Environmental and Social Assessment and Environmental and Social Management Framework for the National Agricultural Innovation Project Final Report -Volume II: Annexures

December 2005

www.erm.com

Indian Council for Agricultural Research

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Annex A

Select Examples of Proposals

1

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND RISK ASSESSMENT

forThe Biotechnology priority

areas identified in NAIP

In NAIP, the emphasis will be on integrated crop management as a systems approach which would address use of stress tolerant plant material, reducing biotic stresses, enhancement in quality, use of bio-pesticides and bio-agents for the management of insect pests and plant diseases for enhancing environmental quality and sustainability.

Given the limited scope for area expansion, enhanced productivity, profitability and competitiveness would be the main source of the agricultural growth in future and this should be triggered by advances, innovations and applications of science in agriculture.

1. Gene discovery, genetic enhancement and allele mining: a) Plants (coarse cereals, oilseeds and pulses, mango,

cucurbits, medicinal and aromatic plants. b) Farm animals (buffalo, cattle, goats, swine and poultry)

and fishes (marine and inland).

2. Targeted integration of genes and organelle transformation.

3. Proteomics/ transcriptomics for response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants and animals.

4. QTL identification, cloning and/or use in MAS of plants and animals.

2

5. Bio-prospecting the marine biota for novel genes, bioactive molecules and products.

6. Stem cell research in fishes and animals.

7. Molecular diagnostics for plant pathogens.

8. Molecular diagnostics and vaccines for farm animals.

9. Farmer friendly diagnostic tools for testing purity of transgenics and agricultural biologicals.

• Plant scientists have been exploiting the existing variability for various traits and bringing in desirable traits into plants.

• The vehicle for delivering these innovations and technologies to farmers has always been through seeds and will continue to be so.

What is new?

Modern molecular biology tools and techniques allow us to identify the GENES controlling various traits. (A genes is chemically a piece of nucleic acid)Our ability to transfer the genes at will to any organism.

The projects on molecular diagnostics for detecting innocuous (especially viruses) infections in plants and animals, and developing vaccines for immunizing farm animals against diseases are aimed at checking diseases at the earliest stage. This is also based on time-tested methods. Already, a number of molecular diagnostic kits are commercially available for human diseases and similar efforts in agriculture sector are likely to yield rich dividends.

3

Projects on gene discovery, allele mining and MAS will not only help in identifying new genes but would also augment the genetic conservation efforts and will indirectly boost conservation programmes.

The project would also lead to identification of useful genes beyond the conventional species boundaries. Thus candidate genes from microbes, plants and animals may become available for developing improved varieties of crops and farm animals. Thus, there is absolutely no adverse

environmental consequence if the above projects are pursued.

Gene/allele mining will help in identifying new variant forms of known genes. Immediate benefits of this exercise are expected in breeding for disease resistance. Such an effort will help in reducing disease incidence, curb use of chemicals for disease control and strengthen IPM.

Transgenic Plants(Some Concerns)

Insertion of the transgene might have switched off a useful gene or might switch on a harmful gene.

Unintended modification of other species in the neighboring fields due to cross pollination.

Evolution of super pests that are resistant to all types of herbicides or insecticides.

Disturbing the balance of ecosystems by creating species that normally do not exist.

Transgenes get inserted at random locations on host chromosome. Therefore, performance of different transgenics bearing the same transgene, created at different time and place is variable and may be associated with unintended adverse effects.

A lot of efforts, time and resources are invested in testing the performance of independent transgenicsand to identify the few with acceptable level of transgene expression but without any adverse effect.

Individual transgenic events, carrying the same transgene thus require separate biosafety clearance

Current methods of transgenic production do not allow precise integration of transgene into

the recipient host chromosome

4

Hence the research areas being proposed are conceived to address some of the important and sensitive issues concerning transgenic crops.

The insertion of transgene in the maternally inherited chloroplast genome is likely to prevent gene flow via pollens. Chloroplast transformation has also been reported to result in enhanced expression of transgene.

Easy identification of transgenics in the field, likewise, is most sought for various purposes such as testing the purity of planting material, transgeneflow in nature, food certification against contamination (food labeling) etc.

However, while pursuing these projects, recombinant DNA products/ transgenicsmight be utilized or generated.

For all such eventualities the regulatory and monitoring framework already exists and the workers have to follow the DBT guidelines

• http://dbtindia.nic.in/thanks/biosafetymain.html

Format for Applications

For Submitting Information to IBSC/ RCGM for Import/ Exchange of GMOs and Products Thereof for Research Purpose For Submitting Information to IBSC/ RCGM to Carry Out Research for Development of r-DNA Products For Submitting Information to IBSC/ RCGM to Carry out Research for Development of Transgenic Plants Application For Environmental Approval Of Clinical, Veterinary Ard Food Products Based On Hazardous Micro- Organisms/GMOs

Looking Ahead…. … .. .• Some of the useful genes identified in the

proposed projects might be deployed using traditional plant breeding approach, others in the later phase would need transgenic approach.

• Some transgenic crops/ animals may raise new ethical issues besides usual Bio-safety concerns.

• Those have to be dealt on case to case basis(Bhat and Chopra, 2005)

5

Exploitation of genes identified may help the plant to extract water and nutrients from soil in a more efficient manner,

Crop cultivation may extend to new areas with various environmental/ecological consequences.

It may also lead to further degradation of soil and ground water.

However, it should be recognized that no agricultural activity (including inactivity) is free from environmental consequences. The aim should be minimize adverse consequences.

1

Socio-Economic Issues relating to Gender in India

Dr Premlata Singh

IARI

Gender disparities are among the deepest and most pervasive of inequalities. They are revealed brutally in India. In India the mortality rate among children age 1-5 is 50% higher for girls than for boys. These “missing girls” are deprived of life because they are born with 2 X chromosomes. Pointing to structural inequalities in nutrition, healthcare, status. Income inequality reinforces unequal health outcomes for women (H.D Report 2005)

Present Status of Women In India1981 - 330.0 (million)2001 - 495.7 (million)Sex Ratio (1981-2001)1981 - 9341991 - 9272001 – 933(Sex Ratio: Females per 1000 males)Mean Age at Marriage Years Females Males1981 18.3 23.31991 19.5 23.91997 19.5

State wise distribution of Male -Female population and sex ratios (Census, 2001)

State Sex ratio (Female/1000males)Kerala 1058Pondicherry 1001Chhatisgarh 990Tamil Nadu 986Andhra Pradesh 978Uttar Pradesh 898Sikkim 875Punjab 874Haryana 861

2

Literacy Rates

Census Females Males Persons Male-female gap in literacy rate

1981 29.76 56.38 43.57 26.62

1991 39.29 64.13 52.21 24.84

2001 54.16 75.85 65.38 21.69

State Wise Literacy Rates In India

State Person Male FemaleIndia 65.38 75.96 54.28Kerala 90.92 94.2 87.86Mizoram 88.49 90.69 86.13Himachal Pradesh 77.13 86.02 68.08Maharasthra 77.27 86.27 67.08Rajasthan 61.03 76.46 44.34Uttar Pradesh 57.36 70.23 42,98Jammu & Kashmir 54.46 65.75 41.82Jharkhand 54.13 67.94 39.38Bihar 47.53 60.32 33.57

Women Are Unskilled

• Women have unequal access to resources.

• Extension services tend to reach only men, which perpetuates the existing division of labour in the agricultural sector, withwomen continuing to perform unskilled tasks

• The male dominated extension system tends to overlook women’s role in agriculture and proves ineffective in providing technical information to women farmers

• A number of factors perpetuate women’s limited job skills: if training women for economic activities requires them to leave their village, this is usually a problem for them. Unequal access to education restricts women’s abilities to learn skills that require even functional levels of literacy

Women Are in Poor Health• Surviving through a normal life cycle is a resource-poor woman’s greatest

challenge

• The practice of breast-feeding female children for shorter periods of time reflects the strong desire for sons

• A primary way that parents discriminate against their girl children is through neglect during illness. When sick, little girls are not taken to the doctor as frequently as are their brothers. A study in Punjab shows that medical expenditures for boys are 2.3 times higher than for girls

• Studies on attendance at rural primary health centers reveal that more males than females are treated in almost all parts of the country, with differences greater in northern hospitals than southern ones, pointing to regional differences in the value placed on women. Women’s socialization to tolerate suffering and their reluctance to be examined by male personnel are additional constraints in their getting adequate health care.

3

Women Are Malnourished• Gender disparities in nutrition are evident from infancy to

adulthood• Adult women consume approximately 1,000 fewer calories per

day than men according to one estimate from Punjab. Comparison of household dietary intake studies in different parts of the country shows that nutritional equity between malesand females is lower in northern than in southern states

• One study found anaemia in over 95 percent of girls ages 6-14 in Calcutta, around 67 percent in the Hyderabad area, 73 percentin the New Delhi area, and about 18 percent in the Madras area

Maternal Mortality• India’s maternal mortality rates in rural areas are among the

highest in the world• One village-level study of rural women in Maharashtra

determined on the basis of physical examinations that some 92 percent suffered from one or more gynecological disorder

Job impact on Maternal Health• Working conditions result in premature and stillbirths• A study in a rice-growing belt of coastal Maharashtra found

that 40 percent of all infant deaths occurred in the months of July to October. The study also found that a majority of births were either premature or stillbirths. The study attributed this to the squatting position that had to be assumed during July and August, the rice transplanting months

Women and Health

% of women with anaemiaIndia 51.8Assam 69.7Meghalaya 63.3Arunachal Pradesh 62.5Bihar 63.4West Bengal 62.7Kerala 22.7Nagaland 28.9Manipur 38.4Punjab 41.4

Impact of Pollution on Women

• Venkateswaran asserts that the high incidence of malnutrition present amongst women and their low metabolism and other health problems affect their capacity to deal with chemical stress.

• With an increasing population, diseases caused by waste disposal, such as hookworm, are rampant. People who work barefooted are particularly susceptible, and it has been found that hookworm isdirectly responsible for the high percentage of anaemia among rural women.

4

Health Hazards

• Agricultural labors face several occupational health problems that very according to the season, equipment and the inputs used. As per the findings of a workshop organized jointly by SEWA and National Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH) it was found that all the women agricultural labors complained of skin infections and nausea due to the use of pesticides.

• This is mainly because the agricultural labors lack awareness about the toxicity of pesticides and chemicals. Working long hours in a certain position during sowing, weeding and harvesting season results in back problems.

Health Hazards in Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Agriculture• Fatigue • Backache - low back pain• Pain in limbs• Headache• Cuts and injuries.• Skin allergies

Animal Husbandry• Fatigue• Backache• Zoonotic infections• Injuries/infections in hands or palms• Infections in legs• Body aches• Skin problems

Women Are Mistreated

• Violence against women and girls is the most pervasive human

rights violation in the world today.

• Fear of violence is a cause of women’s lack of participation in

activities beyond the home, as well as inside it. Within the home,

women and girls may be subjected to physical and sexual abuse as

punishment or as culturally justified assaults. These acts shape their

attitude to life, and their expectations of themselves

• Leads to low self-esteem and lack of self-confidence – crucial

factors for empowerment.

Gender Discrimination in Agriculture

• Women are overworked

• Women are expected to do more drudgery prone activities

• Women's work is rarely recognized

• The shift from subsistence to a market economy has a dramatic negative impact on women.

• Women have unequal access to resources (land, capital, input, credit)

• Inadequate technical competency

• Poor existing research and extension system

• Wage discrimination between male and female workers

• Women face food insecurity and malnutrition

• Untapped women potential

5

Facts and Figures• Rural Indian women are extensively involved in agricultural

activities. However the nature and extent of their involvement differs with the variations in agro-production systems

• The mode of female participation in agricultural production varies with the land owning status of farm households.

• Their roles range from managers to landless labourers• In overall farm production women’s average contribution is

estimated at 55% to 66% of the total labour with percentage muchhigher in certain regions (Venkateswaran, 1992).

• In the Indian Himalayas, a pair of bullocks works 1064 hours, aman 1212 hours and a woman 3485 hours in a year on a one-hectare farm (Singh and Shiva, 1988).

• Depending on the region and crops, women’s contributions vary but they provide pivotal labours from planting to harvesting and post-harvest operations.

Women Are Overworked• Rice transplantation, the most arduous and labour intensive task in rice

cultivation, is carried out entirely by women without the help of any tools• Girls learn to assist their mothers in almost all tasks, and from the age of 10

years participate fully in the agricultural work done by women. Mies cites the case of Laxmi, a three-year-old infant who, along with her mother, pulled seedlings for transplanting

• Not only do women perform more tasks, their work is also more arduous than that undertaken by men. Both transplantation and weeding require women to spend the whole day and work in muddy soil with their hands. Moreover, they work the entire day under the intensely hot sun while men’s work, such as ploughing and watering the fields, is invariably carried out early in themorning before the sun gets too hot

• Mies argues that because women’s work, unlike men’s, does not involve implements and is based largely on human energy, it is considered unskilled and hence less productive. On this basis, women are invariably paid lower wages, despite the fact that they work harder and for longer hours than do men

Livestock• In animal husbandry women have a multiple role. With

regional difference, women take care of animal production. Their activities vary widely ranging from care of animals, grazing, fodder collection, cleaning of animal sheds to processing milk and livestock products.

Fisheries• Nature and extent of women's participation in fishery varies

across the states. • Fish drying/curing, marketing, and hand braiding and net-

mending are the main areas of women's involvement in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.

• Deforestation has increased time and distance involved in grazing and collection of fuel and food.

• Distance to forests or other sources of fuel, type of farming system, etc. have explained increases ranging from 45 minutes to 5 hours in women's work time (World Bank, 1991).

• Moreover, it has also threatened income generating opportunitiesfor women by affecting livestock rearing and collection of NTFP.Reduced or non-availability of NTFP has shifted women from self-employment to wage employment.

• In areas where traditionally men also collected fuelwood, deforestation resulted in decrease in men's participation, as it was no longer possible to collect fuelwood in bulk (CPSW, 1992).

• Women play a key role in both land use and management

Environment

6

State wise comparison of participation of women in farming activities (AICRIP H.Sc, 2003)

Maximum participationStates

Nursery Raising, SowingUttranchalWeedingMaharashtra, Rajasthan and Karnataka

HarvestingAndhra Pradesh, Haryana, PunjabTransplantingAssam and HP

NATP – MM Project on Empowerment of Women In Agriculture

Perceived drudgery prone activities in Animal Husbandry

• Getting fodder

• Churning of milk

• Cleaning of cattle sheds.

• Milking

• Chaffing of fodder

Perceived drudgery prone activities in Agriculture

• Weeding

• Harvesting/cutting

• Transplanting

• Carrying loads on head

Impact of WTO on Women in Agriculture• The agreement on agriculture impacts women’s livelihood and

income security, and also has secondary impacts in terms of

increased violence against women.

• As globalization shifts agriculture to capital intensive, chemical

intensive system, women bear disproportionate costs of both

displacement and health hazards.

Impact of ICTs on Women

•They have the potential to bring the information & education to women and men increasing their individual and organizational capacities and enhancing networking, participation and advocacy.

Feminization of Agriculture and Poverty

• In the changing scenario the participation of women workforce in agriculture is going to increase to 50% by 2020. This will happen because male workers will migrate to towns and cities for other jobs leaving the agricultural jobs to be attended by women workers. To face this situation it is necessary to consider.

• Working and living conditions of agricultural workers especially women & children

• Highest number of schedule caste, schedule tribe and backward caste women work as agricultural labourers and are less paid compared to male labourer.

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Feminisation

• Figures from the census also show that, amongst rural women,

the percentage of “marginal workers” (defined as working for

less than 183 days per year) has increased.

• Significantly from 8.1 per cent in 1991 to 14.2 per cent in 2002.

• During the same period, there was a sharp fall in the percentage

of “main workers” (more than 183 days a year), especially male

workers, coming from rural areas.

Female labour in Agriculture

• The economic condition of agricultural workers approximates to virtual slavery in some parts of Bihar and Orissa.

• Incidence of indebtedness in rural households is 35.10% and in majority cases the source is moneylenders, the maximum cases it is for productive purpose followed by marriage and other ceremonies (Rural labour Reports).

• A large proportion of the most vulnerable section of women agricultural laborers come from the landless and socially deprived communities.

Female labour in Agriculture

• There are wide ranging interstate disparities in the proportion of female agricultural labour.

• In AP it is as high as 52.16% and in H.P. its stands as low as 1.25%.

• The proportion of female agricultural labour to total agricultural labour also shows wider regional variation.

• The figure for the country as a whole is 38.62 percent, but it is as high as 52.52 percent for Manipur, and as low as 6.15% for Punjab.

• A.P., Kerala & TN have more agricultural labours than cultivators in the working population (Susheela A. Thirumaran(2005).

Key Questions• Which policies, programs and socio-cultural norms could affect the

degree of women's participation in the project? • To what extent do women own or have access to land, capital,

equipment and other factors of agricultural production? • Will the project introduce new technologies to assists women's

agricultural roles?• Consider providing women equal access to extension services, skills

training, marketing, equipment's and agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers.

• Which cultural norms constrain women's participation in the project?• Do women derive support from informal networks of other women in

the area? • How can the project make property rights more equitable for women

and men?• Are project performance indicators disaggregated according to gender?

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Technology and Women

• The existence and uses of new technologies are changing how different women and men experience the world, the choices they make, and the work they do.

• Women are predominantly involved in planting, weeding, harvesting and processing; currently these are the agricultural areas most affected by agricultural biotechnology.

• Rather than easing burdens, some evidence has shown the introduction of new seed technologies has tended to increase labour burdens for women and has decreased their control over their work.

• As more men migrate to urban areas, family labor becomes scarce, soil fertility declines and more poor rural women become farm managers, women need labour- saving and knowledge based technologies to improve the productivity of both land and labour.

• Where technology has been introduced in areas where women worked, women labourers have often been displaced by men. Threshing of grain was almost exclusively a female task, and with the introduction of automatic grain threshers — which are only operated by men — women have lost an important source of income

• Combine harvesters leave virtually no residue. This means that this source of fodder is no longer available to women, which has a dramatic impact on women’s workload. So too, as cattle dung is being used as fertilizer, there is less available for fuel for cooking

• Commercialization and the consequent focus on cash crops has led to a situation where food is lifted straight from the farm to the market. The income accrued is controlled by men. Earlier, most of the produce was brought home and stored, and the women exchanged it for other commodities. Such a system vested more control with the women

• Where women are responsible for feeding families and are

principally subsistence farmers, GM agriculture will have a

disproportionate effect on them compared to men.

• The impact may alter a woman’s ability to fulfill her social

role of feeding her family, her health and that of her family,

and her livelihood.

• Neither appropriate technologies for this work nor the

specifically gendered impacts have been adequately

considered.

Women: Pesticide Exposure

• Ways in which women are exposed to pesticides in agricultural production as well as differential patterns of pesticide use between women and men.

• Unique health impacts of pesticides on women

• Extent of information to woman about pesticides increases understanding of impacts of use and increases agricultural practices and consumer habits, which reduce exposure.

• Relatively few studies have analyzed specific farm activities to pin point the extent of exposure by gender

• Women are exposed to pesticides not only through agricultural activities but also from exposure in the homes and work place eg. washing pesticide soaked clothes, disposing of empty containers.

9

• Many pesticides products are not labeled, but even if they are, many women in rural areas and illiterate would not be able to read the information.

• Studies have documented increased incidence of miscarriages, still-births and delayed pregnancy among women agricultural workers and wives of men employed in pesticides making and spraying. Also evidence of increased risk of birth defects.

• Other recorded health effects from research with woman in the field include acute effects such as dizziness, muscular pains, sneezing, itching, sun burn, blisters, difficulty in breathing, nausea, nail changing color and sore eyes.

• Most users do not use protective clothing because it is

unsuitable for the climate, unavailable or too expensive. Many

are unaware of such equipment.

• Pesticides containers are used for storing.

• IFWA and IARI developed a practical workbook focusing on

simple technologies to help women farmers with agricultural

issues including organic farming, pests and pesticides.

• More research on this issue is required.

Key Gender Issues For Initial Social Assessment

• Identify and describe the target population• Collect information on the gender division of labour. How

are production, household and social responsibilities shared - who does what, where, when, for how long.

• Examine the differences between sub populations. • Assess the target populations needs and demands in

relations to the project.• Assess absorptive capacity• Assess resource access and control• Assess institutional capacity• Identify institutions

Use of Participatory Tools

10

Use of Participatory Tools Gender Analysis MatrixThe GAM development by Parker- 4 levels of analysis (Men, women, household, community and 4 categories of analysis i.e. the potential changes in labour, time resource and socio-cultural factors.

Simplified Gender Analysis Matrix

Women

CommunityHouseholdMen

Possible actions to reduce the negative effects

Possible positive effects/ Possible negative effects

Mid-term Apparaisal

• SHGs to mass organisations

• The right conditions need to be created for such organizations of

women to emerge and collectively grapple with their problems.

