Public Disclosure Authorized SR9 - World Bank · 2016. 7. 9. · TAMEER Technical Assistance for Management of Earthquake Early Recovery THQ Tehsil Headquarter TMA Tehsil Municipal

SR9VOL. 1

ERRA

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT8 October 2005 Pakistan Earthquake

Volume-I

Prepared for:

Earthquake Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Authority (ERRA) andThe World Bank

Islamabad

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TABLE OF CONTENTSMap of Earthquake Affected Areas IIList of Tables and Figures IIIList of Acronyms IVExecutive Summary VI

Chapter - 1 Introduction 11.1 Background 21.2 Establishment of ERRA 21.3 Damage and Needs Assessment 31.4 Emergency Recovery Credit (ERC) 31.5 Emergency Recovery Credit; Project Components 31.6 Environmental and Social Screening and

Assessment Framework (ESSAF) 41.7 Scope and Objective of Social Inpact Assessment1.8 Assessment Methodology 41.9 Document Structure

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Chapter - 2 Policy and Legal Framework 82.1 The GoP Policy Parameters 92.2 ERRA Policy Framework 112.3 Bank Safeguard Policies related to ESSAF 122.4 Public Disclosure 15

Chapter - 3 Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics 163.1 Data Collection and Extrapolation3.2 Profile of Affected Areas 173.3 Livelihood and Employment Structure 173.4 Shelter and Housing 193.5 Road Infrastructure 233.6 Other Projects 273.7 Education 293.8 Health 293.9 Water and Sanitation 323.10 Damage Assessment from Social Perspective 333.11 Role of NGOs and CSOs 36

40Chapter - 4 Mitigation through ERRA's Programme 41

Interventions4.1 Preparatory Activities 424.2 Housing Reconstruction Policy 424.3 Livelihood Cash Grant Programme 434.4 Implementation Progress in other Sectors 494.5 Social Protection 494.6 Education 514.7 Health 524.8 Water and Sanitation 524.9 Road Infrastructure 534.10 Mid Course Measures 54

Chapter - 5 Dislocation and Hazardous Sites 565.1 Landslides 57

5.2 Landslides and their Impact 575.3 Hazardous Sites 615.4 Remedial Measure 61

Chapter - 6 Social Impact Assessment of ERRA's Intervention 636.1 Generic Indicators6.2 Social Impact of ERC Interventions 646.3 Social Impact of other ERRA Interventions 67

69Chapter - 7 Indicators and Monitoring Framework 76

7.1 Monitoring and Evaluation Approaches 777.2 Key Performances Indicators 78

Chapter - 8 Issue & Recommendations 818.1 Livelihood Cash Grant Programme 828.2 Hazardous Land 828.3 Housing Reconstruction 838.4 Legal Assistance 838.5 Women in Reconstruction 838.6 Staffing of New Facilities 848.7 Building Codes Compliance 84

A. TORs for SIAAnnexes: B. TORs of the Continuous Social Impact

AssessmentC. ERRA OrdinanceD. ERRA Operational ManualE. District ProfilesF. Sectoral Key Performance Indicators

G. Housing FormH. Livelihood Cash Grant Form

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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

List of Tables

Table 1: Damages Caused by 8 October 2005 Earthquake in Pakistan

Table 2: Area, Population by Sex, Sex Ratio, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate

Table 3: Employed Population (10 years and above) By Sex and Broad Age Group

Table 4: Employment by Sectors for Affected Districts in AJK & NWFP

Table 5: Employment Losses by Province and Sector

Table 6: Housing Units and Facilities

Table 7: Household by Size

Table 8: Overview of Damage in Rural Housing

Table 9: Urban Housing Status

Table 10: Literacy: AJK and NWFP

Table 11: Number of Schools in NWFP

Table 12: Number of Schools & Colleges in AJK

Table 13: Comparative position of Damaged Institutions

Table 14: Damage to National Highways

Table 15: Summary of Roads/Bridges Damaged due to Earthquake in AJ&K

Table 16: Summary of Roads/Bridges Damaged due to Earthquake in NWFP

Table 17: District-wise number of Public and Community-owned Drinking Water Supply

Systems in need of Rehabilitation/Reconstruction in NWFP

Table 18: District-wise number of Public and Community-owned Water Supply Schemes in

Need of Rehabilitation/Reconstruction in AJK

Table 19: Disabled Population by Nature of Disability

Table 20: Pre and Post Earthquake Disabilities; Spinal Cord Injuries and Amputees

Table 21: Population over 65 years of Age

Table 22: Tranche-Wise Disbursement Progress Graph

Table 23: Reconstruction Status of Health Facilities as of 15th May 2007

Table 24: Re-allocation of 23 Villages in Muzzafarabad

Table 25: Villages Shifted to Camps due to threat of Flash Flood

List of Figures

Figure 1: Map of Affected Area, Overview

Figure 2: Hazardous Zoning Map of Hattian Bala

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

ADB Asian Development BankAIT Assistance & Inspection TeamsAJK/AJ&K Azad Jammu and KashmirBHU Basic Health UnitCBO Community Based OrganizationCLRP Community Level Rehabilitation PlanCBO Community based organizationCMH Combined Military HospitalCNIC Coloured National Identity CardsCO Community organizationDG Director GeneralDCO District Coordination OfficerDHQ District HeadquarterDRAC District Reconstruction Advisory CommitteeDRC Data Resource CentersDRU District Reconstruction UnitEA Environmental AssessmentECA Employment of Child ActEERC Earthquake Emergency Recovery CreditEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEQ EarthquakeERRA Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation AuthorityECNEC Executive Committee of National Economic CouncilEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentERC Emergency Recovery CreditERP Early Recovery PlanEMEF Earthquake Monitoring and Evaluation FrameworkEPA Environmental Protection AgencyERC Emergency Recovery CreditESSAF Environmental, Social Screening and Assessment FrameworkEQAA Earthquake Affected AreasEVF Extremely Vulnerable FamiliesEVI Extremely Vulnerable IndividualFRC Federal Relief CommissionGE Gender EqualityGoP Government of PakistanHRC Housing Reconstruction CenterHED Higher Education DepartmentHIV Human immunodeficiency virusIDA International Development AssociationIDP Internally Displaced PersonIEE Initial Environment ExaminationJICA Japan International Cooperation AgencyKacha House Non Permanent HouseKKH Karakorum HighwayKPIs Key Performance IndicatorsLAA Land Acquisition ActLSCG Livelihood Support Cash GrantLVU Land Verification UnitsMDC Monitoring & Data CollectionM&E Monitoring and EvaluationMIS Management Information SystemsMoSWSE Ministry of Social Welfare & Special EducationMoWD Ministry of Women's Development

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MOU Memorandum of UnderstandingNGO Non-Governmental OrganizationNIC National Identity CardsNIHD National Institute for HandicappedNWFP North-West Frontier ProvinceNADRA National Database and Registration AuthorityNDMA National Disaster Management AuthorityNESPAK National Engineering Services PakistanNEQS National Environment Quality StandardsNHA National Health AuthorityNWFP North West Frontier ProvinceOP Operational PoliciesPacca House Permanent HousePak-EPA Pakistan Environment Protection AgencyPC-1 Project Cycle -1/ Project Cost -1PCO Pakistan Census OrganisationPCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water ResourcesPERRA Provincial Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation AuthorityPM Program ManagerPO Partner organizationPRC Provincial Relief CommissionerPPAF Pakistan Poverty Alleviation FundPSC Program Steering CommitteePWD Public Works DepartmentRCRC Revenue Circle Relief CommitteeRHC Rural Health UnitRP Resettlement PlanRPF Resettlement Policy FrameworkR&R Reconstruction and RehabilitationSERRA State Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation AuthoritySIA Social Impact AssessmentSMBR Senior Member Board of RevenueSMT Social Mobilisation TeamTA Technical AssistanceTAMEER Technical Assistance for Management of Earthquake Early RecoveryTHQ Tehsil HeadquarterTMA Tehsil Municipal AdministrationTPV Third Party ValidationTRC Transitional Relief CellUCRC Union Council Relief CommitteeUN United NationsUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNICEF United Nations Children's FundUNDAC United Nations Disaster Assessment and CoordinationUNEP United National Environment ProgrammeUNOCHA United Nations Office for Coordination on Humanitarian AssistanceUNFPA United Nations Population FundUET University of Engineering and TechnologyUSAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentVHH Vulnerable Headed HouseholdVRC Village Reconstruction CommitteeWB World BankWES Water, Environment & SanitationWFP World Food ProgrammeWHO World Health OrganizationW&SD Works & Service Department

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Executive Summary

The 2005 earthquake was the most debilitating natural disaster in Pakistan's history.Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and the eastern Districts of the North West FrontierProvince (NWFP) bore the full force of the earthquake in terms of numbers of lives lost,injuries sustained, and destruction of infrastructure and economic assets. In addition tothe enormous human toll, the earthquake and its aftermath posed a huge cost for theGovernment of Pakistan (GoP)l. Vulnerable groups, mainly women and children living ininaccessible mountain areas with low levels of income and service provision, have bornethe brunt of the earthquake's impact.

To rebuild the destroyed infrastructure in the affected areas and implement large-scalereconstruction and rehabilitation programmes, the GoP established the EarthquakeRehabilitation and Reconstruction Authority (ERRA). ERRA is a body dedicated tocoordinate and oversee the rebuilding of the earthquake affected areas.

In addition to the enormous human toll, the earthquake and its aftermath posed a largecost to Pakistan, which according to a preliminary damage and needs assessment bythe World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, amounts to US$5.2 billion. To jump-start early recovery commensurate with needs in the context of the results of thedamage and needs assessment, the World Bank announced a package of financing ofUS$475 million within weeks of the earthquake. To further support the emergencyrecovery and reconstruction effort, an Emergency Recovery Credit (ERC) of US$400million was made available by IDA for support over a three-year period. The ERCcomponents focus on housing reconstruction, livelihood support, import financing andcapacity building.

Carrying out a baseline 'Social Assessment of the Impact of the Earthquake on theAffected Population' is one of the requirements specified under the Earthquake EarlyRecovery Project. The objective of the study is to assess the social development risks,challenges and viable options to mitigate negative social consequences of ERCinterventions. ERRA is carrying out reconstruction and rehabilitation activities in 12sectors. In addition to housing reconstruction and livelihood support, the assessmentalso analyzes pre and post earthquake profiles of key sectors and underlines ERRA'sstrategic interventions in these sectors. The assessment thus, conjures up acomprehensive picture of reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts and outlines theirsocial impacts. It also identifies key indicators to monitor these social impacts andintroduces mitigation measures, wherever required, to offset adverse impacts.

The assessment captures the social impacts and identifies indicators not only tomeasure the progress of ERRA's programmes but also to monitor social impacts. Theassessment findings would be instrumental in rectifying inadequacies of various ongoingprogrammes and give better perspective to the policy makers to make informeddecisions while planning and implementing future programmes.

' The overall cost associated with the earthquake is estimated at approximately US$5.2 billion,which includes estimated costs for relief, livelihood support for victims, and reconstruction. Asubstantial portion of this total relates to housing reconstruction, which will cost an estimated Rs.92 billion (US$1.6 billion).

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The Social Impact Assessment provides benchmark information about the impact ofERRA's interventions on the overall social fabric with particular reference to the poor andmarginalized sections of population. The assessment findings will form the basis for theContinuous Social Impact Assessment2 , which will assess the social impacts of ERRA'sprogrammes on a regular basis to ensure maximum benefits for the target population.

The Social Impact Assessment is divided into 8 chapters. The following section containsa brief synopsis of each chapter.

Chapter 1 highlights the overall impact of the earthquake, delineates the damage andneeds assessment, the formation of ERRA, the World Bank supported EmergencyRecovery Credit and the ESSAF requirements, the scope and objectives of the SIA, andthe assessment methodology.

Key Points:( The damages caused by the 8 October earthquake include over 73,338 deaths,

128,304 injured, and 3.5 million affected. In addition to the human toll, it destroyedover 6,298 educational institutions, 796 health units, 600,000 houses, 6,440 km ofroads and 50-70% of the telecommunication, power and water and sanitationservices in the earthquake affected areas.

• The ERC components of housing reconstruction and livelihood support cash grantprovided eligible families Rs. 175,000 per destroyed housing unit and Rs. 3,000 amonth for 6 months for families adhering to the vulnerability criteria.

(D This SIA was conducted internally by ERRA and benefited from the vast amounts ofdata and resources available through both the housing and cash grant programmes.The SIA also benefited from focus group discussions, reports, assessments andresearch from various other stakeholders in government, civil society and thedevelopment sector.

Chapter 2 discusses the legal and policy framework of the SIA, which includes theWorld Bank Social Safeguard Policies related to the ERC; and the GoP and ERRApolicy framework.

Key Points:( The GoP has specific laws and regulations pertaining to the environment and social

issues. Projects which involve construction and may have any potentialenvironmental impact must undertake an environmental impact assessment andsubmit it to the national environmental protection agency. Other pertinent legalregulations include the Land Acquisitions Act, 1894; Provincial Local GovernmentOrdinance, 2001; Antiquity Act, 1975 and the Employment of Child Act, 1991.

(D Under the ERRA Policies Framework, ERRA is an autonomous organizationmandated to undertake the gigantic task of reconstruction and rehabilitation inearthquake affected areas in 12 major socio-economic sectors including devisingcomprehensive strategies for each sector outlining damages, funding requirementsand implementation plans. In order to ensure transparency, an Operational Manualhas been produced compiling different regulations to be followed in the planning,design and implementation of projects. ERRA reports to the ERRA Board and theERRA Council; the former being a consultative forum headed by the ChairmanERRA and the latter being a supra decision-making forum headed by the PrimeMinister of Pakistan.

2 The Terms of Reference for the Continuous Social Impact Assessment attached as Annex B.

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3 The WB operating policies (Ops) that are relevant (triggered or may be triggered inthe future) to this SIA are a) Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), b) InvoluntaryResettlement (OP 4.12), and c) Disputed Territories (OP 7.60).

Chapter 3 provides socio-economic baseline information of the earthquake affectedareas and pre and post earthquake sectoral profiles. The chapter sets the backgroundfor the subsequent chapters dealing with the emergency response efforts undertaken byvarious governmental and non governmental agencies.

Key Points:• The earthquake affected area of AJK and the eastern Districts of NWFP is home to a

scattered population of some 5.7 million people. Families are closely-knit and onaverage comprise 7 people per household. About 88 percent of residents live in hilly,mountainous rural settlements, which range in size from 2 households to more than300. The region's population is relatively young: nearly half (42 percent) of thepopulation is below the age of 15 years, while 6.7 percent of the population is abovethe age of 60. Sex ratio is relatively higher in rural areas, whereas in urban areas it ison the lower side. A high proportion of the population lacks basic services andfacilities like clean drinking water and safe disposal of waste. The region is also anarea of extreme environmental vulnerability, characterized by frequent landslides andunchecked urban development with few environmental safeguards.

3 Housing and Shelter Situation: The typical home in the affected areas houses 6-7persons is 400 sq.ft and consists of one or two main rooms, a veranda and a bathand kitchen which may not be attached. A Kacha (non-permanent) house willtypically have mud or stone rubble walls with a flat mud roof supported on polebeams. A Pucca (permanent) house will have stone rubble or fired brick masonrywalls with sand cement mortar and a low pitched sheet metal or Reinforced Concrete(RCC) flat slab roof. Virtually none of the housing in affected areas has seismicconsiderations in design. Compounding this is the generally poor quality ofconstruction and maintenance. As per the 1998 population census, the total numberof housing units in the affected districts of NWFP & AJK stood at 450,859 and184,381 respectively. Out of these approx 61 percent houses in NWFP were Pucca,12 percent semi-Pucca and 27 percent Kacha. In AJK, approximately 35 percent ofthe houses were Pucca, 12 percent semi-Pucca and 53 percent Kacha.

• The earthquake left an estimated 2.8 million people in need of shelter at the onset ofa harsh winter, in a rural, difficult to access terrain. It is estimated that in October2005 about 787,000 housing units were in the affected area, and that these werepredominantly rural.

• According to the initial joint assessment by the World Bank and the ADB, 203,579housing units were destroyed and 196,575 units were damaged. Some 84 percentof the total housing stock was damaged or destroyed in AJK, while 36 percent inNWFP. However, these figures have grown in view of severe aftershocks andincreased access to remote areas after the initial survey. Ninety percent of thedestroyed or damaged housing is found in rural areas.

( According to the preliminary damage and needs assessment, estimated totalemployment in the affected districts of the two provinces was 1.12 million people3 .

3This estimate was derived from district-specific employment figures published in the District Census Reports of the 1998Population Census, and adjusted upwards to account for: population growth since 1998 and female labor forceparticipation (significantly under-reported by the Census), using PIHS 2001-as a reference.

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Chapter 4 gives an overview of ERRA programme interventions including HousingReconstruction, the Livelihood Cash Grant Programme and other sectoral programmes.ERRA's various programmes have largely produced positive results. Living up to theresolve of 'build back better' and turning this adversity into an opportunity, ERRA'sinterventions have brought about a significant improvement in the quality ofreconstructed infrastructure and facilities as compared to the pre-earthquake standards.

Key Points:Housing Reconstruction Policy: The housing reconstruction programme aims toensure that an estimated 630,000 houses that were either destroyed or damaged bythe earthquake, are rebuilt using earthquake-resistant building techniques throughgrant assistance of Rs. 1, 75,000 from the GoP to eligible households to reconstructa 'core house' of between 250 and 400 sq. feet depending on his/her choice ofstructural solution. The financial assistance package is being disbursed directly tothe bank account of landlords and tenants and the payment of installments has beenlinked to compliance with earthquake resistant standards issued by ERRA.

* Livelihood Support Cash Grant Programme (LSCG): In order to mitigate theimmediate suffering resulting from the devastation, and to assist people to regaintheir livelihoods, a US$85 million World Bank funded LSCG programme was initiatedby the GoP. The cash grants have helped affected people to get back to business ina short time and provided much needed subsistence allowance. It also injected muchrequired cash back into a devastated local economy, thereby contributing to therevival of economic activity in earthquake-affected areas. The LSCG programmeprovided livelihood cash support to the 250,000 most vulnerable families in theearthquake-affected districts. A sum of Rs. 3,000 was given each month to everybeneficiary household for six months. As of date, a total of Rs. 18,000 has beengiven in six equal monthly installments.

Chapter 5 takes stock of the landslides triggered due to the earthquake and subsequentmonsoon, delineates Red Zones and analyses their impact on the local population andbriefly describes the remedial measures taken by the GoP.

Key Points:The earthquake triggered many landslides in the affected areas that createdanother wave of death and destruction. The landslides and resultinghazardous sites also dislocated a sizable population in both the NWFP andAJK. These internally displaced populations (IDPs) were thus compelled tomove to safer places including camps. Many people have lost the little landthey had and others will be displaced because of living in close proximity tothe red zones and or as a result of town planning for the cities of NewBalakot/Bakriyal and Muzzafarabad.

* The earthquake exacerbated most existing slides and disturbed slopes and atthe same time created numerous new slides and damaged slopes. Theseslides continue to pose challenges to continuous supply of materials in theaffected areas by regularly blocking roads. Land-sliding in many areas haswashed away entire tracts of agricultural land, putting entire communities'livelihoods in jeopardy.

. The main environmental impacts from the earthquake to the naturalenvironment were the result of landslides which resulted in impacts to(i)topography/morphology of the surface of the earth (ii)rivers, streams,forests and grasslands, and (iii) habitats of native fauna and flora both onland and in the streams and rivers. The topography/morphology of the

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affected areas continues to be modified by aftershocks, some large enoughto be considered earthquakes rather than tremors. The landslides resultingfrom the earthquake have also altered the characteristics of mountain slopesand drainage basins.

Chapter 6 outlines the potential social impacts of ERRA's interventions. Mitigationmeasures taken to offset some adverse impact are also highlighted in the chapter.

Key Points:* Overall Social Impacts: Formal documentation created through opening of bank

accounts, issuance of National Identity Cards (NiCs), and requirements of keydocuments including birth, marriage and death certification; safer and seismicallyresistant construction; increased job opportunities; increased capacity-buildingthrough training programmes; better service delivery due to improved facilities;increased general awareness; better disaster-preparedness; culture of confidenceinstilled; increased community participation; better appreciation of socio-economicprofile of EQAA; barrier-free facilities; integrated reconstruction; cost- push inflation;quality-control; low-level corruption and nepotism; active participation of women; andincreased financial capacity of families.

* Social Impacts of Housing Reconstruction: Improved overall quality of life; skilledlabour and human resource base; improved safety standards; culture ofresponsibility instilled; issues of ownership largely settled; changing job/employmentpatterns; women and orphans at risk of losing property rights; and deforestation.

* Social Impacts of Livelihood Cash Grant: Revived and supported people to returnto their sources of livelihoods or new livelihoods; cash injection into the localeconomy; formal documentation created; creation of pool of trained enumerators;improved banking system; inequity due to limited coverage and criteria; and creationof dependency culture.

* Social Impacts of Other ERRA Interventions: Social Protection: Economicempowerment of women; increased awareness of legal rights; better understandingof child rights; persons with disabilities trained to lead independent and useful lives;and issues of land in hazardous areas not addressed. Health Sector: Increasedutilization of health facilities; increased awareness and confidence of users in healthservice provision; people have access to multiple health services under one roof;people with disabilities have access to better and specialized services; enhancedcapacity of healthcare service providers; health sector better prepared for futuredisasters; improved health of affected population; overall improved quality of life;reduced maternal and child mortality; dependency created on non-governmentresources and staff. Education Sector: Parents confident to send children to school;increased literacy rates and school enrollment ratio; better awareness and civicsense; girls have increased access to education; increased inclination towards ITand vocational education. Environment Sector: Improved systems of wastemanagement; reduction in deforestation; increased ownership and responsibility ofcommunity; dislocation and hazardous sites. Water and Sanitation: Access topotable water; availability of lavatory, drainage and sanitation facilities; behaviouralchange; and community participation and ownership. Roads and Transport:Increased accessibility and mobility; increased connectivity; employment generation;and tourism promotion. Public Sector Buildings: Resumption of public-servicedelivery; better record-keeping; increased interest in public-sector employment.Telecom: Communication accessible to affected populations.

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Chapter 7 analyzes monitoring and evaluation approaches employed by ERRA to trackthe implementation progress of various programmes. The chapter identifies keyindicators to monitor the performance of ongoing interventions as well and mitigateadverse social impacts through mid-course corrections.

Key Points:* The ERRA Monitoring & Evaluation Wing has designed a central monitoring and

evaluation system in addition to the on-going project level monitoring of the individualprojects and programmes carried out through PERRA/SERRA, DRUs, line agenciesand partner organizations. The aim is to provide robust summary information of theprogress and challenges related to reconstruction/rehabilitation, support planningand implementation processes, help set strategic direction and supply criticalinformation needed for course correction.

* The monitoring and evaluation scheme designed by the ERRA M&E Wing is that theMonitoring and Data Collection (MDC) field teams of the outsourced consortium willregularly collect household level data/information from the sample/sentinel sites,which would be stored in data repositories maintained at the district/tehsil level. MDCteams will employ Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) designed by ERRA for themonitoring purposes using different participatory methodologies and approaches.Monitoring/data collection formats and templates would be designed by ERRA M&EWing in consultation with the relevant stakeholders. Employing these formats, theMDC consortium will develop relevant tools and systems to effectively monitorreconstruction and rehabilitation work carried out by ERRA.

* The sectoral KPls developed and approved by ERRA cover three levels of results;program inputs, outputs and outcomes, which are to be used by the implementingarms of ERRA (PERRA/SERRA, DRUs, line agencies, the M&E Zonal/District staff)in pursuance of their quality monitoring role and by the MDC consortium for regularmonitoring and data collection.

