'ettoners cte t"e &efnton of t"e 4C, t"#s

SEC. 5. Defnton of er)s. U

x x x

=%> ''rove& 4#&!et for t"e Contr%ct =4C>. U refers to t"e b#&!et for t"e contr%ct $( %''rove& b( t"e ?e%& of t"e +roc#rn! Entt(, %s 'rov&e& for n t"e Gener%$ ''ro'r%tons ct %n&contn#n! %''ro'r%tons, n t"e c%se of N%ton%$ Govern)ent !ences t"e Cor'or%te 4#&!et for t"e contr%ct %''rove& b( t"e !overnn! 4o%r&s, '#rs#%nt to E.O. No. 518, seres of 17t"e c%se of Govern)ent-O*ne& %n&Bor Contro$$e& Cor'or%tons, Govern)ent /n%nc%$ Instt#tons %n& St%te nverstes %n& Co$$e!es %n& t"e 4#&!et for t"e contr%ct %''rove& b( tres'ectve S%n!!#n%n, n t"e c%se of Aoc%$ Govern)ent nts.

x x x

"e 'ettoners t"eore t"%t t"e fore!on! 'rovsons s"o* t"e )%n&%tor( c"%r%cter of ce$n!s or #''er $)ts of ever( b&. n&er t"e %bove-#ote& 'rovsons of R 18, %$$ b&s or %*%s"o#$& not excee& t"e ce$n!s or #''er $)ts ot"er*se, t"e contr%ct s &ee)e& vo& %n& nexstent.

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30/54

Reso$#ton No. +:?A--0-012 *%s %$$e!e&$( ss#e& *t" !r%ve %b#se of &screton bec%#se t reco))en&e& t"e %*%r& of t"e contr%ct to 'rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%t *"ose b& *%s )ore t"%n +200 )$$on over'rce& b%se& on t"e 4C. s s#c", t"e %*%r& s %$$e!e&$( $$e!%$ %n& #nconscon%b$e.

In t"s connecton, t"e 'ettoners o'ne t"%t t"e contr%ct s#bse#ent$( entere& nto b( %n& bet*een t"e D+9? %n& 'rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton s vo& %b nto ben! 'ro"bte& b( R 18. "e( stress t"%t Secton 31 t"ereof ex'ress$( 'rov&es t"%t "ose *"ose c%#se or obect && not exst %t t"e t)e of t"e tr%ns%cton=> "ose *"ose obect s o#ts&e t"e co))erce of )en=5> "ose *"c" conte)'$%te %n )'ossb$e servce

=> "ose *"ere t"e ntenton of t"e '%rtes re$%tve to t"e 'rnc'%$ obect of t"e contr%ct c%nnot be %scert%ne&=7> "ose ex'ress$( 'ro"bte& or &ec$%re& vo& b( $%*.

/or vo$%tn! t"e %bove 'rovson, t"e contr%ct bet*een t"e D+9? %n& 'rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton s %$$e!e&$( nexstent %n& vo& %b nto %n& c%n 'roce effects *"%tsoever.

It s t"e contenton of t"e 'ettoners t"%t R 18 s %''$c%b$e to bot" $oc%$- %n& fore!n-f#n&e& 'roc#re)ent contr%cts. "e( cte t"e fo$$o*n! excer't of t"e &e$ber%tons of t"e 4c%)eConference Co))ttee on t"e Ds%!reen! +rovsons of Sen%te 4$$ No. 228 %n& ?o#se 4$$ No. 8020

RE+. 4L. r. C"%r)%n, c%n *e #st 'ro'ose %&&ton%$ %)en&)ents C%n *e !o b%c6 to Secton , r. C"%r)%n

?E C?IRN =SEN. NGR>. Secton Secton %no, De$, Defnton U &efnton of ter)s.

RE+. 4L. S% ?o#se b$$, t s s% sco'e %n& %''$c%ton.

?E C?IRN =SEN. NGR>. O6%(.

RE+. 4L. It s"o#$& re%& %s fo$$o*s . O6%(, %cce'te&. 9e %cce't. "e Sen%te %cce'ts t.21

xxx xxx xxx

?E C?IRN =SEN NGR>. :#st t%6e note of t"%t %no. e&(o n!% 'rob$e)%tc (%n e". No*, #st for t"e recor& De$, c%n (o# re'e%t %!%n t"e #stfc%ton for nc$#&n! fore!n f#n&contr%cts *t"n t"e sco'e '%r% )%$n%* bec%#se t"e 9or$& 4%n6 &%* )!"t r%se so)e obecton to t.

