24
Psychosocial Theory Psychosocial Theory and Social Work and Social Work Practice Practice Presentation by: Presentation by: IMRAN AHMAD SAJID IMRAN AHMAD SAJID M.Phil M.Phil Social Work Department Social Work Department Peshawar University Peshawar University

psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

This is a presentation delivered to the M.Phil scholars at the Institute of Social Development Studies (Social Work) at the University of Peshawar. The presentation is based on the Works of Turner. IMRAN AHMAD SAJID

Citation preview

Page 1: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Psychosocial Theory and Psychosocial Theory and Social Work PracticeSocial Work Practice

Presentation by:Presentation by:IMRAN AHMAD SAJIDIMRAN AHMAD SAJID

M.Phil M.Phil Social Work DepartmentSocial Work Department

Peshawar UniversityPeshawar University

Page 2: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

IntroductionIntroduction All social work practice-historically and currently-has relied on All social work practice-historically and currently-has relied on

psychosocial concepts. psychosocial concepts. From the very beginning, social work has been dedicated to; From the very beginning, social work has been dedicated to;

the alleviation of sufferings and the alleviation of sufferings and to the enhancement of human life. to the enhancement of human life.

Social Workers had been concerned that;Social Workers had been concerned that; How to support the well-being of individuals and families How to support the well-being of individuals and families How to respond to people’s need How to respond to people’s need How to restore social functioning and How to restore social functioning and How to better their interpersonal relationships and life situations. How to better their interpersonal relationships and life situations.

In order to answer these questions the psychosocial approach In order to answer these questions the psychosocial approach grew up in social work practice. grew up in social work practice.

Page 3: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Meaning of PsychosocialMeaning of Psychosocial

The term “Psychosocial,” 1The term “Psychosocial,” 1stst used in 1899, means, used in 1899, means, “ “pertaining to mind and society”. pertaining to mind and society”. ““Relating Social Conditions to Mental Health”. Relating Social Conditions to Mental Health”.

Merriam Webster DictionaryMerriam Webster Dictionary. . The term “The term “psychosocialpsychosocial” is the combination of two ” is the combination of two

words, “words, “psychopsycho” means “ ” means “ psychologicalpsychological” and ” and ““socialsocial” means “” means “relating to society, or the way in relating to society, or the way in which people in groups behave and interactwhich people in groups behave and interact”. So ”. So in this context psychosocial means “interaction of in this context psychosocial means “interaction of psychological and societal forces / components”. psychological and societal forces / components”.

Page 4: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Psychosocial theoryPsychosocial theory Psychosocial theory Psychosocial theory says that individual and says that individual and

his environment are intertwined. Changes in his environment are intertwined. Changes in one system creates changes in other one system creates changes in other systems. systems.

In other words individual’s behavior is the In other words individual’s behavior is the product of psychological forces and societal product of psychological forces and societal factors. His problem triggers not only due to factors. His problem triggers not only due to psychological forces or social factors but by psychological forces or social factors but by the combination of both. Therefore the the combination of both. Therefore the intervention strategy must address both the intervention strategy must address both the factors. factors.

Page 5: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Client’s contextClient’s context

The client’s context is made up of many The client’s context is made up of many interacting systems-not only one system-interacting systems-not only one system-including psychological, social, family, including psychological, social, family, personality, school, work place etc. personality, school, work place etc.

Page 6: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

ProblemProblem

Problems Problems is seen as a consequence of is seen as a consequence of disequilibrium between individual and disequilibrium between individual and environment. environment.

What psychosocial caseworkers do to What psychosocial caseworkers do to solve the problems is, to help client reduce solve the problems is, to help client reduce the disequilibrium between individual and the disequilibrium between individual and their environment. their environment.

Page 7: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Aim of TreatmentAim of Treatment

The psychosocial treatment often is not The psychosocial treatment often is not aimed at the so-called “pathological” or aimed at the so-called “pathological” or “dysfunctional” aspects of the gestalt; “dysfunctional” aspects of the gestalt; rather, interventions are tailored to rather, interventions are tailored to address those aspects that are most address those aspects that are most accessible and most capable of change. accessible and most capable of change.

Ameliorization of the client’s environment Ameliorization of the client’s environment may result in enduring changes in the may result in enduring changes in the personality or family system. personality or family system.

Page 8: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

The Goal of Psychosocial WorkersThe Goal of Psychosocial Workers

The goal of psychosocial workers are to The goal of psychosocial workers are to work collaboratively with clients to find work collaboratively with clients to find optimal optimal “fits”“fits” between people and their between people and their social or physical surroundings. social or physical surroundings.

