PT, MEd, CEAS - Cheapceus.com€¦ · Ergonomic Analysis Tools 0:26-0:40 Injury Prevention Programs 0:41-0:50 ... service industry, but office worker injuries have a significant economic

Office ErgonomicsCopyright Jodi Gootkin 2017 1

Live Interactive Webinar

Presented by:

Jodi Gootkin, PT, MEd, CEAS

jodiemail@comcast .net

Copyright J.Gootkin 2017 1

OFFICE ERGONOMICS This course examines the risk factors for development of musculoskeletal disorders in the office environment. Injury risk assessment tools, ergonomic assessment procedures, and environmental modifications are explored.


OVERVIEW OF COURSE

The purpose of this course is to enhance the clinician’s ability to identify and suggest ergonomic modifications to the office/computer workstation to minimize risk of injury. Determining the best method of patient education to encourage implementation of environmental modifications will facilitate improved outcomes.


COURSE RATIONALE

1. Summarize the potent ia l impact o f ergonomic in jur ies on absenteeism and product iv i ty.

2 . Compare methods o f screening fo r occupat ional in jur y r isk .3 . Descr ibe the domains o f ergonomic inter vent ion programs including

o rganizat ional , cognit ive, and phys ical envi ronments .4 . Ident i f y the types and prevalence o f musculoskeleta l d iso rders in the o f f ice

envi ronment .5 . Ident i f y the b iomechanics and phys io logy o f musculoskeleta l d iso rder

development .6 . Descr ibe the components o f a workplace assessment .7 . Determine the speci f ic components o f an ergonomical ly des igned

o f f ice/computer worker work s tat ion.8 . Ident i f y modif icat ions to a l leviate cumulat ive t rauma in the o f f ice/computer

s tat ion envi ronment .9 . Discuss the benef i ts o f postural var iabi l i ty and recept ion o f occupat ional

sedentary behavior.10 . Compare the ef fect iveness o f var ious ergonomic educat ion s t rategies on

reducing musculoskeleta l d iso rders .


GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

�Application of concepts presented in this webinar is at the discretion of the individual participant in accordance with federal, state, and professional regulations.


DISCLAIMER


COURSE OUTLINE/SCHEDULE3 HOUR LIVE INTERACTIVE WEBINAR

ConsiderThis

Topic Time

Impact of Ergonomics 0:00-0:15

Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders 0:16-0:25

Ergonomic Analysis Tools 0:26-0:40

Injury Prevention Programs 0:41-0:50

Interactive Discussion of Clinical Applications 0:51-0:60

Workspace Assessment 1:01-1:05

Seating 1:06-1:15

Monitor 1:16-1:25

Keyboard/Mouse 1:26-1:35

Work Accessories 1:36-1:45

Desk 1:46-1:50


Ergonomic Modifications 2:01-2:05

Neck/Shoulder Discomfort 2:06 -2:15

Back Discomfort 2:16-2:20

Wrist/Hand Discomfort 2:21-2:25

Eye Strain 2:26-2:30

Postural Variability 2:31-2:40

Education Strategies 2:41-2:50


Michael Desktop Apple

Copyright 2018 (c) Innovative Educational Services and Jodi Gootkin. All rights reserved. Reproduction, reuse, or republication of all or any part of this presentation is strictly prohibited without prior written consent of both Innovative Educational Services and Jodi Gootkin.


�Ergonomics is the practice of designing equipment and work tasks to conform to the capability of the worker, it provides a means for adjusting the work environment and work practices to prevent injuries before they occur.

ERGONOMICS


�Poor ergonomic design of office/computer workstations can contribute to the development of musculoskeletal disorders resulting in reduced productivity, absenteeism, and diminished work performance.


IMPACT OF EROGONMICS

�According to the US Department of Labor“ Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are a leading cause of pain, suffering, and disability in American workplaces .”*�Nearly half of work related musculoskeletal

disorders occur in the manufacturing or service industry, but office worker injuries have a significant economic impact.

WORK RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSDs)

Copyright J.Gootkin 2017 9https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=UNIFIED_AGENDA&p_id=4481

ConsiderThis

Musculoskeletal DisordersRepetitive Trauma, Overuse, Cumulative Trauma, Repetitive Strain

PsychosocialFactors

Individual Risk Factors

Biomechanical Risk Factors


CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP FOR MSDs

ConsiderThis

�Psychological factors which can negatively impact pain symptoms and increase injury incidence:


PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS

ConsiderThis

�Biomechanical factors identified as the “nature of injury” for musculoskeletal injuries in the office setting fall into the following categories:�Awkward Posture�Excessive Repetition�Forceful Exertions�Cold Temperatures


BIOMECHANICAL RISK FACTORS




�Awkward Posture �Repetitive or sustained awkward postures

place excessive force on joints and overload surrounding musculature.

�Consider localized pressure on body segments through mechanical contact stress.


BIOMECHANICAL RISK FACTORS

�Excessive Repetition�High task repetition is considered a

repetitive cycle time of 30 seconds or less�Exacerbated by increased job specialization

and increased pace of work.


BIOMECHANICAL FACTORS CONT.

�Forceful Exertions�Increased muscle effort to produce high

force induces fatigue.�Adjustment of equipment to support and

distribute loads is important.�Consider grasping force contribution to

tissue ischemia and decreased nerve conduction.


BIOMECHANICAL FACTORS CONT.

� The goal of assessment tools is to identify and quantify the risk as well as problems and opportunities for improvement of task performance and environmental modifications.

ERGONOMIC ANALYSIS TOOLS


ConsiderThis

•Rapid Office Strain Assessment ROSA•Rapid Upper Limb Assessment RULA•Rapid Entire Body Assessment REBA

Picture Based

•Draft Ergonomic Practice Checklist•Finnish Method•Rodgers Muscle Fatigue Analysis•ACGIH Hand Activity Level (HAL) TLV•Strain Index

Checklist or Scale Based

�Designed specifically to assess office ergonomics the tool evaluates the user’s posture in relation to the chair, monitor, keyboard/mouse, and telephone.

�Total scoring ranges from 1-10.� 5 or greater indicates and action level with

high risk and further workstation assessment required for modification.

RAPID OFFICE STRAIN ASSESSMENT ROSA


�This screening tool assesses postural loading particularly on the neck, trunk, and upper limbs to estimate the risk for developing repetitive strain injuries of the upper extremity.

�Combination of Arm/Wrist and Neck/Trunk posture, duration of task, and force utilized to determine risk score ranging from 1-7.

RAPID UPPER LIMB ASSESSMENT (RULA)





�Scoring considers urgency of intervention to reduce injury to assign hazard levels.