RE+. 4L. 9e$$, r. C"%r)%n, *e s"o#$& nc$#&e fore!n f#n&e& 'roects 6%s t"ese %re t"e b! 'roects. o !ve %n ex%)'$e, f (o# %$$o* b&s %bove !overn)ent est)%te, $etFs s%( t%6e c%se of 500 )$$on 'roect, nc$#&e& n t"%t 500 )$$on s t"e 20 'ercent 'roft. If (o# %$$o* t"e) to b& %bove !overn)ent est)%te, t"e( *$$ %&& %not"er s%( 28 'ercent of =sc> 30 'ercent,'ercent of 500 )$$on s %not"er 150 )$$on. Ito, t"s s % rc" so#rce of !r%ft )one(, %re!$#"%n n% $%n!, 150 )$$on, fve contr%ctors *$$ !%t"er, co$$#son %)on! b&&ers, of co#rse, *t" t"e coo'er%ton of rres'onsb$e offc%$s of so)e %!ences. So *e s"o#$& "%ve % ce$n! to nc$#&e fore!n f#n&e& 'roects. 22

"e 'ettoners nsst t"%t Ao%n !ree)ent No. +?-+20 bet*een t"e :4IC %n& t"e +"$''ne Govern)ent s net"er % tre%t(, %n ntern%ton%$ nor %n exec#tve %!ree)ent t"%t *o#$& b%r t%''$c%ton of R 18. "e( 'ont o#t t"%t to be cons&ere& % tre%t(, %n ntern%ton%$ or %n exec#tve %!ree)ent, t"e '%rtes )#st be t*o sovere!ns or St%tes *"ere%s n t"e c%se of Ao!ree)ent No. +?-+20, t"e '%rtes %re t"e +"$''ne Govern)ent %n& t"e :4IC, % b%n6n! %!enc( of :%'%n, *"c" "%s % se'%r%te #r&c%$ 'erson%$t( fro) t"e :%'%nese Govern)ent.

"e( f#rt"er nsst on t"e %''$c%b$t( of R 18 conten&n! t"%t *"$e t too6 effect on :%n#%r( 2, 2003

23

%n& Ao%n !ree)ent No. +?-+20 *%s exec#te& 'ror t"ereto or on Dece)ber 1, t"e %ct#%$ 'roc#re)ent or %*%r& of t"e contr%ct to 'rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton *%s &one %fter t"e effectvt( of R 18. "e s%& $%* s %$$e!e&$( s'ecfc %s ts %''$c%ton, *"c" s on t"e %ct#%$ 'roc#re)ent of nfr%str#ct#re %n& ot"er 'roects on$(, %n& not on t"e $o%n %!ree)ents %tt%c"e& to s#c" 'roects. "#s, t"e 'etton on$( 'r%(s for t%nn#$)ent of Reso$#ton No. +:?A--0-012 %s *e$$ %s t"e contr%ct bet*een t"e D+9? %n& 'rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r&!e Cor'or%ton. "e 'ettoners c$%rf( t"%t t"e( &o not 'r%for t"e %nn#$)ent of Ao%n !ree)ent No. +?-+20. Snce t"e s#bect 'roc#re)ent %n& %*%r& of t"e contr%ct *ere &one %fter t"e effectvt( of R 18, necess%r$(, t"e 'roc#re)ent r#est%b$s"e& b( t"%t $%* %$$e!e&$( %''$(, %n& not +res&ent%$ Decree No. 15 =+D 15 >2 %n& Exec#tve Or&er No. 0 =EO 0>, seres of 2001, 25 %s conten&e& b( t"e res'on&ents. "e $%$%*s, nc$#&n! t"er )'$e)entn! r#$es, "%ve %$$e!e&$( been re'e%$e& b( R 18. Even R 80, %s %)en&e&, 6no*n %s t"e /ore!n 4orro*n!s ct, t"e 'ettoners 'ost, )%( "%ve %$sbeen re'e%$e& or )o&fe& b( R 18 nsof%r %s ts 'rovsons %re nconsstent *t" t"e $%tter.

"e 'ettoners %$so %r!#e t"%t t"e *"ere t"ere s % #estonv%$&t( of e$ecton $%*s27 =c> *"ere $e!s$%tors #estone& t"e v%$&t( of %n( offc%$ %cton #'on t"e c$%) t"%t t nfrn!es on t"er 'rero!%tves %s $e!s$%tors 28 =&> *"ere t"ere s % c$%)$$e!%$ &sb#rse)ent or *%st%!e of '#b$c f#n&s t"ro#!" t"e enforce)ent of %n nv%$& or #nconstt#ton%$ $%* 2 =e> *"ere t nvo$ves t"e r!"t of )e)bers of t"e Sen%te or ?o#seRe'resent%tves to #eston t"e v%$&t( of % 'res&ent%$ veto or con&ton )'ose& on %n te) n %n %''ro'r%ton b$$ 30 or =f> *"ere t nvo$ves %n nv%$& $%*, *"c" *"en enforce& *$$ '#t 'ettoner n ))nent &%n!er of s#st%nn! so)e &rect n#r( %s % res#$t t"ereof, or t"%t "e "%s been or s %bo#t to be &ene& so)e r!"t or 'rv$e!e to *"c" "e s $%*f#$$( entt$e& or t"%t "e %bo#t to be s#becte& to so)e b#r&ens or 'en%$tes b( re%son of t"e st%t#te co)'$%ne& of .31 None of t"e %bove cons&er%tons %$$e!e&$( obt%ns n t"e 'resent c%se.