Page 9: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Historical Origin and Historical Origin and DevelopmentDevelopment

Social work has always been profoundly Social work has always been profoundly influenced by the conditions and demands of influenced by the conditions and demands of the day. During some periods, the day. During some periods, socioeconomic forces socioeconomic forces received the greatest received the greatest attention; at other times, there was keener attention; at other times, there was keener interest in understanding interest in understanding personality personality development and functionsdevelopment and functions. .

As our theory and knowledge base matured, As our theory and knowledge base matured, the tendency to neglect either component the tendency to neglect either component diminished significantly. diminished significantly.

Page 10: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Historical cont;Historical cont;

Mary RichmondMary Richmond::She set the stage for the development of She set the stage for the development of

modern casework theory and practice. When modern casework theory and practice. When she published her first book, she published her first book, ““friendly visiting friendly visiting among the poor: a handbook for charity among the poor: a handbook for charity workers”, workers”, in 1899, she began formulating and in 1899, she began formulating and evaluating practice concepts and techniques. evaluating practice concepts and techniques. Some of her majors ideas and findings are as Some of her majors ideas and findings are as follows:follows:

Page 11: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

History cont;History cont;

1.1. Focus on the individual alone did not always help. Focus on the individual alone did not always help. Social relations and environment-past and present-are major Social relations and environment-past and present-are major

forces shaping personalityforces shaping personality External influence had to be addressed in order to promote a External influence had to be addressed in order to promote a

better adjustment between individual and the surrounding. better adjustment between individual and the surrounding. 1.1. Caseworkers actual experience should be subjected to Caseworkers actual experience should be subjected to

critical analysis, and their efforts must be measured by best critical analysis, and their efforts must be measured by best standards available. standards available.

She outlined specific approaches to collection of “social She outlined specific approaches to collection of “social evidence” from which inferences were to be drawn, leading evidence” from which inferences were to be drawn, leading to “social study, diagnosis, and treatment planning process. to “social study, diagnosis, and treatment planning process.

1.1. Treatment must be individualizedTreatment must be individualized. She cautioned against . She cautioned against generalization and stereotyping. generalization and stereotyping.

Each person and each family is unique and must be studied Each person and each family is unique and must be studied and listened to separately. and listened to separately.

Page 12: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

History cont;History cont; Knowledge from Psychology and PsychiatryKnowledge from Psychology and Psychiatry

Psychology and psychiatry prevailed over social workers during Psychology and psychiatry prevailed over social workers during WW-I up till 1950s. WW-I up till 1950s.

During 1920’s the sociological basis of social work was partially During 1920’s the sociological basis of social work was partially obscured by new ideas of personality development, and obscured by new ideas of personality development, and emotional experiences etc. emotional experiences etc.

Freud’s thinking were particularly influencing. Freud’s thinking were particularly influencing. Inner “weakness” was too often blamed for miseries or crises Inner “weakness” was too often blamed for miseries or crises

that were primarily social in origin. Family and socioeconomic that were primarily social in origin. Family and socioeconomic influence was downplayed. influence was downplayed.

Ego Psychology:Ego Psychology: All approaches in ego psychology broadens the psychosocial All approaches in ego psychology broadens the psychosocial

casework horizon. Particularly defense mechanism of Anna casework horizon. Particularly defense mechanism of Anna Freud, Erikson’s psychosocial developmental stages, Client-Freud, Erikson’s psychosocial developmental stages, Client-Centered therapy of Roger, and cognitive therapy are more Centered therapy of Roger, and cognitive therapy are more important. important.

Page 13: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Principles and AssumptionsPrinciples and Assumptions

1.1. People of all ages have the capacity to grow, learn, adapt People of all ages have the capacity to grow, learn, adapt and-at least to some degree-modify their social and physical and-at least to some degree-modify their social and physical environment. environment.

2.2. Psychological systems do not stand alone, but constantly Psychological systems do not stand alone, but constantly interact with biological and social systems. interact with biological and social systems.

3.3. People’s behavior develop within the context of many open People’s behavior develop within the context of many open systems interacting in mutually causative ways. Change in systems interacting in mutually causative ways. Change in one system inevitably creates changes in other systems. one system inevitably creates changes in other systems.

4.4. Family system provides most significant context for Family system provides most significant context for personality growth and development. Problems of fit among personality growth and development. Problems of fit among family members are mutual. family members are mutual.

5.5. Families are also subjected to stresses that come from Families are also subjected to stresses that come from larger systems, including poverty, racism, etc. the daily lives larger systems, including poverty, racism, etc. the daily lives of many clients are pervaded by these forces. of many clients are pervaded by these forces.