• But, at the same time women's dual areas of activity and their need to

balance their productive and reproductive roles-a compounded burden

which leads to intensification of their work load should not be ignored.

• The SHG strategy while empowering women has also increased their

workload rendering them more vulnerable to stress.

GOI, 2005

Success stories of SHGs

• Andhra Pradesh – under the AP District Poverty Initiatives

Project and Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Project

creation of self help groups had helped women not only to

improve their livelihoods , educate their children, buy assets, but

also campaign against oppressive social practices and become a

force for development in their villages.

• Women, more and more speak of the collective strength derived

from women’s groups.

11

Mitigating Negative Impacts to Development and Displacement

• The impacts need to be well documented. Exposure to pesticides, chemicals result in peculiar reproductive problems-disabled children.

• Women bear multiple burdens in the process of displacement - not only do they have to find an alternative livelihood but they are also expected to bear greater responsibility to rehabilitate all the members of their household in the process of involuntary resettlement.

• They are subject to stress, psychological trauma, social evils. Women are affected more deeply and differently than man because of lower levels, skills, education and social exposure.

• Women’s views need to the solicited regarding the farm, house, water, live stock etc.

• Loss of common property resources are also disregarded by planners.• Community networks for emotional and practical support are

important eg. for care of children.

Land Rights for Women• The Tenth plan had highlighted the need for an active policy to provide

land rights to women.• In many states agricultural land does not devolve on women if male

heirs are present. • In almost all states, tenancy is not inheritable by women. • Some progress has been made in states like Rajasthan and Madhya

Pradesh, which have decided that issues relating to property, including landed property, would be dealt within accordance with the appropriate personal laws.

• Many other states have yet to take action in this regard especially the poor states of UP, Bihar and Orissa.

• Women are playing an increasing role in the agriculture operations due to the immigration of male members in search of employment and various other factors. In the absence of secure land right in their names, they are excluded from the institutional support that is provided only to the owner of land.

• It is therefore necessary to make inheritance rights in land more gender equal.

• The Tenth Plan envisaged tying up the Women Component Plan

(WCP) and gender budgeting to ensure both preventive and post facto

action in enabling women to receive their rightful share from all the

women-related general development sectors.

• The reality is that women still remain largely untouched by gender-just

and gender-sensitive budget. This stagnation needs to be shaken up

across the board.

• The mid term appraisal of women and development has found glaring

gaps and inconsistencies. A Prime Minister’s mission on women,

children, and development has been suggested.

Mid-term Appraisal, 2005

National Policy For the Empowerment of Women(2001) (GOI)• Mainstreaming a gender perspective in the development process• Economic empowerment • Social empowerment – education, micro-credit, health,

nutrition, environment, violence, gender sensitization• In view of the critical role of women in the agriculture and

allied sectors as producers, concentrated efforts will be made to ensure that benefits of training, extension and various programswill reach them in proportion to their numbers.

• The programs for training women in soil conservation, social forestry, dairy development and other occupations allied to agricultural like horticulture, livestock including small animalhusbandry, poultry, fisheries etc. will be expected to benefit women workers in the agriculture sector.

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• The National Agricultural Policy (NAP) has also highlighted

incorporation of gender issues in the agricultural development

agenda.

• The policy states that high priority should be accorded to

recognition and mainstreaming of women’s role in agriculture.

• Appropriate structural, functional and institutionalized measures

are proposed to be initiated to empower women and build their

capacities and improve their access to inputs such as land, credit

and agricultural technologies.

Gender Resource Centre

• GRC is contemplated to be a focal point for convergence of all

issues related to ‘gender in agriculture’.

• GRC would ensure that policies in agriculture reflect the

national commitment of women.

• GRC would not only indicate and support training, research and

advocacy on gender issues in Agriculture and Natural Resource

Management (NRM) but would forge effective functional

linkages with other related departments, agencies and

institutions.

"Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a

precondition for meeting the challenge of reducing poverty,

promoting sustainable environment and building good

governance.”

- Kofi Annan.

1

Water withdrawals by region and by sector

Water withdrawal and water consumption for the three main use sectors (1995)

Share of irrigated and rainfed production in cereal production increase,1995-2021/25

Cereal harvested area, 1995 and projected 2021/25

2

Cereal yields, 1995 and projected 2021/25

Gross Inflow and crop demand during rice season

Gross inflow and gross demand during wheat season, 2001-02.

Water Productivity (kg/m3) in rice during 2001 and 2002.

3

Water balance analysis under various treatments of rice

Water balance (supply vs. demand) of wheat crop.

Water Productivity of Wheat Crop

Questions regarding the irrigation water supply and environmental impacts that may arise include:

1. Are there provisions to ensure that the quality of the supplied water does not contribute tosalinity buildup on the irrigated land?

2. Will groundwater extraction rates be kept at or below recharge rates to prevent drawdownand related subsidence and habitat destruction?

3. Will surface water diversion reduce groundwater discharge?

4. Will the diversion rate have an adverse effect on downstream flow rates or downstream watertemperature?

5. Will water distribution systems and management be conducive to the implementation byfarmers of sound irrigation and agronomic practices that minimize the environmental impactof irrigation?

4

10.1Sehgal, 1996

8.6Singh and Bandyopadhya, 1996

8.6Singh, 1994

10.9Abrol, 1994

3.3Sewa Ram, 1996

7.2Chauhan, 1996

Saline area (M ha)Source

Table: Estimates of the saline area in India

17 152623603080332121

7.0 6.74.24.22.41.71.00.928.147.7

India ChinaPakistanUSAUzbekistanIranTurkmenistanEgyptSubtotalWorld Estimate

Total irrigated Land Damaged

by Salt(percent)

Irrigated Land Damaged by Salt

(million Ha)Country

Salinization of soils on Irrigated Lands

5.2Sehgal, 1996

3.95Singh and Bandyipadhya, 1996

16.0Abrol, 1994

4.5Singh, 1994

2.46Ministry of Water Resource, 1991

8.53Ministry of Agriculture, 1984-85

6.0National Commission of Agriculture, 1976

4.75Irrigation Commission, 1972

Waterlogged Area (Mha)

Source

Table: Estimates of the waterlogged areas in India

Severe damage. Unsuitable> 9.0Acute

From 3 to 6 care should be taken to sensitive crops. From 6 to 8 gypsum should be used. Not sensitive crops. Soils should be sampled and tested every 1 or 2 years to determine whether the water is causing a sodium increase

3.0 - 9.0Slight to moderate

No restriction on the use of recycled water< 3.0None

NotesSAR

SAR Hazard of irrigation water

5

and EC (dS/m) is: None >0.7 >1.2 >1.9 >2.9 >5.0Slight 0.7 1.2 1.9 2.9 5.0Moderate 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.3 2.9Severe <0.2 <0.3 <0.5 <1.3 <2.

If SAR is: 0-3 3-6 6-12 12-20 20-40

SAR/Salinity Hazard of irrigation water

Wheat, barley, tomatoes, beets, tall wheat grass, crested grass46-102Tolerant

Clover, oats, rice18-46Moderately tolerant

Beans8-18Sensitive

Fruits, nuts, citrus, avocat2-8Very sensitive

CropSAR of irrigationwaterTolerance

Source: Extracted from the Australian Water Quality Guidelines for Fresh & Marine Waters (ANZECC)

> 93 – 9 < 3 Severe

> 10 4 – 10 < 4 Slight to Moderate

> 31 – 3 < 1 None

SodiumChlorideBoron

Toxic levels of specific ions (meq/L)

6

100426425446

10042

26326436

1004725306634

100157

22277129

Discharge at headLoss in canalsLoss in distributariesLoss in water courseField lossesTotal lossesNet utilization of water

Whole system lined

Canals and distributaries

Only main canal lined

Unlined

Effect of lining of an irrigation system on the losses and the net utilization of water (%)

29.2518.60% increase over control

705453Increase in yield

24102435Control

31152888Drained

Tile DrainPVC Drain

Grain yield, kg/haTreatment

Table: Paddy yield in the subsurface drained observational area

NIL800Salts removed,kg/ha .cm

0.754.1Paddy yield, t/ha

1.7salts remain in

profile

1.715

EC, ds /mIrrigation waterDrained water

ControlSubsurface drainage

Parameter

Table: Improved paddy yield in coastal saline soils of Andhra PradeshTable:Effect of subsurface drainage (SSD) on crop yields in Chambal Command

(RAJ.)

Wheat 2.2 3.4 55Mustard 0.8 1.5 84Rice 1.9 2.9 53Soybean 1.4 2.2 56

Crop Yield (t/ha)___________________________________________________Without With Percent

SSD SSD Increase

7

Table. Effect of paper mill effluent on yield

36.5126.428.9

30.598.530.5

46.7134.134.9

36.8115.731.5

43.7130.531.2

31.5102.530.8

RiceYield, q/haDM, q/haHIMaizeYield, q/haDM, q/haHI

EffluentTubewell+EffluentTube well irrigation

Characteristics

Relative efficiencies of various methods of irrigation

GroundnutBorder 23.2 25.85Check basin 23.8 26.45Sprinkler 28.9 46.80

Chilli Furrow 18.87 45.03Sprinkler 28.43 81.57

WUE, kg/ha-cmYield, q/haMethod of irrigation

Yield and WUE of potato crop under different methods of irrigation

550

1010720

201.8

275.9264.1

36.6

27.436.6

FurrowTricklea) Normalb) Saline water

(EC=3ds m-1

WUE, kg/ha-cm

Yield, q/haWater used, cm

Irrigation method

Yield of American cotton as influenced by various irrigation methods and options

54.9067.3089.00

86.10

105.40123.73

-

17.4036.5031.30

46.9756.13

94.40

92.0087.3090.27

88.1381.03

27.60

22.8017.6018.97

14.6712.10

1.44

1.471.561.56

1.461.43

Border stripFurrow Irrig.Each furrowAlternateAlternate(alternately)Every3rd rowEvery4throw

WUEKg/ha-cm

Watersaving, %

Waterexpense, cm

Waterapplied, cm

Yieldt/ha

IrrigationTreatment

8

Effect of land leveling on yield and water use efficiency

Wheat Bajra Wheat Bajra166 120 46.6 37.3138 106 42.2 34.2 128 99 39.3 32.9 116 92 36.5 31.4110 84 34.9 27.9

1.22.02.53.03.7

WUE, kg/ha-cm Yield, q/haLeveling index(cm)

Table: Gradual change in saturated hydraulic conductivity after operation of subsurface drainage system

1.51.21.531.531.40.520.380.40

199519941993199219911990198919880.14HC(m/day)

After installation of drainage systemPre project1987

Year

Type of activities for Improving Irrigation Water productivity

- Selecting crop varieties with high yields per Liter of transpired water - Intercropping to maximize use of soil moisture- Better matching crops to climate conditions and the quality of water available- Sequencing crops to maximize output under conditions of soil and water salinity- Selecting drought-tolerant crops where water is scarce or unreliable- Breeding water-efficient crop varieties-

Agronomic

- Establishing water user organizations for better involvement of farmers and collection of fees - Reducing irrigation subsidies and /or introducing conservation -oriented pricing - Establishing legal framework for efficient and equitable water markets- Fostering rural infrastructure for private-sector dissemination of efficient technologies- Better training and extension efforts

Institutional

- Better irrigation scheduling - Improving canal operation for timely deliveries- Applying water when most crucial to a crop's yield- Water-conserving tillage and field preparation methods- Better maintenance of canals and equipment- Recycling drainage and tail water

Managerial

- Land leveling to apply water more uniformly - Surge irrigation to improve water distribution- Efficient sprinklers to apply water more uniformly- Low energy precision application sprinklers to cut evaporation and wind drift losses- Furrow diking to promote soil infiltration and reduce runoff- Drip irrigation to cut evaporation and other water losses and to increase crop yields

Technical

Option or MeasureCategory

Sources: Amy L. Vickers, Handbook of Water Use and

Water is a scarce resource. If we continue to overuse

and pollute our water and destroy our natural ecosystem,

we may fulfill the prediction that 30% of the world’s

population will not have enough water by 2025.

1

Safety Considerations of Agrochemical Use in Sustainable

Agricultural Development

Irani MukherjeeDivision of Agricultural Chemicals, IARI,

New Delhi – 110 012INDIA

Sustainable agriculture must beecologically sound economically viable socially just humane

We are concerned with the following: Food security Food quality Safety to environment and people

• Agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides)• Manures and composts• Sewage sludge and urban waste• Fly ash • Industrial effluents

Sources of pollution

2

Current status of fertilizer use

In India the current fertilizer consumption is much below the mark. Only 19 out of 437 districts in India consumed more than 200 kg N + P2O5 + K2O ha– 1, while 176 districts consumed 50 kg ha– 1 or less.

PEST SCENARIO OF SOME CROPS IN INDIA

15162934Cotton34250635Pulses1238410Mustard12100410Groundnut43240228Sugarcane19100220Wheat

172401035Rice

No. of serious pests

Total insect pests

No. of serious pests

Total insect pests

At present1920/1940Crop

Estimates of crop losses due to insect pests (%)

Crop Green revolution Pre- Post-

1983 1993-94Cotton 18 50 50Rice 10 20 25Brassica veg. na 37 35Pulses 5 10 30Sugarcane na na 20(Birthal P.S. 2003 – Policy Paper No.18, NCAP, New Delhi)

Estimated crop losses in important crops

Crop Loss (%) Value*

* (Rs. In million) Dhaliwal & Arora, 1996

Rice 18.6 55,120Wheat 11.4 14,150Jowar 10.0 1,732Pulses 7.0 4,840Oilseeds 25.0 41,800Cotton 22.0 20,000Sugarcane 15.0 13,360

3

Estimated yield losses due to pests SHARE OF LOSSES CAUSED BY DIFFERENT PESTS

33%

15%

26%

26%

Insects

Rodents & Others

Weeds

On an average 18% of the crop yield is lost

Diseases

(Annual monetary loss: Rs.60,000 Crores Source:Working Subgroup on Plant Protection, Planning Commission, 2001)

PMFAI Production Data of Pesticides for 2002-03

Pesticides Actual number

Production in 2002-03 (metric tonnes)

Capacity utilization

(%)

Insecticides 25 49,626 48.02Fungicides 4 12,266 87.09Herbicides 9 3,795 21.33

Rodenticides 2 2,226 70.44Fumigant 1 56 18.67Total 41 67,969 49.01

Consumption of Pesticides in various states State 1999-2000(M.T. Technical Grade)

Uttar Pradesh 7459 Karnataka 2484

Punjab 6972 Tamil Nadu 1685

Haryana 5025 Madhya Pradesh

1528

Andhra Pradesh 4054 Kerala 1069

Gujrat 3646 Orissa 998

Maharashtra 3614 Bihar 832

West Bengal 3370 HimachalPradesh 385

Rajasthan 2547 Total 46195.16

4

Crop-wise distribution

Major crops Market share (%)Cotton 55Rice 14Vegetables 8Wheat 6Pulses 5Tea 5

No. of weeds resistant to herbicides -

No. of plant pathogens resistant to fungicides -

No. of Insect pests resistant to insecticides -

Consequences of injudicious use of chemical pesticides

48 to 270

100 to 150

> 700

Contamination of rice samples with pesticide residues (AICRP, 2003)

Rice samples

Analysed Contaminated

Pesticide residues

Polished 89 43 HCH malathion, chlorpyriphos, quinalphos, DDT, endosulfan, dicofol, butachlor,

cypermethrin,deltamethrin

Unpolished 87 42

Parboiled 87 41

Locality

Period

Samples analysed(contaminated)

Pesticide(s) detected

Range of residues (mg kg-1)

Haryana

1999-2000

155 (138) HCH 0.001-0.73

Punjab

1999-2001

90 (49) DDT, Lindane

BDL-0.21BDL-0.98

Contamination of milk samples with DDT and HCH residues (AICRP, 1999-2001)

5

Current StatusMonitoring by AICRP(PR) in 17 centres

Vegetables Samples Analysed

Out of the 214 samples analysed, 14 samples exceeded the tolerance limits. AICRP (PR) work carried out at indicated that out of the 204 samples of polished, unpolished and parboiled rice analysed, about 50 per cent samples were found contaminated mainly with residues of HCH, DDT, endosulfanand chlorpyriphos.

Out of 173 fish samples analyzed in Kalyani, West Bengal for endosulfan during 1999-2002 fourteen samples exceeded the MRL values. Out of 144 analyzed for HCH 32 samples exceeded the MRL values. The situation was much under control in southern states excepting Andhra Pradesh. The contamination level of milk with DDT and HCH residues in Punjab has shown significantly decline form 1996 to 200

• Injudicious use of pesticides has caused wide spread contamination of food commodities, soil, air and water with pesticide residues.

• The adverse effects of conventional pesticides have also become known.

• Use of improper, substandard products and untimely application of pesticides are known to cause development of resistance by target pests making plant protection insurmountable task in crops like cotton, vegetables, rice etc.

Problem statement

Consumption of Pesticides (kg/ha.)Consumption of Pesticides (kg/ha.)

USA 5.0 to 6.0 2.500

JAPAN 10.0 12.00

Taiwan - 17.00

1960-61 1998

India 0.015 0.243

Registration of safer chemicals

Proportion of pesticide active ingredients that are considered to be safer (biological chemicals and reduced-risk conventional chemicals) has steadily increased over the last several years.

Source: EPA, 1999.

6

INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS

7

Prior Informed Consent

February 24, 2004 marked the entry into force of the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.

Key points

PIC will provide information on banned and severely restricted pesticides

Developing countries will need assistance to identify the severely hazardous pesticide formulations

PIC training workshops and exchanges will raise standards

Improved capacity to manage chemicals is essential if developingcountries are to deal with pesticide hazards.

FAO International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides

Greater emphasis on reducing risks and hazards, including a stronger warning against availability of WHO classes Ia and Ib products in developing countries

Explicit recognition of the importance of addressing environmental risks in addition to health, with a call for monitoring of pesticide residues in food and the environment, protection of biodiversity, and minimizing the adverse effects of pesticides in the water, soil, air and on non-target organisms

Support for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) that emphasizes growth of a healthy crop, with least disruption to agro-ecosystems, and encourages natural pest controls

Stronger requirements on protective equipment for tropical areas, and for improved application Technology

Product stewardship strategies that address field level impacts

Introduction of collection systems for empty pesticide containers

Request for commodity and food industry groups to influence agricultural practices

Implementing the European Commission Approach to Progressive Pest Management

8

Application Technologies with Potential to Reduce Pesticide Risks A “Toxic” Pesticide on the Sole Basis

of Their Unsuitability to Use

• In the PIC list• a POP• listed under The Convention on Long-range

Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) of the UN Economic Commission

• WHO class of Ia Extremely hazardous or Ib Highly hazardous

• A carcinogen• An endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC)• An hazard to marine or aquatic environment

Procedures Fundamental to Assessment of Pollutants

1. Comparative risk assessment of pest management options and hazard based assessment of pesticides

2. Product efficacy balanced against wider costs and benefits to human health and the environment

3. Stakeholder involvement so that societal concerns are taken seriously by the regulatory process

4. Greater funding for research and development into alternative pest management options. Research projects for alternatives to pesticides should include follow through to market and technology transfer to farmers

5. Publicly funded extension service geared towards the development of sustainable farming techniques and the reduction of pesticide use

BETTER MANAGEMENT OF PESTICIDES

Would involve use of less toxic or less persistent chemicals;better crop husbandryintroduction of modern pesticide formulation and application

technology which is safer, more accurate and can reduce the quantities of pesticides used including, for example, nontoxic solvents in formulations

use of natural enemies of pests which do not affect non-target organisms;

introduction of management strategies which can reduce pest problems including restriction of pesticide use only to specific situations

consultation with and participation of women and men farmers toassess priorities and entry points;

changing perceptions of farmers and extension staff from preventative, calendar applications of pesticides.

9

•Preference to modern over conventional pesticides•Use of better formulations and application technologies•Use of protective clothing and other concomitant precautions by pesticide workers and sprayers•Good Agricultural Practices in term of compliance to spray schedules and waiting period•Monitoring of natural enemies and beneficials in the field•Concerted efforts to reduce pesticide usage in hot spots

STRATEGIES FOR CONTAINING PESTICIDE POLLUTION

Strategy for Pesticide Use Reduction•Minimize the hazards and risks to health and environment from pesticides

•Improve controls on the use and distribution of pesticides

•Reduce the levels of harmful pesticide active ingredients, in particular by replacing the most dangerous by safer alternatives(including non-chemical)

•Encourage low-input or pesticide-free crop production

•Establish a transparent system for reporting and monitoring progress including the development of appropriate indicators ● adopt mandatory use reporting systems co-coordinated centrally.

Check list for the stakeholdersCheck list for the stakeholders1. What measures have been inbuilt to pre-empt the adverse the

effects of the agrochemicals?

2. Have you ensured the use of new generation pesticides or slow release fertilisers in place of conventional ones?

3. If the use of a conventional pesticide is a must what steps do you envisage in containing its negative effects?

4. Have you included the development of bio-indicators to monitor the ecological safety during the tenure of the project? If so please specify.