RULA SCORING


7 Investigate further and change immediatelyImmediate injury risk factors need to be modified

5 - 6 Investigate further and change soonPoor work posture must be identified and modified

3 – 4 Investigate furtherWork posture may require change

1 - 2 AcceptableLow injury risk form current work posture

�Analyzes posture in unpredictable working environments examining individual body segments.

�Considers muscle activity in static, dynamic, changing or unstable postures to determine level of action required to address injury risk.

RAPID ENTIRE BODY ASSESSMENT REBA


�Scoring generates hazard risk for musculoskeletal disorders.

REBA SCORING


1 negligible riskno action required

2 - 3 low risk change may be needed

4 - 7 modicum riskfurther investigation with change soon

8 - 10 high riskinvestigate and implement change

11+very high risk

implement change

�This 43 item checklist was developed specifically for use with computer professionals by a panel of experts including orthopedic surgeons, physical therapists and a psychiatrist.

�The tool assesses working posture, chair and component features in addition to rest breaks.

DRAFT ERGONOMIC PRACTICE CHECKLIST


�This checklist utilizes a three point ranking system of a dozen items including working space, equipment, lighting, thermal and acoustic environment.

�Health risks are scored as unremarkable, moderate, or intolerable to identify areas requiring modification.

FINNISH METHOD


�The tool assesses level of muscle fatigue accumulates during various work activities within 5 minutes.

�It is designed to analyze tasks performed for more than an hour in an awkward posture or when repetitive motion is required.

�Calculating effort level, duration, and frequency total scoring prioritizes task to change.

RODGERS MUSCLE FATIGUE ANALYSIS





�This tool was developed to assess the risk of hand, wrist, or forearm injury of job tasks repeating the same set of motions or exertions for longer than 4 hours per day.

�Scoring incorporates frequency of exertion on VAS and peak force on Borg to generate an action level for activity modification.

ACGIH HAND ACTIVITY LEVEL (HAL) TLV


� Solely designed to asses the risk for developing distal upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders examining intensity, duration, frequency, speed of duration in addition to wrist posture, and duration of the task per day.

�Mathematical multipliers are utilized to generate the score with a higher score associated with increased risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders.

STRAIN INDEX


Probably safe

Less than or equal to 3

Associated with upper extremity disorders

Greater than 5

Probably hazardous

Greater than 7

�A multifaceted employer program incorporates the following elements:

INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAMS


�Modifications are made to the physical environment to reduce or eliminate the hazard from the task in a proactive manner.

�OSHA provides guidelines for many industries https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/controlhazards.html

�Changing philosophy to reduce work-related injury:

“Designing the job to fit the worker, rather than physically forcing the

worker’s body to fit the job.”

O S H A , 3 1 2 5 . 2 0 0 0 . E r g o n o m i c s : D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , 1 1 . T h e S t u d y o f W o r k . U . S

ERGONOMIC PROGRAM: ENGINEERING CONTROLS


ConsiderThis

�Alterations to workplace procedures related to work practices are aimed at minimizing exposure risks.

�Examples include:�Employee training on workstation

assessment/modification and early reporting of musculoskeletal symptoms.

�Alterations to work tasks and shift break policies.

ERGONOMIC PROGRAM: ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS


ConsiderThis

�The use of equipment to reduce exposure to ergonomic-related risk factors is not typical in the office workstation environment.

�For non-traditional computer stations, consider the impact of vibration and noise exposure.

ERGONOMIC PROGRAM:PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT





�Self evaluation of workspace can reduce time and cost, but the worker requires education to perform the analysis accurately.�Underestimating of risk factors with ROSA

may occur impacting scoring.�Minor alterations in RULA and REBA posture

assessment significantly impact hazard levels.

WORKER SELF ASSESSMENT


�To facilitate modifications, checklists of specific features may be most beneficial.

�OSHA provides an online or print workspace checklist and equipment purchasing guide.�https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/computer

workstations/checklist.html

WORKER SELF ASSESSMENT


�Is this a shared space?�Workstation equipment must be flexible

allowing adjustment for various shapes and sizes of individual workers.

�What kind of computer will be utilized?�Desktop computers require sufficient space

for monitor and keyboard.�Laptops often required docking stations, and

external monitors/keyboards to achieve neutral posture.

WORKSTATION BASICS


�Holding joints in non-neutral positions particularly near end range, places additional demands on muscles leading to fatigue, imbalance, and additional stress elsewhere in the body.

GENERAL CONCEPT


Seating

Desk

Monitor Keyboard

Mouse

Lighting Accessories

Office Environment

COMPONENTS TO ASSESS


�The minimum features that an adjustable desk chair should have include:�5 caster base�Easy to reach controls�Waterfall front edge�Height, tils, back, seat

adjustable �Lumbar support�Padded, adjustable,

removable arms

CHAIR SPECIFICATIONS





�Neutral sitting posture is desired with thighs parallel to the floor and knees at approximately 90 degrees.�Buttock height can be slightly higher

than knees with legs vertical.�Feet should be flat on the

floor with ankles in neutralDF/PF.

SEAT HEIGHT


ConsiderThis

�If the feet are not touching the floor, the seat is too high.

�If knees are higher than hips, seat is too low.

SEAT HEIGHT CONT.


�Lumbar lordosis should be maintained with upper torso relaxed against the chair backrest.

�Features should include adjustable lumbar support and reclining option.

SEAT BACK


ConsiderThis

�A 15 degree recline adjustment from vertical with locking option and/or tension control supports trunk motion.�Avoid reclining greater

than 120 – 130 degrees.

SEAT RECLINE


ConsiderThis

�Seat depth avoids pressure in the popliteal area with a 2 - 3 inch space between the back of the knee and the front of the seat pan.�Especially for shorter individuals.

�A waterfall edge is preferred

SEAT PAN DEPTH


ConsiderThis

�Adjust the seat depth to avoid excessive pressure on the posterior thigh if too short for taller individuals.

SEAT PAN DEPTH CONT.





�Adjust the seat depth to avoid excessive pressure on the posterior thigh if too short for taller individuals.

SEAT PAN DEPTH CONT.


�Improve posture reducing muscle fatigue�Promote freedom of movement�Stabilize position�Reduce muscle loads on neck, shoulder, arms�Reduce pressure on spine�Distribute pressure on seat�Support sit to stand�Support task related movements

ARMRESTS


ConsiderThis

�Arms should be symmetrically supported allowing upright posture with elbows at 90 -110 degrees of flexion with shoulders relaxed.