* Third Party Validation (TPV) will also be used as a quality check to be applied oncein a year to validate data/information produced by ERRA and to evaluate impacts ofthe sectoral programmes in a systematic and coherent way.

Chapter 8 enumerates recommendations to offset some of the potential impacts ofERRA interventions and add value to future programmes. A synthesis of severaldiscussions and observations with different stakeholders is given as recommendations,primarily focusing on the housing and cash grant programmes.

Key Recommendations:* Undertake detailed vulnerability survey in order to provide focused interventions for

vulnerable groups.* Develop specific program/policy for people living in hazardous areas, especially as

the current ERRA Landless Policy does not accommodate this group.* Assist vulnerable groups in rebuilding their houses since existing housing

reconstruction policy is owner-driven.* Provide specialized legal assistance for the protection of vulnerable groups,

especially in accessing their property and legal entitlements.* Involve women in reconstruction and ensure gender specific needs are incorporated

into all recovery and reconstruction activities, policies and strategies.* Provide adequate training and capacity-building to ensure service provision in new

and modern facilities public facilities such as schools and hospitals, is sustainable.

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* Institute a permanent system for monitoring and supervision of future construction toensure observance of building codes after ERRA has phased out and to ward off thepotentially disastrous affects of any future disaster.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

1.2 Establishment of ERRA

1.3 Damage and Needs Assessment

1.4 Emergency Recovery Credit (ERC)

1.5 Emergency Recovery Credit; Project Components

1.6 Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework (ESSAF)

1.7 Scope and Objective of Social Impact Assessment

1.8 Assessment Methodology

1.9 Document Structure

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BackgroundThe 8 October 2005 Pakistan earthquake measured 7.6 on the Richter scale andbrought death and destruction to the northern parts of the North Western FrontierProvince (NWFP) and the Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The earthquake claimed atleast 73,000 lives, severely injured another 70,000, and left 2.8 million people withoutshelter, affected 3.5 million people, left about 450,000 families homeless, 1.1 millionpeople jobless4, destroyed infrastructure with economic sector losses estimated at Rs,

536.6 billion.

The GoP immediately realized the magnitude of the disaster and enormity of the task,which challenged the entire resources and management capabilities of Pakistan andevoked one of the largest ever global responses to disaster. Financial, human, technicaland logistical resources were pitched into the overwhelming baUtle to save lives, treat theinjured, relocate the survivors and provision for food, security and safety.6

Table: 1Damages Caused by 8 October 2005 Earthquake in PakistanDeaths 73,338Injured 128, 304Families affected 500,000Population affected 3.5 MillionArea affected 30,000 Sq kmEducational institutions destroyed 6,298Health units destroyed 796Houses destroyed 600,000Roads damaged 6,440 kmServices such as Telecommunication, Power, 50-70%Water and Sanitation

Source: ERRA/UN Early Recovery Plan, May 2006(Updated by ERRA in September 2006)

1.2 Establishment of ERRAOn 24th October 2005, the GoP established Earthquake Reconstruction andRehabilitation Authority (ERRA) with the mandate to work on a comprehensive responseto devastation caused by the earthquake.

1.3 Damage and Needs AssessmentAt the request of the GoP, a mission led by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and theWorld Bank (WB) conducted a preliminary damage and needs assessment.7 The GoP

4 Sayeed, Azra. "The Pakistan Earthquake's Impact on Women". Asia Pacific Forum on Women,Law and Development. 2005,< http://www.apwId.orq/vol1 83-01.htm> 20 March.20065Asian Development Bank and World Bank. Pakistan Earthquake 2005 Preliminary Damage andNeeds Assessment. Islamabad, November 15, 2005.6Annual Review 2005 to 2006 ERRA7Pakistan 2005 Earthquake: Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment, IDA/SecM2005-0588,November 18, 2005

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along with development partners and civil society was part of the mission whichestimated the overall cost associated with the earthquake at approximately US$5.2billion, which includes estimated costs for relief, livelihood support for victims, andreconstruction. A substantial portion of this total relates to housing reconstruction,estimated at Rs. 92 billion (US$1.6 billion).8 The World Bank announced a US$475million package of financing to support the early recovery needs in line with the damageand needs assessment.

1.4 Emergency Recovery Credit (ERC)To further support the emergency recovery and reconstruction effort, the World Bankapproved an IDA credit of US$400 million through an ERC for support over a three-yearperiod. IDA provides support to the GOP's multi-sectoral program of earthquake relatedreconstruction and includes, among others, housing reconstruction, livelihood support,import financing and capacity building. IDA would provide support to activities in theseareas, in addition to making funds available for any financing gaps identified in othersectors, including social protection, health, education, agriculture and roads, watersupply and other infrastructure.

1.5 ERC Project ComponentsThe objectives of the Earthquake ERC are to support the GoP to:

(i) Reduce the immediate suffering resulting from the effects of the earthquakeand restore livelihoods destroyed by the earthquake;

(ii) Restore basic services to the affected population and rebuild publicinfrastructure; and

(iii) Start the recovery and reconstruction process.

The ERC is premised on the need to rebuild houses, restore livelihoods through incometransfers to the most affected households, finance critical imports, and augmentcapacity.

1.5.1 Housing: The component of the ERC supports the Government's home-owner driven housing reconstruction programme. The programme principles include thepromotion of seismically resistant construction standards and design; rebuilding ofhouses in-situ; ensuring of owner-driven rebuilding with technical assistance, trainingand supervision; utilization of easily accessible materials and familiar methods inrebuilding; relocation of settlements only when necessary; application of strategic urbanre-planning; offering of a uniform assistance package that is not compensation-based;coordination on multiple reconstruction initiatives and standards for equity; and thelinking of housing to livelihoods and infrastructure rehabilitation. Reconstruction Grantsof Rs. 175,000 per unit will be disbursed in four tranches, while Restoration andStrengthening (retrofitting) Grants of Rs. 75,000 per unit will be disbursed in onetranche. The reconstruction and restoration activities will be owner-driven, withhouseholds utilizing their own labour, hiring trained craftsmen, and receiving technicalassistance. Disbursements will be made subject to verification of progress andcompliance with seismic-resistant standards.

1.5.2 Livelihood Support: The strategy for livelihood support is geared towardsthe dual objectives of protecting the most vulnerable households in the short-termthrough the provision of cash grants, and rejuvenating economic activity by revivingsmall businesses and replacing assets lost in agriculture and livestock. The cash grant

8 Technical Annex, pg.2

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programme consists of monthly grants of Rs. 3,000 per household - an amount that isconsidered sufficient to achieve minimum basic needs, taking into account thecontinuing availability of some food relief. Eligibility is extended to households that haveexperienced damage to their primary housing unit, shop or business, have suffered thedeath of an adult household member, or who have lost major livestock. Preference hasbeen given to eligible households with a high proportion of dependents, such as thedisabled, elderly, children and injured.

1.5.3 Import Financing: A portion of the ERC serves as quick disbursingassistance to partially finance the imports of items required for reconstruction andrehabilitation activities. These imports facilitate early recovery of the affected areas bykeeping the supplies and prices of these commodities at adequate and appropriatelevels.

1.5.4 Capacity Building: This component supports capacity-building of the GoPto meet the heightened demand of the reconstruction and recovery effort and to ensurethe quality of implementation is maintained. It also supports a shift in focus fromemergency response to disaster prevention through a hazard risk managementapproach.

1.6 The Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework(ESSAF): provides general policies, guidelines, code of practices and procedures to beintegrated into the implementation of the World Bank-supported emergencyreconstruction operations in Pakistan. The Framework has been developed to ensurecompliance with the Bank's safeguard policies in connection with the emergencyearthquake reconstruction work in Pakistan. The objective of the ESSAF is to ensurethat activities under the reconstruction operations will address the following issues:

- Protect human health- Prevent or compensate and loss of livelihood;- Minimize environmental degradation as a result of either individual subprojects or

their cumulative effects;- Minimize impacts on cultural property; and- Enhance positive environmental and social outcomes.

1.7 Scope and Objectives of the Social Impact AssessmentThe Social Impact Assessment addresses the impact of the earthquake on vulnerablegroups, such as, female headed households, children without parental care and peoplewith disabilities. The assessment outlines ERRA policy framework and Word Bank'ssafeguard policies. The assessment primarily focuses two ERC components i.e.Livelihood Cash Support Programme and Housing Subsidy. Going beyond the mandate,the assessment also takes stock of the damage in other sectors, describes ERRA'ssectoral strategies for reconstruction and rehabilitation, outlines potential impacts ofthese interventions, and develops indicators for assessment of mitigation measures.

The objective of the study is to assess the social development risks, challenges andviable options to mitigate negative social consequences of ERC interventions. The intentis to gauge the progress of ERRA's interventions, identify gaps and negative impacts ofERRA's programmes. The assessment findings will help policy makers introducecorrective measures to mitigate the undesirable impacts of the interventions. TheContinuous Social Impact Assessment will measure the progress of course correctionsand monitor the adverse impacts for introduction of further mitigation measures, if any.

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1.8 Assessment Methodology

The following methodology was used in conducting the Social Impact Assessment.

1.8.1 Institutional Consultations and Understanding of TORSInstitutional consultations were held between ERRA and the World Bank to determinethe Bank's requirements under the Earthquake Emergency Recovery Credit and' reviewthe relevant documents outlining social safeguards, including the Technical Annex forEERC and the Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework(ESSAF). The discussions assisted in introducing the assessment team to the terms ofreference of the SIA and its importance as an independent validation of the socialsafeguard issues identified by the SA.

1.8.2 Primary and Secondary Data CollectionThe data presented in this assessment is based on information and data collected byERRA, other government sources, team research, and field assessments/surveysconducted by national and international organizations.

Data derived from ERRA's internal sources including stakeholder consultations, surveys,field visits and focus group discussions served as primary data.

The WB and ADB preliminary damage and needs assessment team visited the eightmost heavily affected districts of Abbottabad, Batagram, Kohistan, Poonch, Mansehra,Muzaffarabad, Bagh, and Shangla to verify and evaluate the intensity of damageincurred during the disaster and to meet with civil administration authorities and affectedpeople. The assessment team met with a range of civil society, international,governmental and development partner organizations to gain an understanding of thefull spectrum of issues that may influence the recovery strategy. The data presented inthis assessment are based on government sources, team research, and a fieldassessment conducted by consultants to ensure adequate coverage and verification ofaffected areas.

Data collection in Livelihood Support Cash Grant has been done through specificallyformulated targeting teams comprising of local Councillors, area Patwaris and schoolteachers. Targeting teams were trained to obtain data on specially designed forms9.Resultant data was entered in a purpose-built database and Management InformationSystem (MIS).

In the case of Housing Subsidy, data was collected through Army Inspection (Al) teams.Special forms were designed for data collectionl° and later the said data was entered incustom-built database and management information system.

The data for different sectors has been primarily obtained from respective ProgrammesManagers of ERRA. Major policy decisions in different sectors are reached throughconsultation of core groups and general advisory groups. Key stakeholders fromgovernmental and non-governmental sector are represented in these two forums. Theinformation referred to in the report is therefore based on the inputs from abovementioned sources.

9 Targeting form for livelihood support cash grant is attached as Annex H.10 Targeting form for housing subsidy is attached as Annex G.

5

Furthermore, the SIA Team reviewed reports and assessments produced by differentgovernment agencies and partner organizations such as the National EngineeringServices Pakistan (NESPAK), the Population Census Organization (PCO) and variousUN partners involved in relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities. These sourcesalso served as secondary data in this report.

1.8.3 Social Impact AssessmentThe potential adverse impacts of the interventions have been identified through holdingfocus-group discussions with various stakeholders particularly Programme Managers,ERRA Field Personnel, the Monitoring & Evaluation Team and key functionaries of LineDepartments of AJ&K and NWFP. Where required, mitigation measures andrecommendations have been derived to address the potential adverse affects.

1.8.4 ERRA Knowledge Management Cell (KMC)The SIA Team has also benefited from the ERRA Knowledge Management Cell's (KMC)publications. KMC was established in August 2006 with a primary responsibility todocument ERRA's institutional history, experiences and lessons learnt for incorporatingin the planning, and sharing it with diverse audiences at local, national and global levels.Moreover, to contribute to the nation's intellectual assets by creating archives where therecord of organizational, operational and strategic decisions on reconstruction andrehabilitation is being systematically maintained, thus institutional memory gets well-preserved. KMC's main activities include:

( Conducting research() Collection, collation and analysis of information( Documentation of policy decisions and organizational experiences up to the field

level3 Designing knowledge products and organizing publications such as:

o Various periodic or need-based reportso Corporate Brochureo Newslettero Journal

0 Organizing dissemination events/workshops.3 Establishing networks3 Establishing electronic and paper-based archives

The KMC has already compiled and published the ERRA Annual Review 2005-2006 anda Corporate Brochure. KMC is presently working on the preparation and publishing of aprofessional ERRA Journal and is outsourcing case studies on three key programmesectors i.e. Housing, Cash Grants and Social Sector (Health & Education).

KMC's work is further augmented through closely linking to the ERRA MIS database andother relevant sources of quantitative and qualitative information. For this purpose, theMIS-Specialist of KMC is working to organize and analyze, primary and secondary dataobtained from existing internal and external sources such as:

( Internal sources- MIS, Program Units, M&E, INFOCH, SERRA, PERRA, DRUs3 External sources- PCO, NADRA, NESPAK, SUPARCO, FBS, UN, INGOs

Academic/Research Institutions and Communities etc.; and develop acomprehensive need-based data set for knowledge management purposes.

1.9 Document Structure:

6

Chapter 2 discusses the legal and policy framework of the SIA, which include the WorldBank Social Safeguard Policies related to the ERC; and the GoP and ERRA policyframework. Chapter 3 provides pre-and socio-economic baseline information of theearthquake affected areas pre and post earthquake profile of the affected areas.Chapter 4 provides an overview of ERRA programme interventions including Housingand the Livelihood Cash Grant and other sectoral programmes. Chapter 5 outlines thepotential social impacts of the interventions and their monitoring and evaluationmethodology. Chapter 6 outlines the extent of dislocation and hazardous sites and theimpact on the population. Chapter 7 identifies key social impacts of ERRA'sinterventions. Chapter 8 enumerates the recommendations to offset some of thepotential impacts of ERRA interventions, and add value to future programmes.

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CHAPTER 2

POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 GoP Policy Parameters

2.2 ERRA Policy Framework

2.3 Bank Safeguard Policies related to ESSAF

8

2. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework as well asinstitutional set-up relevant to the social assessment of the project activities.

2.1 The GoP Policy ParametersThe ERRA policy framework and implementation guidelines are derived and governedby the GoP's key laws and regulations.

Pakistan's statute books contain a number of laws concerned with the regulation andcontrol of environmental and social concerns. However, the enactment ofcomprehensive legislation on the environment, in the form of an act of parliament, is arelatively new phenomenon. Most of the existing laws on environmental and socialissues have been enforced over an extended period of time, and are context-specific.The laws relevant to developmental projects are briefly reviewed below.

a. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (the Act)The Act is the basic legislative tool empowering the government to frame regulations forthe protection of the environment. The 'environment' has been defined in the Act as: (a)air, water and land; (b) all layers of the atmosphere; (c) all organic and inorganic matterand living organisms; (d) the ecosystem and ecological relationships; (e) buildings,structures, roads, facilities and works; (f) all social and economic conditions affectingcommunity life; and (g) the inter-relationships between any of the factors specified insub-clauses 'a' to 'f'). The Act is applicable to a broad range of issues and extends tosocio-economic areas, land acquisition, air, water, soil, marine and noise pollution, aswell as the handling of hazardous waste. The discharge or emission of any effluent,waste, air pollutant or noise in an amount, concentration or level in excess of theNational Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified by the PakistanEnvironmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) has been prohibited under the Act, andpenalties have been prescribed for those contravening the provisions of the Act. Thepowers of the Federal and Provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs),established under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance 198311 have alsobeen considerably enhanced under this legislation and they have been given the powerto conduct inquiries into possible breaches of environmental law, either of their ownaccord, or upon the registration of a complaint.

The requirement for an environmental assessment is laid out in Section 12 (1) of the Act.Under this section, no project involving construction activities or any change in thephysical environment can be undertaken unless an Initial Environmental Examination(IEE) or an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is conducted, and approval isreceived from the Federal or relevant Provincial EPA. Section 12 (6) of the Act statesthat this provision is applicable only to such categories of projects as may be prescribed.The categories are defined in the Pak-EPA Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000and are discussed in Section 2.2.2 below.The requirement of conducting an environmental assessment of the proposed projectemanates from this Act.

b. Land Acquisition Act, 1894The Land Acquisition Act (LAA) of 1894 amended from time to time has been the de-facto policy governing land acquisition and compensation in the country. The LAA is the

Superseded by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.

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most commonly used law for acquisition of land and other properties for developmentprojects. It comprises of 55 sections pertaining to area notifications and surveys,acquisition, compensation and apportionment awards and dispute resolutions, penaltiesand exemptions. Currently no land acquisition is planned under the project.

c. Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001These ordinances were issued under the devolution process and define the roles of thedistrict governments. These ordinances also address land use, conservation of naturalvegetation, air, water and land pollution, disposal of solid waste and wastewatereffluents, as well as matters relating to public health.

The Local Government Ordinance has been promulgated in all the four provinces ofPakistan including NWFP. AJ&K enjoys a special status under the constitution ofPakistan. The Local Government Ordinance does not apply to AJ&K.

d. Antiquity Act, 1975The Antiquities Act of 1975 ensures the protection of cultural resources in Pakistan. TheAct is designed to protect 'antiquities' from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawfulexcavation, trade and export. Antiquities have been defined in the Act as ancientproducts of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest,national monuments, etc. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of aprotected antiquity and empowers the GoP to prohibit excavation in any area that maycontain articles of archeological significance. Under this Act, the project proponents areobligated to:Ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, and ifduring the course of the project an archeological discovery is made, it should beprotected and reported to the Department of Archeology, GoP, for further action.

e. Employment of Child Act, 1991Article 11(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan prohibits employment of children below theage of 14 years in any factory, mines or any other hazardous employment. Inaccordance with this Article, the Employment of Child Act (ECA) 1991 disallows childlabor in the country. The ECA defines a child to mean a person who has not completedhis/her fourteenth years of age. The ECA states that no child shall be employed orpermitted to work in any of the occupation set forth in the ECA (such as transport sector,railways, construction, and ports) or in any workshop wherein any of the processesdefined in the Act is carried out. The processes defined in the Act include carpetweaving, bidi (kind of a cigarette) making, cement manufacturing, textile, constructionand others).

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2.2 ERRA Policy FrameworkThe Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA) was establishedon 24th October 2005, as an autonomous organization in view of the expediency of thesituation to provide for post-disaster damage assessment, recovery, reconstruction andrehabilitation of areas affected by the earthquake of 8th October, 2005. ERRA is anautonomous organization attached with the Prime Minister's Secretariat foradministrative and coordination purposes.

The main functions of the Authority include damage assessment, formulation of acomprehensive development program to provide for planned settlements and housing,government building and offices, utilities and services, infrastructure, health, andeducation facilities, tourism, irrigation and agriculture facilities while ensuringenvironmental protection and restoration of economic activities and livelihoods in theaffected areas. In order to fulfill the assigned functions, ERRA is mandated to approvedevelopment schemes submitted by the respective governments of the affected areas,arrange for their financing and take steps for their monitoring and evaluation.

The general direction in all matters of policy and administration of the Authority vest inthe ERRA Council, which is a supra decision making forum headed by the PrimeMinister of Pakistan with representation of the Provincial/State Government at thehighest political level. The Council can delegate any of its powers to the ERRA Board orany officer of the Authority. The ERRA Board is a broad based consultative forum,headed by the Chairman of ERRA, with representation from relevant Federal ministries,Governments of the affected areas and representatives of civil society. The decisionsrecommended by the Board and approved by the Council are implemented through theoffice of the Deputy Chairman of the Authority, who also acts as its Principal AccountingOfficer and is responsible for its day to day administrative affairs.

2.2.1 ERRA's Operational ManualIn order to ensure transparency in its activities, ERRA has developed an OperationalManual which is a compilation of different regulations to be followed in the planning,designing and implementation of reconstruction and rehabilitation projects. Theprocesses in these regulations have been borrowed from the prevalent governmentinstructions, so that they are easily understood by the various government tiers andoffices dealing with ERRA financed projects. A few variations from the standardgovernment procedures have been made with a view to enhance the pace ofreconstruction without compromising on transparency.12

2.2.2 Enhanced Powers to Approve ProjectsIn order to empower the Authority, State/Provincial and District Governments, theirfinancial thresholds to approve development schemes pertaining to reconstruction efforthave been enhanced to the following levels:

• DRUs are authorized to prepare, approve and implement projects within theprogram framework up to a limit of Rs.100 million

• PERRA and SERRA are authorized to prepare, approve and implementprojects for a limit ranging between Rs.100-250 million

• ERRA Board's authorization limit is between Rs 250-500 million( Projects with a value higher than the above have to be submitted to the

Executive Committee of National Economic Council (ECNEC) for approval.

12 The ERRA Operational Manual can be referred to in Annex D.

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This multi-level delegation of authority is to ensure smooth implementation of theprogramme. Project planning is being conducted in accordance with the GoP planningprocedures using the Project Cycle approach (PC 1-5).

2.3 Bank Safeguard Policies related to ESSAF

2.3.1 ObjectivesThe ESSAF framework has been developed to ensure compliance with the World Bank'ssafeguard policies in connection with the emergency earthquake reconstruction work inPakistan. The objectives of the ESSAF are to ensure that activities under the proposedreconstruction operations will address the following issues:

(I Protect human health;3 Prevent or compensate any loss of livelihood;@ Minimize environmental degradation as a result of either individual sub projects

or their cumulative effects;( Minimize impacts on cultural property; and(D Enhance positive environmental and social outcomes.

The ESSAF has been developed specifically to ensure due diligence, to avoid causingharm or social tensions, and to ensure consistent treatment of social and environmentalissues by all donors and the GoP. The purpose of this framework is also to assist theProject Implementing Agencies in screening all the sub projects for their likely social andenvironmental impacts, identifying documentation and preparation requirements andprioritizing the investments.

The WB Operating Policies (OP) relevant to the project are discussed in the followingsections.

a. Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)The World Bank requires an environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed forBank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, andthus to improve decision-making. The OP defines the EA process and various types ofthe EA instruments. The OP addresses the natural environment (air, water, and land);human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples,and cultural property); and trans-boundary and global environmental aspects.The proposed project consists of activities which have environmental and socialconsequences, including:

@ Damage to assets (such as crops),3 Loss of land,3 Deterioration of air quality,CD Damage to top soil, land erosion,( Safety hazards.

To identify the extent and consequences of these impacts, and to determine themitigation measures, ERRA is conducting the present SIA. (ERRA is also conducting anEA separately).

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b. Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)The WB's experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under developmentprojects, if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe economic, social, and environmentalrisks: production systems are dismantled; people face impoverishment when theirproductive assets or income sources are lost; people are relocated to environmentswhere their productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resourcesgreater; community institutions and social networks are weakened; kin groups aredispersed; and cultural identity, traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help arediminished or lost. This policy includes safeguards to address and mitigate theseimpoverishment risks.The overall objectives of the Policy are given below:

Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring allviable alternative project designs.

Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceivedand executed as sustainable development programmes, providing sufficient investmentresources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits.Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities toparticipate in planning and implementing resettlement programmes.

Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods andstandards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels orto levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.

The Policy defines the requirement of preparing a resettlement plan or a resettlementpolicy framework, in order to address the involuntary resettlement.