5. Have you included ICM strategies and Precautionary Principle in your project?

6. What precautionary steps have been incorporated in ensuring safety to farmworkers including women and consumers of food?

•Nitrogen use efficiency varies from 30–40% in rice to 60–80% in other cereals•A sizeable amount could be added to the environment as ammonia by volatilization from soil surface, nitrous oxide or elemental nitrogen by denitrification and finally as nitrates by leaching in underground water •The ammonia going in the atmosphere contributes to acid rains, while N2O is involved in depletion of ozone layer •The safe limit or MCL (maximum contamination level) established by the USEPA is 45 mg NO3–N L– 1 in unpotable water.The European Union has fixed MCL limit at 50 mg NO3–N L– 1

•Levels above this may lead to methaemoglobinaemia or blue baby syndrome in infants•Excess nitrates in the human body may react with amines and formnitrosamines that may lead to gastric cancer

FertilizersFertilizers

10

•The total foodgrain demand by 2020 is estimated at 294 MT (122 MT rice, 103 MT wheat, 41 MT coarse grains and 28 MT pulses).

•Thus by 2020 we need to produce about 100 MT of additional food grain yr– 1 from the same or even less area.

•We have no choice but to increase the agrochemical application.

•During 1980–90 there has been 3–4% decrease in fertilizer nitrogen consumption in Europe and USA, while in Asia it has increased by 74.4%.

Some new and promising methods for better N management include• the use of nitrification inhibitors

• slow-release nitrogen fertilizers

• indigenous materials such as neem cake or oil-

coated materials.

Annex B

Environment and Social Policy, Regulatory and Institutional Framework

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGISLATIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

1.1 Environmental Regulatory Review of Agricultural Practices

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 1 Water

Resource Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975

PROHIBITION ON USE OF STREAM OR WELL FOR DISPOSAL OF POLLUTING MATTER, ETC. (a) no person shall knowingly cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter determined in accordance with such standards as may be laid down by the State Board to enter (whether directly or indirectly) into any [stream or well or sewer or on land]; or (b) no person shall knowingly cause or permit to enter into any stream any other matter which may tend, either directly or in combination with similar matters, to impede the proper flow of the water of the stream in a manner leading or likely to lead to a substantial aggravation of pollution due to other causes or of its consequences SCHEDULE I Processing of animal or vegetable products industry [including processing of milk, meat, hides and skins, all agricultural products and their wastes]. Water aspects will also be applicable Research Projects setting up research centres/increasing capacity of the existing research units Agro processing model unit & Research centres may require Consent To Establish (CTO) grant from State/Local Authority Discharge of effluent has to be in compliance to Discharge Standard by CPCB ‘GENERAL STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS’

The project is likely to have such activities (mainly Component II & IV), which may generate effluent or sewage. Treatment and Discharge of such effluent to water bodies, land etc. will come under these act and rules. Also Wastewater Recycled for Irrigation purpose will come under the act.

COMPONENT - II (Agriculture practices are excluded but activities like Dairy, Food Processing, Irrigation etc.) COMPONENT - IV (Livelihood programs as above)

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component The Water

(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, amended 1992 & 2003

All the projects, which will require water for irrigation for farming etc., water requirement for food processing unit etc. will come under the cess act.

COMPONENT - I (Policy and Strategies for Water Management) II (Irrigation System – Directly/Indirectly through the organisation especially private bodies managing the irrigation system, also water requirement in Agro Processing Units) COMPONENT - IV (Water requirement in R&D units etc.)

2 Air

Pollution The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982

Application (FORM I) for Consent for emission/continuation of emission under Section 21 of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 is required for operations which release gaseous emissions.

Require compliance of STACK EMISSION STANDARDS & AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS prescribed under Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982 by CPCB

Any activities that may require Diesel Generators Sets (DG Sets) operation and/or discharge of gaseous emissions from processes like baking oven, boiler, combustion etc from Agro Processing or from some Research Activity will require compliance of these act and rules.

COMPONENT-II (Diesel Pump sets, Generators Sets, production process like combustion of fuel, boiler operation, baking oven et.), COMPONENT-III (Same as component II) COMPONENT- IV (D G Sets, Incineration of Bio Medical wastes)

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 3 Environ

mental Issues

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification 1994

All the type of projects listed in Schedule I require environment clearance from Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) as well as No Objection Certificate (NOC) from state government As per the EIA Notification 2004, construction projects like commercial complex or office complexes for 1000 persons or above or discharging 50 m3/day of sewage or above with an investment of INR 500 million or above would require appraisal under Environmental Impact Assessment for Environmental Clearance by MoEF

Any new project (except agriculture farming activity that is not covered as of now) to be undertaken in any part of India or the expansion or modernization of any existing NATP product-manufacturing project shall require No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the State Authority. Major Irrigation project undertaken under the NATP projects will require Environmental Impact Assessment study followed by an application to be submitted to the Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi under ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT NOTIFICATION S.O.60(E), dated 27/01/1994 However, reconstruction or maintenance type of activity will not require the above MoEF clearance.

COMPONENT-II (Major Irrigation project) COMPONENT- III (some activities may come under this act) COMPONENT- IV (Setting up research complex, which may generate wastewater of 50 m3/day or more)

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 4 Forest Forest

(Conservation) Act, 1980, amended 1988 Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981, amended 1992

Restriction on the dereservation of forests or use of forest land for non-forest purpose; (i) that any forest (reserved forest) land or any portion thereof may be used for any non-forest purpose; (ii) that any forest land or any portion thereof may be cleared of trees which have grown naturally in that land or portion, for the purpose of using it for reafforestation. The proposal for clearance shall be done in the appropriate Form appended to these rules, i.e. FORM ‘A’ for proposals seeking first time approval under the Act to the concerned nodal officer authorized in this behalf by the State Government, along with requisite information and documents, complete in all respects, well in advance of taking up any non-forest activity on the forest land.

Any non forest activity undertaken on forestland under Component II, III & IV for farming expansion, setting up agro processing units, and setting up of other livelihood enhancement programs will require clearance under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 “Non-forest purpose” also covers cultivation of tea, coffee, spices, rubber, palms, oil-bearing plants, horticultural crops or medicinal plants or any purpose other than reafforestation.

COMPONENT-II & III (Farming project on forest land, Any activity like transportation through forests, Irrigation project effecting forests, Camping near to forests etc.) COMPONENT-III (All above and also Livestock practices, which may effect forest by grazing etc.) COMPONENT-IV (Research projects requiring forests resource, making gene pool from products near or in the protected areas etc.)

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 5 Biodivers

ity The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 Biological Diversity Rules, 2004

No agency/person referred to in sub-section (2) shall, without previous approval of the National Biodiversity Authority, obtain any biological resource occurring in India or knowledge associated thereto for research or for commercial utilization or for bio-survey and bio-utilization. No person shall, without the previous approval of the National Biodiversity Authority, transfer the results of any research relating to any biological resources occurring in, or obtained from, India for monetary consideration or otherwise to any person who is not a citizen of India or citizen of India who is non-resident or a body corporate or organization which Is not registered or incorporated in India or which has any non-Indian participation in its share capital or management.

Corporate body, association or organization shall also require to take the approval of the National Biodiversity Authority obtain any biological resource occurring in India or knowledge associated thereto for research or for commercial utilization or for bio-survey and bio-utilization. Prior intimation to State Biodiversity Board for obtaining biological resource for certain purposes Application for intellectual property rights not to be made without approval of National Biodiversity Authority

COMPONENT-III (Farming of Transgenic Crop/GM Crops, Patenting of Seeds/Plants etc) COMPONENT-IV (Research Projects, Intellectual Rights matter etc.)

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component Biotechn

ology Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1986 Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro Organisms Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells Rules, 1989

Objective of this act is to protect the environment, nature and health in connection with the application of genetechnology and micro organisms. The rule shall be applicable in the following specific cases; (a) sale, offers for sale, storage for the purpose of sale, offers and any kind of handling over with or without a consideration; (b) exportation and importation of genetically engineered cells or organisms; (c) production, manufacturing, processing, storage, import, drawing off, packaging and repacking of the Genetically Engineered Products; (d) Production, manufacture etc. of drugs and pharmaceuticals and food stuffs distilleries and tanneries, etc. which make use of micro-organisms genetically engineered micro-organisms one way or the other. (e) These rules shall be applicable to the whole of India. Approval is required for import, export, transport, manufacture, process, use or sell any hazardous microorganisms of genetically engineered organisms/substances or cells shall be taken from Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) Only laboratories notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forests can use genetically engineered organisms or cell for research purpose.

Biotechnology/Bioengineering following activities in agriculture will come under this rule; (a) Storage; (b) Importation of genetically engineered cells or organisms; (c) Production, manufacturing, processing, storage, import, drawing off, packaging and repacking of the Genetically Engineered Products; (d) Production, manufacture etc food stuffs which make use of micro-organisms genetically engineered micro-organisms (e) Applicable to the whole of India.

COMPONENT – IV (All type of Research Activities on Transgenic Crops, Hybrid Plants, Hybrid Animals etc. in Biotechnology or other laboratory and also field research in fields.) COMPONENT – II & III (Manufacture, Processing, Import, Packaging and Storage of Gene Technological products, which means product developed by the application of the gene technique called genetic engineering, include self cloning and deletion as well as cell hybridisation)

Classification of microorganisms or genetically engineered product under two categories (Animals and Human Pathogens and Plant Pests) is given in Schedule of this Act.

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component Guidelines for

Safety in Biotechnology & Research in Transgenic Plants (Revised in 1998 & 1994 and developed in 1990)

The guidelines cover areas of recombinant DNA research on plants including the development of transgenic plants and their growth in soil for molecular and field evaluation. The guidelines also deal with impact and shipment of genetically modified plants for research use. Categories of Genetic Engineering Experiments on Plants and their Notifications are: Category I: Routine recombinant DNA experiments, which are GENERALLY CONSIDERED AS SAFE (GRAS). Experiment should be performed using routine good laboratory practices (Annex I of the Guideline) This needs intimation to the IBSC in the prescribed profoma. Category II: This includes lab and green house/net house experiments in contained environment where defined DNA fragments non-pathogenic to human and animals are used for genetic transformation of plants, both model species and crop species and the plants are grown in green house/net house for molecular and phenotypic evaluation. The design for the contained facility shall be as described in Appendix II if the Guideline Permission for performing Category II experiments will be provided by IBSC. The decision of the IBSC would be intimated to the RCGM before execution of the experiments and RCGM (Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation) would put this information on record.

Research and Use and Transportation of Transgenic Crops, Hybrid Crops, and other type of genetically modifies crops will come under this act. Ensuring of Genetic Engineering Experiments on Transgenic Plant to specified Categories and compliance of respective CONTAINMENT & APPROVAL Guidelines

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component Category III: Covers high risk experiments where the escape of transgenic traits into the

open environment could cause significant alterations in the biospehere, the ecosystem, the plants and animals by dispersing new genetic traits, the effects of which can not be judged precisely. Such experiments could be conducted only after clearance from RCGM and notified by the Department of Biotechnology. The design of greenhouse/net house needs to be done as indicated broadly in Appendix II of the Guideline.

Biosafety Aspects of the Transgenic Plants requires generation of information on various aspects (Listed under Guideline 7 for Research on Transgenic Plants). Further if there is limited release of transgenic plants, to minimise the risk following measures may be taken:

Special separation for isolation, for preventing reproduction/fertilization and seed setting. Biological prevention of flowing by making use of sterility properties etc. Human intervention for the removal reproductive structure of flowers Controlling the reproductive structure of transgenic plants like the seeds and the plant

propagules from unaccounted spread Controlling and destroying volunteer plants from the experimental field To take into account the proximity to human activity in case the transgenic plants have

allergic properties to human and animals Appropriate training of field personal responsible for handling the transgenic plants Plans for handling unexpected events

Clearance for import and shipment of transgenic germplasm for research purposes would be provided by RCGM (Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation). The RCGM will issue an import certificate after looking into the documents related to the safety of the material and the national need.

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component Recombinant DNA

Safety Guidelines and Regulations, 1990

Large Scale Experiments and Manufacture of engineered organisms and products including environmental release has been laid down under statutory provisions of Environmental Protection Act 1986

Wastes release from the research and production of crops and from genetically developed livestock will come under this guideline

6 Bio Medical Waste

Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) (Amendment) Rules, 2003.

COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTES shall be carried out in a manner so as to avoid any possible hazard to human health and environment.

Any project activity, which will generate bio medical waste like animal parts, animal waste etc. will come under this Act. The rule will be applicable to animal husbandry and research projects as well as agro (meat) processing units, animal dispensaries, veterinary institutions, other animal houses, pathological laboratories etc.

COMPONENT-II& III (Livestock and Animal Husbandry wastes from vet nary and animal care centres) COMPONENT- IV (Research centres will produce bio medical etc.)

7 Hazard

Waste Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Amendment Rules, 2000 & 2003

The project generating hazardous wastes listed in Schedule, shall take all practical steps to ensure that such wastes are properly handled and disposed of without any adverse effects which may result from such wastes and the occupier shall also be responsible for proper collection, reception, treatment, storage and disposal of these wastes either himself or through the operator of a facility.

Wastes generated from research activities may come under Hazardous Waste Category given in Schedule I & II of Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2003

COMPONENT-IV (Some Research waste may be Hazardous wastes)

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 8 Insecticid

es Insecticides Act, 1968

This Act is to regulate the import, manufacture, sale, transport, distribution and use of insecticides with a view to prevent risk to human beings or animals, and for matters connected therewith. The Central Insecticides Board is the administrative and the advisory body for state and central government for this act Grant of License Any person desiring to manufacture or to sell, stock or exhibit for sale or distribute any insecticide, or to undertake commercial pest control operations with the use of any insecticide may make an application to the licencing officer for the grant of a licence Nothing in this act shall apply to The use of any insecticide by any person for his own household purposes or for kitchen, garden or in respect of any land under his cultivation; Any substance specified or included in the Schedule or any preparation containing any one or more such substances, if such substance or preparation is intended for purposes other than preventing, destroying repelling or mitigating any insects, rodents, fungi, weeds and other forms of plant or animal life not useful to human beings. The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, and subject to such conditions, if any, as it may specify therein, exempt from all or any of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder, any educational, scientific or research organization engaged in carrying out experiments, with insecticides

Registration of Insecticides under this act may not be required in the NAIP project as, it is for import or manufacture any insecticide However, procurement of insecticides/pesticides shall be done from the registered outlets, which has proper license for importing, stocking and selling of insecticides. Use of insecticides by research, educational and other scientific institutions for experiment purpose are completely exempted from this act.

COMPONENT II, III (All the agriculture and farming as well as horticulture projects are covered under this act. Also use of insecticides during storage of material will come under purview) COMPONENT - IV (Research on farm using insecticides)

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 9 Wildlife The Indian Wildlife

(Protection) Act, 1972, amended 1993 The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002

Prohibition of Hunting – No person shall hunt any wild animal specified in Schedule, I, II, III and IV. Restriction on entry in sanctuary - No person shall, with intent to cause damage to any boundary-mark of a sanctuary or to cause any wrongful gain as defined in the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860), alter, destroy, move, or deface such boundary-mark Destruction, etc., in a sanctuary prohibited without a permit. – No person shall destroy, exploit or remove any wildlife from a sanctuary or destroy or damage the habitat of any wild animal or deprive any wild animal or its habitat within such sanctuary except under and in accordance with a permit granted by the Chief Wildlife Warden and no such permit shall be granted unless the State Government being satisfied that such destruction, exploitation or removal of wildlife from the sanctuary is necessary for the improvement and better management of wildlife therein authorises the issue of such permit.

Grant of permit is required for special purposes like: (a) education; (b) scientific research; (c) scientific management; which can be provided by the Chief Wildlife Warden by an order in writing stating the reasons therefore, to any person/agency, on payment of such fee as may be prescribed, which shall entitle the holder of such permit to hunt, subject to such conditions as may be specified. Prior approval from Ministry of Environment and Forests for any kind of activity in areas protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

COMPONENT-II&III (If any project activity is carried out near forest or protected areas or wildlife sanctuary, prior approval will be required)

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 10 Coastal

Restrictions

Coastal Regulations Zone Act, 1991 and Rules, 1992

CRZ is defined as all coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action (in the landward side) up to 500 m from the High Tide Land (HTL) and the land between the HTL and the Low Tide Land). There are four categories of Coastal Regulated Zones 1) CRZ – I (Areas that are ecologically sensitive and important, such as national

parks/marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife habitats, mangroves, corals/coral reefs, areas close to breeding)

2) CRZ – II (The areas that have already been developed upto or close to the shoreline.) 3) CRZ – III (Areas that are relatively undisturbed and those which do not belong to either

Category-I or II) 4) CRZ – IV (Coastal stretches in the Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep and small islands,

except those designated as CRZ-I, CRZ-II or CRZ-III.)

All projects falling within the coastal regulation zone, requires prior CRZ clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forest. The application is submitted to State Government, Deptt of Environment and Forests, which appraises the project and forwards with recommendations to Ministry of Environment and Forests. It certifies that the project does not violate the Coastal Zone Management Plan, and The site does not fall under the area designated as CRZ- I (i).

COMPONENT-II & III (Any project carried out in CRZ area will come under purview. Projects like coastal farming, aquaculture, other fish practices etc.)

11 Irrigation Drainage and

Prevention of Water logging Requirements

Example citation – On the line of the state of Punjab, which has made some salutary provisions for the construction of field drains and sharing of the expenditure for such construction which may usefully be introduced in some other states. The practice of making beneficiaries share a portion of expenditure for construction of field drains as adopted in Punjab may profitably be introduced in other states also in order to discourage, as far as possible, unnecessary demands for construction of small field drains in a drainage system

All irrigation projects must contain provisions for drainage of land as important for successful cultivation.

COMPONENT – II & III (Farming development project, Irrigation system development or improvement)

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 13 Ground

water Central GroundWater Authority Guidelines (Kerala) Ground Water (Control and Regulation), Act

Grant of Permit to extract and use ground water: - Any person desiring to dig a well or to convert the existing well into pumping well, for his own or social purpose in the notified area, shall submit an application before the Authority for the grant of a permit it for the purpose and shall not proceed with any activity connected with such digging or convertion unless a permit has been granted by the Authority.

Grant of Permit to extract and use ground water will be required from the authority for any irrigation project. Any work related to above activities shall not proceed with any activity connected with such digging or convertion unless a permit has been granted by the Authority.

COMPONENT –II &, III (Irrigation project, Digging of borewell or openwell , water extraction etc.) COMPONENT – IV (Any borewell or water extraction required for running of research centres etc.)

14 Fisheries 1897 - The Indian

Fisheries Act It establishes two sets of penal offences whereby the government can sue any person who uses dynamite or other explosive substance in any way (whether coastal or inland) with intent to catch or destroy any fish or poisonous fish in order to kill.

Fishing activity under livelihood enhancement program may come under this Act

Use of dynamite or other explosive substance in any way (whether coastal or inland) is not allowed for catching or destroying any fish or to kill fish.

COMPONENT - III (Fisheries, aquaculture etc.)

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component 15 World

Bank Safe Guard Policies

Environmental Assessment (BP/OP 4.01)

Environmental Assessment process covers nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. EA evaluates a project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence, examines project alternatives, identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation.

Applicable to the projects, activities like drainage system development, irrigation facility, prevention of soil erosion reducing run off, promoting proper water resources management, development of arable and non-arable lands, restoration of pastures etc will be undertaken. It would also undertake construction, repair, rehabilitation, reconstruction and upgrading (where necessary) of damaged or new irrigation and other system, water harvesting structures, establishing processing units, live stock development etc.

COMPONENT - II, III & IV

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component Natural Habitat

(OP 4.04) OP 4.04: Natural Habitats seeks to ensure conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products, which natural habitats provide to human society. The policy strictly limits the circumstances under which any Bank-supported project can damage natural habitats (land and water areas where most of the native plant and animal species are still present). Specifically, the policy prohibits Bank support for projects which would lead to the significant loss or degradation of any Critical Natural Habitats, whose definition includes those natural habitats which are either: • Legally protected, • Officially proposed for protection, or • Unprotected but of known high conservation value.

In other (non-critical) natural habitats, Bank supported projects can cause significant loss or degradation only when (i) there are no feasible alternatives to achieve the project's substantial overall net benefits; and (ii) acceptable mitigation measures, such as compensatory protected areas, are included within the project.

The project activities like Cultivation of Transgenic, Hybrid Varieties and other Genetically Modified Varieties of crops. Also research and development of crop and animal gene and development may impact natural habitats (directly and indirectly).

COMPONENT – II, III (High Yielding Varieties, Transgenic Crop cultivation etc.), COMPONENT – IV (Research on Genetic Development of Crops and Livestock)

S No. Issues Legislations Citation Trigger Point Project Component Forestry (OP 4.36) OP 4.36 forests policy aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution

of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development.