ARMREST HEIGHT


�Pivoting the armrest allows support of arms in wider range of work postures

�Shoulder strain is reduced if arm cap can be placed directly under the arm.�Typically 4 inches wider than seat

ARMREST WIDTH


�Monitor should be in front of the user.

�If not possible, not greater than 30 - 35 degrees to the right or left.

MONITOR


�Monitor should be at a centered position 18 –40 inches from the individual to maintain neutral cervical spine.

�Monitors larger than 17 inches should be further away.

MONITOR DISTANCE





�The monitor should be adjusted so the top edge of the screen is at or just below eye level.

�The center of the monitor should be about 10 –20 degrees below the horizontal line of sight.

MONITOR HEIGHT


MONITOR HEIGHT


Lower monitor height for bifocals,

trifocal, or progressive lenses.

�The top of the monitor should be tilted slightly further away from the eyes than the bottom by 10 – 20 degrees to keep the monitor perpendicular to the natural gaze.

MONITOR TILT


Tilting down reduces eye

fatigue from glare.

ConsiderThis

�Dark letters on a light background reduce eye fatigue and headaches.

SCREEN COLORS


ConsiderThis

It is easier to read this?

It is easier to read this?

�Glare must be minimized to avoid eye strain.�Place monitor so that the sunlight is not

projected directly into the field of view and utilize window treatments.

NATURAL LIGHTING


�Place monitors at right angles to windows and direct lighting sources to minimize glare.

�Curved screens do not allow full elimination of reflections because they can’t avoid lights/windows.

NATURAL LIGHTING CONT.


ConsiderThis




�Ceiling lights should be positioned parallel to the individual’s line of sight.

�Decrease fluorescent ceiling lighting with egg crates or louvers to limit luminance.

AMBIENT LIGHTING


ConsiderThis

�If other modifications are not effective, an antiglare screen on the monitor may assist.

�Wall paint color of a medium tone matte finish reduces glare.

GLARE


�QWERTY portion of keyboard should be centered in front of user and monitor.

�It should not require excessive forward flexion of trunk or shoulder, or elbow extension to reach the keyboard.

�Visibility of keys may be necessary for hunting and pecking.

KEYBOARD POSITIONING


�Ensure clearance between keyboard tray and thighs.

�Keyboard height should allow: �Shoulders relaxed at side with 90 degrees of

elbow flexion �Wrists in neutral flexion/extension�No radial or ulnar deviation.

KEYBOARD HEIGHT


�Conventional slope increases wrist extension that reduces diameter of carpal tunnel increasing tendon nerve pressure and shortens wrist extensors increasing fatigue.

�Negative slope limit wrist extension by lowering front edge of keyboard.

KEYBOARD SLOPE


�Must be closely examined as this feature can increase or alleviate symptoms.

WRIST OR PALM REST


- Increased contact pressure on the wrist- Interfere with typing- Excessive wrist flexion

- Alleviate soft tissue contact pressure- Minimize wrist extension- Provide hand support for rest breaks




�Split keyboard straightens the wrist by increasing the distance between the right and left hands and rotating the keyboard to allow neutral radial/ulnar deviation.

KEYBOARD TYPE


�Tented keyboard reduces the amount of pronation of the forearm but needs to be placed lower because they are higher than traditional keyboards

KEYBOARD TYPE CONT.


�Position the mouse close enough to the body to avoid full elbow extension and excessive abduction.

MOUSE LOCATION


ConsiderThis

�Wrists should be in neutral position when utilizing mouse.

�Ensure the mouse size and shape permits proper grip avoiding pinching.

MOUSE SIZE


ConsiderThis

�Use keyboard short cuts to rest fingers.�Increase sensitivity of mouse to minimize

forceful exertions from clicking and dragging.

MOUSE CONT.


ConsiderThis

Short cut Action

Ctrl + Ctrl - Zoom in/out

Ctrl C Ctrl V Copy/Paste

Esc Stop/Exit current task

F3 Search for file/folder

Ctrl A Select all items in document

�Reach or work zones assist in placing objects to minimize upper extremity motions.

�In general, minimize reaching above and below shoulder height.

DESK





�The area reached by moving hands and forearms only with elbows at the sides.

�Approximately 16 inches in front of or to the side.�For items requiring dexterity and hand force.

PRIMARY REACH ZONE


ConsiderThis

�The area reached just by moving the arm forward at the shoulder.�Less frequently utilized items.

SECONDARY REACH ZONE


�The reach distance when the trunk is flexed forward at the waist and the arms are stretched out.�Place infrequently

used items here.

TERTIARY REACH ZONE


�A foot rest is utilized to support lower extremities when seat height does not allow foot contact with floor.

FOOT REST


�Place source documents at the same height and distance from the eyes as the monitor.

DOCUMENT HOLDER


Cold Temperature -

Decreases circulation to

distal extremities

Low humidity –dry fingers

High humidity –increased perceived

temperature

Warm Temperature –

increases fatigue and awkward

postures.

OFFICE ENVIRONMENT





�To minimize symptoms from continuous work:�Alternate between tasks every hour.�If repeating the same task, take micro breaks

every 30 minutes to 2 hours for a few minutes.

WORK TASK MODIFICATION


�It sounds simple, but remember to:�Avoid clutter on the desk surface�Remove items stored under the desk

GENERAL GUIDELINES


�Loss of the normal cervical lordosis with translation of the head on the spine into a forward head position increases loading and muscle strain.

NECK DISCOMFORT


0◦

10-12 lbs..

15◦

27 lbs.

30◦

40 lbs.

45◦

49 lbs.

60◦

60 lbs.

Hansraj. Assessment of Stresses n the Cervical Spine Caused by Posture and Position of the Head. Surgical Technology International. XXV.

�The monitor may be set too low, too high, too far or too close.�For bifocals lower monitor height.

�Seat may be reclined too far back.�Ensure keyboard is at elbow level with

obstacles that prevent sitting close to the keyboard removed.

NECK AND UPPER BACK PAIN


ConsiderThis

�Shift keyboard and monitor for both to be centered in front of user.

�Corner units provide additional depth for monitor, keyboard, and mouse placement.

NECK PAIN


�Armrest width adjustments can decrease shoulder discomfort by altering degree of shoulder abduction.

�If shoulders are elevated, lower or remove arm rests.

�As forearms drop with fatigue, awkward posturing may result of the wrists.

�Reaching for the mouse or keyboard can contribute.

SHOULDER DISCOMFORT





�Compressive forces from leaning against sharp edges impairs circulation around nerves creating tissue trauma. �Armrest should be broad and padded with 4

inches between arm rest and seat back.