The project activities under the housing and livelihood programmes do not currentlyinvolve involuntary resettlement. However, in case such resettlement becomesnecessary in future, this OP will be triggered. The project will ensure compliance throughpreparation of a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) or Resettlement Plan (RP) asrequired.

c. Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)The Policy seeks to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resourcesprovided for the safety of dams the WB finances. However this OP is not relevant sincethe project does not involve construction of dams.

d. Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50)This OP defines the procedure to be followed for projects the WB finances that arelocated on any water body that forms a boundary between, or flows through two or morestates. However, no project components will be located on any such waterways; hencethis OP is not triggered.

e. Cultural Property (OP 4.11)The World Bank's general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in theirpreservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. The specific aspects of the Policyare given below:The Bank normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designedso as to prevent such damage.

The Bank will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural propertiesencountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. Insome cases, the project is best relocated in order that sites and structures can bepreserved, studied, and restored intact in situ. In other cases, structures can be

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relocated, preserved, studied, and restored on alternate sites. Often, scientific study,selective salvage, and museum preservation before destruction is all that is necessary.Most such projects should include the training and strengthening of institutions entrustedwith safeguarding a nation's cultural patrimony. Such activities should be directlyincluded in the scope of the project, rather than being postponed for some possiblefuture action, and the costs are to be internalized in computing overall project costs.

Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected project benefits aregreat, and the loss of or damage to cultural property is judged by competent authoritiesto be unavoidable, minor, or otherwise acceptable. Specific details of the justificationshould be discussed in project documents.

This policy pertains to any project in which the Bank is involved, irrespective of whetherthe Bank is itself financing the part of the project that may affect cultural property.

The proposed activities are unlikely to affect the cultural property of the area. However,in case of discovery of any sites or artifacts of historical, cultural, archeological orreligious significance during the project execution, the work will be stopped at that site.The provisions of this Policy will be followed. Additionally, the Provincial and Federalarcheological departments will be notified immediately, and their advice sought beforeresumption of the construction activities at such sites.

f. Indigenous People (OP 4.10)For purposes of this policy, the term "Indigenous Peoples" is used in a generic sense torefer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the followingcharacteristics in varying degrees:- Self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition ofthis identity by others;

- Collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in theproject area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;

- Customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate fromthose of the dominant society and culture; and

- An indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country orregion.

The OP defines the process to be followed if the project affects the indigenous people.

No indigenous people - with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominantsociety that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process- are known to exist in the areas where different project components would be located.Therefore this OP is not triggered.

However if such groups are identified during the project implementation, the proponentswill develop an Indigenous People Development Plan, in compliance with the OP andget it approved by the Bank.

The Social Impact Assessment did not identify any indigenous groups in these areas(as defined by the Bank OP).

g. Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60)Projects in disputed areas may raise a number of delicate problems affecting relationsnot only between the Bank and its member countries, but also between the borrower andone or more neighboring countries. In order not to prejudice the position of either theBank or the countries concerned, any dispute over an area in which a proposed projectis located is dealt with at the earliest possible stage.

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The Bank may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concernedagree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed for country Ashould go forward without prejudice to the claims of country B.

AJK is a disputed area, hence this OP is triggered. In this regard a waiver has beenobtained from the Board at the approval stage of the Project.

2.4 Public DisclosureERRA will disclose the SIA to all stakeholders. The Executive Summary will betranslated and made available to all affected communities and also to concernedGovernment Ministries/Departments, NGOs, Partner Organizations and ERRA fieldoffices. In addition, the SIA will be disclosed through the ERRA website and at the InfoShop in Washington.

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CHAPTER 3

DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

3.1 Data Collection and Extrapolation

3.2 Profile Affected Areas

3.3 Livelihood and Employment Structure

3.4 Shelter and Housing

3.5 Road Infrastructure

3.6 Other Projects

3.7 Education

3.8 Health

3.9 Water and Sanitation

3.10 Damage Assessment from Social Perspective

3.11 Role of NGOs and CSOs

: -pulatbon 1981

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3. DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

This chapter contains the pre and post earthquake Socio-economic baseline informationof the affected districts of NWFP and AJ&K. In order to understand the impact of theearthquake on the social fabric in the affected districts, it is important to learn about thegeographic, agricultural, ethno-lingual, demographic features, and employment patternof the affected districts. The chapter on the whole will set the background for thesubsequent chapters dealing with the emergency response efforts undertaken byvarious governmental and non governmental agencies.

3.1 Data Collection and ExtrapolationIn the case of NWFP, most of the data has been obtained from 1998 census conductedby the Population Census Organization (PCO). PCO data has been extrapolatedwherever possible, and for fields where extrapolation was not possible, 1998 figures arequoted. In the case of AJK, data has been collated from different unofficial sources andby holding focus group discussions. The following formula has been used forextrapolation:

P= (1 + % growth rate) time X P1P is estimated population as of October 2005.Growth rate is the annual growth rate of the district calculated from 1981 to 1998.Time refers to the elapsed time from the last survey. In this case, time is calculatedfrom March 1998 to October 2005.P1 refers to the previous population (1998 survey)

Moreover, post earthquake data for affected districts has been obtained from severalsurveys conducted by ERRA, bilateral and multilateral donors, national and internationalNGOs, different state and local governments and government departments.

3.2 Profile of Affected AreasThe area most heavily damaged by the earthquake incorporates AJK and the easternDistricts of NWFP. This region is home to a scattered population of some 5.7 millionpeople. The social structure in this region is closely-knit, and families on averagecomprise 7 people per household. About 88 percent of residents live in hilly,mountainous rural settlements, which range in size from 2 households to more than 300.The region's population is relatively young: nearly half (42 percent) of the population isbelow the age of 15 years, while 6.7 percent of the population is above the age of 60.Sex ratio is relatively higher in rural areas, whereas in urban areas it is on the lower side.Average annual growth rate for district Shangla has been negative from 1981 to 1998,whereas average annual growth rate for district Kohistan for the same period is almostzero (refer table-2). This could largely be attributed to migration. Interestingly, during thelivelihood support cash grant survey (2006-7), it was observed that a large number ofapplicants from Shangla and Kohistan qualified for the program because of having 5 ormore children. A high proportion of the population lacks basic services and facilities likeclean drinking water and safe disposal of waste. The region is also an area of extremeenvironmental vulnerability, characterized by frequent landslides and unchecked urbandevelopment with few environmental safeguards.

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TABLE - 2 AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO,

HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE

AJK & NWFP1981- 98

Area POPULATION AS OF OCTOBER 2005 Population Average( SQ . 1998 AnnualKM) Sex Ave. Growth

District Population Mal Feae Ratio H. hold RateOct 2005 ale emale Size (%AGE)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Bagh - 457,158 229,997 227,161 101.2 7.4 393,415 2

Muzaffarabad 919,470 473,911 445,559 106.4 7.1 745,751 2.8

Poonch 486,221 245,852 240,369 102.3 7.6 411,035 2.24

Athmuqam(Neelum) 154,197 80,149 74,048 108.2 7 125,712 2.73

AJK Total 2,017,046 1,029,909 987,137 1.675,913

Abboftabad 1,967 1,009,740 505,311 504,429 100.2 6.4 880,666 1.82

Mansehra 4,579 1,379,981 684,558 695,423 98.4 6.7 1,152,839 2.4

Batagram 1,301 294,019 151,721 142,298 106.6 6.6 307,278 -0.58

Shangla 1,586 554,650 285,578 269,071 106.1 8.1 434,563 3.27

Kohistan 7,492 475,805 263,735 212,070 124.4 6.4 472,570 0.09

NWFP Total 16,925 3,714,195 1,890,904 1,823,291 3,247,916

AJK & NWFPTotal 5,731,241 2,920,813 2.810,428 4,923,829Source. Districl Census Reports of the Population Census 1998 (wherever available).Batagram's negative growth rate and Kohistan's minimal growth rate can be attributed tomigration. Figures for October 2005 are extrapolated by the corresponding annual growth ratefor the district. ATHMUQAM was a tehsil of Muzaffarabad in 1998 & was later upgraded todistrict Neelum. Info provided in Muzaffarabad includes figures of Athmuqam (Neelum) in thistable. Ave House hold size is for the year 1998.

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3.3 Livelihood and Employment Structure

3.3.1 Pre-Earthquake Situation of Livelihood and Employment StructureAccording to the preliminary damage and needs assessment prepared by the AsianDevelopment Bank and the World Bank estimated total employment in the affecteddistricts of the two provinces were 1.12 million13 people.

As per 1998 census, total employed population in the earthquake affected districts ofNWFP is almost 3 times higher than the affected districts of AJK. The proportion offemale in employed population is fairly low in both NWFP and AJK. Only 3 and 3.5percent of total employed population in NWFP and AJK are female (refer table - 3).

Agriculture and livestock rearing are the primary sources of employment in rural areas.Most rural residents engage in subsistence agriculture, with agriculture accounting for 60to 70 percent of total household income and approx. 40 percent of total ruralemployment. Public administration accounts for a significant proportion of employment inthe affected urban areas (approx. 30 percent); followed by small trading and businesses,construction and transport, mostly in the informal sector (refer table - 4).

Employment in public administration is especially prominent in AJK, and agricultureconversely employs a higher fraction of the rural population in NWFP. Notably, for allaffected areas, remittances from migrant male family members are a vital source ofincome. Options for women to become employed outside of the household are verylimited, even though, due to labor migration, the proportion of women-headedhouseholds is fairly high. In AJK, for instance, approximately 20 percent of householdsare headed by a female.

Overall, the private sector in the affected areas is largely dominated by medium, small-scale and unregistered enterprises, often household-based. The region's manufacturingand financial sectors are small and offer few employment opportunities. Mountingpopulation pressures and land fragmentation have overburdened subsistenceagriculture, spurring widespread seasonal migration to urban centers and abroad.Remittances are thus an important source of income and account for approximately aquarter of household's consumption expenditure, even for the poorest quintiles in AJKand NWFP.

Almost every rural household owned some livestock. Men, women and children wereequally engaged in livestock production. The role of women comprises cleaning sheds,collecting farmyard manure, feeding livestock, grazing goats and sheep, fodder cutting,chopping and milking. Typically, households have 1-2 cows and 4-5 goats. The mostvaluable are milking animals: animal products such as milk, milk products, meat and

13 This estimate was derived from district-specific employment figures published in the District CensusReports of the Population Census of 1998, and adjusted upwards to account for: population growth since1998 and female labor force participation (significantly under-reported by the Census), using PIHS (200 1-as a reference.

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eggs contribute 7 - 16 percent to household energy consumption, and the ruralhouseholds usually consume milk on daily basis, especially children. Moreover, one cowmay produce 7 to 8 kg of milk per day, sold at 24 rupees (40 US cents) per kg (prices atthe time of assessment). The loss of cow and buffalo therefore has an immediate andadverse effect on rural diets and future livelihood especially of the women.14

TABLE - 3 EMPLOYED POPULATION (10 YEARS AND ABOVE) BY SEX,

AND BROAD AGE GROUP

AJK & NWFPTOTAL EMPLOYEDPOPULATION LESS

District THAN 25 2 96 ERTOTAL MALE FEMALE YEARS YEARS AND ABOVE

1 3 4 5 6 9 12

Bagh 51153 49225 1928 9755 37697 3701

Muzaffarabad 111041 107152 3889 23967 79322 7752

AJK Total 162194 156377 5817 33722 117019 11453

Abbotabad 121211 117254 3957 22648 89536 9027

Mansehra 157985 152715 5270 29432 111197 17356

Battagram 40766 39398 1368 11912 24913 3941

Shangla 69422 68144 1278 21278 42427 5717

Kohistan 81825 80788 1037 29373 42874 9578

NWFP Total 471209 458299 12910 114643 310947 45619

NWFP & AJKTotal 633403 614676 18727 148365 427966 57072Source: District Census Reports of the Population Census 1998 (wherever available).Muzaffarabad includes figures for district Neelum.

14 WFP/UNICEF, Joint WFP/UNICEF Rapid Emergency Food Security and Nutrition Assessment,November, 2005

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TABLE - 4 EMPLOYMENT BY SECTORS FOR AFFECTED DISTRICTS IN AJK & NWFP

AJK NWFP

No. of % of total No. of % of totalEmployed employed Employed employed

Agriculture & Forestry 117,672 33.6 359,110 46.6Mining 51 0.0 2,933 0.4manufacturing 16,200 4.6 14,515 1.9Utility 1,222 0.3 6,050 0.8Construction 39,506 11.3 73,292 9.5Trade 29,350 8.4 59,482 7.7Transport etc 12,722 3.6 40,590 5.3Finance & Business 1,487 0.4 3,752 0.5Services & Public Admin 123,156 35.2 188,876 24.5Others 8,330 2.4 22,406 2.9Total Employed 349,696 100 771,006 100Source: District Census reports (1998) for relevant districts. The numbers have beenadjusted upwards from 1998, at the range of average population growth for Pakistanbetween the 1998 & 2005

3.3.2 Impact of Earthquake on Employment and LivelihoodsInternational Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that the earthquake cost 1.1 millionjobs. Most jobs in the affected areas are in the less productive sectors of the economysuch as agriculture and services. The bulk of the workforce is made up of unskilled andsemi-skilled labor. Of the 1.4 million people engaged in agriculture, service sector and inindustry, an estimated 40 to 50 percent are likely to have lost their primary source ofincome due to the earthquake1 5.

According to a preliminary damage and needs assessment conducted by the WorldBank and the Asian Development Bank, aggregating across all sectors, the totalestimated loss in employment or livelihood is around 324,000, which is around 29percent of the total employed population (above age 10) in the eight districts. Theprovincial breakdown is around 132,000 in AJK and 192,000 in NWFP, which amount to38 and 25 percent of total employment in the affected districts of the two provinces,respectively. The largest job losses are in agriculture, trade (small businesses, shops)and construction (refer table - 5). However, keeping in view the enormous constructionactivity in the affected area, it is estimated that employment loss in construction sectorshall be recovered rather quickly. Given the lack of adequate information on lostemployment, these figures are extrapolated from various proxies: output/household

1 According to an assessment carried out by ILO, of the more than 1.4 million workers engaged inagricultural activities, 40% lost their jobs, as did an estimated half of the 730,000 workers in the servicessector (many in the informal economy) and a similar proportion of the 230,000 workers in industry(construction, manufacturing, utilities and mining)ILO, http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/eurpro/brussels/news/archives/nov2005/news.htm

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income losses in agriculture, and damages to shops, businesses, roads and transport.No employment loss is assumed for migrant workers and public sector employees16.

In the earthquake hit urban areas in both provinces, the losses to private infrastructurewere borne by self employed traders and small businesses. Reconstruction of publicinfrastructure has been prioritized however concessions to small businesses have notbeen considered as part of the reconstruction policy. The recovery plan needs toaddress the losses suffered by the self employed shop keepers, retailers and serviceproviders such as tailors, barbers, grocers, meat vendors, private schools, private clinicsand hospitals.

Preliminary numbers suggest extensive damage. For example, over 70 percent of shopshave been fully or partially damaged in Batagram, Muzaffarabad and Bagh districts.Even shops and businesses that have escaped damage face challenges, given the lossof markets, depletion of people's purchasing power and the uncertainty of demand dueto large-scale migration from the earthquake affected areas.17 After the earthquake,demand and supply patterns of goods and services have also changed drastically. It isexpected that entrepreneurs dealing in luxury items will be faced with a formidablechallenge to recover their markets.

The loss of income affects the lives of women, children and the aged family. In theagriculture sector, people have been unable in many places to harvest their crops or sownew crops. In some areas agricultural land has been completely eroded and thereforepeople have no land to cultivate. Livestock has also been lost and injured as a result ofthe earthquake, causing a huge financial loss to the people since livestock in an agrarianeconomy is the main asset of the family. It is estimated that the maximum loss tolivestock has been at higher altitudes. The importance of livestock in the lives of thepeople is demonstrated by the fact that many people refused to leave their devastatedhomes at high altitudes and were willing to brave the harsh winter because they had totend to their livestock.

16 Asian Development Bank and World Bank. Pakistan Earthquake 2005 Preliminary Damage and NeedsAssessment. Islamabad, November 15, 2005.7 Ibid

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3.4 Shelter and Housing

3.4.1 Pre-Earthquake Shelter and Housing SituationThe typical home in the affected areas houses 6-7 persons, is 400 sq.ft and consists of

TABLE - 5 EMPLOYMENT LOSSES BY PROVINCE & SECTORAJK NWFP Total

Pre-Eq % Employment Pre-Eq % Empi Pre-Eq % Empiempi loss loss empl loss loss empi loss loss

Agriculture &Forestry 117,672 34 39,834 359,110 32 116003 476,782 33 155,837

Mining 51 83 42 2,933 39 1157 2,984 40 1,199

manufacturing 16,200 84 13,685 14,515 34 4881 30,715 60 18,566

Utility 1,222 85 1,044 6,050 32 1926 7,272 41 2,970

Construction 39,506 84 33,245 73,292 32 23781 112,798 51 57,026

Trade 29,350 85 25,071 59,482 34 19932 88,832 51 45,003

Transport etc 12,722 42 5,356 40,590 27 10886 53,312 30 16,242

Finance &Business 1,487 86 1,278 3,752 33 1255 5,239 48 2,533

Services &Public Admin 123,156 7 9,116 188,876 3 5627 312,032 5 14,743

Others 8,330 40 3,292 22,406 31 6936 30,736 33 10,228

Total 349,696 38 131,963 771,006 25 192384 1,120,702 29 324,347Source: Asian Development Bank and World Bank. Pakistan Earthquake 2005 Preliminary Damage andNeeds Assessment. Islamabad, November 15, 2005.

one or two main rooms, a veranda and a bath and kitchen which may not be attached. AKacha (non-permanent) house will typically have mud or stone rubble walls with a flatmud roof supported on pole beams. A Pucca (permanent) house will have stone rubbleor fired brick masonry walls with sand cement mortar and a low pitched sheet metal orReinforced Concrete (RCC) flat slab roof. More recently, hollow cavity ConcreteMasonry Unit (CMU) block is being used for walls. Virtually none of the housing inaffected areas has seismic considerations in design. Compounding this is the generallypoor quality of construction and maintenance.

As per 1998 population census and figures obtained from various sources, total numberof housing units in the affected districts of NWFP & AJK stood at 450,859 and 184,381respectively. Out of these approx 61 percent houses in NWFP were pucca, 12 percentsemi-pacca and 27 percent kacha. In AJK, approx 35 percent houses were pucca, 12percent semi-pucca and 53 percent kacha. Approx 20 percent houses had potable wateravailable (in house) in NWFP, whereas only 9 percent had this facility in AJK. 72 percenthousing units in AJK had electricity available whereas only 42 percent houses in NWFPhad electricity. In sum, approx 50 percent houses in earthquake affected districts hadelectricity available. Moreover, only 17 percent had potable water available (refer table -6).

TABLE - 6 HOUSING UNITS & FACILITIES

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Housing Characteristics

Housing facilitiesType of Structure

District

Semible ElectricityTotal Pucca Semi- kacha Water

Bagh 49,017 16,525 5,314 27,178 4,398 32,610

Muzaffarabad 71,877 21,004 9,140 41,733 6,806 58,644Athmuqam(Neelum) 16,511 3,315 3,878 9,318 456 5,498

Poonch 46,976 23,760 3,505 19,711 5,051 36,142

AJK Total 184,381 64,604 21,837 97,940 16,711 132,894

Abbotabad 113,914 70,052 12,153 31,709 24,679 80,872

Mansehra 163,503 99,683 12,082 51,738 40,701 76,607

Batagram 46,438 30,059 2,209 14,170 10,856 19,666

Shangla 53,382 39,375 3,335 10,672 6,315 8,127

Kohistan 73,622 35,017 23,452 15,153 6,691 2,135

NWFP Total 450,859 274,186 53,231 123,442 89,242 187,407AJK & NWFPTotal 635,240 338,790 75,068 221,382 105,953 320,301

Source: District Census Reports of the Population Census 1998 (wherever available).

Out of a total of 705,480 households, 129,769 households have 10 or more members(21.81 percent) refer table - 7.

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TABLE- 7 HOUSEHOLD BY SIZE

1-3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10District Total Persons Persons Persons Persons Persons Persons Persons & More

Bagh 51,905 6,115 4,157 5,567 6,515 6,673 5,967 4,873 12,038

Muzaffarabad 101,940 13,405 9,152 11,138 13,370 13,264 11,896 9,468 20,247

Neelum(Athmuqam) 17,244 2,383 1,696 1,884 2,282 2,184 2,037 1,527 3,251

Poonch 53,694 5,238 3,952 5,507 7,911 6,295 6,105 5,199 13,487

AJK Total 224,783 27,141 18.957 24,096 30,078 28.416 26.005 21.067 49.023

Abbotabad 135,575 24,984 14,261 17,497 19,154 17,385 14,001 9,929 18,364

Mansehra 172,040 30,377 16,934 20,544 22,696 21,177 18,179 13,591 28,542

Battagram 46,438 9,121 4,610 5,288 5,701 5,269 4,856 3,732 7,861

Shangla 53,382 5,658 3,782 4,689 6,137 6,172 5,991 5,296 15,657

Kohistan 73,622 11,778 8,991 10,256 10,347 9,121 7,215 5,592 10,322

NWFP Total 481.057 81,918 48,578 58,274 64.035 59,124 50,242 38,140 80.746

AJK & NWFPTotal 705.840 109.059 67.535 82,370 94.113 87 540 76 247 59 207 129 769

Source: District Census Reports of the Population Census 1998 (wherever available).

3.4.2 Impact of Earthquake on Shelter and HousingThe October 8, 2005 earthquake left an estimated 2.8 million people in need of shelter atthe onset of a harsh winter, in a rural, difficult to access, terrain. It is estimated18 that inOctober 2005 about 787,000 housing units were in the affected area, and that thesewere predominantly rural. The annual average growth rate of housing units is approx2.87 percent that is obtained by interpolating 2005 figures to 1998.

According to the initial joint assessment by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and theWorld Bank, 203,579 housing units were destroyed and 196,575 units were damaged.Some 84 percent of the total housing stock was damaged or destroyed in Azad Jammuand Kashmir, while in North West Frontier Province, 36 percent of the total housingstock was damaged or destroyed. However, these figures have grown in view of severeafter shocks and increased access to remote areas after the initial survey. Ninetypercent of the destroyed or damaged housing is found in rural areas.1 9

The following table gives a current overview of the damage suffered in the rural housingsector: This table is an outcome of a detailed damage assessment done by ERRA withthe help of Al teams.

18 ADB/World Bank estimate, incorporated in ERRA housing policy document.19 Asian Development Bank/World Bank (ADB/WB), "Pakistan 2005 Earthquake: Preliminary Damageand Needs Assessment," 15 November 2005, pp. 2-3.

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TABLE - 8 OVERVIEW OF DAMAGE IN RURAL HOUSINGDistrict CD PD ND Total Total-ND

Abbottabad 12,689 15,641 20,350 48,680 28,330Mansehra 59,087 29,559 9,532 98,178 88,646Battagram 38,009 6,093 3,224 47,326 44,102Shangla 13,895 8,773 2,955 25,623 22,668Kohistan 6,734 5,048 2,598 14,380 11,782NWFP 130,414 65,114 38,659 234,187 195,528Muzaffarabad 121,273 5,812 1,318 128,403 127,085Bagh 48,278 1,906 147 50,331 50,184Rawalakot 26,522 4,773 42 31,337 31,295Neelum 6,026 8,645 888 15,559 14,671Sudhnoti 2,049 1,134 - 3,183 3,183AJK 204,148 22,270 2,395 228,813 226,418Grand Total 334,562 87,384 41,054 463,000 421,946Source: ERRA

Note: CD stands for completely destroyed houses eligible for full grant amount of Rs.175,000, PD stands for partially damaged houses eligible for Rs. 50, 000 and ND standsfor Negligible Damage i.e. ineligible for any compensation.