Agriculture projects (like farming on the forest land and livelihood generation) may impact significantly upon forest areas. The forestry component proposed in the project promotes livelihood for tribes and poor areas in line with forest development, enhance environmental contribution of forest areas and encourage economic development.

COMPONENT - II & III (Farming and agriculture related practices)

Pest Management

(OP 4.09) OP: 4.09 If pesticides have to be used in crop protection or in the fight against vector-borne disease, the Bank-funded project should include a Pest Management Plan (PMP), prepared by the borrower, either as a stand-alone document or as part of an Environmental Assessment.

Application of pesticides may be required under the farming project to combat various pests. The project may affect pest management in a way that harm could be done (improper handling of pesticides)

III & IV (Agriculture Field Research and Agriculture Practices of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs)

Social Regulatory Review Issue Legislation Key Points Component

Land Acquisition & Displacement issues Land requirements for the project components

Land Acquisition Act, 1894

The Act lays down procedures for acquisition of land, including notification, payment for damages, hearing of objections, declaration of the intended acquisition, enquiry into measurement, values and claims and award by the competent authority and finally taking possession of the land The key requirements include:

• Agreement with relevant state government • Obtain land records from revenue department • Coordinate with collector or responsible authority for LA procedures • Payments to the government for the cost of acquisition

2,3 & 4 (if any land acquisition is triggered due to land requirements for the project activities). Not envisaged as likely given the current project profile

National Policy on Resettlement & Rehabilitation for Project affected persons

The policy aims to: • To minimize displacement and to identify non-displacing or least-displacing

alternatives; • To plan the resettlement and rehabilitation of Project Affected Families, (PAFs)

including special needs of Tribals and vulnerable sections; • To provide better standard of living to PAFs; and • To facilitate harmonious relationship between the Requiring Body and PAFs through

mutual cooperation The main triggers include: Is the project displacing 500 families or more in plain areas? Or Is there displacement of 250 families or more in DPP blocks Or Is there displacement of 250 families or more in declared scheduled (tribal) areas?

2, 3 & 4, subject to any land acquisition being triggered by the project activities.

Forest Clearance As per Rule 6 of the Forest (Conservation) Rules, 2003, every user agency, who wants to use any Component 2,3 &4. If

Issue Legislation Key Points Component (Under Forest Conservation Act 1980 and subsequent amendments)

forest land for non-forest purposes shall provide details of displacement of people due to the project, (if any): the following information is mandatory • Number of families. • Number of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribe families • Rehabilitation plan

any of the project activities involve any activities in forest area.

Detailed Guidelines on application of Forest (Conservation) Act, 1981

The detailed guidelines specify a plan for Rehabilitation of Oustees and states that:

• If the project involves displacement of people, a detailed Rehabilitation Plan shall be submitted along with the proposal for diversion of forestland. The Scheduled Tribe and Scheduled Caste population should be separately considered, and a plan for their rehabilitation should be in consonance with their socio-economic, cultural and emotional lifestyle.

• The Government of India does not allow diversion of forestland for rehabilitation of people. However, such diversion may be considered as a special case, if diversion of forestland is essentially required for the rehabilitation of persons belonging to Scheduled Tribes, Scheduled Castes and other people who may have to be shifted from the core zone of a national park or reserve.

Component 2,3 & 4. If any of the project activities involve any activities in forest areas.

Tribe related legislation Tribal rights The Scheduled

Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989

An Act to prevent the commission of offences of atrocities against the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, to provide for Special Courts for the trial of such offences and for the relief and rehabilitation of the victims of such offences and for matters connected. The Act specifies in addition to other clauses penalties for wrongfully dispossessing a member of a Scheduled Caste or a Scheduled Tribe from his land or premises or interfering with the enjoyment of his rights over any land, premises or water.

Issue Legislation Key Points Component Panchayat

Extension to Scheduled Areas 1997

This Act allows greater recognition to the tribal economic and socio-cultural systems, autonomy for local governance and control over natural resources in Scheduled Areas of the country. Under the Act the Gram Sabha is entrusted with safeguarding certain tribal rights. Key points include:

• ·Safeguard and preserve the traditions and customs of the people. • Approval of the plans, programmes and projects for social and economic development

before such plans and programmes are taken up for implementation by the Village Panchayat

• Consultation before making the acquisition of land for development projects and before resettling and rehabilitation of people affected by such projects.

• Control over money lending to the STs • Control of local plans and resources for plans including Tribal Sub Plans

Draft Scheduled Tribes (Recognition of Forest Rights) Bill, 2005.

The draft legislation seeks to provide rights to forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes who are inhabiting the forests for generations and are in occupation of forest land. The bill however does not preclude the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and the guidelines issued by the Ministry of Environment & Forests in 1990 for settlement of rights of forest dwellers over forest land or interfere with the prohibitive clauses of Indian Forest Act, 1927, Forest (Conservation Act), 1980 or the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

2, 3 &4. Before commencing any project activities in forest areas it will be required to check the status of the traditional forest rights and the legal recourses provided to such tribes.

Issue Legislation Key Points Component Draft National

Policy on Tribals The policy seeks to attain some specific objectives. Specific directives are provided on prevention of land alienation, displacement & resettlement, shifting cultivation & forest villages. Select directives that may be of relevance to the project include: Shifting Cultivation • Land tenure system will be rationalised giving tribals right to land ownership so that

they will invest their energy and resources in checking soil erosion and fertility – which have hitherto been neglected as land belonged to no one but was subject to exploitation by every one.

• Agricultural scientists will be asked to focus on shifting cultivation and evolve suitable technologies to improve production.

• The shifting cultivators will be ensured sufficient food supply through the public distribution system and grain banks. Tribals will be encouraged to raise cash crops and horticultural plantations.

• Training and extension programmes will be organised to sensitise tribals about alternative economic strategies so that they can come out of shifting cultivation.

Land Alienation • Tribals have access to village land records • Oral evidence be considered in the absence of records in the disposal of tribals’ land

disputes • States prohibit transfer of lands from tribals to non-tribals • Tribals and their representatives be associated with land surveys • States launching development projects take adequate care to keep tribal lands intact

and when not possible, allot land even before a project takes off Displacement & Rehabilitation

• When displacement becomes inevitable, each scheduled tribe family having land in the earlier settlement shall be given land against land.

• Tribal families having fishing rights in their original habitat shall be granted fishing rights in the new reservoir or at any other alternative place

• Additional financial assistance equivalent to nearly one and a half year’s minimum agricultural wages for loss of customary rights and usufructory rights of forest produce shall be given.

Issue Legislation Key Points Component Local self government related legislation

Panchayati Raj Amendment

The amendment empowers States to endow Panchayats with such powers and authority to enable them to function as institutions of self-government. The purpose of this is to enable and empower local self government and make it a vehicle of decision making. Each state has enacted its own Panchayat Act. Some of the specific provisions include:

• Reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in proportion of their population and not less than 1/3 of the seats for women

• The powers and responsibilities of the Panchayats include: Preparation of plans for economic development and social justice Implementation of schemes for economic development in relation to the 29 subjects

given in the 11th Schedule of the Constitution To levy, collect and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.

The implication of these powers granted signifies that the Panchayats have to be consulted on developmental projects being implemented in the states.

Social Legislation Payment of wages to agricultural labour

Minimum Wages Act, 1948

An act to provide for fixing minimum rate of wages in certain employments. The Act provides procedure for fixing and revising minimum wages, formation of subcommittees, fixing of hours of work and maintenance of registers and records.

Part II of the Act specifies that employment in agriculture, that is to say in any form of farming including the cultivation and tillage of soil, dairy farming, the production, cultivation, growing and harvesting of any agricultural or horticultural commodity, the raising of livestock, bees or poultry and conjunction with farm operations (including any forestry or timbering operations and the preparation for market and delivery to storage or to market or to carriage for transportation to market of farm produce) is applicable for the provisions of the legislation.

2, 3 &4

Child labour Child Labour (Prohibition &

• The Act prohibits employment of children in certain specified hazardous occupations and processes and regulates the working conditions in others.

2,3 & 4. If farm activities involve

Issue Legislation Key Points Component Regulation) Act 1986

• The list of hazardous occupations and processes is progressively being expanded on the recommendation of Child Labour Technical Advisory Committee constituted under the Act.

hiring of agricultural labour.

The Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act, 1983

The Act specifies that no child should be allowed to work on agricultural machines (like threshers) that are designated as ‘dangerous’ or require a license under this act to operate.

2,3 & 4. If farm activities involve hiring of agricultural labour.

Exploitation of labour

The Contract Labour (Regulation And Abolition) Act, 1970

The Object of the Contract Labour Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 is to prevent exploitation of contract labour and also to introduce better conditions of work. A workman is deemed to be employed as Contract Labour when he is hired in connection with the work of an establishment by or through a Contractor. Contract workmen are indirect employees.

The Contract Workmen are hired, supervised and remunerated by the Contractor, who in turn, is remunerated by the Establishment hiring the services of the Contractor.

This Act does not apply to the Establishments where work performed is of intermittent or seasonal nature.

Where the work performed is of intermittent or seasonal nature it will be covered by the Act if the work performed is more than 120 days and 60 days in a year respectively.

Compensation to workers

Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923

This Act is applicable to factories, mines, plantations, construction work etc. The Act specifies that an employer is liable to pay compensation if personal injury is caused to a workman by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment. Schedule II of the act defines ‘workman’ as per activities. Cultivation of land, fishing, rearing of livestock is covered if more than 25 persons are employed.

Agriculture laws having implication on social issues/ rights Agriculture and The Protection of • The Act contains proactive legislation for Farmers Rights and it defines the Breeder’s

Issue Legislation Key Points Component farmer’s rights Plant Variety and

Farmers' Rights Act, 2001

rights as well. • The provisions of the Act seek to balance the rights of Breeders and Farmers and

exploits the flexibility granted in TRIPS. • The Act incorporating the principles laid down in the 1992 Convention on Biological

Diversity (CBD) recognises farmers' role as conservers, breeders and cultivators. • It provides legal rights to farmers to "save, exchange and sell seeds of all varieties." • The Act has provisions for registering farmers' varieties so that their ownership and

innovation is recognised. • This is the first law in the world to grant formal, legal rights to farmers.

The Seeds Act, 1966 The Seeds Bill 2004

The Seed Act of 1966 provided for a formation of a central seed committee to advise state & central government. Testing, regulation and granting of certification for seed varieties could only be provided by the state or central government. The Seed Bill 2004 is to provide for regulating the quality of seeds for sale, import and export and to facilitate production and supply of seeds of quality. The Bill seeks to restrict and control indigenous varieties of seed’s being used by farmers.

Component 2,3&4 The seed Bill 2004, has invoked certain negative responses. The bill has been enacted to guarantee seed quality however the opposition to it states that compulsory licensing of seeds will make it illegal to plant unlicensed varieties hence the farmers will lose rights on planting the indigenous varieties that they have been using traditionally. This will also prevent farmer’s exchange, which is

Issue Legislation Key Points Component usually a way of maintaining high quality seed supply at the community level. Note: the concerns raised against the legislation will have to be taken into account to ascertain future risks posed to the project due to new legislation.

The Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act, 1983 and The Dangerous Machines (Regulations) Rules, 1984

Ministry of Agriculture has formulated these as subordinate legislation linked to the principal/ central Act. The central Act seeks to provide for the regulation of trade and commerce in and production, supply, distribution and use of the product of any industry producing dangerous machines with a view, to securing the welfare of labour operating any such machine and for payment of compensation for the death or bodily injury suffered by any labourer while operating any such machine. The subordinate legislation enacted by the Ministry of Agriculture specifies that" dangerous machine" means a power thresher, and includes any such machine intended to be used in the agricultural or rural sector. The Act lays down provisions for obtaining licences for operating such machinery and procedures to be followed by employers to protect and compensate workers working on such machinery.

2,3 & 4

Best practices: World Bank Policies Involuntary

Resettlement (to be issued as

The policy directs that: • Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all

viable alternative project designs.

2, 3 & 4 subject to land acquisition resulting in displacement issues.

Issue Legislation Key Points Component OP/BP/GP 4.12): • Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived

and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits.

• Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.

Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher

OD 4.20 Indigenous Peoples (to be issued as OP/BP/GP 4.10

Policy to ensure that indigenous people benefit from development projects, and that a projects potentially adverse effects are avoided or mitigated. The Bank's policy is that the strategy for addressing the issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves.

2,3 & 4 where ever tribal or indigenous people’s issues may arise.

Operational Policy Note 11.03: Cultural Property

This safeguard policy is currently an operational note and in the process of becoming operational policy. Cultural property" includes sites having archaeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. Cultural property, therefore, encompasses both remains left by previous human inhabitants (for example, middens, shrines, and battlegrounds) and unique natural environmental features such as canyons and waterfalls. Cultural resources are important as sources of valuable historical and scientific information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices. The loss of such resources is irreversible, but fortunately, it is often avoidable. The objective of Operational Policy Note 11.03: Cultural Property is to avoid, or mitigate, adverse impacts on cultural resources from development projects that the World Bank finances.

Annex C

Detailed Information on Baseline

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Land use classification in India (Area in Million Hectares) Classification 1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 1995-96# 1996-97# 1997-98# 1998-99# 1999-00 # 2000-01#

I. Geographic area 328.73 328.73 328.73 328.73 328.73 328.73 328.73 328.73 328.73 328.73 328.73 II. Reporting area for land utilisation statistics (1 to 5) 284.32 298.46 303.76 304.15 304.86 304.88 304.88 305.79 306.05 306.01 306.25 1. Forests 40.48 54.05 63.91 67.47 67.80 68.82 68.75 69.01 68.98 68.97 69.41 (14.2) (18.1) (21.00 (22.2) (22.2) (22.6) (22.5) (22.6) (22.5) (22.5) (22.7) 2. Not available for cultivation (a+b) 47.52 50.75 44.64 39.62 40.48 41.37 41.54 42.14 42.31 42.41 42.83 (a) Non agricultural uses 9.36 14.84 16.48 19.66 21.09 22.36 22.45 22.70 22.80 23.27 23.57 (3.3) (5.0) (5.4) (6.4) (6.9) (7.3) (7.4) (7.4) (7.5) (7.6) (7.7) (b) Barren and uncultivable land 38.16 35.91 28.16 19.96 19.39 19.01 19.09 19.44 19.51 19.13 19.26 (13.4) (12.0) (9.3) (6.6) (6.4) (6.2) (6.3) (6.4) (6.4) (6.2) (6.30 3. Other uncultivated land excluding fallow land (a+b+c) 49.45 37.64 35.06 32.31 30.22 28.64 28.56 28.55 28.66 28.49 27.93 (a) Permanent pastures and other grazing land 6.68 13.97 13.26 11.97 11.40 11.06 11.04 11.05 11.13 11.04 10.90 (2.3) (4.7) (4.4) (3.9) (3.7) (3.6) (3.6) (3.6) (3.6) (3.6) (3.6) (b) Miscellaneous tree crops and groves 19.83 4.46 4.30 3.60 3.82 3.48 3.57 3.62 3.63 3.64 3.37 (7.0) (1.5) 91.4) (1.2) (1.3) (1.2) (1.2) (1.2) (1.2) (1.2) (1.1) (c) Cultivable waste land 22.94 19.21 17.50 16.74 15.00 14.10 13.95 13.88 13.90 13.80 13.66 (8.1) (6.4) (5.8) (5.5) (4.9) (4.6) (4.6) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) (4.5) 4. Fallow land (a+b) 28.12 22.82 19.88 24.75 23.36 23.85 23.22 24.01 23.52 24.91 24.99 (a) Fallow land other than current fallow 17.44 11.18 8.76 9.92 9.66 10.02 9.89 9.75 9.93 10.08 10.19 (6.1) (3.8) (2.9) (3.3) (3.2) (3.3) (3.2) (3.2) (3.2) (3.3) (3.3) (b) Current fallow 10.68 11.64 11.12 14.83 13.70 13.83 13.33 14.26 13.59 14.99 14.80 (3.8) (3.9) (3.5) (4.9) (4.5) (4.5) (4.4) (4.7) (4.4) (4.9) (4.8) 5. Net area sown 118.75 133.20 140.27 140.00 143.00 142.20 142.81 142.08 142.58 141.10 141.10 (41.8) (44.6) (46.3) (46.0) (46.9) (46.7) (46.8) (46.5) (46.6) (46.1) (46.1) 6. Area sown more than once 13.14 19.57 25.52 32.63 42.74 45.27 46.78 48.49 50.45 49.22 46.84 7. Gross cropped area (5+6) 131.89 152.77 165.79 172.63 185.74 187.47 189.59 190.57 193.03 190.32 187.94 8. Cropping intensity* 111.1 114.7 118.2 123.3 129.9 131.8 132.8 134.1 135.4 134.9 133.20 III. Net irrigated area 20.85 24.66 31.10 38.72 47.78 53.40 55.05 54.98 56.50 56.76 54.68 IV. Gross irrigated area 22.56 27.98 38.19 49.78 62.47 71.35 73.25 73.01 77.64 77.99 75.14

Note : 1. # Provisional

2. * Cropping intensity is percentage of the gross cropped area to the net area sown 3. Figures in parentheses indicate percentage to reported area. Source : Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2004, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

Average size of holdings by different size classes Major Size Classes Average Size Of Operational Holdings

1970-71 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96

Marginal (below 1 ha) 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.40

Small (1 to 2 ha) 1.44 1.43 1.43 1.42

Semi-medium (2 to 4 ha) 2.81 2.77 2.76 2.73

Medium (4 to 10 ha) 6.08 5.96 5.90 5.84

Large (10 ha and above) 18.10 17.21 17.33 17.21

All size classes 2.28 1.69 1.57 1.41

Source : Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2004, Directorate of Economics and Statistics,

Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

Number and area of operational holdings by type of holding

Major Size Number Area

classes 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96

Marginal 56,147 63,389 71,179 22,042 24,894 28,121

(below 1 ha) (57.8) (59.4) (61.6) (13.4) (15.0) (17.2)

Small 17,922 20,092 21,643 25,708 28,827 30,722

(1 to 2 ha) (18.4) (18.8) (18.7) (15.6) (17.4) (18.8)

Semi-medium 13,252 13,923 14,261 36,666 38,375 38,953

(2 to 4 ha) (13.6) (13.1) (12.3) (22.3) (23.2) (23.8)

Medium 7,916 7,580 7,093 47,144 44,752 41,398

(4 to 10 ha) (8.2) (7.1) (6.1) (28.6) (27.1) (25.4)

Large (10 ha 1,918 1,654 1,404 33,002 28,659 24,163

and above) (2.0) (1.6) (1.2) (20.1) (17.3) (14.8)

All size classes 97,155 1,06,637 1,15,580 1,64,562 1,65,50

7

1,63,35

7

(100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100)

Note : Figures within parentheses indicate percent contribution.

Source : Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2004, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

State-wise net area irrigated by source 2000-01 (provisional)

Zones / States Canals Tanks Wells Other Sources

Total Net

Govt. Private Total Tube wells

Others irrigated area

North 5388 146 5534 86 13275 503 450 19849 Haryana 1476 - 1476 1 1467 0 14 2958 Himachal Pradesh

3 - 3 (a) 10 4 107 126

Jammu & Kashmir

140 145 285 3 1 1 22 311

Punjab (s) 676 - 676 (a) 2873 7 46 3602 Uttar Pradesh (o) (incl. Uttaranchal)

30981

- 3091 82 8893 491 259 12816

Chandigarh (h) - 1 1 - 1 - - 2 Delhi 2 - 2 - 30 - 2 34 South 3556 5 3561 1627 1962 2589 720 10462 Andhra Pradesh 1649 (m) 1649 727 1066 888 197 4528 Karnataka 966 - 966 261 539 479 397 2643 Kerala 101 4 105 50 116 - 110 381 Tamil Nadu 832 1 833 589 228 1221 16 2888 Pondicherry 8 - 8 - 13 - (a) 21 A & N Islands (k)

- - -- - - - - -

Lakshadweep - - - (a) - 1 - 1 East 2460 47 2508 615 3532 738 985 8378 Arunachal Pradesh (k)

- - - - - - 42 42

Assam (b) 148 (m) 148 - 2 - 20 170 Bihar (Incl Jharkhand)

1136 - 1136 155 2008 85 241 3625

Orissa (a) (i) 878 - 878 282 277 497 - 1933 West Bengal (b) 261 (m) 261 173 1243 154 523 2354 Manipur (j) - - - - - - 65 65 Meghalaya 13 40 54 - - - - 54 Nagaland (s) - - - - - - 72 72 Sikkim (b) - - - - - - 17 17 Tripura (d) 22 - 22 5 2 2 5 37 Mizoram 2 7 9 - - - - 9 West 4383 1 4384 196 2955 7725 735 15995 Chhattisgarh 678 (a) 678 55 131 39 81 984 Gujarat (o) 492 - 492 18 941 1511 18 2979 Madhya Pradesh 806 1 807 85 864 1787 591 4135 Maharashtra (est.)