CUBITAL TUNNEL


�Forward head, rounded shoulder, decreased lordosis in sitting postures increase spinal loading and contributes to viscoelastic laxity of posterior stabilizing structures.�Assess entire chair including arm rest height

and lumbar support. �Consider reclined sitting controlled by seat

tension adjustment.

BACK DISCOMFORT


ConsiderThis

Aphis.usda.gov

�If there is no lumbar support built into the seat, add and external lumbar pad.

�For individuals with obesity, an alternative keyboard may allow better positioning alleviating back discomfort.

BACK CONT.


�If the seat is too deep not allowing proper trunk and lower extremity positioning, add a lumbar cushion or move seat pan back.

BACK AND LEG DISCOMFORT


�Assess keyboard location to ensure it is not too close or far from user.

�Clean mouse ball and ensure cables moves freely.

�Alternate use of the mouse between each hand.

�Tented keyboard requires less pronation optimizing hand placement while typing.

WRIST AND HAND DISCOMFORT


�Utilize voice recognition software to reduce keyboard use.�Investigate computer accessibility

features.�Substitute keystrokes for mouse

strokes.

WRIST AND HAND CONT.





�For individuals with restricted wrist motion it is important to avoid compensation with excessive shoulder motion.

�Select a mouse with a high counts per inch (CPI) which requires less mouse motion to move the cursor across the screen.

�Adjust the mouse to be highly sensitive requiring less muscle force to operate.

WRIST AND HAND CONT.


ConsiderThis

�Reduce the amount of force required when utilizing the mouse.

�Closely examine wrist position with keyboard.�Arm rest height may need to be adjusted.�Avoid mechanical contact stress

�Pad sharp edges on keyboard trays ensuring thickness does not affect wrist posture.

�Ensure hands are warm by assessing room temperature and ventilation that may be contacting wrist/hand region.

CARPAL TUNNEL


�Symptoms of eye fatigue vary and may be more severe for individuals who wear contacts:�Dry or itchy eyes�Tired eyes�Sore eyes�Blurred or double vision�Headaches

�Low room humidity levels and decreased blinking are contributors.�Lowering the monitor height promotes blinking.

EYE STRAIN SYMPTOMS


�Incorporate visual rest every 20 minutes.�Positioning individual away from equipment

exhaust fans and ventilation systems.�Polished surfaces reflect light so consider

accessories and type/color of wall paint.�Check location of source document compared

to monitor screen to limit refocusing.

EYE STRAIN


ConsiderThis

�Ensure glare has been minimized from direct lighting sources.�Clean the screen!

�Eliminate or reduce bright, high contrast reflections by using bright background displays with dark letters light background.

EYE STRAIN CONT.


ConsiderThis

�Fully adjustable workstations permit seated and standing postures to utilize different muscle groups.

�Declined and Reclined sitting are options in addition to neutral sitting.

POSTURE VARIABILITY





�Tilting chair back allows for slight reclining of trunk with seat pan remaining horizontal to floor.

�Trunk is reclined back approximately 10-20 degrees.

RECLINED SITTING


�Trunk remains erect with knees lower than hip accomplished by raising seat height.

�Hip flexion is less than 90 degrees.

DECLINED SITTING


�Ergonomic education workshops and workstation modification “how to” sessions encouraging problem solving. have proven effective in decreasing symptoms.�Symptom surveys clarify problems.�Self Assessment Checklists for Modifications

can be utilized. � Government agencies provide resources � www.osha.gov� www.lni.wa.gov/� http://www.ors.od.nih.gov/sr/dohs/Pages/default.aspx

EDUCATION STRATEGIES


�Somatization tendency and negative pain beliefs have been shown to exacerbate musculoskeletal pain particularly in the neck and shoulder region.

�Cognitive techniques such as visualization and positive self talk may be beneficial at alleviating discomfort for some individuals.

EDUCATION CONT.


�Exercise and stretching programs should focus on postural strengthening and stretching overused muscles.

�Take advantage of employer healthy lifestyle promotion programs to reduce psychological and individual health contributors to the development of MSDs.

EDUCATION CONT.


�Multiple ways the clinician can apply knowledge of workplace injuries for prevention programs in addition to return to work.


CONCLUSION




7. Reduction of eye fatigue and headaches can be achieved by:

A. Placing the display screen perpendicular to windows

B. Increasing fluorescent lightingC. Setting the computer monitor for light

characters on a dark backgroundD.Tilting the monitor up slightly


8. Decreasing the force production required of the small intrinsic muscles of the hands can be achieved by:

A. Placing the mouse further away from the bodyB. Selecting a mouse size that encourages pinch

gripC. Adjusting the mouse to be more sensitiveD.Utilizing a wrist rest


9. The primary work zone for placement of frequently utilized material is located approximately this many inches in front of or to the side of the worker:

A. 12 inches B. 16 inchesC. 20 inchesD.22 inches


10. Select the musculoskeletal symptom that is appropriately paired with a workstation modification which may alleviate it:

A. Back discomfort with history of low back pathology– seat tension adjustment

B. Neck pain when wearing bifocals – raise monitor height

C. Wrist and hand discomfort – low CPI and low sensitivity mouse

D.Blurry vision when wearing contacts – position chair under ventilation


� B a n t o f t , C . , S u m m e r s , M . J . , T r a n e nt , P . J . , P a l m e r , M . A . , C o o l e y , P . D . , & P e d e r s e n , S . J . ( 2 0 1 6 ) . E f f e c t o f S t a n d i n g o r W a l k i ng a t a W o r k s t a t i o n o n C o g n i t i v e F u n c t i o n A R a n d o m i z e d C o u n t e r b a l a nc e d T r i a l . H u m a n F a c t o r s : T h e J o u r n a l o f t h e H u m a n F a c t o r s a n d E r g o n o m i cs S o c i e t y , 5 8 ( 1 ) , 1 4 0 - 1 4 9 .

� B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s , U . S . D e p a r t me n t o f L a b o r . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . N o n f a t a l O c c u p a t i o n a l I n j u r i e s a n d I l l n e s s e s R e q u i r i ng D a y s A w a y F r o m W o r k , 2 0 1 3 . N e w s R e l e a s e U S D L - 1 4 - 2 2 46

� B o w m a n , P . J . , B r a s w e l l , K . D . , C o h e n , J . R . , F u n k e , J . L . , L a n d o n , H . L . , M a r t i n e z , P . I . , & M o s s b a r ge r , J . N . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . B e n e f i t s o f l a p t o p c o m p u t e r e r g o n o m i cs e d u c a t i o n t o g r a d u a t e s t u d e nt s . O p e n J o u r n a l o f T h e r a p y a n d R e h a b i l i t a t i o n , 2 0 1 4 .