The source of the above-mentioned data is the NADRA database which has data inputsbased on a detailed damage assessment survey carried out through Army Al Teams.Copy of the damage assessment form has already been provided to the SocialProtection Sector.

3.4.3 Urban HousingThe damage of the Earthquake was far reaching and that affected the Rural and UrbanAreas alike. Public building, Private housing, Infrastructure, Social sector, livelihood andbusiness were all extensively damaged and destroyed. Many urban areas weredevastated with varying degrees while some cities like Balakot were completelydestroyed.

The Urban centers/towns have a strong barrack on the surrounding rural areas due tocore periphery relationship. The destruction in Urban Center greatly affects the political,Social, Cultural and Economic life of the region as a whole. Urban cities prior toEarthquake were important regional centers for Tourism, Livelihood, and Governance.75 percent of housing units in urban localities were affected by the earthquake. Majorburnt was faced by Muzaffarabad and Balakot, where 83 and 95 percent housing unitswere affected (refer table - 9).

TABLE- 9 URBAN HOUSING STATUS

City Total Damaged Destroyed Total TotalCiyUnits Dmgd esryd Affected Affected %Muzaffarabad 15,123 5,132 7,418 12,550 83Rawalakot 11,076 2,390 4,854 7,244 65Bagh 4,552 769 2,789 3,558 78Total AJK 30,659 10,045 11,309 21,354 70Balakot 7,296 39 6,926 6,965 95

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AJK+NWFP 37,955 10,084 18,235 28,319 75Source: ERRA

The nature of reconstruction in urban areas is distinct from rural areas as urbanresidents are more dependent on the Government for their basic needs and civicservices. Urban areas have a legislative framework such as zoning laws, building codes,health and safety codes and environmental codes. The very nature and complex citywarrants intense urban management and entails longer time and high cost. In addition toit, it requires greater level of planning coordination and specifications and standards ofoperations. Land and property issues are more complex moreover options andalternatives are limited.


3.5.1 Pre-Earthquake Road InfrastructureThe total length of the three National Highways which passes from the earthquakeaffected areas is 332 km. These are two lane single carriageways with 6 meter pavedsurface. These are the main arterial routes which connects the areas with the rest of thecountry.

In AJK affected area the total road network is 5340 km. In this 477 km are major roadswhich connect the district headquarters with each other and with the national highwayspassing through these areas. Similarly 1770 kms are link roads which link up theimportant towns and villages with district headquarters. The remaining 3010 kms arestone sole/ fair-weather roads which accessibility to the rural people to the link roads andother social services like health education in the area.

In NWFP the total road network in the affected districts is 6658 km. Out of this 33km is aprovincial highway which connects some of the districts with the provincial capital andnational highways. There 3076 km district/black topped roads which connects big townsand villages with the district headquarters and national highways passing through thearea. There are 3549 km rural access / shingle roads which connects isolated villageswith the district roads and provide access to the local people to the various socialservices like schools, hospitals etc.

3.5.2 Impact of Earthquake on Road InfrastructureThe earthquake severely damaged the road infrastructure. Due to the mountainousterrain of the earthquake-affected areas, most of roads were built along mountainsidesand riverbanks. Earthquake unleashed massive landslides, which caused most of thedamage. The damage to roads can be divided into five categories: (i) major landslidescaused loss of an entire section of the mountain slope and the road traversing through it(ii) minor landslides depositing a large amount of debris on the road where themountainside was unstable;(iii) flow of debris including large boulders on the road; (iv)severe cracking in the road due to embankment failure, liquefaction and upheaval ofearth; and (v) unstable mountainside slopes that may lead to potential landslides infuture.

According to the survey conducted by National Highway Authority, Government ofN.W.F.P. and Government of AJ&K, a total of 6480 km roads and 305 bridges requirereconstruction.

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The damage to national highways is shown below in Table-14. The length of damagedNational Highways is 175 km. The last two in the list were till recently the responsibilityof State government but have now been entrusted to NHA in view of their socio-economic importance for the area.

TABLE- 10 DAMAGE TO NATIONAL HIGHWAYS

Name of National Highway Length of Damaged Extent of Damage(Section) Section (Km)N-15 (Basian-Balakot-Mahandri- 65 Completely DamagedNaran Section)N-35 (Battal -Batagram-Thakot) 50 Partially Damaged

S-2 (Kohala-Muzaffarabad) 05 Partially Damaged

Jhelum-Valley Road 55 Partially Damaged

Total 175

It is estimated that 2,551 km roads were partially or fully damaged in AJ&K, which is45% of the total road network (5340 km) in the affected districts. Out of this, 173.5km aremajor roads; 865.5 km are metal/ black topped roads and 1512 km single roads alongwith 144 numbers of bridges and culverts.

TABLE - 11 SUMMARY OF ROADS/BRIDGES DAMAGED DUE TO EARTHQUAKE INAJK

District Major Link No of StructuresRoad Road Rural Roads kmkm km

Fair Stone Black TotalWeather Sole Top Bridges Culverts

MZD 58 343.5 731 25 122 878 28 36

Bagh 40 100 423 30 101 554 20 17

Neelum 40 70 67 - - 67 17 16

Sudhnoti - - 15 36 11 62 - 1

Poonch 35.5 95 126 59 23 208 4 5

Total 173.5 608.5 1362 150 257 2551 69 75

In the NWFP, 3754 km of roads were damaged, representing 56% of the total roadnetwork (6658 km) in the five districts. These roads consisted of 33 km of ProvincialHighways, managed by Frontier Highway Authority, 940 km paved roads and 1658 kmunpaved/shingle roads of Works & Services department and 1123 km roads of TehsilMunicipal Administrations along with bridges and culverts. Summary is given in the tablebelow.

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TABLE -12 SUMMARY OF ROADS/BRIDGES DAMAGED DUE TO EARTHQUAKE IN

NWFP

District Provincial District Roads Tehsil Roads No of

Highways Damaged Length in km Damaged Length in Km Structure

km Shingle Black Total Shingle/ Black Total

Top Kacha Top -

:2 >

Abbotabad 484 236 720 229.5 109.25 338.75 13 44

Mansehra 724 516 1226 378 97.75 475.75 47 24Battagram - 130 73 203 85.42 - 85.42 10 -

Shangla 33 173 70 243 127.2 10.53 137 23 -

Kohistan - 147 45 192 56 30 86 10 -

Total 33 1658 940 2598 876.12 247.53 1123.65 103 68

The damage to the road infrastructure multiplied the problems of the affected people, forit increased their travel time and cost of transportation of different commodities. At thesame time it also increased the maintenance cost of the road agencies due to morefrequent land sliding and closure of roads. Though no systematic study has beencarried out to quantify the effect of these damages in terms of increase in the travel timeand cost of transportation, it is an accepted fact that the travel time has increased manyfolds and so has the transportation cost.

There is a separate WB project for the reconstruction of National Highways in theEarthquake Affected areas.

3.6 Other Projects

The following components are not funded by WB but information is beingprovided to enable the reader to get a holistic picture of the Earthquake damages.

3.7 Education

3.7.1 Pre-Earthciuake Education SituationIn NWFP20 there are two departments namely Higher Education Department and Schooland Literacy Department who are responsible for running all the educational institutions.Schools from Primary to Higher Secondary are run by School and Literacy departmentand Colleges are run by the HED at the district level there are executive district officerswith their support staff who are responsible for routine running of schools. The DirectorColleges with its support staff looks after the affairs of higher education institutions. Inaddition to that there is a training institute with the name of Directorate of Curriculum andTeacher Training in Abbottabad. In AJK21 its counterpart is Education Extension Centerin Muzaffarabad. The department of Education is run under a Secretary with three

20 Source: Chief Planning Officers Higher Education and S&L Department, NWFP

21 Deputy Director Education Planning, AJ&K

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Directorates of Public instructions namely Elementary, Secondary and Colleges. Atdistrict level there are three district education officers (two for male & female elementaryand one for secondary).

In the affected districts, AJK literacy ratio is relatively higher and stands at 51.34,whereas, in NWFP literacy ratio is 39.37. District Poonch has the highest literacy ratio inall the earthquake affected districts (67.22) followed by Bagh (56.89) and Abbotabad(56.61). A minuscule portion (approx 1.5 percent) of total literate population inearthquake affected districts is informally educated at homes and their educationalattainment is gauged by their ability to read the "Holy Quran" and Urdu (refer table - 13).

TABLE - 13 LITERACY INAJK & NWFP

LiterateDititTotal Illiterate Literacy

population Total Formal nfomaln Ratioformal

Bagh 275,433 118,730 156,703 155,117 1,586 56.89Muzaffarabad 513,099 272,195 240,904 238,632 2,272 46.95Neelum(Athmuqam) 82,728 54,370 28,358 28,114 244 34.28Poonch 300,489 98,502 201,987 200,587 1,400 67.22AJK Total 1,171,749 543,797 627,952 622,450 5,502 51.34Abbotabad 630,494 273,570 356,924 354,495 2,429 56.61Mansehra 795,795 506,776 289,019 284,313 4,706 36.32Baftagram 203,455 166,203 37,252 33,673 3,579 18.31Shangla 283,462 241,701 41,761 40,911 850 14.73Kohistan 309,161 274,919 34,242 31,507 2,735 11.08NWFP Total 2,222,367 1,463,169 759,198 744,899 14,299 27.41AJK & NWFP Total 3,394,116 2,006,966 1,387,150 1,367,349 19,801 39.37

Source: District Census Reports of the Population Census 1998 (wherever available).Prior to the earthquake of 8th October, 2005, government schools functioning in theearthquake affected areas were following:

TABLE- 14 NO. OF SCHOOLS IN NWFP

District Primary Middle High H/Secondary Total

Abbottabad 1567 161 85 14 1827

Battagram 654 36 21 1 712

Kohistan 920 72 14 0 1006

Mansehra 1712 217 102 19 2050

Shangla 566 57 27 5 655

Total 5419 543 249 39 6250Source: Education Department (NWFP)

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TABLE -15 NO. OF SCHOOLS & COLLAGES IN AJK

H Iner Dgree PostDistricts Primary Middle High /Sec Inter Degree Graduate Total/Sec collges collges Colleges

Neelum 213 34 26 0 4 1 2 280Muzaffarabad 921 207 113 11 8 5 2 1,267

Bagh 541 196 93 7 4 4 2 847

Rawalakot 570 153 94 10 3 5 6 841

Total 2245 590 326 28 19 15 12 3,235Source: NADRA-Data on Earthquake Reconstruction Relief Management.

3.7.2 Earthquake effect on Education SectorThe earthquake hit the affected areas during the school hours in NWFP and AJK. As aresult the education sector has encountered severe human losses. According topreliminary estimates, about 18,095 students and 853 teachers and educational staffdied across NWFP and AJK.22 About 7,669 schools were affected, ranging from primaryschools to institutions of higher education and including both government owned andprivately-owned schools.

This challenge, as said earlier, also offers an opportunity to fully provide educationalfacilities to all including those who did not have educational institutions before, especiallyfor girls. As indicated in several reports, there are more than 900 settlements in NWFP,where even primary education level facilities, mostly for girls, do not exist. This is also aspecial opportunity to reassess and improve Social Sector Service Delivery. It isdesirable for NWFP and AJK to make the reconstruction work realistically suitable for theneeds of the areas and avoid wastage of scarce resources. Mapping may help torationalize school provision. School provision rationalization is needed in terms oflocation, number of facilities and scope of services. Reconstruction of nonfunctionalschools may not be required. Government school may not be required if a private orNGO run school is meeting the educational needs of the area and the poor parents canalso afford to send their children to those schools. It is true that primarily ensuringaccess to basic education for all is the responsibility of the government but servicedelivery may vary from directly government managed schools to private schools tocommunity managed schools and NGO schools. Consolidation of facilities may help,where one school is feasible instead of two or more, which were previously running withlow enrollments.

Number of damaged government institutions now reported by Departments of Educationof NWFP and AJK has decreased as compared with the numbers reported soon after 8October 2005. Total number of damaged institutions included in November 15, 2005report were 6,479 (NWFP: 3,288; AJK: 3,191) and reported number at the time offinalization of Education Sector Strategy in April 2006 was 5,344 (NWFP: 2,766; AJK:2,578). Later, lists of additional destroyed and damaged educational institutions, notreported earlier, kept on reaching ERRA with the result that as of now the total numberof destroyed and damaged educational institutions are 6488.

22 Ibid

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TABLE- 16 COMPARATIVE POSITION OF DAMAGED INSTITUTIONSLevel NWFP AJK

As of As ofNov. 05 Feb. 06 April Nov. 05 Feb. 06 April

2007 2007Primary 2894 2322 2783 2154 1788 2131Middle 235 237 331 565 463 592High 121 157 198 391 265 327

Higher 19 30 35 27 25 27College 13 13 18 53 36 43

Vocational 6 6 6 0 0 0University 0 1 1 1 1 1

Private 676 0 676 334 0 334Total 3964 2766 4048 3525 2578 3446

Govt. Only 3288 2766 3366 3191 2578 3122Source: ERRA

3.8 Health

3.8.1 Pre-Earthquake Health SituationLike other districts of Pakistan, the health care in the earthquake-affected areas wasprovided by the public and private health sector. The public health sector consisted of anetwork of four-tier health care facilities and community based health workers operatingfrom their health houses. Military hospitals were playing an important role in provision ofhealth services in districts of AJK. This system was badly affected in the earthquake.The preventive health services were almost exclusively provided by the public healthsector. The private health sector was largely providing the curative health services, incities and towns.

Before earthquake, health outcomes and sector performance in AJK was comparativelybetter in comparisons with other provinces of Pakistan. The health sector utilization islow in the affected districts (except Abbottabad) as compared to other districts in NWFP.

Before earthquake, Population Welfare Department had an infrastructure of 51 FamilyWelfare Centers (11 in Muzaffarabad, 20 in Mansehra, 3 in Batagram and 17 inAbbottabad) and 4 RHS-A centers (1 in Poonch, 2 in Muzaffarabad and 1 inAbbottabad). Family Welfare Centers were established in rented buildings and as suchthere is no direct structural damage to Population Welfare Department. Duringreconstruction phase, it would be an opportunity for integrating population welfareservices with health by providing space for FWCs in BHUs and RHCs.

3.8.2 Impact of Earthquake on Health SectorApart from other socio-physical amenities, the earthquake calamity has taken its toll onthe healthcare network, rendering it paralyzed and has led to total disruption of primaryand secondary health care service provision in the affected districts. Healthinfrastructure suffered damages close to Rs. 7.1bn, posing a challenge for theimmediate treatment of 75,000 injured and an estimated four million people in need of

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health services. Grave concerns about the health conditions of the people in the comingyears have been raised by WHO.

The water and sewerage systems were all destroyed and the food sources werecontaminated. More over the vaccination status of the victims revealed very poorimmunization coverage. Health concerns also included shortage of drinking water andsanitation facilities; onset of hypothermia and respiratory tract infections, as aconsequence of the lack of shelter; and communicable disease risks. The nutritionalstatus of the survivors was also very poor. The reconstruction phase thereforedemanded a more coordinated effort for the health system in the affected districts inorder to prevent further heavy burden of diseases and life losses.

Out of 796 health facilities in the eight affected districts of NWFP and AJK, about 48.7%(n=388) of health outlets have been completely destroyed during the earthquakewhereas 24.8% (n=197) need retrofitting. Remaining 26.5% (n=211) of health facilities,which have no obvious damage, also need to be assessed for safety because ofpossible future seismic activity in the area.

Not only the primary health care and basic curative services have been disrupted, theattached community outreach preventive and community based services have alsoceased to exist. Special reference is made to the Lady Health Workers (LHW) whoprovides PHC services to the population of 1000 each. They operate from their houses(health houses). In AJK, 1176 health houses out of total 1265 has been partially orcompletely damaged; whereas in NWFP 1183 health houses out of 2017 has beenpartially or completely damaged. As a result, the families have been deprived of primaryhealth care services including family planning, growth monitoring, immunization,pregnancy monitoring, treatment of minor infections and ailments like ARI and diarrhea,first aid, etc.

Around 20 health management offices and 22 vehicles have been lost in the disaster.Preventive government programmes for TB, HIV, EPI and Malaria were also in completedisarray. There is need to maintain high coverage by strengthening the existing system.

Hospital equipments were also badly damaged or destroyed. Along with reconstructionwork, there would be a need to fully equip the health facilities along with provision of atleast one-year consumable supplies including medicines.


3.9.1 Pre Earthquake Water and Sanitation SituationAbout 68% population in AJK and 46% in EQAAs of NWFP had access to improvedsource of drinking water, while 25% in AJK and 15% in NWFP to basic sanitationfacilities. In case of AJK the Local Govt. & Rural Development Department (LGRDD) isresponsible for water and sanitation in rural areas, where about 90% of population lives,whereas, the responsibility of water and sanitation in urban areas, lies with the PublicHealth Engg. Department (PHED), AJK. The head Offices of both LGRDD and PHEDare located at Muzaffarabad the capital city of AJK with sub offices in all the 8 districts.As far as WatSan responsibilities are concerned in EQAAs of NWFP, there is no cleardemarcation of rural and urban agencies. Comparatively larger and complicated WatSanschemes are being executed / managed by PHED whereas smaller and communitybased Schemes come under the purview of Local Councils / TMAs.

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Most of the water supply schemes are gravity based, capturing water from springsources and streams flowing down the mountains. In urban areas, however, the systemsare mainly based on treatment plants and pumping stations using streams or rivers asthe raw water source. Overall, the population is scattered around the ruggedmountainous terrains which makes fetching water even from a nearby source, a difficultjob, particularly in very steep slopes. Usually fetching water is the responsibility ofwomen especially young girls and the same is true for maintaining hygiene andsanitation at house hold level.

3.9.2 Impact of Earthquake on Water and SanitationThe earthquake severely impacted the existing drinking water supply and sanitationsystems in the earthquake affected districts of NWFP and AJK. Intake structures,treatment plants, storage reservoirs, supply mains and distribution networks weredamaged or destroyed. Wells and springs reported significant reduction in yield, whilewater sources in many localities dried up or were buried under the land slides.Household latrines public latrines, slaughter houses, sewerage / drainage networks,solid waste management related equipments and infrastructures, office and residentialbuildings of line departments also suffered considerable damages.

According to information provided by the Governments of NWFP and AJK, a total of3,994 water supply schemes, 1,902 in NWFP and 2,092 in AJK, were damaged andneed to be reconstructed. Of 1902 schemes affected in NWFP, 398 schemes (348gravity and 50 tube wells/pumping) belong to Public Health Engineering Department(PHED) of Works and Services Department (W&SD) while 1504 (1220 gravity, 3 tubewells and 281 Hand Pumps) are owned by 12 Tehsil Municipal Administrations (TMAs),namely Havelian, Abbottabad, Mansehra, Oghi, Balakot, Battagram, Allai, Alpurai,Puran, Dassu, Palas and Pattan. District-wise number of schemes which need to berehabilitated and reconstructed in NWFP is given in Table 17.

In AJK, 10 affected urban water supply schemes are under the responsibility of thePublic Health Engineering Department (PHED) of Public Works Department (PWD) AJK.The remaining 2082 (2064 gravity and 18 pumping) schemes are located in rural areasand fall under the purview of Local Government and Rural Development Department.Table 18 shows district-wise details of schemes, which are required to be rehabilitatedand reconstructed in AJK.

Water supply and sanitation facilities in 420 healthcare facilities and 5857 educationalinstitutions were also damaged or destroyed.

TABLE- 17 DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY-OWNED DRINKINGWATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN NEED OF REHABILITATION/RECONSTRUCTION IN NWFP

District/A.Abad Battagram Kohistan Mansehra Shangla Total

Schemes _

Gravity 137 359 123 552 397 1568

Pumping/Tube 38 0 0 15 0 53wellsHand Pump 105 7 0 168 1 281Total number of 280 366 123 735 398 1902schemesNumber of PHED 92 61 38 99 108 398

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owned schemesNumber of TMA 188 305 85 636 290 1504schemes

TABLE - 18 DISTRICT-WISE NUMBER OF PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY-OWNED WATER SUPPLYSCHEMES IN NEED OF REHABILITATION/RECONSTRUCTION IN AJK

District Muzaffarabad PoonchBagh Neelum Sudhnoti Total

Schemes _

Gravity 559 1234 93 178 7 2071

Treatment 1 2 0 0 3Works-Gravity-PumpingPumping 11 0 3 18

Total number o 571 1236 93 181 11 2092schemes

Number o 3 7 0 0 0 10PWD ownedschemesNumber of568 1229 93 181 11 2082LG&RDDownedschemes

Over 50,000 household latrines were damaged in NWFP and AJK. Sanitation schemes,including drains, street pavements and public toilets, were also damaged.

In AJK, drainage system was severely affected in Muzaffarabad City. Drains, streetpavements, public toilets and solid waste management system were affected in 12 othertowns of AJK including Bagh, Kahuta, Athmaqam, Rawalakot, Chikar, Hattian, GarhiDupatta, Pattika, Abbaspur, Chinari, Dhirkot and Hajira.

Solid waste management related equipment and machinery of TMAs in NWFP andMunicipal Corporations/Town Committees in AJK suffered losses due to earthquake andsubsequently excessive use in the relief efforts. These agencies also need additionalequipment to clear the backlog generated from relief activities and to ensure solid wastemanagement during reconstruction and rehabilitation phase is also needed.

In NWFP, buildings of PHED, Works and Services Department as well as TMAs havebeen partially damaged except TMA Balakot office which has been totally destroyed.Buildings of Public Health Engineering Department of AJK Public Works Department andAJK Local Government & Rural Development Department have been destroyed inMuzuffarabad, Bagh and Rawalakot and partly damaged in other areas.

3.10 Damage Assessment from the Social PerspectiveThe rising death toll in the aftermath of the October 8th earthquake has had a seriousimpact on the population and social structures of the earthquake-hit areas. The mainvictims were already vulnerable groups, living in comparatively inaccessible mountainareas with lower levels of income and service provision as compared to the nationalaverage. Due to difficulties in access, many victims were not rescued and treated intime, and succumbed to their injuries.

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Prior to EQ the overall context in these districts already featured poverty and economicinsecurity, unequal educational and social opportunities. The recognition that all thesevariances in addition to damages put at most risk those who had to manage householdsalone, the aged and persons with disability, as well as orphaned boys and girls and thelandless. Long-term revivals of the affected population from effects of this disaster arecomplex. Addressing social and gender aspects can contribute towards impacts thathold fairness and reduce the risk of furthering and aggravating poverty of those leastable to absorb and recover from social, psychological, and economic shocks. Followingsegments of the society are thought to be most vulnerable.

3.10.1 Children without Parental CareAccording to experts, children orphaned by disasters bear psychological scars. With thenumber of unattended children unknown, special protection is required for this group.Top priorities include family reunification in the case of separated children, the provisionof culturally-sensitive interim and alternative care options, and the protection of children'slegal rights.

After the earthquake, the number of children who were newly admitted to institutionalcare as a consequence of the earthquake was given at 497 children, being 359 inAashiana and about 138 children in SOS villages. Later, Aashiana was closed down andthe numbers of children at SOS stand as 213 and 13 widows (as of 4 May 2007).However, as part of the return process, numerous families who had initiallyspontaneously fostered children from their deceased relatives have at the time of leavingthe camps resorted to handing them over to institutional care. As for children fostered byextended families, the risks for them are mostly associated with poverty of the extendedfamily and the risk of abandonment or exploitation occurring as a result of informalcoping strategies in the family, such as child marriage, harmful child labor, or formalcoping strategies such as institutionalization.