1047*

- 1047 - - 1912 - 2959

Rajasthan 1354 - 1354 38 1019 2454 42 4907 Goa 4 - 4 - - 19 - 23 Daman & Diu (g)

- -- - - - 1 - 1

D & N Haveli 2 - 2 - (a) 2 3 7 All-India 2000-01

15789

199 15989 2524 21724 11553 2892 54682

1999-00

16366

195 16560 2574 21813 12768 3046 56761

Source : Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, 2004, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

Ground Water Pollution In India Pollutant State Place Of Occurrences Salinity (Inland) Maharashtra Amravati, Akola Bihar Begusarai Haryana Karnal

Rajasthan Barmer, Jaisalmer, Bharat pur, Jaipur, Nagaur, Jalore & Sirohi

U.P. Mathura Salinity (Coastal) Andhra Pradesh Vishakapatnam Orissa Puri, Cuttak, Balasore West Bengal Haldai & 24 Pargana Gujarat Junagarh, Kachch, Varahi, Banskanta & Surat Flouride Kerala Palaghat Krishna, Ananipur, Nellor, Chittoor. Andhra Pradesh Cuddapah, Guntur and Nalgonda Gujarat Banskanta, Kachch & Amreli Haryana Hissar, Kaithal & Gurgaon Orissa Bolangir, Bijapur, Bhubaneshwar and Kalahandi

Punjab Amritsar, Bhatinda, Faridkot, Ludhiana & Sangrur

Rajasthan Nagaur, Pali, Sirohi, Ajmer & Bikaner Tamil Nadu Chengalput, Madurai

U.P. Unnao, Agra, Aligarh, Mathura, Ghaziabad, Meerut & Rai Baraili

Sulphide Orissa Balasore, Cuttak & Puri Iron U.P. Mirjapur Assam Darrang, Jorhat, Kamrup Orissa Bhubaneshwar

Bihar E. Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Gaya, Manger,

Deoghar & Madubani Rajasthan Bikaner, Alwar, Bharatpur

Tripura Dharmnagar, Kailasanar, Ambasa, Amarpur & Agartala

West Bengal Madnipur, Howrah, Hoogly and Bankura Maganese Orissa Bhubaneshwar, Athgaon U.P Muradabad, Basti, Rampur & Unnao Arsenic West Bengal Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, 24 Pargana Nitrate Bihar Patna, East Champaran, Palamu, Gaya, Nalanda,

Nawada and Banka

Andhra Pradesh Vishakapatnam, East Godvari, Krishna,

Prakasam, Nellor, Chittoor, Anantpur, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Khamam and Nalgonda

Delhi Naraina, Shehadr (Blocks)

Haryana Ambala, Sonepat, Jind, Gurgaon, Faridabad &

Hissar Himachal Pradesh Kulu, Solan, Una Karnataka Bidar, Gulbarge and Bijapur Madhya Pradesh Sehore, Bhopal & (West & Central Part of state)

Maharashtra Jalna, Beed Nanded, Latur, Osmanabad, Solapur Satara, Sangli and Kolhapur

Punjab Patiala, Faridkot, Firozpur, Sangrur & Bhatinda

Rajasthan Jaipur, Churu, Ganganagar, Bikaner, Jalore,

Barm er, Bundi and Sawaimadhopur Tamil Nadu Coimbatore, Penyar and Salem

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

Pollutant State Place Of Occurrences

West Bengal Uttar Dinajpur, Malda, Birbhum, Murshidabad, Nadia, Bankura and Purulia.

Chloride Karnataka Dharwad, Belgaum Madhya Pradesh Bhind, Shagapur and Sehore Maharashtra Solapur, Satara, Amravati, Akola & Buldana Rajasthan Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur & Jalore West Bengal Contai, Digha, Haldia Zinc Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad, Osmania University campus Delhi R.K. Puram Rajasthan Udaipur Chromium Punjab Ludhiana Source: www.cgwb.gov.in

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

Estimate of Wastelands in India (non-forest area only) (hectares in lacs) States/Uts Saline &

Alkaline Lands Wind Eroded Area

Water Eroded Area

Total

Andhra Pradesh 2.40 – 74.42 76.82 Assam – – 9.35 9.35 Bihar 0.04 – 38.92 38.96 Gujarat 12.14 7.04 52.35 71.53 Haryana 5.26 15.99 2.76 24.01 Himachal Pradesh – – 14.24 14.24 Jammu & Kashmir – – 5.31 5.31 Karnataka 4.04 – 67.18 71.22 Kerala 0.16 – 10.37 10.53 Madhya Pradesh 2.42 – 127.05 129.47 Maharashtra 5.34 – 110.26 115.60 Manipur – – 0.14 0.14 Meghalaya – – 8.15 8.15 Nagaland – – 5.08 5.08 Orissa 4.04 – 27.53 31.57 Punjab 6.88 – 4.63 11.51 Rajasthan 7.28 106.23 66.59 180.01 Sikkim – – 1.31 1.31 Tamil Nadu 0.04 – 33.88 33.92 Tripura – – 1.08 1.08 Uttar Pradesh 12.95 – 53.40 66.35 West Bengal 8.50 – 13.27 21.77 UTs 0.16 – 8.73 8.89 Total 71.65 129.26 736.00 936.91

Source: http://www.india-seminar.com/2001

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

State-wise Contamination of Ground Water in parts of Districts due to Geogenic Contaminants Sl No State Salinity Iron Fluoride Arsenic 1 Andhra Pradesh East Godavari, West

Godavari, Krishna, Guntur , Prakasam

-- Prakasam, Nellore, Anantapur, Nalgonda, Rangareddy, Adilabad

--

2 Assam

-- Northern Bank of Brahmaputra

-- --

3 Bihar Begusarai Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Gaya, Munger, Deoghar, Madhubani, Patna, Palamau, Nalanda, Nawada, Banka

Giridih, Jamui, Dhanbad

Patna, Bhojpur

4 Gujarat Banaskantha, Junagarh, Bharauch, Surat, Mehsana, Ahmedabad, Surendranagar, Kheda, Jamnagar

-- Kachch, Surendranagar, Rajkot, Ahmedabad, Mehsana, Banaskantha, Sabarkantha.

--

5 Haryana Sonepat, Rohtak, Hissar, Sirsa, Faridabad, Jind, Gurgaon, Bhiwani, Mahendragarh

-- Rohtak, Jind, Hissar, Bhiwani, Mahendragarh, Faridabad

--

6 HP -- -- -- -- 7 Karnataka Bijapur, Belgaum,

Raichur, Bellary, Dharwar

-- Tumkur, Kolar, Bangalore, Gulbarga, Bellary, Raichur

--

8 Kerala Ernakulam, Trichur, Alleppey

-- Palghat --

9 Madhya Pradesh Gwalior, Bhind, Morena, Jhabua, Khargaon, Dhar, Shivpuri, Shajapur, Guna, Mandsor, Ujjain

-- Bhind, Moerana, Guna, Jhabua, Chhindwara, Seoni, Mandla, Raipur, Vidisha

--

10 Maharashtra Amaravati, Akola. -- Bhandara, Chandrapur, Nanded, Aurangabad

--

11 Orissa Cuttack, Baleswar, Puri

Parts of Coastal Orissa

Bolangir --

12 Punjab Bhatinda, Sangrur, Faridkot, Firozpur.

-- Ludhiana, Faridkot, Bhatinda, Sangrur, Jalandhar, Amritsar.

--

13 Rajasthan Bharatpur, Jaipur, Nagaur, Jalore, Sirohi, Jodhpur

Bikaner, Alwar, Dungarpur

Barmer, Bikaner, Ganganagar, Jalore, Nagaur, Pali, Sirohi.

--

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

Sl No State Salinity Iron Fluoride Arsenic 14 Tamil Nadu Karaikal,

Pondicherry, Nagapattanam, Quide-Millet, Pudukottai, Ramananthapuram, North Arcot -Ambedkar, Dharampuri, Salem, Trichy, Coimbatore.

-- Dharampuri, Salem, North Arcot-Ambedkar, Villipuram-Padayatchi, Muthuram alingam, Tiruchirapalli, Pudukottai.

--

15 Tripura -- Dharamnagar, Kauleshaher, Khowai, Ambasa, Amapur and Parts of Agartala Valley

-- --

16 Uttar Pradesh Agra, Mathura, Mainpuri, Banmda.

-- Bulandshahar, Aligarh, Agra, Unnao, Rae-Bareli

Balia

17 West B engal -- Midnapore, Howrah, Hooghli, Bankura

Birbhum Malda, South-24 Paraganas, Nadia, Hoogly, Murshidabad, Bardhaman, Howrah

18 NCT of Delhi Najafgarh, Kanjhawala, and Mehrauli Blocks.

-- -- --

19 Chhatishgarh -- -- -- Rajanand Gaon

Source: www.cgwb.gov.in

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

Categorization of Blocks/Taluks/Watersheds as Over Exploited and Dark on All India Basis

Sl. No.

States Number of Districts

Number of Blocks/Taluks / Watersheds

No. of Blocks/ Taluks/Watersheds

Overexploited Dark/Critical Year No % 1 AndhraPradesh 22 1157 118 10.20 79 6.83 2001 2 ArunachalPradesh 3 0 0 0 0 1998 3 Assam 23 134 0 0 0 0 2001 4 Bihar 42 589 6 1.02 14 2.38 2002 5 Chhattisgarh 16 145 0 0 0 0 1998 6 Goa 3 12 0 0 0 0 1998 7 Gujarat 20 184 41 22.28 19 10.33 1997 8 Haryana 17 108 30 27.78 13 12.04 2002 9 HimachalPradesh 12 69 0 0 0 0 1998 10 J&K 14 123 0 0 0 0 2002 11 Jharkhand 13 193 0 0 0 0 2002 12 Karnataka 19 175 7 4.00 9 5.14 1998 13 Kerala 14 154 3 1.95 6 3.90 1999 14 MadhyaPradesh 45 459 2 0.44 1 0.22 1998 15 Maharashtra 29 231 0 0 34 14.72 1988 16 Manipur 6 26 0 0 0 0 1998 17 Meghalaya 5 29 0 0 0 0 1998 18 Mizoram 3 20 0 0 0 0 1998 19 Nagaland 7 21 0 0 0 0 1998 20 Orissa 30 314 0 0 0 0 1999 21 Punjab 17 138 81 58.70 12 8.70 2002 222 Rajashtan 32 236 86 36.44 80 33.90 2001 23 Sikkim 4 4 0 0 0 0 1998 24 TamilNadu 27 385 135 35.06 35 9.09 1998 25 Tripura 3 17 0 0 0 0 2001 26 UttarPradesh & 74 822 2 0.24 20 2.43 2000 27 Uttaranchal 28 WestBengal 16 341 0 0 61 17.89 2002 Total States 516 6086 511 383 Union Territories 1 Andaman&Nicobar 0 0 0 0 2001 2 Chandigarh 0 0 0 0 1998 3 Dadra&N.Haveli 0 0 0 0 1998 4 Daman&Diu 2 1 50.00 1 50.00 1998 5 NCTDelhi 5 3 60.00 1 20.00 1998 6 Lakshadweep 9 0 0 0 0 1998 7 Pondicherry 4 1 25.00 - 0 1998 Total UTs 20 5 2 Grand Total 6106 516 385

Source: www.cgwb.gov.in Notes i. Unit of Assessment: Andhra Pradesh,Maharashtra - Watershed; Gujarat,Karnataka -Taluks; Rest of the states – Blocks Methodology for Estimation – GEC’97 - Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, Orissa,Rajashthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Island. GEC’84 – Rest . Criteria for Categorization – Over-exploited – GEC’84 - >100%, GEC’97 ->100%, Declining trend in both Pre & Post-monsoon Water Level; Dark – GEC’84 - >85% & <=100%, Critical – GEC’97 - <1000%, Declining trend in both Pre & Post- monsoon Water Level OR >100%

Groundwater resources of India (As on 01.04.98) SL States Total

Replenishable Ground Water Resource (MhaM/Yr)

Provision for Dpomestic Industrial and other uses (MhaM/Yr)

Available ground water resources for irrigication in net terms (MhaM/Yr)

Utilizable ground water resources for irrigation in Net terms (MhaM/Yr)

Gross draft estimated on prorata basis (MhaM/Yr)

Net Draft (MhaM/Yr)

Balance ground water resources for future use in net terms (MhaM/Yr)

Level of ground water development (%)(MhaM/Yr)

1 Andhra Pradesh 3.52909 0.52936 2.99973 2.69975 1.11863 0.78304 2.21668 26.10 2 Arunachal Pradesh 0.14385 0.02158 0.12227 0.11005 - - 0.12227 - 3 Assam 2.24786 0.33718 1.91068 1.71962 0.20356 0.14249 1.76819 7.46 4 Bihar 2.69796 0.40470 2.29327 2.06394 1.17895 0.82527 1.46800 35.99 5 Chhattis garh 1.60705 0.24106 1.36599 1.22939 0.10925 0.07647 1.28952 5.60 6 Goa 0.02182 0.00327 0.01855 0.01669 0.00219 0.00154 0.01701 8.30 7 Gujarat 2.03767 0.30566 1.73199 1.55881 1.21895 0.85327 0.87872 49.27 8 Haryana 1.11794 0.16769 0.95025 0.85523 1.02637 0.71846 0.23179 75.61 9 Himachal Pradesh 0.02926 0.00439 0.02487 0.02238 0.00591 0.00413 0.02073 16.63 10 J&K 0.44257 0.06640 0.37620 0.33860 0.00586 0.00403 0.37217 1.07 11 Jharkhand 0.66045 0.09907 0.56138 0.50525 0.17352 0.12146 0.43992 21.64 12 Karnataka 1.61750 0.24186 1.37564 1.23665 0.64973 0.45481 0.92083 33.06 13 Kerala 0.79003 0.13135 0.65869 0.59281 0.17887 0.12509 0.53360 18.99 14 Madhya Pradesh 3.48186 0.52228 2.95958 2.66362 1.05494 0.73846 2.22112 24.95 15 Maharashtra 3.78677 1.23973 2.54704 2.29233 1.26243 0.88370 1.66334 34.70 16 Manipur 0.31540 0.04730 0.26810 0.24129 Neg. Neg. 0.26810 Neg 17 Meghalaya 0.05397 0.00810 0.04587 0.04128 0.00260 0.00182 0.04405 Neg. 18 Mizoram 0.14000 0.02100 0.11900 0.10710 - - 0.11900 Nil 19 Nagaland 0.07240 0.01090 0.06150 0.05535 Neg. Neg. 0.06150 Neg. 20 Orissa 2.01287 0.30193 1.71094 1.53984 0.37196 0.26037 1.45057 15.22 21 Punjab 1.81923 0.18192 1.63730 1.47357 2.30028 1.61020 0.02710 98.34 22 Rajashtan 1.26021 0.19977 1.06044 0.95440 1.10350 0.77245 0.28799 72.84 23 Sikkim 0.00736 0.00108 0.00628 0.00565 Neg. Neg. 0.00565 Neg. 24 Tamil Nadu 2.64069 0.39610 2.24458 2.02013 2.00569 1.40398 0.84060 62.55 25 Tripura 0.06634 0.00995 0.05639 0.05075 0.02692 0.01885 0.03754 33.43 26 Uttar Pradesh 8.25459 1.23819 7.01640 6.31476 4.25171 2.97619 4.04021 42.42 27 Uttaranchal 0.28411 0.04262 0.24149 0.21734 0.09776 0.06843 0.17306 28.34 28 West Bengal 2.30914 0.34637 1.96277 1.76649 0.90250 0.63175 1.33102 32.19 Total States 43.44799 7.12081 36.32719 32.69307 19.25207 13.47627 22.85029 37.10 Union Territories

SL States Total Replenishable Ground Water Resource (MhaM/Yr)

Provision for Dpomestic Industrial and other uses (MhaM/Yr)

Available ground water resources for irrigication in net terms (MhaM/Yr)

Utilizable ground water resources for irrigation in Net terms (MhaM/Yr)

Gross draft estimated on prorata basis (MhaM/Yr)

Net Draft (MhaM/Yr)

Balance ground water resources for future use in net terms (MhaM/Yr)

Level of ground water development (%)(MhaM/Yr)

1 Andaman & Nicobar 0.03263 0.0013382 0.031289 0.02816 Neg. Neg. 0.03189 Neg. 2 Chandigarh 0.00297 0.00044 0.00252 0.00227 0.00351 0.00245 0.00007 - 3 Dadra& N Haveli 0.00422 0.00063 0.00359 0.00323 0.00065 0.00046 0.00313 12.81 4 Daman 0.00071 0.00011 0.00060 0.00054 0.00069 0.00048 0.00012 80.00 5 Diu 0.00037 0.00006 0.00031 0.00028 0.00042 0.00029 0.00002 94.84 6 NCT delhi 0.02916 0.01939 0.00977 0.00879 0.01684 0.01180 -0.00203 120.78 7 Lakshadweep 0.03042 0.00456 0.00195 0.00176 0.00109 0.00076 0.00119 39.12 8 Pondicherry 0.01746 0.00262 0.01484 0.01335 0.01645 0.01152 0.00332 77.63 Total

UTs 0.11794 0.02915 0.06487 0.05838 0.03966 0.02777 0.03770

Grand

Total 43.56592 7.14997 36.41595 32.77436 19.29173 13.50404 22.88799 37.08

Source: www.cgwb.gov.in Notes i. Unit of Assessment: Andhra Pradesh,Maharashtra - Watershed; Gujarat,Karnataka -Taluks; Rest of the states – Blocks Methodology for Estimation – GEC’97 - Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, Orissa,Rajashthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Island. GEC’84 – Rest . Criteria for Categorization – Over-exploited – GEC’84 - >100%, GEC’97 ->100%, Declining trend in both Pre & Post-monsoon Water Level; Dark – GEC’84 - >85% & <=100%, Critical – GEC’97 - <1000%, Declining trend in both Pre & Post- monsoon Water Level OR >100%

Ground water quality in problem areas Area Industrial Activities Ground Water Quality Problem * Dhanbad (Bihar)

Fertilizers, Chemicals, Coke plants, Cement explosive factory and Ancillary units

Low pH, whereas NO 3 AL, Ca, TDS, TH, Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cu, Hg & Cd, and also Pesticides exceeded standards

Digboi (Assam) Oil Refinery Fe and Mn exceeded standards Durgapur (West Bengal)

Coal fields, Power and Chemical units Heavy metals except Cu exceeded standards. Hg was also reported as high as 9.5 mg/l. Phenolic compounds & CN were in traces. Total pesticides levels have exceeded standards

Howrah (West Bengal)

Foundries, Electro planting & other mechanical manufacturing units

Heavy metals viz. Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe & Mn were very high. EC, TH, CI, TDS were more some time very high Pesticides were also on high side CN & Phenolic compounds in traces.

Bolaram Patancheru (AP) Pesticide, Pharmaceuticals Phosphates, Hg, As, Cd, Fe, Mn & Pb TDS, TH, Ca exceeded standards, Pesticides were also found to be present

Grater Cochin (Kerala) Fertilizer, Pesticides, Chemicals, Chloral kali Predominatly acidic. The presence of coliform of faecal origin was high. North Arcot (TN) Tanneries, dying units Zn, Cu, Cr, Fe & Mn. Total coliform exceeded standards at several

locations. Bhadravathi (Karnataka) Steel, Paper Mills Zn, Fe & Mn, Pesticides like Aldrin, Dieldrin, Lindane & DDT Pathogenic

organisms reported to be high. Ratlam-Nagda (MP) Distillery, Dye (intermediates) Pharmaceutical

(intermediates) Colour, TDS, TH, Hg, Pb were on higher side, considerable amounts of Pesticides were also reported. Fecal Coliform were also present particularly at Nagda

Vapi (Gujarat) Dyes, Pesticides, Paper & Pulp mills, organic & inorganic chemicals

Phenolic compounds, Cyanide & heavy metals were present within limit as per drinking standards.

Chembur (Maharashtra) Petroleum, Refineries, Fertilizer & Petrochemical, Thermal Power Plant

TDS, Alkativity, TH were higher, Heavy metals, Pesticides, phenolic compounds were present in concentrations, but not very significant. Coliform were on higher side.

Korba (MP) Thermal Power Plants Ancillary Units, Alluminium industries, Mining

The prersence of Cd, Fe, Cr & Cu has exceeded standards, Pesticides were also present. Coliform, F, TDS, CN, B & phenolic compounds also exceeded the standards.

Singrauli (UP) Thermal Power Plants, Alluminium Plant, Organic chemicals industries, Carbon Black plant, Caustic soda & pesticides.

Fe, Cr & Cu were present in predominance, Presence of high Aldrine, Dieldrin & Lindane levels were also observed. Beside this F, Ca, Mg, B, Coliform, Phenols exceeded standards.

Mandi Gobindgarh (Punjab) Wooden, Chemicals, Electroplating units and other Steel metals units.

Pb, Cu, Cd exceeded standards, Phenolic compounds & Cyanide was also present on higher side.