It s %$so t"e ve* of t"e '#b$c res'on&ents t"%t t"e f%ct t"%t 'ettoner b%(% *%s % for)er $%*)%6er *o#$& not s#ffce to confer $oc#s st%n& on ")se$f. e)bers of Con!ress )%( 'ro'ec"%$$en!e t"e v%$&t( of %n offc%$ %ct of %n( &e'%rt)ent of t"e !overn)ent on$( #'on s"o*n! t"%t t"e %ss%$e& offc%$ %ct %ffects or )'%rs t"er r!"ts %n& 'rero!%tves %s $e!s$%tors.

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31/54

"e '#b$c res'on&ents f#rt"er %ss%$ t"e st%n&n! of t"e 'ettoners to f$e t"e nst%nt s#t c$%)n! t"%t t"e( f%$e& to %$$e!e %n( s'ecfc n#r( s#ffere& nor %n nterest t"%t s &rect %n& 'ersonto t"e). If %t %$$, t"e nterest or n#res c$%)e& b( t"e 'ettoners %re %$$e!e&$( )ere$( of % !ener%$ nterest co))on to %$$ )e)bers of t"e '#b$c. "er nterest s %$$e!e&$( too v%!#e, "!"s'ec#$%tve %n& #ncert%n to s%tsf( t"e re#re)ents of $oc#s st%n&.

"e '#b$c res'on&ents fn& t note*ort"( t"%t t"e 'ettoners &o not r%se ss#es of constt#ton%$t( b#t on$( of contr%ct $%*, *"c" t"e 'ettoners not ben! 'rves to t"e %!ree)ent c%nnr%se. "s s fo$$o*n! t"e 'rnc'$e t"%t % str%n!er to % contr%ct c%nnot s#e et"er or bot" t"e contr%ctn! '%rtes to %nn#$ %n& set %s&e t"e s%)e exce't *"en "e s 're#&ce& on "s r!"%n& c%n s"o* &etr)ent *"c" *o#$& 'ostve$( res#$t to ") fro) t"e )'$e)ent%ton of t"e contr%ct n *"c" "e "%s no nterventon. "ere ben! no '%rtc#$%re& nterest or e$e)ens#bst%nt%$ n#r( necess%r( to confer $oc#s st%n&, t"e '#b$c res'on&ents )'$ore t"e Co#rt to &s)ss t"e 'etton.

On t"e )erts, t"e '#b$c res'on&ents )%nt%n t"%t t"e )'oston of ce$n!s or #''er $)ts on b& 'rces n R 18 &oes not %''$( bec%#se t"e C+ I 'roect %n& t"e entre C%t%n%neCrc#)ferent%$ Ro%& I)'rove)ent +roect, fn%nce& b( Ao%n !ree)ent No. +?-+20 exec#te& bet*een t"e +"$''ne Govern)ent %n& t"e :4IC, s !overne& b( t"e $%tterFs +roc#re)eG#&e$nes *"c" 'rec$#&es t"e )'oston of ce$n!s on b& 'rces. Secton 5.0 of t"e :4IC +roc#re)ent G#&e$nes re%&s

Secton 5.0. Ev%$#%ton %n& Co)'%rson of 4&s.

x x x

=e> n( 'rocere #n&er *"c" b&s %bove or be$o* % 're&eter)ne& b& v%$#e %ssess)ent %re %#to)%tc%$$( &s#%$fe& s not 'er)tte&.

It *%s ex'$%ne& t"%t ot"er fore!n b%n6s s#c" %s t"e s%n Deve$o')ent 4%n6 =D4> %n& t"e 9or$& 4%n6 =94> s)$%r$( 'ro"bt t"e br%c6etn! or )'oston of % ce$n! on b& 'rces.

"e '#b$c res'on&ents stress t"%t t *%s '#rs#%nt to Ao%n !ree)ent No. +?-+20 t"%t t"e %ss%$e& Reso$#ton No. +:?A--0-012 %n& t"e s#bse#ent contr%ct bet*een t"e D+9? %'rv%te res'on&ent C"n% Ro%& M 4r &!e Cor'or%ton )%ter%$e&. "e( $6e*se %ver t"%t Ao%n !ree)ent No. +?-+20 s !overne& b( R 80, %s %)en&e&, or t"e /ore!n 4orro*n!s Secton t"ereof st%tes

SEC. . In t"e contr%ctn! of %n( $o%n, cre&t or n&ebte&ness #n&er t"s ct, t"e +res&ent of t"e +"$''nes )%(, *"en necess%r(, %!ree to *%ve or )o&f(, t"e %''$c%ton of %n( $%* !r%nt'references or )'osn! restrctons on ntern%ton%$ co)'ettve b&&n!, nc$#&n! %)on! ot"ers ct No. 23, Co))on*e%$t" ct No. 138P, t"e 'rovsons of C 51P, nsof%r %s s#'rovsons &o not 'ert%n to constr#ctons 'r)%r$( for n%ton%$ &efense or sec#rt( '#r'oses, R 5183P +rov&e&, "o*ever, "%t %s f%r %s 'r%ctc%b$e, #t$%ton of t"e servces of #%$f&o)estc fr)s n t"e 'rosec#ton of 'roects fn%nce& #n&er t"s ct s"%$$ be enco#r%!e& +rov&e&, f#rt"er, "%t

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