Children who lost either their father or their mother are also at risk. They may have beenplaced in a poor extended family in response to the loss of a parent. They may live in avulnerable women-headed household. Or, they may live with their fathers in a family thatis likely to be transformed by another marriage of the father, potentially resulting inneglect or abandonment of children from the first marriage.

3.10.2 Vulnerable Women (Widows and female headed households)The loss of a mother has a negative physical and psychological impact on smallchildren, while the loss of the male head of family constitutes a serious economic blowsince there are limited economic options for women outside the household. Theprevalent social norms do not encourage the growing numbers of widows, singlewomen, and women-headed households to access relief and go to the tent campsoutside their local area since they will be among unrelated men. Likewise, medicalteams find it difficult to access injured women unless they have female staff. Privacy fordisplaced women and girls is thus an important consideration.

In the post earthquake situation women have been faced with a triple burden. They arethe breadwinners, the caregivers of their own families and extended families as well asthe caretaker of the livestock and the land. All this, in addition to their existingresponsibilities of fulfilling their gender role on home management, cooking, cleaning,colleting fuel and fodder, and as well as performing their reproductive role. Per ERRA's

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livelihood cash grant survey, 50,137 women headed households qualified for the cashgrant from a total of approx. 260,000 beneficiaries.

3.10.3 People with DisabilitiesDisabled, elderly, and other vulnerable groups will be disadvantaged in accessing reliefand warrant special consideration. Specific measures are required to address the needsof the large numbers of injured people who will be permanently disabled due to severeinjuries, such as injuries to the spinal cord, head and limbs. This will require thedevelopment of mechanisms to provide long term care where needed, as well as supportfor rehabilitation, employment and skills development for people with disabilities.Reconstruction efforts should take into account the need to ensure that rebuilt facilities,especially schools, health facilities, and public offices, are accessible to people withdisabilities.

Socio-economic data on persons with disabilities in Pakistan is scarce. Where it exists, itis conservative. According to the 1998 Census, approximately 2.4 percent of thepopulation has some form of disability. This is significantly lower than the WHO estimateof approximately 10 percent, which is likely due to a different definition of disability. It isestimated that 66 percent of persons with disabilities live in rural areas; only 28 percentof persons with disabilities are literate; only 14 percent of persons with disabilities are inwork and; Persons with disabilities have traditionally been excluded from social,economic and political decision-making, and face stigmatization and exclusion fromservices such as education and health care. They also face numerous physical barriersin an environment inconsiderate to their needs.

TABLE 19 - DISABLED POPULATION BY NATURE OF DISABILITY AND RURAL/URBANAJK & NWFP

HavingDeaf Menally More

District Total Blind Deaf & Cnppled Insane Retarded Than OthersRetaded One

disability

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Bagh 4,269 480 520 1,467 287 245 346 924

Muzaffarabad 23,464 2,332 2,368 5,902 1,453 1,491 2,293 7,625

Neelum(Athmuqam)

Poonch 10,743 666 972 2,411 761 643 652 4,638

Total AJK 38,476 3.478 3,860 9,780 2.501 2.379 3,291 13,187

Abbotabad 16,114 1,328 1,377 6,877 1,483 1,424 1,011 2,614

Mansehra 18,790 2,020 1,843 6,864 1,007 1,324 948 4,784

Battagram 4,179 348 350 2,019 152 343 308 659

Shangla 8,061 618 665 2,907 521 633 879 1,838

Kohistan 4,958 396 293 2,048 328 303 335 1,255

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| Tota INWFP 1 52.102 4.710 | 4.528 | 20.715 3.491 4.027 3,481_| 11150Source: District Census Reports of the Population Census 1998 (wherever available).

Per ERRA's cash grant survey 54,794 disabled qualified for the cash grant.

The following table contains the pre and post earthquake number of disabled includingpersons with spinal cord injuries and amputees. This data has been gleaned by WorldHealth Organization (WHO).

TABLE 20 - Pre and Post Earthquake Disabilities; Spinal Cord Injuries andAmputees

Name of Districts Disabled Additional post earthquakepeople, disabilities

all types1998 Spinal Amputations

injuriesAJ&K, Poonch 10743 17 11

Muzaffarabad 23464 347 260Bagh 4269 137 113

NWFP, Mansehra 18790 147 155Batagram 4179 26 29Shangla 8058

Miscellaneous 67 145

Total 69503 741 713

3.10.4 ElderlyWith the overall strains on familial networks in the face of poverty, the vulnerability ofmany elderly people in Pakistan has been increased in recent years, particularly whentheir children are themselves too poor and over-burdened to care for them.

As a consequence of the earthquake, many elderly have been left without familysupport. The majority of elderly who lost their family support system appears to be takencare of by extended families. Those who live with women-headed households faceobvious vulnerability, as do those who live with poor extended families.

Older people are regularly marginalized in emergency response programmes, andfrequently fail to access humanitarian aid and basic services for reasons of poor mobility,social 'invisibility' and the erroneous assumption that 'someone' is taking care of themalready. Following table provides an overview of elderly people in earthquake affecteddistricts. Wherever available, figures are from 1998 census report.

TABLE 21 - POPULATION OVER 65 YEARS OF AGE, SEX AND RURAL /URBAN

TOTAL RURAL URBANDistrict

Both Both BothSexes Male Female Sexes Male Female Sexes Male Female

1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

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Bagh 12,335 7,572 4,763 11,792 7,242 4,550 543 330 213

Muzaffarabad 23,352 13,946 9,406 20,636 12,443 8,193 2,716 1,503 1,213Neelum(Athmugam) 4,294 2,740 1,554 4,108 2,618 1,490 186 122 64

Poonch 14,639 8,380 6,259 12,483 7,077 5,406 2,156 1,303 853

AJK Total 54,620 32,638 21,982 49,019 29,380 19,639 5,601 3,258 2,343

Abbotabad 30,268 16,713 13,555 26,503 14,588 11,915 3,765 2,125 1,640

Mansehra 44,713 25,591 19,122 42,811 24,488 18,323 1,902 1,103 799

Battagram 10,463 6,004 4,459 10,463 6,004 4,459 - - -

Shangla 12,988 7,435 5,553 12,988 7,435 5,553

Kohistan 15,730 9,364 6,366 15,730 9,364 6,366 -

NWFP Total 114,162 65,107 49,055 108,495 61,879 46,616 5,667 - 3,228 2,439Source: District Census Reports of the Population Census 1998 (wherever available).

3.10.5 Shock and TraumaPsychological shock and trauma are widespread among the affected population in theearthquake's aftermath. Psycho-social support is therefore needed for surviving familymembers, particularly widows, single-parent children, orphans, and the elderly.

Many people had terrible experiences which they will find difficult if not impossible toprocess and overcome without assistance. Different responses are required to meet thediffering needs of those how suffer from distress. For those with signs of clinical trauma,health services need to be available and capable of dealing with the psychological falloutof the earthquake. For those who experience difficulties in coming to terms with theirexperiences, but otherwise don't display sings of trauma, it is important thatopportunities are provided for them to establish a routine and to engage in constructivegroup activities, such as sports. Sports facilities and sports events that are inclusive alsoprovide an important integrating factor for the disabled.

3.10.6 PovertyPoverty is a key issue for vulnerability in earthquake affected-areas. On the one hand,pre-existing poverty is obviously a key factor in determining the ability of individuals,families and communities to cope with the impact of the earthquake. On the other hand,present efforts to alleviate the impact of the earthquake have to look at the continuum ofassistance and social protection.

For the earthquake-affected areas, the Centre for Research on Poverty Reduction andIncome Distribution (CEPRID) undertook an assessment at the end of November 2006to assess the impact of the earthquake on livelihoods and vulnerability, assessing a totalof 476 households in Balakot, Muzaffarabad and Bagh. The report entitled "Pakistan2005 Earthquake - An Assessment of Impoverishment Risk" estimates that pre-earthquake poverty in the surveyed households was between 17 to 19 percent, slightlylower than the national average, which is attributed to the contribution of remittances.Post earthquake poverty levels are estimated at 53 - 75 percent, when not consideringfood aid. Taken food aid into account, they still come to 33 - 50 percent. The studyassumes that with incoming reconstruction activity, poverty levels will be reduced, but atthe same time estimates the most vulnerable, such as the landless, unpaid family

39

helpers (tied to agriculture land), widows and seriously injured will join the ranks ofchronic poor in the country.

3.11 Role of NGOs and CSOsNational and International Non Governmental Organizations and Civil SocietyOrganizations were engaged in the social work prior to the earthquake in the affectedareas. The earthquake however, resulted in an influx of many more NGOs and CSOs inthe affected areas to complement the GoP efforts during relief, reconstruction andrehabilitation phases. Some of the NGOs are: Save the Children UK Save the ChildrenUS, Concern, Oxfam GB, Oxfam Novib, NRC, ICMC, World Vision International, IRC,Diakonie, MSF, Merlin, and Shelter for Life, SRSP, RSPN, Sungi, Karvan, NRSP, ActionAid etc

Civil Society offered overwhelming material and emotional support to the affected peopleand provided the necessary fillip to the emergency operation. People from across thecountry reached out to the disaster areas in NWFP and AJK with food supplies, water,medical assistance, clothing, blankets and other necessities.

A number of NGOs are working in the affected areas in various sectors under a broadframework developed by ERRA. ERRA has developed an elaborate system to registerNGOs and monitor the progress of their projects. NGOs are doing a commendable job inproviding assistance to the affected population. Some of the key NGO projects areprovision of shelters and houses to the vulnerable population, provision of child andwomen friendly spaces, psychosocial support, vocational training etc. NGOs likeMilestone and Handicapped International are implementing projects for rehabilitation ofthe disabled in the affected areas.

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Chapter 4

Mitigation through ERRA's Programme Interventions

4.1 Preparatory Activities

4.2 Housing Reconstruction Policy

4.3 Livelihood Cash Grant Programme

4.4 Implementation Progress in other Sectors

4.5 Social Protection strategy

4.6 Education sector

4.7 Health Sector



4.10 Mid Course Measures

'4 4

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4. Mitigation through ERRA's Programme Interventions

Guided by the resolve to convert the adversity into an opportunity for the affectedpopulace and for the whole nation and the commitment to "Build Back Better", ERRAhas developed comprehensive umbrella programme covering 12 major sectors. ERRA isspearheading the implementation process in all the sectors. Despite tremendouschallenges, ERRA has achieved significant milestones in reconstruction andrehabilitation, the fact widely recognized by the International community.

The primary objective of the Social Impact Assessment is to evaluate the social impactof two World Bank funded interventions i.e. housing reconstruction and livelihoodsupport cash programme. The chapter, therefore, deals with the policy parameters andmain activities under these two programme interventions. A brief overview of theimplementation progress in other sectoral programmes is also given to provide acomprehensive picture of ERRA's overall reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts.

4.1 Preparatory ActivitiesA lot of ground needs to be covered before the reconstruction activities can be initiatedin the affected areas. Most of these preparatory activities can be termed as intangibleand remain largely invisible to most people, but consume a lot of time and effort. ERRAis at a stage where all these preparations have been completed and process of full-scalereconstruction and rehabilitation has started in most of the 12 sectors. The preparatoryactivities completed so far include establishment of institutional set-up, damageassessment, seismic zoning and fault line mapping, housing damage survey, survey ofvulnerable groups to identify the vulnerable households eligible for cash support duringthe interim period, formulation of housing construction guidelines and designs,establishment of housing reconstruction centers and material hubs, preparation ofsectoral strategies, development of MIS and database, revision of building codes, newstandard designs for health & education facilities, and preparation of reconstructionpackages and PC-Is.

4.2 Housing Reconstruction PolicyThe underlying objective of the housing reconstruction programme is to ensure that anestimated 630,000 houses that were either destroyed or damaged by the earthquake,are rebuilt using earthquake resistant building techniques through grant assistance fromthe GoP to eligible households.

The financial assistance package applies to both Kacha and Pucca houses and is beingdisbursed directly to the bank account of landlords and tenants as per relevant policy.The payment of installments has been linked to compliance with earthquake resistantstandards issued by ERRA.

Financial support of Rs. 1, 75,000 provides each beneficiary with a "core house" ofbetween 250 and 400 sq. ft. depending on his/her choice of structural solution.

Assistance funds are being disbursed the following way:

* For destroyed houses or houses with structural damage beyond economic repair,an initial payment of Rs. 25,000 has been made to cover immediate shelter needs.The balance of Rs. 1, 50,000 is to be used for permanent housing. It will be paid inthree installments: Rs. 75,000 for mobilization; Rs. 25,000 upon completion to

42

plinth level; Rs. 50,000 upon completion of the walls. A final technical inspection ofthe roof will be made for compliance with structural designs provided.

* For structurally damaged houses within economic repair, an initial payment of Rs.25,000 has been made to cover immediate shelter needs. A cash grant of Rs.50,000 will be paid in one installment for restoration/retrofitting.

* Houses without structural damage will not be eligible for further Governmentassistance.

ERRA, in its formation of the reconstruction and rehabilitation programme for housing,has identified several key principles that underpin the way the programme isimplemented. These principles, as well as the policies that they are manifest in, arelisted below:

Ensuring 'owner driven' housing reconstruction - homeowner's in-charge ofrebuilding their own homes

Providing an enabling environment to builders and homeowners, through:

* prior training, information, education and communication campaigns;* rebuilding with familiar methods and easily accessible materials - ensuring

sustainability and cultural preferences in design; providing technical assistanceduring construction;

* promoting the use of own labour, salvaged material, and additional resources suchas locally available skilled labour, etc.

* ensuring a stable and efficient supply chain of building materials; and,* facilitating the opening of bank accounts.

Assisted and inspected reconstruction and retrofitting* mobilizing a large number of Assistance and Inspection (Al) Teams, for house- to

house assessment;* disbursing cash grants in trenches linked to stages of construction and adoption of

seismically acceptable standards;* tranche disbursement through banks after due validation of the progress/quality'* Resources for forming the Al teams and their management structures to be

procured through partnership arrangements.

Ensuring seismic safetyERRA has established a review and approval mechanism for construction guidelines;structural designs; and, training curriculum through the development of reference'minimal structural design standards' that meet internationally accepted standards forlow cost earthquake resistant housing. The adoption of these standards ensures thathouses are 'built back better' and are resistant to any future seismic activity.

Construction Material Hubs (HUBS)ERRA has established private sector construction material hubs at strategic locations inthe earthquake affected area. These HUBS are designed to assist in:* reducing costs associated with logistics;* improving inventory turn-over rates; reducing the need to store inventory onsite; and,* suppressing price volatilities and market distortion.

43

Ensuring judicious use of grants - preventing, reducing and managing conflictsand grievances through preventing socioeconomic distortion, inequalities anddisparities:* Damage assessment criteria to remain consistent across all affected districts.* Eligibility criteria to include land title/ownership criteria (cases involving leased land,

include agreements/ authorization from owners to rebuild the house).* MOUs to be signed with beneficiaries to ensure judicious and best possible use of

grants, and application of seismic resistant structural standards.* Developing and installing a participatory and inclusive grievance redressal system.

Policy approach specific to town planning programme* ERRA's policy is to develop a master plan for each urban center that was affected by

the earthquake - namely, Muzaffarabad, Bagh, Rawalakot and Balakot, inconsultation with public and local civic authorities, has been, or will be formed to guidefuture redevelopment in these cities. These master plans include detailed studies ofthe affected towns and identify opportunities to incorporate long term sustainablemeasures with a view to develop better living cities.

* These studies have been conducted to identify each urban center's comparativestrengths and address their respective weaknesses; be they physical, demographic,economic or environmental. In the case of Balakot, the entire town will be relocated toNew BalakotVBakriyal. The decision to relocate the town was taken after duedeliberation based on the probable future seismic activity in the area and the HazardMaps developed for the town.

4.2.1 Implementation Progress in Housing SectorThere has been significant progress in the reconstruction of the housing sector. Theinfrastructure required to successfully 'build back better' the 630,000 housing units thatwere damaged by the earthquake, has been substantially developed. This developmenthas involved providing 84,000 people with training relevant to the housing reconstructionand rehabilitation programme; the establishment of twelve Housing ReconstructionCenters; and, the creation of 65 operational Construction Material Hubs. Theeffectiveness of the housing reconstruction strategy is evident by the fact that theassessment phase has been completed, and that 93 percent of MoUs have been signed.The disbursement of housing subsidy to eligible parties is obviously one of the mostimportant indicators of ERRA's performance in the implementation of the housingreconstruction and rehabilitation programme. In this regard, 422,777 beneficiaries havereceived Rs. 29.82 billion.

Twenty five percent of households affected by the earthquake have startedreconstruction. Of this number, 70 percent of reconstruction complies with ERRA'searthquake resistant standards. In an attempt to fast-track reconstruction activity, ERRAhas formed and mobilized 600 Progress Monitoring Teams that tour affected villagesand provide technical expertise. In an attempt to improve the compliance rate, ERRAhas further extended its existing 'menu' of compliant designs to include a wide variety ofreconstruction options.

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Housing Reconstruction Progress as of June 2007Number of houses under construction: 232,670Plinth Level Completion: 211,620Lintel Level Completion: 59,401

Disbursement Progress2nd Tranche Disbursed: Rs. 37.33 Billion to 531,089beneficiaries3rd Tranche Disbursed (Plinth Level Completion): Rs. 3.278 Billion to 131,150beneficiaries4th Tranche Disbursed (Lintel Level Completion): Rs. 601 Million to 12,022beneficiariesTotal Disbursements: Rs. 41.283 Billion

Out of the four urban centers planned for redevelopment, master plans for two citieshave been finalized, while master plans for the remaining two cities are currently beingfinalized. This is not a part of the Bank funded project nor is there any overlap withthe ERC project.

The following graph reflects tranche wise disbursement as of March 2007.

TABLE - 22 TRANCH WISE DISBURSMENT PROGRESS GRAPH

Tranche Wise Disbursement Progress Graph

o 120% ---100% 98%

100% e -- - --

aj... 80% -- - _ -_ i: ~3 60% -- - -- - -- - -

Enn0 40% -- -- 29%- --

E 0%' -r - - L -- 0%1 2 3 4

Tranche #

4.2.2 Grievance Redressal System for Housing SubsidyConsidering the ground realities and difficulties in implementation of the originalgrievance redressal mechanism and urgent online disposal of grievance cases, ERRAestablished 10 Data Resource Centers (DRCs) across the affected areas. These DRCsare handling the following grievances and also acting as information centers for anyother problems:

3 Incorrect CNIC information / CNIC Duplication(D Missing Bank Account information(D Account Information Duplication3 No Record Found• Account information updation

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The DRC Managers are the focal points for redressal of above-mentioned grievancesthrough updation of records after due verification leading to payment.

DG PERRA & SERRA have been designated as focal points for grievances related toincorrect bank account information and have been provided updation facility forrectification of the same. SERRA has also developed a Grievance RedressalMechanism (GRM) database to assist in further fast-tracking disposal of grievances ascompared to manual checks.

The respective Battalion Commanders of the Army in AJK & NWFP have beendesignated as the focal points for dealing with all grievances related tosurvey/inspections as well as requests for "Category Change".

4.3 Livelihood Support Cash Grant ProgrammeIn order to mitigate the immediate suffering resulting from the devastation, and to assistpeople to regain their livelihoods, a US$85 million World Bank funded LSCG programmewas initiated by the GoP. This is envisaged to provide assistance and replace incomelosses of the most vulnerable households. The cash grants helped affected people getback to business in a short time and provided much needed subsistence allowance. Italso injected dearly required cash back into a devastated local economy therebycontributing to the revival of economic activity in earthquake-affected areas. LSCG wasdesigned to provide livelihood cash support to the 250,000 most vulnerable families inthe earthquake-affected districts. A sum of Rs. 3,000 was given each month to everybeneficiary household for six months (Total Rs. 18,000 had been given in six equalmonthly installments).

The design and implementation of such a large and exceptional program was in itself achallenge, as GoP never employed any program of this magnitude.The decision to provide Rs. 3,000 per month as a subsistence allowance was takenconsidering the average family size and local economy. Moreover, several national andinternational NGOs, governments and GoP were providing food, medicine and shelterpackages, which were serving the immediate needs of earthquake-affected population.Moreover, cash had been disbursed in the local economy in terms of death and injurycompensation as well as en-block compensation of Rs. 25,000 per household for initialshelter needs.

4.3.1 Design policiesAs per design, the programme was implemented in all the nine earthquake-affecteddistricts of AJK and NWFP. Coverage and geographic targeting was agreed with themutual consent of ERRA and District Offices. As a general formula, the entire UnionCouncil having 10 or more deaths in the earthquake-affected districts of NWFP and AJKwere selected for the program. The program was implemented in phases, starting fromMuzaffarabad and Mansehra. Initially, the eligibility criteria for the beneficiaries weredefined only to the extent of registration. However, final eligibility criteria was developedafter running the pilot in Muzaffarabad and Mansehra, and doing an extensivesimulation23 exercise with the data, thus earmarking the available funds in astandardized manner. The final criteria so evolved and approved were:

23 The simulation exercise (where available data and funds were projected for estimation) at that level hadbeen very helpful. This helped in not only ensuring the judicious and uniform use of funds, but also enabledLSCG to set realistic timelines and goals.

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Status of house destroyed or damaged; and does not have any current governmentemployee of grade 17 or above

AND

a. A family headed by a female, and currently not married (widow, divorced,separated, never married)

b. OR has at least one disabled person

c. OR has five or more children (including other's orphans)The amount of cash grant was decided as Rs. 3,000 per month for a period of sixmonths. Hence, an amount of Rs. 18,000 was to be distributed in six equal monthlyinstallments. The final date for completion was set as June 2007.

4.3.2 Public information campaignA comprehensive public awareness campaign was undertaken by ERRA throughelectronic and print media. Newspaper advertisements were given in all of the prominentnational and local newspapers. Special Radio shows were conducted to createawareness and understanding about the ERRA programmes. Exclusive Televisionprogrammes were used to reach out to far flung areas. Special focus was given tolivelihood support cash grant programme and housing subsidy. Beside formal mediacampaign, localized awareness methods like pamphlets, broachers and mosques' loudspeakers were used to disseminate important programme related information to themasses.

4.3.3 Targeting processTargeting process was the first major field activity for LSCG. In essence, targeting wasthe building block for the program and effective targeting of the affected population wasthe key for programmes' success. The District Offices of earthquake-affected districtswere tasked to review the number of Union Councils selected for the program andconstitute the targeting teams. The population of selected Union Councils wasextrapolated from the 1998 Population Census Organization (PCO) survey by a factor of20%. This exercise was extremely beneficial in reaching to realistic estimation ofworkload and targeting teams required thereof. In the case of AJK, local governmentsystem was not operational; hence, LSCG resorted to district administration forexecution. A typical targeting team comprised of three members including a localcouncilor in NWFP, or a person of the same stature in AJK as an Event Organizer, aVerification Facilitator, who is mostly a schoolteacher or an area Patwari and a DataCollector, who is a local government schoolteacher with a minimum qualification ofSSC/FA. Based on the PCO estimation and workload, a team could have a maximum oftwo Data Collectors, however, should a need for a third Data Collector arise, a separatetargeting team would be suggested. A total of four weeks time was given to thesetargeting teams, and the end result of the targeting process was quite satisfactory andclose to the original estimates.

4.3.4 Data entry at centralized database and selection processThe nerve centre for LSCG has been its central database and MIS. Modern computingtechniques and computer-administered protocols enabled efficient handling of data at acentral database. The application of eligibility criteria and selection of beneficiariesthereof were managed at a central database. Moreover, the final output of the program,and payments to the beneficiaries, were released and monitored through this centralizeddatabase.