Parwanoo (HP) Ancillary, general industries, Fruit proceeding plant, pesticides,

Presence of Cd, Pb, Fe, Mn were observed on higher side. Traces of pesticides were also present. Phenolic exceeded standards.

Area Industrial Activities Ground Water Quality Problem * Kala-Amb (HP) Paper Mills Phenolic compounds exceeded standards; Heavy metals like Cd, Pb, &

Mn and also pesticides are above limits Pali (Rajasthan) Textile, dyes Colour, Lead, Zinc Fluoride TDS, Cl, Sn were in concentrates exceeding

standards. Jodhpur (Rajasthan) Textile, Steel, Engineering foundry, Chemicals,

minerals dye plastic, oil, pulses and rubber. Colour, Heavy metals such as Fe, Cr, Mn NO3 Na, TDS exceeded standards

Drain Basin Area, Najafgarh (Delhi)

Insecticides, Caustic Soda, Vanaspati, Electroplating etc.

EC, TDS Coliform, F, NO 3, Fe & Cr both exceeded the drinking water standards.

Angul-Talcher (Orissa) Thermal Power station, Fertilizers, chemicals, Mining activities & aluminum

Cr, Fe, Cd, Pb, F and NO 3 were found in concentrates level exceeding standards

Manali (TN) Thermal Power Station, Fertilizer, Petroleum Refining

High microbial contamination have been reported, Nitrates, Fluoride have exceeded standards

Vishakhapatnam (AP) Zinc Smelting, Fertilizer, Petroleum refining Heavy Metal, Fluoride and Nitrates exceeded standards Source: www.cgwb.gov.in Note : * with reference to BIS standards for drinking water

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

List of Ramsar Site in India 1 Chilka Lake 2 Keoladeo National Park 3 Wular Lake 4 Harike Lake 5 Loktak Lake 6 Sambhar Lake 7 Kanjli 8 Ropar 9 Ashtamudi Wetland 10 Bhitarkanika Mangroves 11 Bhoj Wetland 12 Deepor Beel 13 East Calcutta Wetlands 14 Kolleru Lake 15 Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary 16 Pong Dam Lake 17 Sasthamkotta Lake 18 Tsomoriri 19 Vembanad -Kol 20 Chandertal Wetland (pending) 21 Hokera Wetland (pending) 22 Renuka Wetland (pending) 23 Rudrasagar Lake (pending) 24 Surinsar-Mansar Lake (pending) 25 Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch) Source: www.ramsar.org

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

State-wise consumption of fertiliser Zone / State 2002-03 2003-04 P N P2O5 K2O Total N P2O5 K2O Total NORTH 4341.

49 1299.67 199.92 5841.08 4493.66 1397.59 229.56 6120.81

Haryana 690.26

221.69 9.23 921.18 768.27 237.68 15.94 1021.89

Himachal Pradesh

25.64 7.92 6.16 39.72 30.91 8.71 7.19 46.81

Jammu & Kashmir

46.46 17.24 1.11 64.81 55.80 20.23 3.57 79.60

Punjab 1111.27

298.92 31.75 1441.94 1170.11 334.96 38.00 1543.07

Uttar Pradesh 2372.99

729.09 142.21 3244.29 2374.10 767.39 153.43 3294.92

Uttaranachal 91.76 24.76 9.46 125.98 93.38 28.13 11.42 132.93 Chandigarh 0.02 - - 0.02 0.01 - - 0.01 Delhi 3.09 0.05 - 3.14 1.08 0.49 0.01 1.58 SOUTH 2163.

02 937.10 654.22 3754.34 2118.35 921.96 677.87 3718.18

Andhra Pradesh

1035.71

433.92 203.05 1672.68 1138.83 474.09 240.08 1853.00

Karnataka 601.00

303.57 195.16 1099.73 493.17 240.18 186.45 919.80

Kerala 86.66 40.21 77.79 204.66 85.42 38.94 67.74 192.10 Tamil Nadu 420.3

9 150.88 171.89 743.16 378.55 158.57 175.98 713.10

Pondicherry 18.89 8.30 6.17 33.36 22.05 9.87 7.56 39.48 A & N Islands 0.37 0.22 0.16 0.75 0.32 0.31 0.06 0.69 Lakshadweep - - - - 0.01 - - 0.01 EAST 1554.

35 610.12 383.26 2547.73 1606.92 518.37 361.82 2487.11

Arunachal Pradesh

0.41 0.24 0.10 0.75 0.42 0.20 0.11 0.73

Assam 86.29 46.14 42.47 174.90 90.37 51.49 47.58 189.44 Bihar 622.1

0 113.00 27.10 762.20 623.58 45.85 25.67 695.10

Jharkhand 64.63 38.68 4.11 107.42 66.98 41.90 4.84 113.72 Manipur 22.37 2.81 1.72 26.90 22.70 3.18 1.40 27.28 Meghalaya 2.68 1.68 0.10 4.46 2.73 1.83 0.16 4.72 Mizoram 0.69 0.64 0.54 1.87 - - - - Nagaland 0.27 0.23 0.05 0.55 0.33 0.25 0.10 0.68 Orissa 185.4

1 62.86 42.29 290.56 210.07 66.64 49.50 326.21

Sikkim 0.70 0.42 0.13 1.25 0.29 0.15 - 0.44 Tripura 5.80 2.18 1.27 9.25 7.49 2.70 2.38 12.57 West Bengal 563.0

0 341.24 263.38 1167.62 581.96 304.18 230.08 1116.22

WEST 2415.26

1171.92 363.76 3950.94 2857.41 1285.84 328.30 4471.55

Gujarat 510.79

207.05 71.59 789.43 687.55 255.28 73.50 1016.33

M.P. 387.12

284.91 32.53 704.56 586.44 347.93 49.13 983.50

Chhattisgarh 157.86

70.82 21.65 250.33 163.35 63.14 20.98 247.47

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

Zone / State 2002-03 2003-04 P Maharashtra 954.7

0 465.50 229.30 1649.50 853.42 412.78 172.26 1438.46

Rajasthan 401.64

141.86 7.01 550.51 563.21 204.79 10.62 778.62

Goa 2.48 1.42 1.63 5.53 2.79 1.55 1.76 6.10 Daman & Diu 0.05 - - 0.05 - - - - Dadra & Nagar Haveli

0.62 0.36 0.05 1.03 0.65 0.37 0.05 1.07

All - India 10474.12

4018.81 1601.16 16094.09 11076.34 4123.76 1597.55 16797.65

Source: www.iasri.gov.in Consumption of different pesticides (in tonnes) Pesticides 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97

DDT - - - BHC 9154 8033 4167 Aldrin - - - Other chlorohydro-carbons

4298 4239 3904

Methyl parathion 2237 2170 2236 Malathion 2622 2618 2695 Fenitrothion 448 334 490 Other organophosphate

17837 18058 17927

Synthetic pyrethroids 1293 1584 1347 Carbomate insecticides

2768 1744 1867

Sulphur 3315 2961 2364 Lime sulphur 33 50 15 Copper compound 2536 2542 2416 Dithiocarbomate 3797 3620 3529 Other fungicides 1447 1294 1546 Seeds dressing / organo mercurials & others

141 96 99

2,4-D 612 467 621 Triazine 472 207 353 Other herbicides 3158 2956 3429 Urea derivatives 2568 2410 2657 Plant growth regulators

51 53 53

Bromide 62 64 57 Aluminium phosphide

396 348 220

Other fumigants 34 26 27 Anti co-gulants 4 4 3 Other rodenticides 248 206 229 Misc. pesticides 1826 5176 3863 Total 61357 61260 56114 Source: www.iasri.gov.in

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

List of Pesticides / Pesticides Formulations Banned In India

A. Pesticides Banned For Manufacture, Import And Use 1. Aldrin 2. Benzene Hexachloride 3. Calcium Cyanide 4. Chlordane 5. Copper Acetoarsenite 6. CIbromochloropropane 7. Endrin 8. Ethyl Mercury Chloride 9. Ethyl Parathion 10. Heptachlor 11. Menazone 12. Nitrofen 13. Paraquat Dimethyl Sulphate 14. Pentachloro Nitrobenzene 15. Pentachlorophenol 16. Phenyl Mercury Acetate 17. Sodium Methane Arsonate 18. Tetradifon 19. Toxafen 20. Aldicarb 21. Chlorobenzilate 22. Dieldrine 23. Maleic Hydrazide 24. Ethylene Dibromide 25. TCA (Trichloro acetic acid) B. Pesticide / Pesticide formulations banned for use but their manufacture is

allowed for export (2 Nos.) 26. Nicotin Sulfate 27. Captafol 80% Powder C. Pesticide formulations banned for import, manufacture and use (4 Nos) 1. Methomyl 24% L 2. Methomyl 12.5% L 3. Phosphamidon 85% SL 4. Carbofuron 50% SP

http://cibrc.nic.in/list_pest_bann.htm

List of pesticides refused registration S.No. Name of Pesticides 1. Calcium Arsonate 2. EPM

3. Azinphos Methyl 4. Lead Arsonate 5. Mevinphos (Phosdrin) 6. 2,4, 5-T 7. Carbophenothion

8. Vamidothion 9. Mephosfolan 10. Azinphos Ethyl 11. Binapacryl 12. Dicrotophos

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

S.No. Name of Pesticides

13. Thiodemeton / Disulfoton 14. Fentin Acetate 15. Fentin Hydroxide

16. Chinomethionate (Morestan) 17. Ammonium Sulphamate

18. Leptophos (Phosvel) http://cibrc.nic.in/list_pest_bann.htm

Pesticides Restricted For Use In India

S.No. Name of Pesticides

1. Aluminium Phosphide 2. DDT

3. Lindane

4. Methyl Bromide

5. Methyl Parathion

6. Sodium Cyanide 7. Methoxy Ethyl Merciru Chloride (MEMC) 8. Monocrotophos(ban for use on vegetables) http://cibrc.nic.in/list_pest_bann.htm

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES M ANAGEMENT

Consumption of technical grade pesticides in various states (in tonnes)

States / Union Territories

1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01

Andhra Pradesh 8702 7298 4741 4054 4000

Arunachal Pradesh 20 18 18 17 30 Assam 300 284 260 260 245 Bihar 1039 1150 834 832 853 Goa 02 02 04 04 06 Gujarat 4545 4642 4803 3646 2822 Haryana 5040 5045 5035 5025 5025 Himachal Pradesh 300 200 276 385 302 Jammu & Kashmir 63 78 75 26 01 Jharkhand - - - - 150 Karnataka 3665 2962 2600 2484 2020 Kerala 1141 602 1161 1069 754 Madhya Pradesh 1159 1641 1643 1528 871 Maharashtra 4567 3649 3468 3614 3239 Manipur 31 20 31 21 20 Meghalaya 20 08 09 08 06 Mizoram 18 17 16 19 08 Nagaland 09 09 09 10 08 Orissa 885 924 942 998 1006 Punjab 7300 7150 6760 6972 7005 Rajasthan 3075 3211 3465 2547 3040 Sikkim 16 16 15 00.16 04 Tamil Nadu 1851 1809 1730 1685 1668 Tripura 22 19 16 17 11 Uttar Pradesh 7859 7444 7419 7459 7023 Uttaranchal - - - - - West Bengal 4299 3882 3678 3370 3250 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 09 04 05 05 03 Chandigarh 03 03 03 04 02 Delhi 61 65 64 62 55 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 04 04 04 02 06 Daman & Diu 01 01 01 01 02 Lakshadweep 01 01 01 01 02 Pondicherry 115 81 71 70 65 Total 56114 52239 49157 46195.16 43584 Source: www.iasri.gov.in

Annex D

Minutes of Stakeholder Consultations

Proceedings of the 1st Stakeholders Meeting held on 6.9.05 at PDBC, Bangalore, Karnataka

1. The meeting was chaired by Dr. R. Dwarakinath, formerly Vice – Chancellor, UAS, Bangalore. It was attended by 36 participants representing different interests (list attached).

2. Dr. R. Ravindra, Director, RDBC, Bangalore welcomed the participants. It was

followed by self introduction of participants. 3. Dr. Mruthyunjaya, National Director, NAIP made a detailed presentation on the

National Agricultural Innovation Project covering the aspects of motivation, gains of the just concluded NATP, charter of NAIP, key components and their details, consortia and their formation, governance issues, partnership arrangements, M&E system, economic analysis, safeguard analysis, institutional learning and capacity building and project implementation details.

4. The Chairman while setting the agenda for the meeting observed that ICAR being a

premier national organization has always shaped the destiny of agriculture in India. It is good that it is reaching out to stakeholders to seek suggestions for planning a new NAIP. The basic things to be kept in view include, improvement in production through productivity growth is critically important, since farmer is the main end user of technologies, continuous interaction with and empowerment of him becomes important and synergetic use of facilities, services and supplies of the development departments to be emphasized.

5. During the discussion on relevance and validity of the NAIP, the following points

were made:

a. The project cannot solve the problems of Indian agriculture, but has to develop validated models for solving the problems.

b. In earlier model building exercises similar to this project, scaling –up efforts

were, less or minimum. But in a sector like agriculture, scaling up may also be stressed with involvement of stakeholders, particularly to enhance the credibility and large scale applicability of the model results.

c. Along with the value chain, supply chain management with stress on quality and

safety of products has to be emphasized. Such an approach is followed in Indian Spice Board and is found to be useful,

d. Consolidation of gains of the earlier project/s become important. It saves time

and costs besides directly contributing to income and welfare of people. Such gains have to be automatically mainstreamed to the regular programmes of the government.

e. Organic farming should be one of the priorities of the new project. Establishment

of referral laboratories become important. f. The main problem with the farmers is marketing of produce and quality input

supply. Unless market is assured, increasing production is unsustainable. The project should address this issue. Farmer cooperatives may have to be involved in the project. Rural markets to be developed.

g. There may be freedom and flexibility in the rules and procedures of the project.

But unless the rules and procedures of the implementing agencies (rules of the land) are not charged, the output will be less than the optimum.

h. Since women form a significant part of work force and their contributions to

farming is enormous, they have to be given special focus in the project. Similarly deprived social groups in the villages, self help groups etc. have to be helped.

i. Younger generation is leaving farming as agriculture has become less attractive.

Hence, make agriculture remunerative and retain youth. This should also receive attention in the project.

j. Private sector is also involved in pubic good creation like production of

biopesticides etc. They should be provided with venture capital, incentives etc.

k. There is lot of proven, useful ITK in rural areas. They have to be documented and transferred and promoted to farmers in local languages. The project should also consider supporting farmer workshops, visits, demonstrations, training etc.

l. There is lack of co-ordination among different development departments. This

has to be addressed by the project.

m. Rural storage research and facilities are to be focused particularly for perishables.

n. PRIs are not cared, supported and are very weak. They have to be involved in the project so that they perform their roles better and become change agents at the grass root level.

6. During the detailed discussion on Component 2 and 3, every one suggested that there

should be mass awareness campaign on the project using all communication tools andtechniques. They welcomed the idea of help desk creation but said that it should be pro-active in providing the needed support for participation, project preparation, conflict management etc by providing frequent training, promptly replying to queries etc.

7. As regards DOs and DONTs, the following observations were:

DOs

i. Use system perspective

ii. Involve all stakeholders in value chain and other components of the Project

iii. Stress on basic and strategic research particularly to solve long standing major problems like root wilt disease in coconut

iv. Stress on livelihood security

v. More open ended creative ideas for project preparation

vi. Insist on developing business model in value chain component

vii. Stress on import substitution and export promotion.

viii. Avoid duplication of efforts

ix. Local initiatives to be promoted

x. Decentralized operation

xi. SWOT analysis to be done before taking up a project

xii. Stress on production to consumption including buyback arrangement

xiii. Supply chain management to be stressed

xiv. Closely monitor the project

xv. Plan for proper uptake mechanisms of the findings of the project

xvi. Visit the site of consortia before approving it

xvii. Study the policy of the State and enlist the commitment of the state for project success.

xviii. Provide detailed clear guidelines of operation

xix. Stress on water harvesting technologies DONTs

i. Avoid conflict – well developed strategy to manage conflict if arises, imparting training necessary

ii. Agriculture should lead to wealth creation. But a large bulk of rural people are poor. Therefore social welfare should not be forgotten.

iii. Provide inputs incentive (if any) in kind, not in cash

iv. Avoid repetition

v. Gender equity should not be forgotten

vi. Do not disturb vegetation and birds and other natural fauna, particularly in drylands

vii. Help to formulate separate Biopesticide act, not under ‘Insecticide act’

viii. Enforcement of safeguards like water mining through borewells

ix. Study enabling legal environment for accelerated agricultural growth.

x. Promote conjunctive use of water

8. Dr. K.P. Agarwal, NC, NAIP made a detailed presentation on social and environmental framework covering anticipated impacts of the four components of the project, emphasis during NAIP, E & SM framework, environmental benchmarks, social benchmarks, E & S impact and risk assessment, mitigation strategies (environmental and social), monitoring indicators (environmental and social) and monitoring plan and institutionalization. Dr. R.S. Ray from World Bank supplemented the presentation with his expert views.

9. During the discussion on the presentation, participants observed that it is fairly comprehensive and will be useful for maintaining social harmony and ecological integrity. They also felt that the framework is feasible and can be complied with by the PI of the project. But they stressed on monitoring and on-course suggestions for compliance of the strategy. Training and funding to undertake this is critical for success.

10. While concluding the workshop, the Chairman observed :

a. NAIP is next step in agricultural revolution in India

b. ICAR’s initiative is commendable and the project has all the needed and desirable features

c. It is paradigm shift from fragmentary development of agriculture to wholesome development of agriculture – all sub-system are included and really “good” takes place, institutional development takes place, HRD takes place, learning lessons takes place as a result of the project.

d. Major dent on poverty will also take place particularly if dryland areas are given special attention.

e. Farmers want change, and are looking for change. Providing affordable modern technologies properly blended with ITK is our responsibility.

f. Agricultural development should lead to capital / wealth creation, provide investment and livelihood security.

g. The project has good ideas, cannot solve all of our problems, but newer dimensions are stressed and all of us will be benefited if we wholeheartedly participate in it.

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2nd STAKEHOLDERS MEETING HELD ON 10.9.2005 AT BAIF, PUNE, MAHARASHTRA

1. The meeting was chaired by Dr. S.K. Goel, Agricultural Commissioner, Maharashtra State. It was attended by 34 participants representing different interests (list enclosed).

2. Dr. N.G. Hegde, President, BAIF, Pune (Maharashtra), welcomed the

participants. It was followed by self introduction of participants.

3. Dr. Mruthyunjaya, National Director, NAIP made a detailed presentation on the National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) covering the aspects of backdrop for the project, gains of earlier World bank supported Project (NATP), charter of NAIP, key components of NAIP and their details, consortia and their formation, governance of the project, partnership arrangements, M&E system, economic analysis, safeguard analysis, institutional learning and capacity building and project implementation details.

4. The Chairman while setting the agenda for the meeting observed that the

project has several new features which need to be properly understood. Therefore, he opened the house for seeking clarifications.

5. The participants raised the following issues for clarification:

a. What is the emphasis in the project? Is it development or research?

It was clarified that development aspects will also be pursued with collaboration with others but with a strong support of research

b. In watershed development, so far particular aspects including

action research were given to be implemented by the participants. Will there be any freedom to choose the components in NAIP? It was clarified that broad areas of importance will be indicated but freedom to choose specific components in the project proposal will be left to PIs.

c. Date palm is an important enterprise in Kutch area. Can this be

proposed as a project? It was clarified that if date palm is economically important to the region, it can be proposed as a project.

d. Will there be scope to the participation of private sector in the

project? It was clarified that private sector will be one of the important partners in the project.

e. If consortium is formed by NGO, who will control the finance? It

was clarified that, if an NGO meets the guidelines, he will handle the entire project including financial control as per the agreed rules and procedures.

2

f. Will the project emphasize on energy management besides food

security? It was clarified that since energy is becoming critically important, it will be emphasized in the project.

g. If an NGOs has all the components but needs collaboration of an

agency with communication strength, will a project will be sanctioned? It was clarified that, if he ties up with a partner who has communication skill, such a consortium will also be considered for sanction.

h. For sustainable livelihood, allied activities like animal husbandry,

poultry, piggery etc. are also important. Will the project entertain consortia with such enterprises? It was clarified that promoting diversification is one of the ways to enhance income and livelihood improvement and therefore, will be supported, particularly in the Component – 3.

i. Will the call for proposals begin after July 2006 or earlier? It was

clarified that efforts will be made to launch at least 4 to 5 projects under Component 2 & 3 by 1st week of July, 2006. Hence, the call for proposals will begin by the first fortnight of December, 2005.

6. The Chairman requested the participants to provide feedback on project

objectives and interventions. The following observations were made:

a) Research institutions have good technologies. The project should endeavour to, particularly in Component 2 & 3, to upscale them and get them adopted by farmers. b) The project should focus on development of remote areas where both technological and development reach is very poor. c) Instead of handling single component of a value chain, the projects should aim at handing all critical components of value chain. d) The project should focus on poverty alleviation. e) Technology dissemination is one of the weakest links in agricultural development. This should be given priority attention at the consortium level.