� C D C . ( 2 0 1 3 ) . O n - t h e - j o b I n j u r i e s D a t a . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / /w w w . c d c . g o v / w o rk p l ac e he a l t hp ro m o t i o n/ a s s e s s m e nt / p o t e n t i a l _d a t a / i n j u r i e s . h t m l

� C D C . ( 2 0 1 3 ) . W o r k - R e l a t e d M u s c u l o s k e l e t a l D i s o r d e r s P r e v e n t i o n . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / /w w w . c d c . g o v / w o rk p l ac e he a l t hp ro m o t i o n/ i m p l e m e nt a t i o n/ t o p i cs / d i s o rd e rs . h t m l

� C a n a d i an C e n t r e f o r O c c u p a t i o n a l H e a l t h a n d S a f e t y . ( 2 0 1 5 ) . W o r k r e l a t e d M u s c u l o s k e l e t a l D i s o r d e r s – R i s k F a c t o r s . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / w w w . cc o hs . c a / o s h an s w e rs / e rg o n o m i cs / r i s k . h t m l

� C h o o b i n e h , A . R . , R a h i m i F a r d , H . , J a h a n g i r i , M . , & M a h m o o d K h a n i , S . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . M u s c u l o s k e l e t a l i n j u r i e s a n d t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d r i s k f a c t o r s . I r a n O c c u p a t i o n a l H e a l t h , 8 ( 4 ) , 7 0 - 8 1 .

� C l a r k , C . L . , H e n n i n g t o n , A . , W i l l i a m s , J . , & C l a r k , J . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . T e c h n o l o g y a c c e l e r a t i o n a n d c o r p o r a t e e r g o n o m i c p o l i c y . I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f B u s i n e ss C o n t i n u i t y a n d R i s k M a n a g e m e n t , 3 ( 2 ) , 1 3 6 - 1 4 7 .

� D a l e , A . M . , H a r r i s - A d am s o n , C . , R e m p e l , D . , G e r r , F . , H e g m a n n , K . , S i l v e rs t e i n , B . , . . . & E v a n o f f , B . ( 2 0 1 3 ) . P r e v a l e n ce a n d i n c i d e n ce o f c a r p a l t u n n e l s y n d r o m e i n U S w o r k i n g p o p u l a t i o ns : p o o l e d a n a l y s i s o f s i x p r o s p e ct i v e s t u d i e s . S c a n d i n a v i an j o u r n a l o f w o r k , e n v i r o n m e nt & h e a l t h , 3 9 ( 5 ) , 4 9 5 .

� D a l k i l i n ç , M . , & K a y i h an , H . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . E f f i c ac y o f W e b - B a s e d [ E - L e a r n i ng ] O f f i c e E r g o n o m i c s T r a i n i ng : A T e s t S t u d y . J o u r n a l o f M u s c u l o sk e l e t a l P a i n , 2 2 ( 3 ) , 2 7 5 - 2 8 5 .

� D a v i s , S . ( 2 0 0 7 ) . E v a l u a t i o n o f A g r e e m e n t A m o n g E r g o n o m i c s S u r v e y T o o l s f o r t h e D i s t a l U p p e r E x t r e m i t i e s . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / c o n t e nt . l i b . u t ah . e d u / u t i l s / g e t f i l e / c o l l e c t i o n/ e t d 2 / i d / 11 3 6/ f i l e n am e / 1 2 4 3. p d f

� D a v i s , K . G . , & K o t o w s k i , S . E . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . P o s t u r a l V a r i a b i l i t y A n E f f e ct i v e W a y t o R e d u c e M u s c u l o s k e l e t a l D i s c o m f o r t i n O f f i c e W o r k . H u m a n F a c t o r s : T h e J o u r n a l o f t h e H u m a n F a c t o r s a n d E r g o n o m i c s S o c i e t y , 0 0 1 8 7 2 0 8 1 4 5 28 0 03 .

� D r o p k i n , J . , K i m , H . , P u n n e t t , L . , W e g m a n , D . H . , W a r r e n , N . , & B u c h h o l z , B . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . E f f e c t o f a n o f f i c e e r g o n o m i c r a n d o m i s e d c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l a m o n g w o r k e r s w i t h n e c k a n d u p p e r e x t r e m i t y p a i n . O c c u p a t i o n a l a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l m e d i c i n e , o e m e d - 2 01 4 .


REFERENCES

� E r g o A d v o c at e . O f f i c e E r g o n o m i c s R O I : 6 E s s e n t i a l s f o r L a r g e E m p l o y e rs . ( 2 0 1 4 ) R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / /c d n2 . h ubs p o t . n e t / hu b/ 3 3 88 8 5/ f i l e - 5 8 8 50 6 20 9 - p df / a ss e t s / Er g o w e b - O f f i ce - E r g o no mi c s - R O I - e B o o k . p df

� E r g o n o m i c s P l u s I n c . R a p i d U p p e r L i m b A s s e s s m e nt A S t e p b y S t e p G u i d e . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / e r g o -p l u s . c o m / w p - c o n t e nt / u p l o a d s / R UL A - A - S t e p - b y - S t e p - G u i d e 1 . p d f

� E y a l , L . , R i b a k , J . , & B a d i h i , Y . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . R e m o t e o n l i n e e r g o n o m i c a s s e s s m e nt i n t h e o f f i c e e n v i r o nm e nt a s c o m p a r e d t o f a c e - t o f ac e e r g o n o m i c a s s e s s m e nt . W o r k : A J o u r n a l o f P r e v e n t i o n , A s s e s s m e n t a n d R e h a b i l i t a t i o n , 41 , 5 1 6 - 5 2 3 .

� G o l a b c h i , A . , H a n , S . , S e o , J . , H a n , S . , L e e , S . , & A l - H u s s e i n , M . ( 2 0 1 5 ) . A n A u t o m a t e d B i o m e c ha n i c a l S i m u l a t i o n A p p r o a ch t o E r g o n o m i c J o b A n a l y s i s f o r W o r k p l a ce D e s i g n . J o u r n a l o f C o n s t r u c t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g a n d M a n a g e m e n t , 0 4 0 1 5 0 2 0 .

� H a g g a g , H . , H o s s n y , M . , N a h a v a nd i , S . , & C r e i g h t o n , D . ( 2 0 1 3 , A p r i l ) . R e a l t i m e e r g o n o m i c a s s e s s m e nt f o r a s s e m b l y o p e r a t i o ns u s i n g k i n e c t . I n C o m p u t e r M o d e l l i n g a n d S i m u l a t i o n ( U K S i m ) , 2 0 1 3 U K S i m 1 5 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n ( p p . 4 9 5 - 5 0 0 ) . I E E E .