47

4.3.5 Release of payments to the beneficiariesERRA released monthly payments to the resultant beneficiaries through Member Boardof Revenue/Provincial Relief Commissioner (PRC), Peshawar in case of NWFP andSenior Member Board of Revenue (SMBR)/State Relief Commissioner in case of AJK.PRC and SMBR released the monthly payments to National Bank of Pakistan's (NBP)main branches at Civil Secretariats of Peshawar and Muzaffarabad for furtherdisbursement to individual accounts through partner banks/post offices.

Approximately 260,000 (approx.) out of 740,000 applications have received Rs. 3,000 in6 installments. During the inception of cash grant program, a provision for the extensionof cash grant for the most vulnerable group was provided. After the completion ofdetailed survey of vulnerable population, a need was felt that a segment of vulnerablepopulation particularly women headed families may be provided an additional cash grantfor six months. In this regard, following criteria was developed and cash grant wasextended to a total of approx 22,000 families.

() Families headed by woman, and having disabled and 5 or more childrenc) Families headed by woman, and having 5 or more children) Families headed by woman, and taking care of orphans(D Families headed by woman, and having disabled members

4.3.6 Appeal and grievance redressal mechanism for LSCGFor the success of LSCG, it was important that inclusion and exclusion errors beminimized. In order to address these errors a devolved appeal and grievance redressalmechanism was established. The management structure for appeal and grievanceredressal, headed by the district Component Manager (also, District Appeal Officer) wasin place to handle the appeal and grievance redressal cases at the district level. Appealand grievance redressal process was started with the training of the ComponentManager/District Appeal Officer (DAO), data entry staff and Union Council ReliefCommittee (UCRC)/Revenue Circle Relief Committee (RCRC). Appeal and grievancemechanism provided for the filing of appeal cases at UCRC/RCRC level. Thesecommittees forwarded the cases with their recommendations to DAO who finallydisposed off the appeal and grievance redressal cases and ensured their entry in theMIS. Successful applicants were included in the beneficiary list.For successful appeal and grievance redressal mechanism and to provide a fairopportunity to all the applicants to appeal against the ineligibility decision, it wasimportant that people were aware of the forums, procedure and eligibility criteria. Asmentioned earlier, the appeal and grievance redressal phase could not be publicized asenvisaged in the operational manual. Nonetheless, localized publicity solutions weredevised from the district operational budget, and low cost pamphlets/handouts werepublished. Anyhow, community based publicity approach worked well where mosquesand local people were used to disseminate the information and right of applicants toappeal against ineligibility decision.Appeal and grievance redressal was designed not only to appeal against the eligibilitydecision, but also to highlight any other grievance people might have had against theLSCG district personnel and/or any other activity associated with LSCG. Localizedcorruption complaints were received and addressed. Moreover, several complaintsagainst the banking sector where people faced problems whilst drawing their moneywere brought to attention as well. Furthermore, cases of a significant number ofapplicants who were selected as a beneficiary and payment could not be released dueto missing information (mostly bank account related) were addressed through thisappeal and grievance redressal mechanism.

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4.4 Implementation progress in other sectorsComprehensive sectoral strategies have been finalized and approved by ERRA Council.Implementation of other sectoral strategies is well underway. Significant progress hasbeen made in achieving the desired objectives within stipulated time frame for givenactivities. The implementation progress in other social sectors has significantly improvedthe nature of social services and delivery mechanism. The new facilities built underHealth and Education sector are conspicuously far better than the pre earthquakefacilities. ERRA's interventions in these sectors are therefore, instrumental in bringingabout positive change in the lives of affected populace. A brief overview of the progressmade in social sectors given in the following section. These programmes are not apart of ERC interventions but are being provided to give a comprehensive pictureof ERRA's initiatives.

4.5 Social ProtectionThe ERRA Social Protection Strategy incorporates concrete actions, recommendationsand policy guidelines for the rehabilitation of the vulnerable groups, identified as widowsand women-headed households, children without parental care, people with disabilities,the elderly and the landless due to the earthquake. Some of the components of theStrategy include assistance in housing reconstruction as an exception to owner drivenhousing strategy, livelihood development and vocational training opportunities, and legaland administrative support in accessing land/property rights especially for women andchildren. The projects and activities under this Strategy cover a wide spectrum; fromproviding psycho-social support to vulnerable people, instituting a community basedrehabilitation programmes for people with disabilities to capacity-building of the SocialWelfare Departments in AJK and NWFP. The following programmes under this Sectorare examples of interventions which are influencing the rehabilitation of vulnerablegroups.

4.5.1 Land Compensation PolicyThe priorities of reconstruction efforts include addressing needs of estimated populationof 10,000 who were rendered homeless as a result of earthquake and landslides. Almost635 families are displaced and live in 44 camps in AJK and whereas 188 families are in3 camps in NWFP. ERRA Council announced on February 8, 2007, a financialassistance package of Rs. 75,000 per landless family. 7 Land Verification Units are inprocess of establishment in the affected districts with a possibility of 6 more in additionallocations if need arises. The affirmative feature to note is the non-preclusion of rights ofany of the family members/legal heirs over ownership of the purchased new land andhouse built on the new land. It will be mutated in the names of all those family members/legal heirs stated in the power of attorney.

4.5.2 Medical Rehabilitation of the DisabledERRA, with the support of the National Institute of Handicapped has developed acomprehensive project amounting to Rs. 742 million for rehabilitation of the disabled inthe earthquake affected areas. The program comprises components of communitybased approach (CBR) to rehabilitate people with disabilities, institutional strengtheningof NlHd and 6 DHQs and THQs, establishment of two fully equipped 50-bededrehabilitation centers in Muzaffarabad and Abbottabad. Project implementation isunderway.

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4.5.3 Legal assistanceLegal and administrative support is planned to widows and orphans to attain their righffulland records/titles. Legal aid cells will be established at the Tehsil level. The interventionwill support the NWFP and AJK governments in developing a legislative framework forthe post earthquake reconstruction period to enable special legal provisions for peopleand property affected by the earthquake, and related purposes that will make simpler (i)accessing death certificates, (ii) custody of children, (iii) special institutional and legalarrangements for the protection of orphaned or displaced children, women and thedisabled persons, and their property, and (iv) increasing the vigilance against abductionand human trafficking.

Since women in many of the affected areas customarily relinquish their claims to jointfamily property, the risk of widows and female orphans losing their righfful inheritance isconsiderable in the present situation, where traditional mechanisms of social supportmay be destroyed. Restoring lost records of property rights to housing, commercialproperty, and land should be launched as soon as possible, with special assistancegiven to vulnerable groups, such as widows and orphans.

With a large number of widows and orphans left as survivors, inheritance and landaccess issues are also expected to arise in the recovery phase. It is the responsibility ofthe state to ensure that gender based discrimination and denial rights does not takeplace. Gender Based Violence and other security issues have also emerged after theearthquake requiring attention of state and non-state agencies. Specific measures forprotecting the basic rights of women and children in terms of security and inheritance arecritical.

Inheritance laws and traditions, marriage arrangements, banking systems and socialpatterns that reinforce women's dependence on fathers, husbands, and sons, allcontribute both to their unfavorable access to resources and their lack of power tomanage crisis. Civil and political rights are denied if women cannot act autonomouslyand participate fully at all decision-making levels in matters regarding recovery.

Legal units are being established at Tehsil level to provide legal and administrativesupport to widows and orphans to attain their righfful land records/titles.

'4.5.4 Issuance of National Identity CardsVulnerable groups will be provided special NIC cards through NADRA, which will enablethem to access social services on priority basis. NADRA will be supported to improve itscapacity to issue NICs to earthquake affected people as expeditiously as possible and todevelop its outreach to vulnerable people such as women and children.

4.5.5 Institutional Capacity Assessment of ERRA, MoSW and SWDsA Joint team of national and International consultants hired by DFID is currently carryingout and an Institutional Capacity Assessment. The team will assessment will assess thecapacity of ERRA and the MoSW at all levels to deliver coordinated social protectionmeasures to the vulnerable population of earthquake-affected areas. The assessmentwill be used to develop a proposal for addressing needs and capacity gaps of theinstitutions engaged in the implementation of Social Protection programmes. Theassessments will therefore, be instrumental in the long term strengthening of the SocialWelfare infrastructure to ensure sustainability of programmes initiated by ERRA and inensuring long term rehabilitation of the vulnerable groups in the earthquake affectedareas.

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4.6 Education

The ERRA Education Sector Reconstruction & Rehabilitation Strategy envisaged that25% of the destroyed and damaged educational institutions would be taken up forreconstruction and repair in the first year (i.e 2006-07) while 37.5% each would be takenup in the second and third year. Therefore it was planned to take up 1574 educationalinstitutions for reconstruction and repair in the first year. By the beginning of the year atotal of 535 educational institutions had been allotted to various sponsors while donors(USAID, UNICEF, JICA & ADB) planned to take up 362 educational institutions in thatyear. This left a gap of 677 educational institutions whose reconstruction was to befunded through ERRA funds. The districts were asked to identify educational institutionsfor reconstruction in the first year based on the criteria of (a) high enrolment (b) landavailability (c) land accessibility (d) staff availability & (e) equity in terms of level (primaryto college), gender (girls & boys) and geography (coverage to all union councils in thedistrict). The 2006-07 annual work plans received from the districts included 1089educational institutions for reconstruction and repair. Subsequently, PC-is wereprepared by the districts and approved at appropriate forums (DRACs, Provincial / StateSteering Committees), while NESPAK - ERRA's general consultants - pre-qualifiedcontractors. NESPAK was also given the task of surveying and designing the identifiededucational institutions.

Months of planning and discussion were taken up in finalizing the complete project cycle& the operational manual, defining the roles and responsibilities of all relevantstakeholders, establishing the coordination mechanisms, removing the doubts andmisgivings of the line & engineering departments and clarifying any issues that arose asERRA went into the implementation phase.

4.6.1 Implementation progress in Education SectorThe number of educational institutions allotted to various sponsors & donors keeps onchanging. The figure currently stands at 928 (note that UNICEF, USAID & JICA whichwere initially considered as donors are now designated as sponsors since they areimplementing the reconstruction projects themselves). That presently leaves the AsianDevelopment Bank and the Saudi Fund for Development as donors. The Kuwait Fundfor Development is likely to join that category.

The tendering process has been underway since October 2006 for the reconstructionand retrofitting of ERRA funded educational institutions. Currently, construction of 31educational institutions has been completed by various sponsors & donors while another105 educational institutions are under various stages of construction. In addition, bidshave been also invited for about 100 educational institutions, mostly funded by theGovernment of Japan. The Asian Development Bank has completed the appraisal of 54middle schools in Muzaffarabad district and their PC-I has been prepared and approved.Consultants for Saudi Fund for Development financed projects are in final stages ofselection while all the unfunded colleges have been proposed to the Kuwait Fund forDevelopment for financing. In addition, German debt swap of Euro 25 million is to beutilized for the reconstruction of middles schools in NWFP.

The planning and project preparation & approval process has been completed for ERRAfunded educational institutions while NESPAK has completed topographic surveys ofalmost all sites. Despite bottlenecks in the tendering and bid evaluation process, work on59 educational institutions in six districts (excluding Shangla) has been awarded and

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funds released. After successful tendering of the first packages, the confidence of theline & engineering departments as well as the DRUs has grown and the process is nowgaining speed. Presently another 56 educational institutions are in various stages oftendering while NESPAK is busy in preparing bidding documents for the remaining.

4.7 HealthAll health facilities have been made functional through provision of interim pre-fabricatedstructures. These are further supported by emergency hospitals established by variousinternational and national organizations.

ERRA's Health Sector strategy envisages that individual smaller units like First AidPosts, MCH centers and TB centers etc will not be reconstructed; rather these servicesshall be integrated into primary health care facilities. In addition Family Welfare Centersand Rural Health Centers will be integrated and made part and parcel of the primaryhealth care facilities and referral hospitals.

A rationalization/prioritization exercise conducted in consultation with Provincial/ Stateand district health authorities of 796 health facilities which existed before the earthquakeresulted in a plan to reconstruct 342 health facilities (including 38 civil dispensaries to bebuilt in third year). Out of 304 health facilities (BHUs, RHC's, THQ's and DHQ/CMH) 266are pledged by 30 different donors and sponsors.

Reconstruction of 165 health facilities out of 304 required is undertaken during the firstyear.

TABLE - 23 Reconstruction Status of Health Facilities as of 15th May 2007Health Planning Pre-construction Construction Final Stage No ProgressFacility Stage stage StageDHQ 3 5 3 0 1THQ 0 7 0 2 2RHC 10 15 3 0 22BHU 22 121 10 2 67Offices 0 5 1 0 5Total 35 153 17 4 95Note:- Progress is being made on 209 health facilities where as the first year target is

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Health service delivery3 All health facilities functional - interim structures(D 76 prefab health facilities functional (56 AJK, 20 NWFP)(D 43 Prefab Health Facilities under construction3D 55 Transitional Health Facilities functional by INGOs/NGOs(3) No outbreak of communicable diseases in affected districts due to

effective Disease Early Warning System (DEWS)

4.8 Water & SanitationEmergency response in the EQAAs was provided by government, UN agencies,National and International NGOs in a well coordinated way. Implementing partners wereLG&RDD, PHED, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), Ministryof Environment, district governments and NGOs/INGOs amongst others. Major actionstaken and processes adopted in the emergency response are as under:-

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• The Water, Environment and Sanitation (WES) clusters were establishedat different humanitarian hubs located at Muzaffarabad and Bagh in AJKand Mansehra, Battagram and Shangla in NWFP.

( Emergency supplies including water kits (known as Nerox Filters), PURwater purification sachet, Aqua tab water purification tablets, chlorinebased chemicals (HTH), water containers, storage tanks and washingbathing soaps etc. were distributed.

( In areas where rehabilitation of affected water supply system was notpossible in the emergency and recovery phase, family level treatmentoptions such as chlorine tablets, PUR sachet and Nerox filters weredistributed. Over 50,000 families received Nerox filters while 7 millionwater purification tablets and 6 million PUR sachets were distributedamong the affected population through CBOs, NGOs and linedepartments

( Sanitation facilities have been provided to the affected population incamps:

o The nature of emergency required construction of pit latrines.o Provision of pit latrines during relief and recovery phase provided

tremendous opportunity for promoting simple latrine options even for thelonger terms. Huge demand has been created for simple pit latrines in therural area where people never thought of having pit latrine at their houses

o Effective solid waste management system was established in majortowns like Bagh, Muzaffarabad, Balakot, Mansehra and Battagram throughsupport to the municipalities and TMAs by UNICEF and other partnerorganizations.

4.8.1 Implementation progress in Water & Sanitation SectorWater SupplyOut of 3994 total damaged schemes, 2430 have been pledged by Sponsors. Workhas stated on 1053 schemes. 425 schemes have been completed. PC-1 (out of un-pledged 1564 Nos) Costing Rs. 671 million approved.SanitationOut of 25 damaged schemes 1 has been pledged by sponsor. Work on theseschemes is yet to start. PC-Is costing Rs. 125 million of 9 sites approved.Solid Waste Management23 solid waste management sites have been affected. UNICEF and different NGOssupported SWM in major towns (Bagh, Mzd, Balakot, and Mansehra) till April, 2006.PC-1 costing Rs. 281 million approved for 9 sites

4.9 Road InfrastructureA phased programme for reconstruction of roads has been started and funds to the tuneof Rs. 18 billion have been secured to reconstruct all the National Highways ProvincialHigh Ways, major and important link roads in the earthquake affected areas of AJK andNWFP. For the time being all the critical links are kept open through temporarymeasures.

Work on three National High Ways which connects these areas with the rest of thecountry, has been started with the World Bank assistance of Rs.6 billion. 70 projects ofmajor Districts roads costing Rs. 3.7 billions have been approved. Work on 34 such

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roads have been started and are in different stages of completion. 17 more such roadsare ready to be awarded. Four critical bridges on Jehlum Valley Road have been 75 %completed.

4.10 Mid Course MeasuresERRA has introduced two major mid course cross cutting measures to mainstream theongoing interventions i.e. Gender mainstreaming and Disaster Risk Reductionmainstreaming. The following section briefly outlines the objectives of theseinterventions and progress implementation progress made so far.

4.10.1 Gender MainstreamingThe overall approach to mainstream gender considerations in reconstruction andrehabilitation efforts is to strengthen gender capacity within ERRA at all levels. Theendeavour is in congruence to referred gender priorities stated in key ERRA documentsand sectoral policies.

Strengthening capacity for Gender Mainstreaming has two main prerequisites. First,awareness of the importance of gender issues for outcomes of policies andprogrammes, recognizing that groups are not homogeneous, and that benefits frompolicies, strategies, and programmes do not automatically accrue equally to all membersand segments of society.

In many cases, these inequalities are due to gender differences in status, division oflabour, responsibilities, and access to resources. Gender-aware policy makers,planners, implementers, monitors, and evaluators need to consciously plan, implement,monitor and evaluate rehabilitation and reconstruction activities to take into accountdifferent gender patterns.

There is recognition in ERRA to move from gender awareness to promotion i.e. tointegrate that awareness into programme planning, implementation, and monitoring andevaluation systems that in turn help in measuring / assessing gender equality.The conscious commitment to translate policy statements into actions to bring about therequired changes is visible among senior management in ERRA. Gender Team alongwith senior managers are endeavouring to shoulder the responsibility to provide activeleadership in implementing institutional commitments to gender equality.Based on recommendations of inception phase report prepared by Gender Team,initiatives have been undertaken and are being planned. These initiatives are envisagedto increase the chances that benefits of reconstruction and rehabilitation accrue asequally to men as women, boys and girls, and vulnerable group members.

4.10.2 Disaster Risk Reduction MainstreamingThe project aims at building up the institutional and management capacity of the federaland local level disaster management system in planning; disaster preparedness and riskreduction; and enhance the capacity and involvement of communities in community leveldisaster preparedness and risk reduction. The strategy covers a two-year period untilMay 2009. The objective of the intervention is to reduce the incidence and impact ofdisasters while stabilize the solid foundation for sustainable development and recoveryfrom the earthquake crisis in AJK and NWFP.

Programme activities

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c) Conduct a sectoral analysis of ERRA programmes and develop template of riskreduction activities for possible incorporation into existing or newly developedactivities.

3 Disaster preparedness and Emergency Response Units will be established torespond to emergency situations. Disaster Management Committees (DMC) will beformulated at the village, UC and district levels with a strong coordinationmechanism. Focus will be on building the capacities of DMC members andcommunity including men and women in disaster preparedness and mitigation. Stockpiles, necessary equipment etc. will be arranged for emergency response.

• Local government representatives and civil society will benefit from targeted trainingon basic search and rescue, emergency first aid, temporary shelter planning andsafe building construction to support sustainable returns and recovery.

3 Awareness sessions in schools will be held to raise consciousness of risk factorsand immediate emergency response procedures among the youth. The informationregarding risk preparedness will be imparted through conventional as well asinnovative means. Workshops and seminars will be arranged on disasterpreparedness. Periodic newsletters will be issued for information dissemination andpublications will serve as a tool for advocacy

• An emergency/disaster health profile and a database of facilities, human resources,information sources, procedures, will be developed. This will be pursued in parallelwith appropriate training and introduction of disaster management in medical,nursing and public health curricula.

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CHAPTER 5

DISLOCATION AND HAZARDOUS SITES

5.1 Landslides

5.2 Landslides and their Impact

5.3 Hazardous Sites

5.4 Remedial Measure

-. ff - -

-C-..

'-

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5. DISLOCATION AND HAZARDOUS SITES

The earthquake triggered many landslides in the affected areas, which became anothercause of significant death and destruction. The landslides and other hazardous sitesdislocated a sizable population of both the NWFP and AJK, who were compelled tomove to safer places including camps. Many have lost the little land they had and otherswill be displaced because of living in close proximity to the Red zones and or as a resultof town planning for the cities of New Balakot/Bakriyal and Muzzafarabad. Because ofthe considerable impact of the landslides and declared Red Zones on the localpopulation, this chapter has been dedicated to this issue. The chapter enumerates thelandslides triggered due to the earthquake and subsequent monsoon, declared RedZones and analyses their impact on the local population and briefly describes theremedial measures taken by the GoP. The projects mentioned in this chapter are notfunded under ERC nor do they overlap with any ERC activities but are beingprovided as information resulting from the earthquake.

5.1 LandslidesLandslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of groundmovement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows. Althoughgravity acting on an over steepened slope is the primary reason for a landslide, there areother contributing factors affecting the original slope stability such as deforestation.

Unstable slopes continue to slide following heavy rains, in some cases blocking roadsand even at times destroying homes. These households will not be able to rebuildpermanent homes in these locations, which leads to issues of land loss, resettlement,and compensation for, or provision of, alternate land.

5.2 Landslides and their ImpactsEarthquake exacerbated most existing slides and disturbed slopes and at the same timecreated numerous new slides and damaged slopes. These slides continue to posechallenges to continuous supply of materials in the affected areas by regularly blockingroads. Land sliding in many areas has washed away entire tracts of agricultural landputting entire communities' livelihoods in jeopardy.

The main environmental impacts from the earthquake to the natural environment werethe result of landslides which resulted in impacts to (i) the topography/morphology of thesurface of the earth (ii) rivers, streams, forests and grasslands, and (iii) habitats of nativefauna and flora both on land and in the streams and rivers. The topography/morphologyof the affected areas continues to be modified by aftershocks, some large enough to beconsidered earthquakes rather than tremors. The landslides resulting from theearthquake have altered the characteristics of mountain slopes and drainage basins.

The landslides triggered by the earthquake and its associated aftershocks haveadversely affected streams, rivers and other water bodies. The debris flows have had asignificant impact on the distribution of sediments in stream and river channels, either bydepositing sediment in the water channels or by transporting sediment fartherdownstream, often to great distances. In addition, they have contributed to partialblockage of channels, local channel constriction below the points of landslide entry andmay even have shifted channel configuration or blocked stream altogether. Increasedsediment could also result in channel scour, large scale re distribution of bed load grave,and accelerated channel erosion and bank undercutting.

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Communities have mentioned that there have been disappearances of some streamsand new appearance of other. While these issues will have significant localized impactson water quality and quantity and fish kills, which will affect communities and livelihoods,increased sediment transport will also contribute to accelerated siltation of the Manglareservoir. Monitoring sediment transport and other adverse impacts, particularly duringthe spring snow melts, and taking necessary remedial measures is critical forsustainability of livelihoods of the local community. Wider economic impacts may resultfrom reduced storage capacity at the Mangla reservoir.

Details of some of the landslides caused by the earthquake and other potentiallandslides and their impact are given below:

a A massive land slide having mass of about 80 million cum, slided with a speed of100 km/hr wiping off village Laudiabad (Dand Bay) near Hattian Balla town. Thelandslide resulted in blocking of two Nullahs Karli and Tang and formation of twolakes.

3 In Hattian Bala, AJK, 18 villages in Muzaffarabad need to be shifted elsewheredue to persistent landslides. GSP surveys have identified 118 active slides in AJK onroadsides alone. A heavy monsoon has resulted in even more slides posing seriousconstraints on uninterrupted flow of supplies and materials in the affected areas.Even in Muzaffarabad city and its surrounding large cracks are visible in themountainsides that can lead to more landslides in future. Major landslide in HussariNullah has imposed another challenge in the rehabilitation process put about 400cdt3 debris in River Kunhar.

a A massive landslide having a mass of about 80 million cum in Hattian BalaLandslides, slided with a speed of 100 km/hr wiping off village Laudiabad ( Danbay )near Hattian Bala Town. The landslide resulted in blocking two nullahs and formed 2lakes.