7. During discussion of Component 2 & 3, the following points were

stressed:

a) The manager of the value chain is now the trader. His hold on this should be reduced by empowering both the producer and consumer through value chain research.

3

b) Relationship management is critical to the success of consortia. This should be given priority attention in the project. Synerging the co-operation of partners assumes significance. c) The project should make system wide impact by developing models towards it. d) Strengths exist independently in the system. Since they work independently, impacts are sketchy. NAIP provides the glue money. This should be used properly by bringing in major partners like research institutions for technological backstopping, farmers for production, private sector for processing and marketing, government and NGOs for extension. Even there is need to bring in banking sector to partnership for additional funding.

e) For the success of the consortium, enabling legal framework is necessary. There should be provisions to handle partners withdrawing in-between and to fix responsibilities for failures or slow / low progress. Similarly, there should be commitment by the Government wherever it is partner to continue proactive support without changing / transferring the officials during the project period. f) Farmers through their organizations including federal ones can be linked to companies who provide processing and marketing support including input supply. g) Governments have several schemes to promote the idea like value chain. But they could not be successful. ICAR can do it by bringing the right partners by providing the glue money. ICAR is thus providing the missing link in agricultural development. Assistance in project preparation, creation of help desk, HRD activities are all positive features of the new project which should be pursued well.

8. During discussion on Dos and DONTs, the following feed back was

provided:

DOs:

a) Feasibility of the consortium idea for implementation b) Co-ordination among partners who are unknown to each other

c) Exit point and sustainability of the project results

d) Sufficient space for collective / cross learning among partners and

beneficiaries

e) Project should have a mission and a vision

4

f) Linkage with on-going Government programmes, along with knowledge of their strengths and weaknesses

g) Training on project management

h) Clear-cut role definition of partners and strict monitoring

DONTs:

a) Do not antagonize political establishment b) Do not forget women c) Do not leave the details to be decided later

9. Dr. K.P. Agrawal, National Coordinator, NAIP, made a detailed presentation on social and environmental framework covering anticipated impacts of the four components of the project, emphasis during NAIP, E&SM framework, environmental benchmarks, social bench marks, E&S impact and risk assessment, mitigation strategies (environmental and social), monitoring indicators (environmental and social) and monitoring plan and institutionalization. Dr. R.S. Ray from World Bank supplemented the presentation with his expert views.

10. During the discussion on the presentation, participants observed that:

a) The idea is good and will be helpful. b) Since E&S framework is a new concept to the Indian situation in general lots of training and workshops are required to sensitize and educate the partners to follow it.

c) From green revolution mode to organic farming mode is a big step. But the new model is not clear. There is lot of information gap to follow organic farming. The project should aim at bridging the information gapand develop suitable organic farming model for India.

11. While concluding the workshop the Chairman observed: a) The project idea is good and need to be pursued well

b) As regards Maharashtra, two ideas, a) developing a suitable organic

farming model and b) Cheap, inexpensive, in-situ water harvesting model, are important to be tried under NAIP

c) There are no shortage of success stories. The difficulty lies in replication. For this, functional co-ordination holds the they. Let the project promote maximum co-ordination among all the stakeholders.

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE STAKEHOLDERS’ MEETING HELD AT CIFA, BHUBANESHWAR ON 17 – 18TH SEPTEMBER, 2005

1. The Meeting was chaired by Dr. Baidyanath Mishra, formerly Vice-Chancellor, Orissa University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology and Vice-Chairman, State Planning Board, Government of Orissa. The meeting was attended by 29 participants (list enclosed).

2. Dr. A.K. Sarangi, Director, CIFA, welcomed the participants, introduced the

Chairman and told about the broad propose of the meet.

3. After self introduction of the participants, the Chairman requested Dr. Mruthyunjaya, ND,NAIP to brief about the new project.

4. Dr. Mruthyunjaya, ND, NAIP in his brief presentation highlighted the main

motivation for the project, major gains of the just concluded National Agricultural Technology Project, the charter of the new project, including its uniqueness as an innovation project, key components and their details, consortia formation, governance of the project up to the site level, institutional and implementation arrangements, results framework, economic and financial analysis, institutional learning and capacity building efforts at the project and the consortia level, and implementation details.

5. After the presentation, the Chairman allowed the participants to seek

clarifications (if any). During this session, the following points were clarified.

(i) In a project steered by a science establishment like ICAR, why only 15% of the resources is going for science (basic and strategic research)? It was clarified that projects under NAIP aim at integrating basic, strategic, applied, action and value chain research for achieving the goals of enriching science, promoting commerce and sustainable livelihood of people in disadvantaged areas.

(ii) Will the selection of cluster of contiguous districts in Component – 3 is within a

state or can be outside? It was clarified that there is no restriction as long as the selected cluster is representative, conform to project selection criteria and can be used as a model for development of similar clusters.

(iii) The main problems of farmers is distress sale of produce. How the project

provides marketing arrangement to solve this problem? It was clarified that the involvement of the private sector, government departments / agencies who have this responsibility and supporting farmers own organizations etc. in the project are towards addressing this issue. Further, the project provides market intelligence which can help for proper planning of production and sale of the produce as per the market demand. The project tries to connect the concerned to play their mandated role. It acts as bridges and culverts.

(iv) One of the main reasons for backwardness of farmers in Orissa and other states

of Eastern India is very low level of literacy. How the project will be helpful to overcome this problem? It was clarified that the project has a strong component

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of empowerment of people with information through all kinds of communication strategies / activities even including use of local language.

(v) The Chairman observed that in developed countries agricultural progress lead to

industrial progress and finally to growth of service sector. But in our case, after some kind of progress in agriculture, without industrial progress, suddenly service sector is booming. It is good that the project is emphasizing value chain component to bridge this missing link of value addition through agro-processing and marketing. Agro-industrialization should be our model of rural development.

(vi) The Chairman also pointed out that Orissa has the highest level of poverty.

Besides enhancing calorie intake in the diets of people, nutrition has to be improved. It is good that the project is focusing on agricultural diversification with stress on animal husbandry, poultry, fishery, etc. Such diversification will also lead to gain in employment throughout the year. He also mentioned that the component on basic and strategic research should lead to gene revolution to break the yield and quality barriers to feed the predicted population which is going to be even higher than China in the next 20-25 years.

(vii) Agriculture has become unrewarding and hence young people are disinterested in

it. How do the project overcomes this? It was clarified that one of the aims of the project is make agriculture rewarding through raising productivity, profitability, employment, income etc.

(viii) Since we have lot of bio-resources in the villages, optimum planning for bio-

resource use at the village family / level should receive attention in Component - 3. This will provide enough employment in villages.

(ix) Dwindling human resource is an important problem in ICAR and SAU

institutions. How the project can help to resolve this problem? It was clarified that they can hire RAs / SRF as done under NATP and they can also outsource resource people for need based specific tasks.

(x) For the success of the project, involvement of the state development agencies to

supply needed services and supplies becomes very important. How the project ensures this? It was clarified that they will also be brought in partners particularly in Component – 3.

(xi) If the project is to be successful, participatory technology / programme

development is a must. How is this ensured? The need based programmes have to be developed by the consortium leaders in consultation with consortium partners. This will be one of the requirements for funding the consortium.

(xii) Social engineering is the toughest part of the project. People / institutions with

different wave lengths have to be brought in. How is this addressed? It was clarified that the help desk to be created will address this issue. There is also a plan to hire a consultant who has the skills of bringing like minded partners and help in match making.

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(xiii) Out of 40 years, 32 years are years of calamities in Orissa and other coastal parts of eastern India. How do this get addressed in the project? It was clarified that Component –3 will address this under sustainable livelihood improvement framework of a disadvantaged area. Since this is also attributed to climate change, Component – 4 on basic and strategic research will also address this issue.

(xiv) Sunshine hours are less in Orissa and hence Kharif rice yields are less. This

should receive attention in basic and strategic research.

(xv) Taking too many stakeholders is risky as there will be serious accountability problem. How this will be addressed in the project? It was clarified that the number of stakeholders is purely need based. As far as accountability is concerned, there will be a legal agreement between ICAR and consortium leader on the one hand and between consortium leaders and partners on the other hand. However, in case of Component – 4, it can with individual institutions, networks or in consortium depending upon the nature of topic and strength of the bidding institution /s.

(xvi) There is always a tendency of multiple jobs done by people in institutions. Is

there any requirement that the PI or Co-PI should be exclusively involved in the assigned project during the project period? It was clarified that this is included in the guideline and will be a conditionality.

The participants discussed on DOs and DONTs and the observations are as

follows: DOs a) The strength of partners have to be clearly assessed before forming a consortium

b) Rules, procedures and TORs for the consortium to be framed before the formation of

consortium

c) Basic and strategic research should get higher share than 15% as indicated.

d) More co-ordination among ICAR institutes, SAUs, farmers and industry to be promoted. e) All the programmes particularly under Component - 3 to be decided in consultation with

the farmers f) Promote small sized agro-industry, small machinery etc. to suit to small and marginal

farmers. g) There should be clearcut guidelines of withdrawal of membership from NGOs, private

sector etc. h) Influence framing through favourable government polices for implementation and uptake

of project results

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i) Subsidies to be avoided or to phased out in general. j) Frequent interaction among consortium partners is essential k) Prioritize projects and sponsor them. Heterogeneous consortium may involve many risks l) Direct funding to PIs to be ensured m) Money to buy vehicles to be given n) Organic farming to be promoted o) Surveys to identify the priorities to be undertaken p) There should be training for entrepreneurship development. q) Development departments to be included in Component 2 and 3 r) There should be priority for waste utilization and waste land development s) Seed and planting material supply to be ensured t) Experiences of consortium approache followed by different organizations in India and

other developing countries to be documented and utilized. u) Release of funds to be timely as per agreed schedule v) There should be due recognition to consortium members for the success of it whenever it

is shared/disseminated. w) Selection of the proper consortium leader is as critical as the project selection for the

success of consortium DONTs

a) Don’t continue the project, if accountability is at stake. b) Do not change or transfer the staff associated with the project during the entire

project period c) Do not have unmanageable number of the partners in the project

Dr. K.P. Agrawal, National Coordinator, NAIP, made a detailed presentation on social and environmental framework covering anticipated impacts of the four components of the project, emphasis during NAIP, E&SM framework, environmental benchmarks, social bench marks, E&S impact and risk assessment, mitigation strategies (environmental and social), monitoring indicators (environmental and social) and monitoring plan and institutionalization.

During discussion, it was pointed out that the framework is comprehensive and if implemented will ensure social harmony and ecological integrity. But providing training to understand the framework and undertake the task is necessary.

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While concluding the workshop, The Chairman, Dr. B. Mishra observed that:

a) For long time we entirely depended on increasing crop production. But it is now time to consider value addition. This is particularly important as the size of farm is declining fast.

b) Poverty is exported to urban areas from rural areas because there is no adequate

employment and income in farming. To arrest this trend, agro industrialization in rural areas is important

c) Improving the nutrition is important. Hence, diversification to animal husbandry,

poultry, piggery, fishery is important. They are also labour intensive activities.

d) Research and development should go together. Innovations in thinking and working should take place in both.

e) Dry land areas should be given priority with emphasis on oilseeds and pulses.

f) Direct interventions through prices and subsidies are ineffective and expensive

interventions for poverty alleviation. Interventions should be in the form of infrastructure development, irrigation, technology, storage, marketing facilities, extension etc.

g) Believe in village panchayats. They may not be functioning well. But we have to

help them and mainstream them. Involve them in the project with accountability.

h) Many voluntary organizations have become commercial. We have to be careful while selecting them as partners.

i) The project is very innovative and addresses the real issues facing Indian agriculture.

But it is highly challenging. It is success depends on cooperation and coordination among variety of stakeholders with different wavelength. But that is the only option we have, if we have to succeed.

Proceeding of the 4th Stakeholders Analysis and Disclosure workshop held on 24.9.2005 at ICAR Research Complex, Barapani, Meghalaya

1. The Workshop was chaired by Dr. D.N. Borthakur, formerly Vice-Chancellor,

Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam. The meeting was attended by 49 participants representing variety of stakeholders (list attached).

2. Dr. Bujarbaruaha, Director, ICAR Research Complex welcomed the chairman

and participants, and explained that the purpose of the meeting is to present the details of the new project being undertaken by ICAR and to seek suggestions and participation from the stakeholders. He also described the agro-biological socio-economic uniqueness of NE Region which need to be kept in view for formulation of the new project.

3. After self introduction of participants, the chairman observed that there is great

prospects for the development of agriculture in NE Region in respect of crop, animal husbandry and fisheries. It is not harnessed at the moment. There is dearth of market and infrastructure facilities and entrepreneurship. Agricultural research has to play a key role in knowledge generation and dissemination culminating to best production practices by farmers. He also said that there is lot of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) in the region which should be blended with modern technology to increase income and also maintaining the health of natural resources. NAIP should utilize human and natural resource base of the region for its all round development.

4. Dr. Mruthyunjaya, ND, NAIP in his brief presentation highlighted the main

motivation for the project, major gains of the just concluded National Agricultural Technology Project, the charter of the new project, including its uniqueness as an innovation project, key components and their details, consortia formation, governance of the project up to the site level, institutional and implementation arrangements, results framework, economic and financial analysis, institutional learning and capacity building efforts at the project and the consortia level, and implementation details.

5. The Chairman sought the opinion of the house on the needed clarification,

validity and relevance of the project objectives and interventions and with particular reference to details on Component 2 & 3. During the discussion, the following queries were made and replied:

a) Women play a dominant role in NER. What is the emphasis on

this in NAIP? It was clarified that, other things remaining the same, proposals with emphasis on women will be preferred for funding. In the guidelines, involvement of women is strongly emphasized.

b) Is the consortia be located at district, region, state or institutions

level? Consortium will be lead by an institution which may cover any geographic area where interventions suggested will contribute to significant socio-economic development of the area.

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c) Can value chain be lead by an NGO? It was clarified that it can be lead by an NGO if he fulfils the prescribed guidelines and submits a sound project proposal with all relevant partners.

d) What is the role of NGO in the consortia? The role of NGO is to

organize farmers, create awareness, encourage community participation, ensure feedback from and to the people etc.

e) Will the participation of the line department is involved for

supplying critical inputs like seed and planting material? Line departments will be involved, particularly in Component - 3.

f) How to change the mindset of the department officials for

participation in the project? They will be brought as partners in the consortium from the beginning.

g) How project takes care of changing face of the world situation

during the project of 6 years which is not a small period? The changes taking place will be brought to bear on through course corrections by strengthening the market intelligence and knowledge management and sharing system.

h) Who will do hand holding of the consortium? The consortium

leader will do hand holding with the advise and guidance of CAC.

i) For NER, horticulture is important. Will it be supported? Any

idea including horticulture which is justified to contribute to development of the region and welfare of the people will be supported.

j) Will integrated development of tribal people with farming

systems approach, with crops, horticulture, animals etc. will be supported? It will be supported, particularly in Component – 3.

k) Will the outsourcing of human resource for running the consortia

supported? Need based outsourcing of human resource will be supported.

l) Will the shifting cultivation which has not been dispensed with

by farmers despite recommended technologies / alternatives can be suggested as a project? It can be supported if the components to be explored will contribute to better adoption, livelihood improvement and natural resource management.

m) The success of value chains depends on supply of up to date

market intelligence. Will it be provided? It will be strengthened under Component – 1 and will be supplied to consortia on a regular basis.

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n) Will there be any help to prepare project proposals and manage the consortia during the implementation? Help desk will be created to guide and provide HRD needs of project preparation, implementation and report writing. For full project preparation, seed money will also be provided for preparing a sound project. The detailed project guidelines will be available much before the project proposal writing, consortia management, conflict resolution etc. to guide the whole process.

o) How to select the partners? When the consortium leader

conceives the idea and its missing links, he will explore like minded, competent partners to fill in the gaps, consult them and seek their partnership for project formulation. They will agree to share the tasks and resources with full accountability of the agreed output.

6. There was a focussed discussion on DOs and DONTs in the project. It was observed that: A. DOs

• There should be clear-cut knowledge sharing strategy and mechanism • Input delivery system including credit support should be in place

• Repetition should be avoided

• Projects with future in mind like organic farming in cluster approach, peri-

urban agriculture to be supported?

• The project should aim at arresting migration to cities

• Connect growers with market

• Insurance coverage should be there

• Enough fund for hiring research associates / SRFs or even need based outsourcing of expertise.

• There should be complete delegation of powers, produce and flexibility

• Legal instruments to be strong

• There should be provision for mobilization of additional resources

• Keep farmers informed of the benefits of the project for large scale adoption

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• Since the project is for 6 years, keep the projects such that will provide substantial output / outcome by the end of the project particularly under Component 2 & 3

• Monitoring to be done not only with quantifiable indicators (visible) but also

qualitative indicators (invisible)

• Post harvest processing to be emphasized but with stress on small scale rural industries

• There should be clear-cut demarcation of project inputs and outputs

• Needed policy changes like pricing, conferring land ownership etc. to be

studied and communicated to the concerned for needful

• Target should be fixed with clear-cut logistic planning

• Success stories to be documented and disseminated frequently

• Standardization of the products and testing laboratories to be established

• In the selection of the concept note and projects, experts from the region should also be included

• Watershed approach should be followed particularly in projects of Component

– 3

• The potential for domestic / regional market should be kept in view

• There should be another workshop in this series where the stakeholders will be presenting their ideas with proposal of partners

DONTs

• Do not involve too many partners • Do not have a rigid framework

7. Dr. K.P. Agrawal, National Coordinator, NAIP, made a detailed presentation on social and environmental framework covering anticipated impacts of the four components of the project, emphasis during NAIP, E&SM framework, environmental benchmarks, social bench marks, E&S impact and risk assessment, mitigation strategies (environmental and social), monitoring indicators (environmental and social) and monitoring plan and institutionalization.

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8. During the discussion on the E&S framework, the following points were made:

• There should be harmony between the suggestions to broden the genetic base and growing HYVs

• Much simplified framework to be prepared for the NGOs, PRIs etc. Lot of

training to appreciate and implement the framework is necessary

• The framework is very important and there should be more stress on topsoil protection in NEH Region

• Integrated farming with animal husbandry to be emphasized

• Large scale coal mining in parts of the region to be curbed

9. The chairman, while concluding, made the following observations:

• Market is number one incentive. It should be created. Similarly bring in best production practices and disseminate to farmers so that what he grows will be in demand in the domestic as well as export market

• Do not thrust the technology to farmers. Understand what they want, modify

your technologies and work with them

• Do not emphasize only production. He needs income, employment, nutrition etc. See that he gets them. At the same time maintain ecology

• Formulate the project jointly and see that there should not be any

implementation problems

• Take help of all development departments including NABARD

• Do not take projects of long duration like plantation crops. Work with improvement of existing orchards, if there is a project with fruit / plantation crop horticulture as a component

• Socio-economic aspects of farming is very important, particularly in NE

Region. The influence of village leaders is very high. Study such aspects and design the projects

• NE Region is a home of rich biodiversity. There are lots of opportunities to

optimally use them instead of endangering them. Let the project be built on this resource with due care for their protection.

• Formulate projects of your need (people and the region), not the needs of

outsiders. It will bring good to the region and society.

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH STAKEHOLDERS MEETING AND DISCLOSURE WORKSHOP HELD ON 6.10.2005 AT NBPGR,

NEW DELHI

1. The Meeting was held under the Chairmanship of Dr. Abhijit Sen, Member (Agriculture), Planning Commission, Govt. of India. The meeting was attended by 55 participants representing different stakeholder categories (list of participants enclosed).

2. Dr. J.L. Karihaloo, Director, NBPGR, welcomed the Chairman,

World Bank Mission Members, and all the participants to the Meeting. He said that NATP has been a boon to Indian NARS and NAIP can also help to consolidate the gains and should explore some new areas.

3. After self-introduction of participations, the chairman asked ND,

NAIP to make presentation on the NAIP.

4. Dr. Mruthyunjaya, ND, NAIP in his brief presentation highlighted the main motivation for the project, major gains of the just concluded National Agricultural Technology Project, the charter of the new project, including its uniqueness as an innovation project, key components and their details, consortia formation, governance of the project up to the site level, institutional and implementation arrangements, results framework, economic and financial analysis, institutional learning and capacity building efforts at the project and the consortia level, and implementation details.