� H a r p e r C o l l e g e ( 2 0 0 9 ) E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h a n d S a f e t y P r o c e d u re M a n a u l : E r g o n o m i cs . R e t r i e v e d f r o m : h t t p : / /d e p t . h a r p e r co l l e g e . e d u / p hy s i ca l _ p l a n t / S E C T I O N % 2 0 13 - E r g o . p d f

� H e d g e , A . , & P u l e i o , J . ( 2 0 1 4 , S e p t e m b e r ) . P r o a c t i v e O f f i c e E r g o n o m i c s R e a l l y W o r k s . I n P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e H u m a n F a c t o r s a n d E r g o n o m i c s S o c i e t y A n n u a l M e e t i n g ( V o l . 5 8 , N o . 1 , p p . 4 8 2 - 4 8 6 ) . S A G E P u b l i c a t i o ns .

� J e o n g , B . Y . , & Y o o n , A . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . E r g o n o m i cs o f O f f i c e S e a t i n g a n d P o s t u r e s . 대한인간공학회지 , 3 3 ( 2 ) , 1 6 7 - 1 7 4 .� J o h n s o n , D . ( 2 0 1 5 ) . T o p 1 0 C a u s e s o f W o r k p l a ce I n u r i e s : L i b e r t y M u t u a l . C l a i ms J o u r n a l . R e t r i e v e d f r o m

h t t p : / /w w w . c l a i m s j o u r n a l . c o m / n e w s / na t i o n a l / 2 01 5 / 01 / 1 4/ 2 6 0 19 6 . h t m� J o h n s t o n , V . , O ’ L e a r y , S . , C o m a n s , T . , S t r a k e r , L . , M e l l o h , M . , K h a n , A . , & S j ø g a ar d , G . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . A w o r k p l ac e

e x e r c i s e v e r s u s h e a l t h p r o m o t i o n i n t e r v e n t i o n t o p r e v e n t a n d r e d u c e t h e e c o n o m i c a n d p e r s o na l b u r d e n o f n o n - s p e c i f i c n e c k p a i n i n o f f i c e p e r s o nn e l : p r o t o c o l o f a c l u s t e r - ra nd o m i s e d c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l . Jo u rn a l o f p h y s i o t h e r a p y , 6 0 ( 4 ) , 2 3 3 .

� K a l t e , H . O . , Z i a e i , M . , N a j a f i , H . , K a r a m i , A . , A k b a r z a d e h , A . , A h m a d n e z h ad , I . , & K a r c h a n i , M . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . U s e o f t h e F i n n i s h m e t h o d t o q u a n t i f y t h e e r g o n o m i c p r o p e r t i e s i n a n o f f i c e e n v i r o nm e nt a m o n g t h e w o r k p l a ce s i n a n E l e c t r i c i t y D i s t r i b u t i o n C o m p a n y i n W e s t T e h r a n P r o v i n c e . E l e c t r o n i c P h y s i c i a n , 6 ( 1 ) , 7 7 9 .

� K a m a t h , S . U . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . C o m p u t e r r e l a t e d M u s c u l o s k e l e t a l i n j u r i e s . I n d i a n J o u r n a l o f S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h , 5 ( 1 ) , 6 3 - 6 6 .


REFERENCES CONT.





� K i n g s t o n , D . C . , R i d d e l l , M . F . , M c K i n n o n , C . D . , G a l l a g h e r , K . M . , & C a l l a g h a n , J . P . ( 2 0 1 6 ) . I n f l u e n c e o f I n p u t H a r d w a r e a n d W o r k S u r f a c e A n g l e o n U p p e r L i m b P o s t u r e i n a H y b r i d C o m p u t e r W o r k s t a t i o n . H u m a n F a c t o r s : T h e J o u r n a l o f t h e H u m a n F a c t o r s a n d E r g o n o m i c s S o c i e t y , 5 8 ( 1 ) , 1 0 7 - 1 1 9 .

� K i r k , E . , S t r o n g , J . , & B u r g e s s - L i m e r i ck , R . ( 2 0 1 3 ) . D e v e l o p i ng c o m p u t e r c o m p e t e n c i e s f o r e W o r k e rs w i t h i n c a l l c e n t r e s . W o r k , 4 6 ( 3 ) , 2 8 3 - 2 9 5 .

� K n o l l W o r k p l a ce R e s e a r c h . O f f i c e E r g o n o m i c S t a n d ar d s : A L a y p e r s o n ’ s G u i d e . ( 2 0 1 1 ) R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p s : / / w w w . k n o l l . c o m/ me di a/ 1 0 23 / 3 21 / W P _E rg o S t a nd ar ds . p df

� L i n d e g å rd , A . , W a h l s t rö m , J . , H a g b e r g , M . , V i l h e l m s s o n , R . , T o o m i n g as , A . , & T o r n q v i s t , E . W . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . P e r c e i v e d e x e r t i o n , c o m f o r t a n d w o r k i ng t e c h n i q u e i n p r o f e s s i o n a l c o m p u t e r u s e r s a n d a s s o c i a t i o ns w i t h t h e i n c i d e nc e o f n e c k a n d u p p e r e x t r e m i t y s y m p t o m s . B M C m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l d i s o r d e r s , 1 3 ( 1 ) , 3 8 .

� L u e d e r , R a n d A l l i e , P . R e v i e w : A r m R e s t D e s i g n a n d U s e . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / w w w . hu m a n i cs - e s . c o m / a rm r e s t -e r g o n o m i c s . h t m

� M a h m u d , N . , K e n n y , D . T . , & R a h m a n , H . A . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . T h e E f f e c t o f W o r k p l ac e O f f i c e E r g o n o m i cs I n t e r v e n t i o n o n R e d u c i n g N e c k a n d S h o u l d e r C o m p l a i n t s a n d S i c k n e s s A b s e n c e . I n t e r n a t i o n a l P r o c e e d i n g s o f E c o n o m i c s D e v e l o p me n t & R e s e a r c h , 4 2 .

� M a h m u d , N . , K e n n y , D . T . , Z e i n , R . M . , & H a s s a n , S . N . ( 2 0 1 1 ) . E r g o n o m i c t r a i n i ng r e d u c e s m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l d i s o r d e rs a m o n g o f f i ce w o r k e r s : r e s u l t s f r o m t h e 6 - m o n t h f o l l o w - u p . T h e M a l a y s i a n j o u r n a l o f m e d i c a l s c i e n c e s : M J M S , 1 8 ( 2 ) , 1 6 .