3 After the 8th October earthquake and during monsoon more than 300 landslidesof various sizes occurred in EQAA of AJK and NWFP. Because of these landslides123 persons lost their lives (61 at AJ&K and 62 at NWFP) and 48 were injured (34 atAJ&K and 14 at NWFP).

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Figure 2 - Hazardous Zoning Map of Hattian Bala Landslide area, DistrictMuzaffarabad, AJ&K.

I r§- r r:\sl 2k,;r v FIG. 16 HAZARD ZONhATJON MAP OF HAn'IAAN BALA AREA, DiSTRICT MUZAFFARABAD, Al .

...---

5.2.1 DislocationDislocation or displaced population is one that is forced to leave its home communityand is placed in an alien setting. These people need special attention that they haveappropriate access to humanitarian aid as well as to rehabilitation and reconstructionefforts including land and property rights, healthcare, education and physical security.

In some parts of the earthquake region, land dissolved, became uninhabitable,unusable, and dangerous to live in. Those owning and occupying this land becamelandless and in most cases, displaced. These include:

1. Urban people who have either lost land they lived on/and or their homes are in ared zone and they need to be relocated to a safer place.

2. Rural people who have either lost the land they lived on and/or cultivated.

Additionally, there are also people who were already landless prior to the earthquake butare facing added vulnerability and displacement due to the earthquake. These include:

3. Tenants who did not own land prior before the earthquake and who have a wholeset of specific needs growing out of the earthquake's impacts

4. Those who have lost agricultural land and/or houses due to monsoon whichbrought land sliding to a higher degree.

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5. The squatters who lived for decades on state land and constructed houses ontheir own expenses on such lands.

5.2.2 Camp PopulationMost of the landless people had initially been relocated to relief camps. The closure ofrelief camps in April 2006 forced many of them to return to their homes or createunregulated squalter camps elsewhere. The monsoon rains caused massive land slidingin the earth-affected areas which resulted in some severe unfortunate deaths. ERRAwas therefore compelled to relocate people from those areas into relief camps again.Even though a majority of those people have been held eligible to receive the secondtranche of housing grants, they have no land to reconstruct their houses.

About 350,000 people were dislocated due to earthquake on 8 October 2005 at themoment 35,000 are residing in the camps 39 in AJK and 3 in NWFP.

5.2.3 Types of Landless GroupsLandownership plays a critical part in poverty. The relationship between landlords andtenants go beyond the provision of agricultural labour and often involve tied credittransactions which require tenants to sell their produce at lower than market prices totheir landlords as well as remaining at the landlord's beck and call for a range ofservices. It is not clear at this stage, what impact the relocation of the landless inearthquake affected areas will have on their vulnerably, but it can be expected to besignificant.

a. Rural LandlessIn villages and hamlets, lands were mainly used for agriculture and livestock. In someplaces, the earthquake put cracks in the land and thus it became unworkable foragriculture and livelihood, or other income generating purposes. The small opening inthe lands have either broken or loosened the mechanical bonds in different molecules ofthe earth composition. In hilly areas, it increased the risk of land sliding alarmingly.These cracks in the land made it unsafe for dwelling and agricultural purposes.Therefore, the inhabitants of these areas who are presently living either in camps or arescattered in other areas are hesitant to return because of personal safety concerns.These people own land but cannot use it, which puts them in a landless situation.

b. Urban LandlessMany people in urban areas became landless as their locality is declared a 'Red Zone'and they will have to shift to new dwelling sites. People owning land in the red zone maynot face such difficulty to secure a substitute land from the Government. However, thosewho were living in the red zone as tenants or in some other capacity without holding titleto their dwellings are in a vulnerable position. In NWFP, Balakot is declared as a redzone as it is almost totally destroyed. It can not be rebuilt on its original location becauseit lies on a major fault line. As a result, ERRA's policy is to relocate Balakot to Bakriyal, atown 16 kilometers away; which will result in a displacement of nearly 30,000 formerresidents.

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5.3 Hazardous Sites

After the earthquake of 8 October 2005, three expert teams from Turkey and Japancarried out a geological survey of the entire earthquake-affected area of Pakistan. Inaddition, an expert team from Norway carried out land slide surveys of the area ofHattian Bala. As a result of these surveys, the Pakistan Government declared specificparts of the earthquake-affected area seismically unsafe ("red zones") for reconstructionand rehabilitation.

Red zonesThe red zones are those areas under which fault line are situated. In the geologicalsurvey of Pakistan the following areas have been declared as Red Zones either due totheir vicinity to EQ fault lines or due to the risk of landslides:In AJ&K, 33 villages in Muzzaffarabad districts have been listed as red zones. Some 16other villages have been identified as hazardous by the AJK government surveys.

The population residing in Balakot and certain areas are now being relocated to saferareas. For that purpose, the AJ&K and NWFP Governments allocated 16000 kanal forBalakot land to these affected families

5.4 Remedial Measures

5.4.1 Relocation of VillagesIn response to surveys conducted by GSP, following 23 villages were relocated to safeplaces by AJ&K Govt:-

Table 24 Relocation of 23 Villages in MuzaffarabadS/No. Village S/No. Village

1 Chehla Bandi (Ghazi Mohalla) 13 Battlian2 Bandi Samman 14 Puprosa3 Dhanni Mai Sahiba 15 Kumar Bandi4 Borepine 16 Badhiara5 Makree (Thalla/Bella) 17 Bandi Hajjam6 Seridara (Chodakian) 18 Bharora7 Tariqabad 19 Bandi Karim Haider Shah8 Khawaja Mohalla (Muzaffarabad) 20 Tanda9 Ranj ata 21 Meera10 Meera Tanolian 22 Podymar11 Botha 23 Gulshan Pir Alaudin12 Khella

Table 25 Villages Shifted to Camps due to Threat of Flash FloodsS/No. Village S/No. Village

1 Muzaffarabad City Area 7. Malik Pura2 Chehla 8. Khun Bandway3 Bandi Samman 9. Kuchha Syedan4. Phajgran 10. Nalla Shawai5. Maira Tanolian 11. Bhamain6. Khatpura 12. Dhairian

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Timely evacuation of above mentioned villages in AJ&K and NWFP saved thousands ofhuman lives in EQAA.

5.4.2 Landless Compensation PolicyIn order to compensate the families who lost their land due to the earthquake, the GoPhas decided to extend a compensation of Rs. 75,000 to each landless family. Theimplementation process is underway.

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CHAPTER 6

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ERRA'S INTERVENTIONS

6.1 Generic Indicators

6.2 Social Impact of ERC Interventions

6.3 Social Impact of other ERRA Interventions

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6. IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF ERRA'S INTERVENTIONS

This chapter focuses on key social impacts of ERRA's interventions in various sectors.The first section analyses some generic and cross cutting impacts. The second sectioncontains sector specific social impacts. The impacts have been identified in consultationwith key stakeholders such as concerned Programme Managers in ERRA, concernedLine Departments AJ&K/NWFP and prominent NGOs. (All these groups work closelywith the affected communities).

Assessing the social impacts and developing indicators to introduce mitigation measuresto offset undesirable fall outs of ERRA's interventions is at the heart of the assessment.The chapter employs a holistic approach to capture overall impacts of ERRA'sprogrammes. The comprehensive analysis helps gauge the progress of various sectoralprogrammes and also underpins the factors causing negative impacts. The approachhence provides a framework for assessing the overall social impact of ERRAprogrammes.

6.1 Generic Indicators

1. Formal DocumentationAs a result of the EQ one of the most visible cross-cutting social impacts is thedocumentation of:

a. Formal bankingERRA's programmes required people to have independent bank accountsso that the funds could be transferred directly to their accounts. This ledto an unprecedented banking activity in the area, and people, especiallywomen who never visited a bank, opened and maintained their bankaccounts.

b. New CNIC producedComputerized National Identity Cards are widely required in almost all thefinancial and/or legal transactions in Pakistan; however, majority ofearthquake affected area's population did not have the CNIC made.ERRA encouraged people to make CNIC, which shall be helpful inlegal/financial transactions.

c. Birth/marriage/death certificationThese certifications are helpful in claiming the legalsuccession/inheritance rights.

2. Safer and seismically resistant constructionPost earthquake construction is seismically resistant. The Kucha houses have beenreplaced by concrete houses, which have raised the safety and hygienic standards ofthe occupants.

3. Increased community participationIncreased community participation was essential for the success of several interventionsdue to the far flung, remote and inaccessible areas. This was even more important inrubble removal, social mobilization and information dissemination. More importantly,active community involvement led to "ownership" of projects like local roads, schools andhospitals. Community Based Organizations (CBO) and Community LivelihoodRehabilitation Programmes (CLRP) are building block of ERRA's livelihood strategy.

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4. Job opportunitiesThe large scale reconstruction and rehabilitation activities in all sectors have created asignificant number of job opportunities, which would improve the employment ratio aswell as per capita income of the area.

5. Increased capacity building through training programmesLack of capacity was one of the major hurdles during the initial phase of relief andrehabilitation. Government as well as private sector lacked basic infrastructure/capacityand knowledge to implement rehabilitation programmes. Capacity building was thereforean integral part of ERRA's interventions. People with better training and infrastructurehave become a central resource in social service delivery.

6. Better service delivery due to improved facilitiesThe people of the affected areas are exposed to better services because of better, top ofthe line facilities. Service delivery has improved enormously in keeping with thestandards of the buildings and institutions.

7. Increased general awarenessDedicated information campaigns, reconstruction and rehabilitation activities; activecommunity involvement led to an increase in general awareness. People are moreaware about different relief and rehabilitation efforts, their rights and responsibilities andthe forums where their opinion can be presented.

8. Better disaster preparednessCommunities are much more aware of the importance of rebuilding in a manner to avoidany such future disasters. People are more educated about disaster response in case ofnatural disasters, due to the dedicated training and increased awareness. Specialprogrammes have been conducted for school children about disaster response ineducation institutions.

9. Culture of confidenceThere is a sense of confidence about the different facilities being provided on theground, whether in the form of hospital, schools and government buildings. As a result,patients are more confident about going to hospitals for delivery, getting medicaltreatment, parents and children are more confident about the safety of schools andpeople feel more secure living in seismically safer houses.

10. Increased community participationIncreased community participation was essential for the success of several interventionsdue to the far flung, remote and inaccessible areas. This was even more important inrubble removal, social mobilization and information dissemination. More importantly,active community involvement led to "ownership" of projects like local roads, schools andhospitals. Community Based Organizations (CBO) and Community LivelihoodRehabilitation Programmes (CLRP) are building block of ERRA's livelihood strategy.

11. Better appreciation of socio-economic profile of EQAASeveral surveys conducted by ERRA and different agencies created a large database ofEQAA. This information, if consolidated, could prove very beneficial in bettercoordination and planning for future programmes.

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12. Barrier free facilitiesDisabled people have access to facilities that are barrier free. Facilities such as schools,government buildings, hospitals and others have a friendly environment, for exampleramps for "special" people, and doors that open on the outside.

13. Integrated ReconstructionReconstruction is not limited to housing but also involves allied services such as heath,education, water and sanitation etc.

14. Cost- push inflationThe influx of huge amounts of cash through various programmes exaggerated pricesand induced cost-push inflation. It is perceived that the purchasing power of the generalpublic in EQAA has reduced.

15. Quality ControlDue to the massive scale of reconstruction the control on the quality of differentconstruction materials is very difficult. Substandard materials could be used which mightendanger the lives of the unsuspecting population.

To address the issue ERRA has established 158 material hubs to ensure smooth supplyof quality construction material at key points in the affected areas at reasonable prices.This has been done in close coordination and consultation with the cement and steelfactory owners and transporters. A detailed mechanism has been devised to monitor theprices, quality and availability of construction material at these hubs.

16. Low-level corruption and nepotismCash grants as well as housing grants programmes involved extensive surveys andinvolvement of local administrative machinery. Cases of low level corruption andnepotism were reported where people had to pay bribes for processing theirtransactions. Instances of corruption in banks have also been reported in various regionsof EQAA.

ERRA is making conscious and concerted efforts to make the implementation processessimple, efficient and transparent. The beneficiaries are receiving housing subsidies andlivelihood cash grants in their respective bank accounts without involvement of anyintermediaries to avoid any chances of corruption. ERRA's landless compensation policyalso stipulates a detailed mechanism to reduce involvement of regular Governmentfunctionaries and to facilitate the beneficiaries. The policy envisages 'one windowoperation' for disbursement of landless compensation whereby the buyer and seller willbe invited at one point. Mutation of land in the name of buyers will take place and thecompensation will be paid though mobile banks on the spot.

17. Active participation of womenTraditionally, women in Pakistan have been regarded as house-keepers with little or noeconomic and decision making powers. Women are responsible for ordinary chores andtheir lives are primarily tied up with children rearing and helping the male familymembers with chores like livestock maintenance etc. However, the increased awarenessafter the earthquake brought the women to the foreground.

Women have opened bank accounts for receiving housing subsidy and cash grant intheir names. They are more aware of their legal rights and are actively engaged inpursuit of their lawful claims.

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18. Families in debt now relieved and able to focus on earning livelihoodThe GoP waived government controlled loans of over Rs. 2 billion to earthquake affectedpopulations providing a sense of relief and support to the populations that lost most or allof their livelihoods.

6.2 Social Impacts of ERC Interventions

6.2.1 Housing ReconstructionThe ERRA rural housing reconstruction program was designed to ensure that theestimated 600,000 houses that were either destroyed or damaged are rebuilt usingearthquake resistant building techniques, through grant assistance to eligiblehouseholds, using a home-owner driven, but assisted and inspected regime. Thisprocess has created numerous social impacts on the affected population; which asoutlined below, are largely positive and on the most part, long-term and sustainable.

1. Improved quality of lifeAs a result of the housing reconstruction programmes, communities have access tobetter housing (permanent or 'pucca' houses). Where the majority of people lived in'kucha' houses prior to the earthquake, they are now provided enough funds to rebuild'pucca' or permanent houses. This has substantial health and hygiene benefits as thepermanent houses provide better living conditions through an environment whichprovides better health, hygiene and sanitation.

2. Skilled labour and human resourceThrough the housing reconstruction training programmes provided to communities aspart of the 'owner-driven approach,' people have developed construction skills, whichhas created a human resource in affected areas equipped with seismically resistantconstruction skills. This can change the employment pattern not only in the affectedareas but also in other areas of Pakistan.

3. Improved safety standardsAs ERRA ensured seismic reconstruction through detailed guidelines and providedrequisite training to communities on how to rebuild, people now feel safer and they areaware that their houses are earthquake resistant. However, since the housingreconstruction program outlines a timeline for people to rebuilding their houses to certainlevels before releasing of the tranche payments, some people are rebuilding withsubstandard blocks and materials, which will result in potentially unsafe houses.

A comprehensive mechanism to monitor compliance with ERRA's constructionguidelines has been put in place. The inspection teams visit the houses during variousstages of construction and assess compliance with construction guidelines. Based onthe reports of the inspection teams subsequent tranches of Housing subsidy arereleased. Guidelines for earthquake resistant construction of non-engineered rural andsuburban masonry houses in cement sand mortar in earthquake affected areas areavailable on ERRA's website (www.erra.gov.pk).

4. A culture of responsibility instilledThe housing reconstruction program requirements and phased payment based onperformance has put the onus on the owner and as a result instilled a sense ofresponsibility and ownership. This system has provided a foundation for better practices,which on the large part did not exist before the earthquake.

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5. Issues of ownership largely settledAlthough people owned land prior to the earthquake, they did not have the required legaldocuments and ownership in their names (mutation). As a result of housingreconstruction strategy, people have had to ensure their ownership and requisite legaldocuments in order to attain the payments.

6. Changing lob/employment patternsGiven the scale of reconstruction happening, especially in the housing sector, new skillsets have been developed through training and of masons and artisans. Over 80,000masons/artisans have been trained through the housing reconstruction training program.It is possible that these changing skill sets that may not be required after reconstructionis over and may not match the new demands. This may lead to outwards migration.

7. Women and orphans propertv riahts not realizedGenerally in disaster situations, there is increased vulnerability for women and orphansto access their property/inheritance. This is largely because women do not have equalaccess to information, services and especially legal information and as a result extendedfamily members attain their property either by consent or through other means.

ERRA is establishing legal units at Tehsil level to provide legal assistance to thevenerable groups as referred to in 4.5.3.

8. DeforestationThe 'timber frame' construction approved can potentially result in increased wood cuttingfor house reconstruction. However, the new design calls for lesser quantities of woodthan when timber houses were built before the earthquake. Monitoring the levels offorest cutting and tree planting will be required to determine the levels of this impact.

6.2.2 Livelihood Cash GrantCash grant programmes have been found very effective in mitigating the immediatesufferings of disaster struck communities. Hurricane Rita, Katrina and Tsunamihighlighted the importance of an immediate subsistence mean for affected population,which could cater for their immediate needs before a wholesome rehabilitation effortcould be started. GoP also initiated a Livelihood Support Cash Grant (LSCG) programafter the October 2005 earthquake. This program proved very effective, and it helped theearthquake affected communities to cope with their basic needs when their other meansof livelihood were in tatters The World Bank termed LSCG as "highly satisfactory" in theirmidterm review mission conducted late last year (2006). The salient social impacts ofLSCG are given below:

1. Helped people get back to businessThe cash grants helped affected people get back to their respective business in a shorttime and it provided much needed subsistence allowance.

2. Cash iniection into the local economyIt also injected dearly required cash back into a devastated local economy, contributingto the revival of economic activity in earthquake-affected areas.

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3. Formal DocumentationIt introduced documentation (CNIC & Birth/marriage/death certificates) and bankingsystem to the most backward areas. People who never visited a bank in their life timewere introduced to banks and banking system.

4. Trained enumeratorsIt trained a large number of school teachers, local councillors and member of localadministration as enumerators who could be used in future:

a. Data gatheringb. Information disseminationc. Social mobilizationd. Monitoring and evaluation

5. Improved banking systemIt provided a challenging opportunity for small local bankers (1-2 person bank branches)and post offices to negotiate such a large volume of financial transactions. In theprocess, banks and post offices enhanced their capacity by:

a. Augmenting human resourceb. Providing technical/hardware assistance (computers etc)c. Training of staff and emphasis on service delivery

6. Limited Coveragea. Some vulnerable groups (elderly, orphans) may have been left out, since the

programme had stringent eligibility criteria.b. The programme adhered to a geographical classification (only Union

Councils with 10 or more deaths were selected), which left a significantnumber of population out of the program registration exercise.

ERRA is collecting reliable information through its field offices and various NGOs aboutthe left out families for inclusion in the programme.

7. DependencyDependency on government grant may have resulted in slow return to normal livelihoodmeans amongst the public sector.

6.3 Social Impacts of Other ERRA Interventions

6.3.1 Social ProtectionVarious interventions being undertaken under ERRA's Social Protection Strategy mayhave following potential social impacts:-

1. Economic empowerment of womenSocial Welfare Departments, Pakistan Bait ul Maal and many NGOs are carrying out skilldevelopment programmes for the earthquake affected women. These programmes aimto enable the women to earn their livelihood and meet the requirements of their families.These interventions will result in economic empowerment of women.

2. Increased awareness of legal rightsERRA is working to establish legal units at Tehsil level to help vulnerable groups attaintheir legal rights. These units will especially be helpful for a number of orphans andwidows who are feared to be on the verge of losing their rightful claims. This interventionwill therefore, result in increased awareness of legal rights among the vulnerable

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population. This awareness also empowers the vulnerable population and helps themfight various social exploitations.

3. Better understanding of Child rightsMany NGOs such as Save the Children and Terre des homes are implementing childprotection programmes. These programmes are providing psycho-social support,trainings on child rights and protection issues, Establishing Child Protection Committeesand Children's Councils, sensitizing CBOs and NGOs about child protection issues. Allthe programmes are implemented through active involvement of communities. Theseprogrammes will therefore, create better social environment and community supportmechanism for protection of child rights leading to greater opportunities for children tobecome useful members of society.

4. Persons with disabilities will lead independent and useful livesERRA's comprehensive programme for rehabilitation of the disabled in the earthquakeaffected areas will cater to special needs of the disabled. The community basedrehabilitation and independent living skills programmes will boost confidence of thedisabled persons and help them realize their true potential. These programmes willtherefore, transform the lives of more than 70,000 disabled persons in the affectedareas.

5. Narrow focus of Landless PolicyThough ERRA's landless policy aims to address the problems of the landless people, itis not considered to be all encompassing. The policy does not cover those whosehouses fall in hazardous sites. The tenants whose land has been washed away are alsonot catered for.

The GoP is seriously considering inclusion of inhabitants of 41 villages which have beenidentified as hazardous sites by Governments of NWFP and AJ&K. A verification surveyof these sites by Geological Survey of Pakistan is currently underway.

6.3.2 Health Sector

1. Increased utilization of health facilitiesGiven the widespread provision of health services post earthquake through bothgovernmental and non-governmental resources, there has been a marked increase inutilization of health facilities. Prior to the earthquake, there was minimum utilization dueto abandoned health facilities and inadequate service delivery in functioning healthfacilities.

2. Increased awareness and confidence of users in health service provisionConfidence of users in health services has increased due to availability of doctors,required medicines and specialized services post earthquake. Awareness of user hasalso increased due to involvement of community in health delivery system which hascreated a sense of ownership.

3. PeoDle have access to multiple health services under one roofA one stop shop system for health service delivery has been created as health servicessuch as TB, EPI, MCH/FP have been integrated in one facility. Specialized services arealso being catered for less than one roof providing better access to users.

4. Disabled have access to better services

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People with disabilities have better access to specialized services after the earthquakeincluding decentralized treatment and provision of orthotics and prosthetics. Healthfacilities are now being reconstructed barrier-free ensuring proper access for disabled.

5. Capacity enhanced of healthcare service providersTraining and capacity-building of community health workers and lady health workers(LHWs) has increased the quality of service delivery. Increase in health services andfacilities have also increased the availability of doctors in the affected areas.

6. Health sector better prepared for future disastersGiven the focus on 'building back better,' the health sector is better prepared for futuredisasters, both in the physical/structural sense and in terms of the capacity of the healthsystem to respond to the disasters.

7. Improved health of affected DoDulationHealth indicators amongst earthquake affected populations have slightly improved. Forexample, ARI pre-EQ was 25% of the total consultations and post EQ ARI has not gonebeyond 20%. More and more children are getting immunized due to increasedawareness and provision of mass information campaigns. As a result, prevalence ofchildhood diseases will decrease (polio, tetanus, measles, whooping cough, andhepatitis B). Initial assessments have already indicated that the biggest utilization is inEPI and MCH services.

8. Overall imDroved quality of lifeDecreased morbidity and mortality will result in overall improved quality of life. Economicbenefits also accrue if morbidity and mortality are lowered because people are able toearn and not worry about expenditures on health care.

9. Reduced maternal and child mortalityThere has been a marked increase in access to reproductive health services due tospecialized MCH clinics and labour rooms in hospitals. Prior to the earthquake, manywomen would deliver their babies in their homes through traditional birth attendantsknown as 'dais' and although the age-old tradition of home delivery still exists, theavailability of comprehensive emergency obstetric care has resulted in more and morewomen accessing these services.

10. Dependency created on non-government resources and staffGiven the influx of international and national NGOs and UN agencies working on servicedelivery in earthquake affected areas, disequilibrium has developed amongst thegovernment and non-governmental salary incentives. There is a substantial difference inthe incentives offered by NGOs and INGOs and the government sector which hasresulted in a shift of health care providers from pubic to private sector. There is alsoconcern for the maintenance of the quality of health provision (standards) and theequipment and services that are currently being provided. The community expectationsof health service delivery may not be recognized if the standards currently being set arenot sustainable.