5. After the presentation, the Chairman observed that, Indian

agriculture is faced with the problems of technology, total factor productivity growth and growth in input use. Technology will remain central to trigger growth in agriculture and growth in TFP has to be increased. The linkage between agriculture and the rest of the economy is weak. Economy is doing well but has not benefited agriculture. The project ideas on competition in research and formation of consortia involving partners from outside NARS is really welcome. As far as possible, competition and consortia formation should be extended to all the four components. He also mentioned that ICAR has to consider recommendations of Dr. Swaminathan Committee and Dr. Mashelkar Committee. He also told that ICAR is yet to come out with a plan to implement the National Fund for Basic and Strategic Research in agriculture. ND, NAIP clarified that ICAR is in the final stage to come out with its proposals to consider the recommendations of the above Committees including the suggestion to implementation of National Fund for Basic and Strategic Research by the Competent authorities. The

2

Chairman remarked about the availability of promising technologies on the one hand and the poor growth rate in agriculture on the other.

6. During the discussion on rationale and validity of project objectives,

components and implementation details, the following points were made:-

• The capacity built under NATP should be further used under NAIP • IPR issues, SPS issues etc. should receive more attention • Marketing, processing and value addition aspects should be given

priority in the project • Surveys for value addition possibilities to be taken up • There should be a strong information dissemination mechanism in

the NAIP. Access to information is a must • Supply of inputs should be ensured. Information on the availability,

use, price etc. of inputs should be readily available to farmers • Outdated legal framework should be changed. Separate permission

to produce bio-fertilizers is ridiculous • Agricultural insurance should be included in the project. At least

linkage with insurance agency is a must • Women should be given due importance in NAIP. Key deliverables

in the Project should be identified • Compliance to international treaties, agreement etc. to be kept in

view while identifying research gaps and projects under NAIP • Creation of a strong website for the project is a must as it provides

out of the box ideas for innovation • Training need assessment of the project has to be undertaken • Small and marginal holders interest should be kept in view while

taking up project interventions • Change of mindset of authorities in the project is important for the

success of the project • Networking, flexibility, system approach etc. should form the

features of the project • Besides model building, creating networks, relationships, rural

credit, rural energy, skill up gradation, rural roads etc. are important • District level techno-economic surreys are to be taken upon by

NAIP • Conservation of biodiversity, rare species like bhadwari buffalo,

jamnapari goat should receive attention • Contract farming to be emphasized but with precaution on soil and

water problem • Organic farming is to be provided • Maha Grapes of Maharashtra provides the best model of a supply

chain

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• Integration of agriculture with animal husbandry is the key to sustainable agriculture

• Aonmla and medicinal plants to be promoted as value chains • Giving leadership to private sector and NGOs in consortiums of 2 &

3 to be tried as it proves that if they succeed ICAR gets the credit and if they fail, they cannot blame ICAR for not giving them opportunity

• Water harvesting and hill agriculture to be given priority • Farmer’s trust on KVKs is lower than their trust on input suppliers.

This has to be improved by ICAR • Seed quality is important and therefore to be regulated • Farmers innovations to be factored in to projects • For formation of consortia, expertise available with ASSOCHAM,

FICCI, CII etc. to be made use of • Approach apex organizations of NGOs (VANI), input agencies like

Seed Association, Pesticides Associations etc. output Associations like CII, FICCI, Farmers Associations for partnership making

7. For the queries on possible time line for first set of submission and approval of project proposals under the Components of NAIP, ND,NAIP provided the followings tentative schedule:

i) Call for proposals (PCN) : Dec.,2005 ii) Submission of proposals: January, 2006 iii) Screening of PCNs: January, 2006 iv) Submission and approval of proposals : April, 2006 v) Screening, presentation, site visit etc: June,2006 vi) Project sanction (few consortia) : July, 2006

8. As regards suggestions for areas / themes for Component – 3, the following were suggested:

i) Western Ghats ii) Kumau Hills

9. As regards DOs,and DONTs, the following points were made DOs

• Projects benefiting small and marginal farmers which increase their income and do not increase risk should be given priority

• Profits in the current year should be given due importance as it is critical to farmers to stay in business

• Farming system approach should be emphasized • In the case of animals, breed associations to be given importance

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• Make the PI accountable with full flexibility • Have a transparent governance structure • Project should make measurable impact on farmers • Areas of interventions for Component – 3 should be chosen carefully • Avoid large overhead costs • Continuous interaction with farmers is a must • Synergy with major programmes like Horticulture Mission, Watershed

development, Employment guarantee scheme etc. to be forged • ICAR can lead Component 1 & 4, but 2 & 3 to be left to others • Involving PRIs is important but has to be careful as still they are driven

by Government • NAIP should be research driven • Selection Committee should have minimum representation from the

government • Funds flow to be directly to the consortia / partners • Selection of projects can be given to professional bodies like CAFF,

CRISEL etc. and then be put up to RAC / PMC. • Do not have too many committees

10. Dr. K.P. Agrawal, National Coordinator, NAIP, made a detailed presentation on social and environmental framework covering anticipated impacts of the four components of the project, emphasis during NAIP, E&SM framework, environmental benchmarks, social bench marks, E&S impact and risk assessment, mitigation strategies (environmental and social), monitoring indicators (environmental and social) and monitoring plan and institutionalization. 11. The Chairman concluded the meeting with thanks to one and all for participation and inputs. 12. The meeting ended with vote thanks to the chair and participants by Dr. K.P. Agrawal.

Proceeding Final Stakeholder Mtg.- NBPGR 6.10.05

Annex E

Framework for Baseline Studies for Sub-Projects

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

1 FORMAT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE

1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

1.2.1 Physical Resources

Soils

- Soil type - Soil characteristics - Soil fertility

Climate

- Agroclimatic zone - Predominant wind direction - Rainfall - Seasonal temperature range

Hydrology

- Surface water sources - Quality and quantity of water available - Irrigation systems available - Drainage pattern - Catchment area - Tidal characteristics (for coastal areas)

Hydro Geology

- Underlying geology - Depth of groundwater - Aquifer characteristics - Existing groundwater recharge mechanisms - Groundwater demand in the area (classification as grey, dark or white) - Groundwater usage in the area

History of Natural disasters

- Earthquakes - Tropical cyclones - Tsunami - Landslides - Avalanche - Fires - Floods - Subsidence

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

- Famines - Desertification

1.2.2 Ecological Resources

Forests

- Forest cover in the area - Forest type - Dominating species - Density of the existing flora

Wildlife

- Existing/indigenous flora and fauna of the area - Endangered species - Dominating species (frequency and abundance values, density of the

species) Fish and Aquatic Fauna

- Existing database on natural fish /aquatic fauna existing in the area, - Fish culture activities, - Indigenous fish gene pool- (biodiversity, dominance)

Livestock

- Existing livestock and other animals reared in the area - Types of practices

Weeds

- Predominant weeds in the area - Presence of toxic / poisonous plants) in the area

History of pest attack

- History of locust attack in the area - History of bamboo flowering in the area

1.2.3 Human and Economic development

Population

- Total population in the area - Agricultural population/total population - Agricultural labour force/total labour force

Storage areas

- Government godowns / storage areas available in the area,

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Transportation/Infrastructure availability

- Transportation availability for transport of produce - Roads network in the area - Rail network in the area - Transportation vehicles availability (tractors/trolley)

Processing units

- Types of Processing units in the vicinity - Approach mechanism and time required to reach the processing

units/market for sale Marketing infrastructure

- Potential markets /haat available in the vicinity - Export mechanisms and accessibility

1.2.4 Land and Resource use

Agriculture

- Total area - Agricultural area - Arable land and permanent crops area - Cropping pattern - Permanent pastures area - Agricultural labour force - Irrigated land area - Agricultural subsidies available in the area/state - Value of agricultural produce in the past five years - Export value for agricultural products

Aquaculture

- Fishery practices in the area - Related revenue generation

Forestry

- Any forestry practice in the area - Related economy and labour diversion

Livestock

- Type of livestock - Number of livestock in the area - Permanent pasture land available

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Chemical usage in relation to available land area

- Pesticide usage - Fertiliser usage - Type of pesticide/fertiliser used in the area - Quantity of fertiliser used

1.3 SOCIAL BASELINE

The social baseline should present profile of the project area. At least district level information should be provided. If possible, village level data (for the villages that are impacted by the project) should also be covered. The Baseline needs to be prepared in the early stags of the project to set up bench marks against which the impact monitoring and evaluation exercise will be carried out.

1.3.1 Administrative Set Up

District/Blocks/Villages

1.3.2 Demography

Population Sex Ratio Literacy Density Social groups- religious groups, SC/ST/Backward Castes/Other

Backward castes Families below poverty line (BPL)

1.3.3 Health

IMR MMR Birth Rate Death Rate Main diseases

1.3.4 Occupational Pattern

Main/Marginal/Non workers Percentage people involved Agricultural/Animal Husbandry/Fisheries/

Allied Sectors Migration- in migration and out migration Work profile of women/seasonal calendar for women’s daily schedule

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

1.3.5 Vulnerability Profiling

Gender- Women’s roles and responsibilities, Seasonal calendar and issues specific to women

Tribes: Main tribes, major cultural practices related to agriculture/horticulture/livestock/fisheries, community structure, and issues specific to tribes

BPL Households- Profile, reasons leading to poverty, access to resources

1.3.6 Access to basic facilities

Water availability- surface/groundwater Infrastructure- roads, drainage, sewage, power availability, transportation Communication Availability of storage facilities, number of processing units related to the

project The following sub-sections need to be covered only if relevant to the project.

1.3.7 Agriculture

Land use Number of holdings by size groups (marginal, small, semi-medium,

medium, large) Area operated (in Ha) according to categories ((marginal, small, semi-

medium, medium, large) Average land holding size in each category Cropping pattern/cycle Main crops cultivated Principal method of cultivation/levels of mechanisation Sources of irrigatio Land under irrigation, gross irrigated area Types of seeds used- indigenous/hybrid Fertiliser consumption- amount per hectare per crop Pesticide consumption- amount per hectare per crop Average annual returns from principal crops Division of labour- men, women and children in agriculture Improved agricultural practices in the area (Direct value addition-

crops/end products)

1.3.8 Livestock

Types of animals- cattle, sheep/goats, pigs, chicken, ducks etc Principal breeds Average yield per breed Livestock practices- grazing/feeding, availability of fodder/feed Access to health care facilities Value change, if any (change in markets, products, processing)

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Division of labour- men, women, children Key Issues/problems

1.3.9 Horticulture

Key crops Main varieties Accessibility to inputs- seeds/saplings, fertilisers, pesticides and water Average yield/variety Processing and marketing linkages Key problems/issues

1.3.10 Fisheries

Type of fishing Key varieties of fish available Common fishing practices Changes in fish catch/varieties over the last 5 years Distribution of non-motorised, motorised and mechanised fishermen Fishing zones Fish population Fisheries practices No. of fishing ponds, aqua culture ponds etc.

Annex F

Checklist for Screening of Proposals

ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

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1 CHECKLIST FOR CONSORTIA

This checklist has been provided for the Consortia to enable them to check if the project they are proposing falls in any socially or environmentally vulnerable areas, and to guide them to change the project design if required, and include appropriate measures in the proposal accordingly. The consortia needs to ensure that the project does not fall into any category indicated in the project exclusion criteria. The following would be considered as criteria for exclusion in the project: • Project requiring land acquisition and possible displacement of people. • Activities likely to cause damage to wildlife and forests/other natural

habitats. • Projects that would adversely impact vulnerable groups like tribals,

landless, marginal farmers and poor/BPL families. • Projects that include building large dams and irrigation systems and can

cause flooding. • Projects that promote use, storage, manufacture and distribution of

banned pesticides/agro-chemicals by WHO guidelines. • Projects that plan to eliminating/replacing indigenous varieties of species • Projects that impact religious places and cultural sites.

1.1 CHECKLIST

Table 1.1 Checklist for consortia

Check Response (If yes)* Remarks (for the consortia to fill)

Agriculture Is the project water intensive, using ground water and located in watersheds identified as overexploited, dark or notified as critical?

Consult with the Ground Water Authority in the district and include an assessment of ground water resources availability in the project area vis a vis the project requirements and other multiple needs or conjunctive water use (ecological and human)

Is the project water intensive, and proposing to use a surface water source which has downstream users?

Include an assessment of surface water resources availability in the project area vis a vis the project requirements and other multiple needs or conjunctive water use (ecological and human).

Is the project water Check options of using

area with water quality problem (heavy metals, fluoride, salinity etc.)

than the water with quality problems, or assess the economic feasibility of prior treatment of water.

Is the project located in area with land degradation problems (soil salinity in coastal areas, alkaline or sodic lands and areas impacted by wind erosion)?

Include land reclamation measures.

Is the project proposing to use newly introduced high yielding varieties as a method to improve productivity?

Check a) that the project location is beyond 2 km away from forest land; b) the variety is recommended for the intended use; and c) follow all the do’s and don’s specified by the institutions from where the varieties have been obtained.

Is the project located in a tribal area (Schedule V and VI areas)?

Review the relevant state tribal laws and develop specific codes of conduct for working in a tribal area.

Livestock Is the project introducing livestock in a community which has not had livestock as a livelihood activity?

Ensure that the project is socially acceptable and does not hurt cultural/religious sensitivities of the community.

Is the project promoting livestock in areas with severe land degradation, aridity and water shortage issues?

Ensure that the project does not increase pressures on existing livestock resources. Include a) an assessment of availability of fodder and grazing areas and their current status; and b) methods to augment existing fodder resources.

Fisheries Is the project located in the Coastal Regulation Zone?

a) Ensure that it is not located in CRZ (1) or CRZ (1) (ii); and b) seek permission under the CRZ regulations.

Is the project aquaculture based and located in areas where salinity ingress is already an issue?

Hydro-geological studies and assessments should be carried out to a) identify measures to ensure that the problem is not aggravated; and b) quality of water to be used for aquaculture is not contaminated.

Does the project involve increasing capture fishing (marine and riverine)?

Prior ecological sustainability assessment needs to be undertaken in the project area.

Research Is the project proposing research on transgenic organisms/GEMS?

a) Ensure all the relevant guidelines related to such varieties are followed and required measures are in place; b) ensure all permits have been

taken. Is the project proposing to import, export, transport, manufacture, process, use or sell any hazardous micro-organism of genetically Engineered organisms/substances/ cells?

a) Ensure all the relevant guidelines related to such varieties are followed and required measures are in place; b) ensure all permits have been taken.

* If no, then the project does not need a specific response. (This checklist is relevant for the consortia at the proposal stage. It is assumed that at the project implementation stage, the consortia will identify specific impacts and mitigation measures relevant for their projects and project areas, and comply with all governing rules and regulations. The E & SM framework will act as a guideline for this).

Table 1.1: Activity – Impact Identification Checklist- Environment

Impact Agriculture Horticulture Livestock Fisheries Research

Cultivation (HYVs, HVCrop, Diversification etc.)

Development of irrigation systems

Harvesting & Storage of Agriculture Produce

Transportation & Processing of Agriculture Produce

Packaging and Marketing

Horticulture farm production

Harvesting & Storage of Horticulture Produce

Transportation & Processing of Produce

Packaging and Marketing

Livestock Development & Production

Storage, Transportation, Processing, Packaging & Marketing

Aquaculture, Fishing (inland, riverine, coastal and marine)

Fish Storage, Transportation, Processing, Packaging & Marketing

Laboratory research

Field research

Stress on water resources

Increased salinity/Land degradation

Soil and ground water contamination (due to use of pesticides etc.)

Eutrophication and impact on aquatic fauna

Health and safety

Pesticide/Insecticides residues in food chain.

Disposal of Pesticide/fertilizer containers

Bio diversity loss (Plant/Animal)

Increase in crop/plant vulnerabilities (crop failures)

Uncontrolled cultivation of

Impact Agriculture Horticulture Livestock Fisheries Research

Cultivation (HYVs, HVCrop, Diversification etc.)

Development of irrigation systems

Harvesting & Storage of Agriculture Produce

Transportation & Processing of Agriculture Produce

Packaging and Marketing

Horticulture farm production

Harvesting & Storage of Horticulture Produce

Transportation & Processing of Produce

Packaging and Marketing

Livestock Development & Production

Storage, Transportation, Processing, Packaging & Marketing

Aquaculture, Fishing (inland, riverine, coastal and marine)

Fish Storage, Transportation, Processing, Packaging & Marketing

Laboratory research

Field research

genetically engineered varities Impacts on natural habitats

Deforestation & Vegetation loss

Loss of soil fertility

Landuse change (Loss of agriculture land)

Crop residue disposal

Air quality (Construction/operation)

Wastage of food products

Waste generation and disposal

Disposal of plastic/other non bio degradables

Wastewater generation and treatment

Impact Agriculture Horticulture Livestock Fisheries Research

Cultivation (HYVs, HVCrop, Diversification etc.)

Development of irrigation systems

Harvesting & Storage of Agriculture Produce

Transportation & Processing of Agriculture Produce

Packaging and Marketing

Horticulture farm production

Harvesting & Storage of Horticulture Produce

Transportation & Processing of Produce

Packaging and Marketing

Livestock Development & Production

Storage, Transportation, Processing, Packaging & Marketing

Aquaculture, Fishing (inland, riverine, coastal and marine)

Fish Storage, Transportation, Processing, Packaging & Marketing

Laboratory research

Field research

Surface water quality

Release of uncontrolled genetically modified organisms

Generation of hazardous bio wastes and its disposal

Identification of Positive Impacts/Contributions

Project Activity Positive Impacts/Contribution Environment Social

As a follow up of the table above, the following two need to filled up for the screening purpose

Impact Mitigation and Justification

Impact Mitigation Measure Justification

For this table please refer to section 6 on Issues, Impacts and Mitigation.

Legal Framework

Impact Compliance with Regulatory Framework

For this table please refer to Section 3 on regulatory review.

Activity-Impact Identification Checklist- Social

Project: Component:

Impacts Agriculture Horticulture Livestock Development Fisheries Production

Harvest, Storage & Transportation

Food processing- setting up food processing units

Packaging and marketing

Production

Harvest, Storage, Transportation

Food processing- setting up food processing units

Packaging and marketing

Production

Harvest, Storage, Transportation

Food processing- setting up food processing units

Packaging and marketing

Production

Harvest, Storage, Transportation

Food processing- setting up food processing units

Packaging and marketing

HYVs & High Value Crops

Crop diversification

Development of irrigation systems

Organic farming

HYVs & High Value Crops

Improved irrigation facilities

Breed Improvement

Introduction of HYVs

Artificial Insemination

Improved veterinary Health care facilities

Dairy Meat Processing

Poultry Inland Coastal Marine

Unequal access to agricultural inputs

Marginlisation and increasing disparities

Vulnerability to crop failure/animal diseases

Increased poverty and indebtedness

More dependent on external resources

Increased workload for women and children

Greater competition for natural resources (water, forests, fodder)

Change in Landuse

Impacts Agriculture Horticulture Livestock Development Fisheries Production

Harvest, Storage & Transportation

Food processing- setting up food processing units

Packaging and marketing

Production

Harvest, Storage, Transportation

Food processing- setting up food processing units

Packaging and marketing

Production

Harvest, Storage, Transportation

Food processing- setting up food processing units

Packaging and marketing

Production

Harvest, Storage, Transportation

Food processing- setting up food processing units

Packaging and marketing

HYVs & High Value Crops

Crop diversification

Development of irrigation systems

Organic farming

HYVs & High Value Crops

Improved irrigation facilities

Breed Improvement

Introduction of HYVs

Artificial Insemination

Improved veterinary Health care facilities

Dairy Meat Processing

Poultry Inland Coastal Marine

Change in occupational patterns

Increased incidence of diseases

Health and safety hazards

Local communities deprived of benefits from IPR

Risk of biopiracy

In-migration Out-migration

Land degradation and decline in productivity/returns

Land fragmentation

Unemployment

Waste –nuisance impact

Increased role of middlemen/contractors

Impacts Agriculture Horticulture Livestock Development Fisheries Production

Harvest, Storage & Transportation

Food processing- setting up food processing units

Packaging and marketing

Production

Harvest, Storage, Transportation

Food processing- setting up food processing units

Packaging and marketing

Production

Harvest, Storage, Transportation

Food processing- setting up food processing units

Packaging and marketing

Production

Harvest, Storage, Transportation

Food processing- setting up food processing units

Packaging and marketing

HYVs & High Value Crops

Crop diversification

Development of irrigation systems

Organic farming

HYVs & High Value Crops

Improved irrigation facilities

Breed Improvement

Introduction of HYVs

Artificial Insemination

Improved veterinary Health care facilities

Dairy Meat Processing

Poultry Inland Coastal Marine

Increase pressure on local infrastructure

Exotic varieties replace indigenous varieties

Cash crops displace food crops

Fodder/grazing area shortage

Cultural impacts

Gender discrimination

Social conflicts

Increased risk of encroachment

Risk to life Local hostilities

Identification of Positive Impacts/Contributions

Project Activity Positive Impacts/Contribution Environment Social

As a follow up of the table above, the following two need to filled up for the screening purpose

Impact Mitigation and Justification

Impact Mitigation Measure Justification

For this table please refer to section 6 on Issues, Impacts and Mitigation.

Legal Framework

Impact Compliance with Regulatory Framework

For this table please refer to Section 3 on regulatory review.

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