� M a h m u d , N . , K e n n y , D . T . , Z e i n , R . M . , & H a s s a n , S . N . ( 2 0 1 1 ) . T h e e f f e c t s o f o f f i c e e r g o n o m i c t r a i n i n g o n m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l c o m p l a i n t s , s i c k n e s s a b s e n c e , a n d p s y c h o l o g i ca l w e l l - b e i n g: a c l u s t e r r a n d o m i z e d c o n t r o l t r i a l . A s i a - P a c i f i c J o u r n a l o f P u b l i c H e a l t h , 1 0 1 0 5 3 9 5 1 1 4 1 91 9 9.

� M i r m o h a m m a d i , S . J . , M e h r p a rv a r , A . H . , O l i a , M . B . , & M i r m o h a m m a d i , M . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . E f f e c t s o f t r a i n i ng i n t e r v e nt i o n o n n o n - e rg o n o m i c p o s i t i o ns a m o n g v i d e o d i s p l a y t e r m i n a l s ( V D T ) u s e r s . W o r k : A J o u r n a l o f P r e v e n t i o n , A s s e s s m e n t a n d R e h a b i l i t a t i o n , 4 2 ( 3 ) , 4 2 9 - 4 3 3 .

� N I O S H . M u s c u l o s k e l e t a l D i s o r d e rs a n d W o r k p l a ce F a c t o r s – A C r i t i c a l R e v i e w o f E p i d e mi o l o g i c E v i d e nc e f o r W o r k R e l a t e d M u s c u l o s k e l e t a l D i s o r d e rs o f t h e N e c k , U p p e r E x t r e m i t y , a n d L o w B a c k . ( 1 9 9 7 ) . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / /w w w . c d c . g o v / n i o s h / d o cs / 97 - 1 4 1/

� N a q v i , M . , S h a h i d , M . , N i z a m i , G . N . , & A l i , S . H . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . P r a c t i c e o f E r g o n o m i cs a m o n g t h e b a n k e r s o f P r i v a t e a n d P u b l i c S e c t o r B a n k s . P a k i s t a n J o u r n a l o f R e h a b i l i t a t i o n , 1 ( 2 ) .


REFERENCES CONT.

� N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s o f H e a l t h . O f f i c e o f M a n a g e m e n t – E r g o n o m i c s . ( 2 0 1 5 ) . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / /w w w . o r s . o d . n i h . g o v / s r / d o hs / H e a l t h A nd S a f e t y / E r g o no m i c s / P a g e s / e r g o n o m i cs _h o m e . a s p x #E rg o n o m i cE v al u a t i o ns

� O r e g o n O S H A . ( 2 0 0 9 ) E v a l u a t i o n y o u r c o m p u t e r w o r k s t a t i o n . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / /w w w . c b s . s t a t e . o r . u s / o s h a / p d f / p u b s / 1 86 3 . p d f

� O S H A . ( 2 0 1 5 ) C o m p u t e r W o r k s t a t i o n s e T o o l . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p s : / / w w w . o s ha . g o v / S L T C/ e t o o l s/ c o mp ut e rw o r k s t a t i o n s/ i nd e x . h t ml

� O z t u g , O . , & C o w i e , H . ( 2 0 1 1 ) . C o p i n g w i t h M u s c u l o s k e l e t a l P a i n : I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r O f f i c e W o r k e r s . T u r k i s h O n l i n e J o u r n a l o f E d u c a t i o n a l T e c h n o l o g y - TO J E T , 1 0 (1 ) , 8 1 - 8 8 .

� P a r r y , S . , S t r a k e r , L . , G i l s o n , N . D . , & S m i t h , A . J . ( 2 0 1 3 ) . P a r t i c i p a t o r y w o r k p l ac e i n t e r v e n t i o n s c a n r e d u c e s e d e n t a r y t i m e f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s — a r a n d o m i s e d c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l . P l o S o n e , 8 ( 1 1 ) , e 7 8 9 5 7 .

� R a n a s i n g he , P . , W a t h u r a p a t h a , W . S . , P e r e r a , Y . S . , L a m a b a d u s u r i y a , D . A . , K u l a t u n ga , S . , J a y a w ar d a na , N . , & K a t u l a nd a , P . ( 2 0 1 6 ) . C o m p u t e r v i s i o n s y n d r o m e a m o n g c o m p u t e r o f f i c e w o r k e r s i n a d e v e l o p i ng c o u n t r y : a n e v a l u a t i o n o f p r e v a l e n ce a n d r i s k f a c t o r s . B M C r e s e a r c h n o t e s , 9 ( 1 ) , 1 .

� R o b e r t s o n , M . M . , H u a n g , Y . H . , & L a r s o n , N . ( 2 0 1 6 ) . T h e r e l a t i o ns h i p a m o n g c o m p u t e r w o r k , e n v i r o nm e nt a l d e s i g n , a n d m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l a n d v i s u a l d i s c o m f o r t : e x a m i n i n g t h e m o d e r a t i ng r o l e o f s u p e r v i s o ry r e l a t i o ns a n d c o - w o r k e r s u p p o r t . I n t e r n a t i o n a l a r c h i v e s o f o c c u p a t i o n a l a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l h e a l t h , 8 9 ( 1 ) , 7 - 2 2 .

� R o g e r s , A f u n c t i o na l j o b e v a l u a t i o n t e c h n i q u e , i n E r g o n o m i c s , e d i t e d b y J . S . M o o r e A n d A . G a r g , O c c u p at i o n a l M e d i c i n e : S t a t e o f t he A r t R e v i e w s . 7 (4 ) : 6 79 - 7 1 1 , 1 99 2

� S a k l a n i , A . , & J h a , S . ( 2 0 1 4 ) . I m p a c t o f e r g o n o m i c c h a n g e s o n o f f i c e e m p l o y e e p r o d u ct i v i t y . I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f M a n a g e m e n t R e s e a r c h , 2 ( 1 ) .

� S e r v i ce O n t a r i o . ( 2 0 0 4 ) . C o m p u t e r E r g o n o m i c s : W o r k s t a t i o n L a y o u t a n d L i g h t i n g. R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / /w w w . l a b o u r . g o v . o n . c a / e n gl i s h / hs / p d f / g l _ co m p _ e r g . p d f

� S i r a j u d e e n , M . S . , P i l l a i , P . S . , S h a h , U . N . , & M o h a n , N . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . C o n t e n t v a l i d i t y a n d i n t e r - r a t e r r e l i a b i l i t y o f a c h e c k l i s t t o a s s e s s t h e e r g o n o mi c p r a c t i c e o f c o mp u t e r p r o f e s s i o n a l s . I n t e r n a t io n a l J o u r n a l o f T h e r a p i e s a n d R e h a b i l i t a t i o n R e s e a r c h , 1 ( 2 ) , 1 1 - 1 8 .