6.3.3 Education SectorMore than 18,000 children died under the rubble of their school buildings. This colossalloss of life can be attributed to faulty construction techniques and use of substandardbuilding material in the school buildings. Moreover, most of the primary schools in ruralareas consisted of one or two rooms without any provision for a play ground, library, staff

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room, drinking water, and the lavatories. The physical infrastructure of the educationalinstitutions reconstructed in accordance with ERRA's policy guidelines is far better andseismically resistant as compared to the pre earthquake structures. Reconstructedinstitutions will be given a complete package of furniture, educational aids and materials,laboratory facilities and workshop and computer equipment on a one time basis.

ERRA While reconstructing the educational facilities with better designs and as peractual needs. ERRA is also working closely with the two governments to improve thelearning environment, teacher availability, and overall management through communityparticipation.

1. Parents confident to send children to schoolThis improved quality of facilities will restore confidence of the parents to send theirchildren back to new and safer education buildings

2. Increased literacy rates, enrolment ratio, better awareness and civic senseThis is potential outcome of better infrastructure and service delivery envisaged in theERRA's Education Sector Strategy.

3. Girls have increased access to educationIn implementing this policy, ERRA aims to address one of the biggest problems faced bythe education sector - gender inequality. In order to improve the dismal state of femaleeducation in the affected area; educational institutions for females will be reconstructedand rehabilitated on a priority basis. This will lead to better and increased opportunitiesof education to female students. Increased female literacy rate has great long termpotential impact on social fabric. Educated mothers can effectively impart value systemand other social norms to their children.

4. Inclination towards IT and vocational EducationNew educational facilities are equipped with state of the art computer labs. These newfacilities will be instrumental in developing interest for Information Technology in thechildren. GoP attaches great importance to vocational education. Many new facilitieshave been set up for imparting vocational training in the affected areas. NGOs are alsorunning vocational training programmes in various affected districts. Females' activeparticipation in these programmes is a positive step towards women economicempowerment. The inclination towards IT and vocational training would result inproduction of more IT and vocational graduates from these areas, which will not onlycontribute to the economic uplift of the area but the whole nation.

6.3.4 Environment SectorThe EQ apart from causing huge losses of life and property, and also considerabledamage to the already fragile bio-physical environment, road network was severelyaffected, complete mountains cleaved apart, land sliding exacerbated, terraced fieldshas been damaged and forested areas have suffered enormously. Environmentalstrategy is concerned with understanding the relationships between human activities andthe environment, to help people and organizations plan and exquisite the strategy moreeffectively for the benefit of the public in the long term.

1. Improved systems of waste managementPeople have become more sensitive in the management and removal of solid waste.Traditionally, very little emphasis, if at all, was given to waste management. However, aculture of environment appreciation and factors affecting it has been inculcated.

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2. Reduction in deforestation;Due to the environment friendly, timber frame design available in the housing guidelines,a threat to deforestation has been reduced. People's lives have not been disturbed andthey are able to live in their place of origin.

3. Increased ownershi, and responsibilitv of community.Due to the increased local participation and awareness regarding environmental issues,people are better sensitized about the importance of preserving the environment. Thisled to increased ownership and responsibility towards environment on part ofcommunity.

4. Dislocation and Hazardous sitesA significant number of people were displaced or will be displaced as a result of living inand close to hazardous sites such as:

a) Landslidesb) Flash floodingc) Red zonesd) Town planning

A large number of these people are EVIs and or EVFs and some with extreme medicalconditions, who have no other place of origin to go back to. These special cases willhave to be dealt with case by case, which will take up a considerable amount of time andresources, causing more distress to the already traumatized population.

6.3.5 Water and SanitationThe earthquake of 08 October 2005 severely impacted upon the existing drinking watersupply and sanitation systems in five districts each of the North West Frontier Province(NWFP) and Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). Intake structures, treatmentplants, storage reservoirs, supply mains and distribution networks were damaged ordestroyed. Wells and springs reported significant reduction in yield while water sourcesin many localities dried up or were buried under the landslides. Household latrines,sewerage networks, drains, solid waste management related equipment andinfrastructure and office and residential buildings of the line department also sufferedconsiderable damages. Following social impacts have been noticed in the "Water andSanitation" sector:

1. Excess to notable waterPeople have better access to potable water, especially, in villages where womentraditionally used to fetch water from several miles. Now, on an average every fivehouses have a drinking water tap.

2. Lavatorv facilitiesPeople have better lavatory facilities. A significant number of earthquake affectedpeople did not have in-house lavatory; however, new construction provides for in-house lavatory.

3. Drainage and sanitationBetter drainage and sanitation facilities are planned, thus reducing the water borndiseases and improving general quality of life.

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4. Behavioural changeThe EQ has brought about behavioural changes in favour of safe hygiene practices.People are more aware of the importance and of how to incorporate basic hygieneinto their daily lives and surroundings.

5. Community participationTargeted populations, especially women were encouraged and involved in planning,design, implementation, monitoring and management of the watsan schemes topromote community ownership and empowerment as well as sustainability.

6.3.6 Roads and TransportRoads and transport are important for commerce, trade and mobility. The fact thatearthquake affected districts of Pakistan do not have any other viable means of transport(sea, railway etc.), the importance of a well designed roads and transport system is evenmore critical. Roads and transport can easily be termed as the building block for all thereconstruction and rehabilitation activities. Some of the social impacts of "Roads andTransport" sector are highlighted below:

1. Roads and transport ensure accessibility:a. Access to market (locals can take their produce to the markets)b. Access to resources (labour, construction material, raw material, seeds,

fertilizers)c. Access to range of facilities such as; schools, hospitals and government

offices

2. Mobility/connectivityPeople in small villages/hamlets are connected through small roads enhancing moreinteraction amongst different communities in different tehsils and districts.

3. EmplovmentLocal employment has been generated due to huge road and bridges reconstruction.

4. Promote tourismBetter roads and transport system would revive the tourism industry, thus creating morejobs and opportunity of cultural exchanges between the people.

6.3.7 Public Sector BuildingsEarthquake affected the ordinary houses as well as government buildings. The collapseof government buildings not only resulted in great human loss (schools etc) but it alsobrought the governance structure crumbling down. Government departments that weresupposed to help people in the hour of need were unable to function. Most of thegovernment buildings are being rebuilt. The new seismic resistant design would ensurerobust buildings as well as improved work environment. Important social impacts of thissector are:

1. Public service delivervA considerable change is expected in public service delivery due to better designed andproperly built government buildings. Some of the old building were in dilapidatedcondition and needed major repair. A considerable number of public officials, especially,in revenue department did not even have an office. It is hoped that departments, whichhave major interaction with public, like courts, revenue, education, health, works andservices shall be more accessible and offer better services to the general public.

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2. Better record keepingPublic records were poorly kept and due to unsafe and inadequate structures, weresubjected to theft and damage due to rain, fire etc. People shall benefit from improvedrecord keeping as public records would be more accessible and in safer conditions.

3. Public sector employment would be more desirableBetter work environment is expected to attract more educated people to the publicsector. New and well constructed buildings are an added attraction for the community.

6.3.8 TelecomRelaxation of regulatory regime especially in AJK in the immediate aftermath of theearthquake, an establishment of PCOs by various telecom companies to provide acommunication link between the affected population and their relatives elsewhere hasresulted in a vital telecom revolution in the affected areas. A number of telecomcompanies are now operating in the area and most people are now linked to the rest ofthe country and world through fixed lines and cell phones.

1. Communication accessible to affected populationsGiven the rapid response in reconstructing the telecommunication infrastructure, peopleare now connected and able to communicate through various mediums.

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CHAPTER 7

INDICATORS AND MONITORING FRAMEWORK

7.1 Monitoring and Evaluation Approaches

7.2 Key Performances Indicators

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7. INDICATORS AND MONITORING FRAMEWORK

Based on the social impacts enumerated in the preceding chapter, indicators have beenidentified to monitor the performance of ongoing interventions as well as change patternin the adverse social impacts. This entails the need for a broad monitoring framework tocontinuously track the changes in social environment, underlying factors andmanifestations. The impacts set benchmarks for conducting Continuous Social ImpactAssessment on the basis of indicators.

Monitoring and Evaluation of ongoing programmes is one of ERRA's primeresponsibilities and a key area of activity. ERRA has set up an elaborate Monitoring andEvaluation (M&E) system to effectively monitor the progress of various programmes.The Continuous Social Impact Assessment will be carried out by ERRA's M&E Wing onthe basis of findings of the assessment. The following section introduces M&Eapproaches adopted by ERRA's M&E Wing.

7.1 Monitoring and Evaluation ApproachesERRA M&E Wing has designed a central monitoring and evaluation system in addition tothe on-going project level monitoring of the individual projects and programmes carriedout through PERRA/SERRA, DRUs, line agencies and partner organizations. The aim isto provide robust summary information of the progress and challenges related toreconstruction/rehabilitation, support planning and implementation processes, help setstrategic direction and supply critical information needed for course correction.

The monitoring and evaluation scheme designed by the ERRA M&E Wing is that theMonitoring and Data Collection (MDC) field teams of the outsourced consortium willregularly collect household level data/information from the sample/sentinel sites, whichwould be stored in data repositories maintained at the district/tehsil level. MDC teamswill employ Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) designed by ERRA for the monitoringpurposes using different participatory methodologies and approaches. Monitoring/datacollection formats and templates would be designed by ERRA M&E Wing in consultationwith the relevant stakeholders. Employing these formats, MDC consortium will developrelevant tools and systems to effectively monitor reconstruction and rehabilitation workcarried out by ERRA.

The sectoral KPIs developed and approved by ERRA cover three levels of results i.e.program inputs, outputs and outcomes, which are to be used by the implementing armsof ERRA i.e. PERRA/SERRA, DRUs, line agencies etc, the M&E Zonal/District staff inpursuance of their quality monitoring role and the MDC consortium for regular monitoringand data collection.

Another feature is that of the Third Party Validation (TPV). It is a quality check to beapplied once in a year to validate data/information produced by ERRA and to evaluateimpacts of the sectoral programmes in a systematic and coherent way. TPV missionswould reply on data/information produced against the approved KPls by theimplementing arms of ERRA (PERRA/SERRA, DRUs, line agencies, partnerorganizations etc), M&E staff and MDC teams. The outsourced component of the ERRAM&E Wing which includes MDC and TPV is guided by a joint government-donorAdvisory Committee (MEAC) and performs as part of the M&E Cell reporting to theDirector General of the M&E Wing.

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At the field level, District M&E Field Detachments will be responsible for continuouslyanalyzing data/information produced by the MDC field teams for mid course correctionand bringing improvements in the local planning process in combination with qualitymonitoring reports generated by Sectoral Managers of the Zonal M&E Field Offices.MDC field teams will directly disseminate data/information in a packaged form to theM&E Zonal/District offices on agreed intervals for the field-level immediate coursecorrection and to provide policy feedback to ERRA management. Relevant informationsharing with PERRA/SERRA, DRUs, line agencies, partner organizations etc would beresponsibility of the respective M&E Zonal/District office in the field.

Learning and experiences emerging from the M&E Zonal/District offices will besynthesized by the M&E Wing Headquarters through the M&E Cell which would conveneMonthly Learning Roundtables in ERRA to share experiences with the internal andexternal stakeholders. Policy recommendations put forth by the roundtable members forstrategic improvements would feed into the formal decision making foras of ERRA, whiletaking into account donors feedback and suggestions. This will

Continuous Social Impact Assessment will be carried out employing KPIs - such asachievements against larger programme objectives set in the sectoral strategies,weaknesses realized in the operationalisation of programmes/projects, lessons learnt inthe course and the way forward.

The information collected by M&E field and zonal offices regarding progress in variousprogrammes is reported to the ERRA Headquarters on daily basis. The progress on keyindicators listed in the following section will be complied on monthly basis. The progresswill be evaluated in consultation with the Planning Wing ERRA and necessary remedialmeasures will be taken accordingly.

7.2 Key Performance IndicatorsConsidering the main focus of the assessment, some generic KPls and KPIs for HousingReconstruction and Livelihood Support Programme are enumerated in the followingsection. The KPI for other sectors have been annexed with assessment.

7.2.1 Generic Indicators1. Number of bank accounts opened after the earthquake.2. Number of CNIC produced.3. Percentage increase in birth/marriage/death certificates4. Numbers of compliant and non compliant houses registered and monitored.5. Affect on employment ratio and per capita income.6. Number of skilled labour trained through different programmes.7. Survey to assess the improvement of service delivery.8. Numbers of new public facilities build, equipped and staffed.9. Number of programmes initiated through (Community Based Organizations

(CBOs) and Community Livelihood Rehabilitation Programmes (CLRPs).10. Integrated reconstruction; of housing facilities, educational institutions, hospitals,

roads infrastructure etc being carried out.11. Monitor Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) to check inflation

12. Numbers of houses and other facilities rejected due to the use of substandardmaterials.

13. Cases of low level corruption reported and addressed.

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14. Number of women receiving cash and housing grants.

7.2.2 Impact indicators for Housing Sector3 Improved health and hygiene due to new and better reconstruction methods.a Number of houses reconstructed -at different levels: plinth, wall, roof etc.( Number of houses reconstructed with latrines3 Number of persons who have got their land titles 9 those who didn't have it

before).3 Percentage unemployment reduced due to reconstruction programmes.3 Determination in change in employment pattern through sample survey.( Percentage decrease in deforestation area due to ERRA's timber frame housing

design.

Compensation3 Number of houses assessed and MoUs signed;e Number of beneficiaries given housing subsidy;3 Number of inspections carried out for subsequent tranches;3 Percentage of applications for the subsequent installments for reconstruction/

repair that have been processed;3 Number of grievances redress committees notified;a) Number of grievances received;3 Number of grievances addressed vis-a-vis the total number of grievance

application;3 Number of duplicate /fake cases identified;

Provision of Technical Assistance3 Number of ERRA outfits at the smallest administrative unit which are facilitating

implementation of the housing project;3 Number of housing reconstruction centers established by ERRA;3 Number of local craftsperson and master trainers trained and certified by ERRA

in earthquake resistant construction;( Number of trained local craftsperson practicing the earthquake resistant

construction as prescribed by ERRAG3 Housing designs, posters, guidelines prepared by ERRA for the affected

communities;

Performance of Partner Organizations (POs)3 Number of MoUs signed for partnership/ Number of Joint/ ERRA supervised

projects;3 Number of Union Councils being covered by partner NGOs;3 Performance of Partner Organizations in terms of understanding ERRA approach

and delivering services as proposed by ERRA;C Number of training sessions held by partner organizations;( Number of master trainers engaged and got trained from ERRA;3 Number of mobile teams launched;(D Number of training facilities established;

Effectiveness and Change3 Number of houses constructed and retrofitted that meet ERRA construction

standards;3 Number of private entrepreneurs establishing hubs for building construction

material in the ERRA target areas and following ERRA prescribed standard.

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7.2.3 Impact Indicators for Livelihood Cash Grant(3) Number of applicants and beneficiaries3 Percentage of disabled, women & orphans amongst the beneficiaries3 Number of appeal and grievance cases received and addressed

Targeting and Enrolment ProcessS Number of families applying for the program(D Number of families selected into the program (registered/enrolled)3 Number/proportion of vulnerable families covered under the program in the

sampled area(3 Number of eligible families not receiving payments (exclusion error)3 Number of beneficiaries who are not eligible but receiving payments (inclusion

error)

Disbursement Mechanism3 Number of tehsils where first payments were delivered within one month of the

enrolment completion3 Number of recipients receiving transfers within one week of each monthS Degree to which the management (steering/advisory mechanism, management

committees formed at different tiers) of the livelihood program adheres to thespecified standards and procedures set in the strategy document

(D Quality of the management of cash grants program, including extent ofdecentralization (quality of management can be judged in terms of competencylevel, effective coordination/communication with the stakeholders, number ofdecisions taken, compliance against decisions, timeliness of the decisionsundertaken and time efficiency of the processes involved)

Coverage and Benefits3 Total amount disbursed to the enrolled families (ERRA, district, tehsil and union

council wise)(3 Number of families receiving cash grants on a regular basis (ERRA, district,

tehsil and union council wise)(D Number of UCs/tehsils/districts where targeting and enrolment process has

completed and payments have started(3 Number of recipient families satisfied with per month cash grant amount

Grievance Redressal3 Number of appeals/grievances received by the tehsil/UC administration3 Number of appeals/grievances processed by the tehsil/UC administration(D Number of appeals/grievances decided by the district administration

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CHAPTER 8

RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 Vulnerable Families left out of Cash Grant Programme

8.2 ERRA Landless Policy not accommodate Hazardous Land

8.3 Vulnerable groups unable to rebuild their own houses

8.4 Legal Assistance for Vulnerable Group

8.5 Involving women in Reconstruction

8.6 Proper Staffing of New Facilities

8.7 Long term Compliance with Building Codes

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8. ISSUES & RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, a synthesis of several discussions and observations with differentstakeholders are given as recommendations, primarily focusing on housing and cashgrant programmes.

Issue: Vulnerable Families Left out of Livelihood Support Cash GrantFocus group discussions and surveys conducted by ERRA and NGO partners haveindicated that a substantial number or vulnerable people have fallen out of the net of theLSCG programme. As per the design of the cash grant, Union Councils having less than10 deaths were not selected for targeting and registration. Moreover, the eligibilitycriteria applied, did not cater for elderly and orphans. Under the LSCG programme,families caring for one or even up to four orphans would not be eligible, as the criteriastipulates they must have 5 or more children including orphans.

Impact: Increased poverty and vulnerability among substantial number of vulnerablefamilies that have not received subsistence support through LSCG.

8.1 Recommendation: Undertake detailed vulnerability survey in order to providefocused interventions for vulnerable groups. A detailed survey targeting the vulnerablegrouped, especially elderly and orphans who were left out in the earlier surveys shouldbe undertaken and specific interventions designed to address the needs of thesevulnerable groups. Moreover, Union Councils left out due to less than 10 deaths may beresurveyed and most vulnerable groups identified. Once the resurvey captures elderly,orphans and most vulnerable falling in other categories, and those who were left outduring the first survey, a focused intervention to capture these vulnerable, which may ormay not include cash grant be initiated.

Issue: ERRA's Landless Policy does not accommodate hazardous landownersareasERRA's Rural Landless Compensation policy is providing financial compensation tolandowners who have lost the majority of their land due to the earthquake and do nothave sufficient land to rebuild their houses. However, due to the strict definition oflandless, many people whose land is categorized or fall under the hazardous area wouldnot be able to relocate as landless policy only caters for people who have completelylost their land.

Impact: Hazardous land owners not compensated through landless policy will remain inthe hazardous areas.

8.2 Recommendation: Develop specific program/policy for people living in hazardousareas. Detailed independent survey is being conducted by NESPAK and GeologicalSurvey of Pakistan to assess all hazardous areas, and identify which areas are notsuitable for reconstruction of houses, regardless of whether hazardous status wascreated before or due to the earthquake. Once results of accurate survey are available,families residing or owning land in such areas should be provided some form ofcompensation; financial or land allocation. If financial compensation is deemed theappropriate mitigation then the ERRA Landless Policy could be revised to include thisgroup or a new policy could be devised for land re-allocation. In either case,reconstruction of houses in the hazardous areas should not be allowed.

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Issue: Vulnerable groups unable to rebuild their own housesGiven that the ERRA housing reconstruction strategy is owner-driven, several vulnerablegroups including widows, child headed households and people with disabilities, will notbe able to rebuild their houses. Although the policy clearly supports and encouragesNGOs to rebuild houses for such vulnerable groups, there is no such requirement orenforcement of this recommendation and therefore, vulnerable groups are left at themercy of community members and/or NGOs who may or may not be in a position toprovide support whether financial or technical.

Impact: Vulnerable groups will not have their houses rebuilt at the end of housingreconstruction programme.

8.3 Recommendation: Assist vulnerable groups in rebuilding their houses since existinghousing reconstruction policy is owner-driven. Separate policy for vulnerable groupshousing reconstruction should be instituted making it mandatory for all Housing PartnerOrganizations to survey/assess the vulnerable households in their Union Councils andprioritize reconstruction of their homes. POs may be required to ensure that apercentage of their resources, both in terms of time and funds, are allocated for thereconstruction of these houses. And/or any other mechanism addressing this issue couldbe devised.

Issue: Legal Assistance required for Vulnerable Groups: Vulnerable groups such aswomen headed households, elderly, disabled and orphans need special legal support forprotection of their lawful legal rights. In the absence of any legal support these groupscould be subjected to litigation and difficulties associated with land mutation and/orinheritance transactions.

Impact: Vulnerable group without legal assistance can be deprived of their property andother legal entitlements.

8.4 Recommendation: Provide specialized legal assistance for the protection ofvulnerable groups, especially in accessing their property and legal entitlements. Specialinstitutional and legal arrangements should be established to protect vulnerable groupssuch as orphans, women and missing persons from abduction and trafficking. Identitiesand entitlements must also be protected, and therefore systems must be put in place tosecure lost records on revenue, property, death, birth, banking, police, judiciary, andstate and community land. Likewise, concerted efforts need to be taken to guaranteecivil rights, particularly of vulnerable populations, through the simplification of judicial andadministrative procedures and through the provision of legal aid.

Issue: Women not adequately involved in Reconstruction: The impact of thedisaster has disproportionately affected women, children, and the elderly. Women havebeen particularly challenged as their roles have changed from caregivers andcontributors to the family income to household heads and the main income generatorsfor families where the earning male heads of household have either died or sufferedfrom disabilities.

Impact: An important segment of the society directly responsible for livelihoods andhouseholds may not get the necessary information, confidence and resources todischarge their post earthquake roles.

8.5 Recommendation: Involve women in reconstruction and ensure gender specificneeds are incorporated into all recoverv and reconstruction activities, policies and

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strategies. It is critical to ensure that women not only actively participate in planning anddecision-making, but also benefit from recovery programmes.

Issue: New facilities do not have adequate and sustainable human resources:State of the art education and health facilities have replaced the pre-earthquakefacilities. The new facilities have better and improved designs and increased capacities.The facilities are provided with modern equipment. Provision of qualified and trainedstaff is, however, a huge challenge. Proper staffing of these facilities is important forsustainable functioning of these facilities. Without trained and qualified staff, theobjectives of construction of these facilities can not be realized.

Impact: Unavailability of qualified and trained staff may weaken the social servicedelivery. The affected communities may not benefit from the new health and educationfacilities and valuable national resources spent on their construction may go waste.

8.6 Recommendation: Provide adequate training and capacity-building to ensureservice provision in new and modern facilities public facilities such as schools andhospitals, is sustainable. It is critically important that the governments of NWFP andAJ&K may get additional vacancies sanctioned, recruit and train the desired number ofstaff to meet the new requirements.

Issue: Long term compliance with building codes: ERRA housing programme has abuilt in component to ensure earthquake resistant compliant reconstruction. No longterm mechanism has, however, been put in place to ensure observance of buildingcodes after ERRA has phased out.

Impact: This may result in construction of houses which are not safe in the event of anyfuture disaster and may risk the lives of communities living in these areas, especially onthe fault line.

8.7 Recommendation: Institute a Permanent system for monitoring and supervision offuture construction to ensure observance of buildinq codes after ERRA has phased outand to ward off the potentially disastrous affects of any future disaster. A wellcoordinated and comprehensive mechanism needs to be set up to ensure that futureconstruction of all new buildings and houses is in compliance with building codes.

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Documents

Public Disclosure Authorized SR9 - World Bank · 2016. 7. 9. · TAMEER Technical Assistance for Management of Earthquake Early Recovery THQ Tehsil Headquarter TMA Tehsil Municipal