� S m i t h , M . L . , P i c k e n s , A . W . , A h n , S . , O r y , M . G . , D e J o y , D . M . , Y o u n g , K . , . . . & C o n g l e t o n , J . J . ( 2 0 1 5 ) . T y p i n g p e r f o r m a nc e a n d b o d y d i s c o m f o r t a m o n g o v e r w e i g h t a n d o b e s e o f f i c e w o r k e r s : A p i l o t s t u d y o f k e y b o a rd m o d i f i c a t i o n . A p p l i e d e r g o n o m i c s , 4 6 , 3 0 - 3 7 .


REFERENCES CONT.

� S o n n e a n d , M . , & A n d r e w s , D . M . ( 2 0 1 1 ) . T h e R a p i d O f f i c e S t r a i n A s s e s s m e nt ( R O S A ) : V a l i d i t y o f o n l i n e w o r k e r s e l f - a s s e s s m e nt s a n d t h e r e l a t i o ns h i p t o w o r k e r d i s c o m f o r t . O c c u p a t i o n a l E r g o n o m i c s , 1 0 ( 3 ) , 8 3 - 1 0 1 .

� S o n n e , M . , V i l l a l t a , D . L . , & A n d r e w s , D . M . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . D e v e l o p m e n t a n d e v a l u a t i o n o f a n o f f i c e e r g o n o m i c r i s k c h e c k l i s t : R O S A – R a p i d o f f i c e s t r a i n a s s e s s m e nt . A p p l i e d e r g o n o m i c s , 4 3 (1 ) , 9 8 - 1 0 8 .

� S w e e re , H . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . O p t i m u m C o m p u t e r W o r k s t a t i o n D e s i g n : A P r a g m a t i c A p p r o a c h . h t t p : / /w w w . e rg o t r o n . co m / P o r t a l s / 0 / l i t e r a t u re / w h i t e P a p e r s / e ng l i s h/ E R GO N O M I C _ F A C T O R S . p d f

� T a n o u e , H . , M i t s u h a s h i , T . , S a k o , S . , G o t o , R . , N a k a i , T . , & I n a b a , R . ( 2 0 1 6 ) . E f f e c t s o f a d y n a m i c c h a i r o n p e l v i c m o b i l i t y , f a t i g u e , a n d w o r k e f f i c i e nc y d u r i n g w o r k p e r f o rm e d w h i l e s i t t i ng : a c o m p a r i s o n o f d y n a m i c s i t t i n g a n d s t a t i c s i t t i ng . J o u r n a l o f P h y s i c a l T h e r a p y S c i e n c e , 2 8 ( 6 ) , 1 7 5 9 - 1 7 6 3 .

� T u n w a t t a na p o n g , P . , K o n g k as u w an , R . , & K u p t n i r a t s a i k u l , V . ( 2 0 1 6 ) . T h e e f f e c t i v e ne s s o f a n e c k a n d s h o u l d e r s t r e t ch i n g e x e r c i s e p r o g r a m a m o n g o f f i ce w o r k e r s w i t h n e c k p a i n : A r a n d o m i z e d c o n t r o l l e d t r i a l . C l i n i c a l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n , 3 0 ( 1 ) , 6 4 - 7 2 .

� U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r . O S H A E r g o n o m i cs . ( 2 0 1 5 ) R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p s : / / w w w . o s ha . g o v / S L T C/ e rg o n o mi cs /

� U S G r e e n B u i l d i n g C o u n c i l . E r g o n o m i c s S t r a t e g y E Q p c 4 4 . ( 2 0 0 9 ) . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / /w w w . u s g b c . o rg / c re d i t s / n e w - c o n s t r u c t i o n - co m m e r c i a l - i n t e r i o r s - s c ho o l s - n e w - c o ns t r u c t i o n - re t a i l - n e w -c o n s t r u c t i o n - r e t a i

� V a n C l e a v e , R , O s s e c k , J , H a r t m a n , A , F r a u s t o , D , a n d K r a m e r , A . ( 2 0 1 2 ) . W o r k p l ac e e r g o n o m i cs : A 3 - P h a s e I n t e r v e nt i o n a t t h e W o r k p l a c e . U R J H S V o l u m e 1 1 . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / w w w . k o n . o r g/ u rc / v 1 1 / v an c l e a v e . h t m l

� W a h a b , M . A . , & C h a r l e , F . ( 2 0 1 4 , J u n e ) . C o s t - B e n e f i t A n a l y s i s o f E r g o n o m i c P r o g r a m f o r M a n a g e m e nt o f L o w b a c k P r o b l e m s a m o n g O f f i c e W o r k e r s . I n P r o c e e d i n g s o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l A c a d e m i c C o n f e r e n c e s ( N o . 0 2 0 0 2 2 9 ) . I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f S o c i a l a n d E c o n o m i c S c i e n c e s .

� W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e D e p a r t m e nt o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s t r i e s . ( 2 0 0 2 ) . O f f i c e E r g o n o m i cs : P r a c t i c a l s o l u t i o n s f o r a s a f e r w o r k p l ac e . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p : / / w w w . l n i . w a . g o v / I P U B / 4 17 - 13 3 - 0 00 . p d f


REFERENCES CONT.



Office Ergonomics Resource Links

Analysis Tools ROSA http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/CUErgoTools/ROSA/ROSA%20forms.pdf RULA http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/ahrula.html REBA http://www.osha.oregon.gov/grants/resident_handling/docs/AppendixH/REBA.pdf Draft Ergonomic Checklist http://www.researchgate.net/publication/244483086_Content_validity_and_inter-rater_reliability_of_a_checklist_to_assess_the_ergonomic_practice_of_computer_professionals Finnish Method http://www.ttl.fi/en/ergonomics/methods/ewm/pages/default.aspx Rodgers Muscle Fatigue Analysis http://personal.health.usf.edu/tbernard/HollowHills/Rodgers_MFA_M20.pdf ACGIH Hand Activity Level http://www.theergonomicscenter.com/graphics/ErgoAnalysis%20Software/HAL.pdf Strain Index http://www.theergonomicscenter.com/graphics/ErgoAnalysis%20Software/Strain%20Index.pdf Ergonomics OSHA Ergonomics Guidelines https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/controlhazards.html OSHA Computer Workstation e-Tool Assessment https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/computerworkstations/checklist.html



Documents

PT, MEd, CEAS - Cheapceus.com€¦ · Ergonomic Analysis Tools 0:26-0:40 Injury Prevention Programs 0:41-0:50 ... service industry, but office worker injuries have a significant economic