Page 14: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Principles and Assumptions Principles and Assumptions cont;cont;

Assumptions from Ego psychology :Assumptions from Ego psychology :1.1. Significant feelings and thoughts lie outside Significant feelings and thoughts lie outside

of awareness. of awareness. 2.2. Personality is fluid and dynamic system of Personality is fluid and dynamic system of

forces that influences behaviour; forces that influences behaviour; 3.3. Defenses are constructed that serve bother Defenses are constructed that serve bother

positive and negative end. positive and negative end. 4.4. Symptoms are adaptive attempts to uncover Symptoms are adaptive attempts to uncover

and resolve internal conflicts. and resolve internal conflicts. 5.5. Neurosis is actually social in origin. Neurosis is actually social in origin.

Page 15: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

The Worker Client RelationshipThe Worker Client Relationship

Successful treatment depends heavily on the Successful treatment depends heavily on the quality of relationship between client and worker. quality of relationship between client and worker.

How to promote Positive Relationship?How to promote Positive Relationship? Positive therapeutic relationship stems from the Positive therapeutic relationship stems from the

worker’s demonstration of non-possessive warmth worker’s demonstration of non-possessive warmth and concern, genuineness, accurate empathy, and and concern, genuineness, accurate empathy, and non-judgmental acceptance, along with his capacity non-judgmental acceptance, along with his capacity to communicate optimism and professional to communicate optimism and professional competence. competence.

For client: he must mobilize some courage, hope and For client: he must mobilize some courage, hope and motivation to join the worker, and to trust in his ability motivation to join the worker, and to trust in his ability to help. to help.

Page 16: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

The Worker Client Relationship The Worker Client Relationship cont;cont;

Obstacles in effective worker-client relationship:Obstacles in effective worker-client relationship: Numerous obstacles stand in the way of effective Numerous obstacles stand in the way of effective

worker-client relationship; worker-client relationship; People seeking help feel anxious-with feeling of People seeking help feel anxious-with feeling of

shame and failure to resolve difficulties. shame and failure to resolve difficulties. Fear of dependence on another may create Fear of dependence on another may create

apprehensionapprehension Anticipatory fear- that the worker truly can not Anticipatory fear- that the worker truly can not

understood their need or circumstances can also understood their need or circumstances can also hinder effective relationship. hinder effective relationship.

When the client is referred by some referring agency-When the client is referred by some referring agency-e.g. parents, school, court etc-in that case the client’s e.g. parents, school, court etc-in that case the client’s willingness to engage in work may be impeded. willingness to engage in work may be impeded.

Page 17: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Approaches to InterventionApproaches to Intervention

The approaches to intervention includes; The approaches to intervention includes; Psychosocial StudyPsychosocial StudyPsychosocial Assessment Psychosocial Assessment Psychosocial InterventionPsychosocial Intervention

Page 18: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Approaches to Intervention Approaches to Intervention cont;cont;

1.1. Psychosocial StudyPsychosocial StudyGathering Facts vs. Interpreting FactsGathering Facts vs. Interpreting Facts

The primary emphasis in psychosocial casework is The primary emphasis in psychosocial casework is placed on understanding the client’s dilemmas and placed on understanding the client’s dilemmas and what has contributed to them. This understanding what has contributed to them. This understanding is called psychosocial study. is called psychosocial study.

It requires observation and gathering of accurate It requires observation and gathering of accurate facts that are arranged in orderly manner. facts that are arranged in orderly manner.

Often the bulk of data is obtained in early Often the bulk of data is obtained in early interviews. interviews.

Page 19: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Approaches to Intervention Approaches to Intervention cont;cont;

Initial InterviewsInitial InterviewsFacts gathering begins as the worker elicits from clients Facts gathering begins as the worker elicits from clients

their perception of problems, what they think led up to their perception of problems, what they think led up to it, how they have attempted to remedy it, what they it, how they have attempted to remedy it, what they believe might help now, and what other people, believe might help now, and what other people, agencies or systems are involved. agencies or systems are involved.

Additional Source of InformationAdditional Source of InformationObservations of the clients nonverbal behaviors and Observations of the clients nonverbal behaviors and

demeanor and the dynamic of the client-worker demeanor and the dynamic of the client-worker relationships, usually prove useful. The goal is fact relationships, usually prove useful. The goal is fact gathering, not interpretation. gathering, not interpretation.

The psychosocial study of children requires collateral The psychosocial study of children requires collateral interviews with parents, teachers, and other concerned. interviews with parents, teachers, and other concerned.

Page 20: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Approaches to Intervention Approaches to Intervention cont;cont;

Early Life HistoryEarly Life HistoryMany problems in living emerge during the Many problems in living emerge during the

developmental phases of the individual and family developmental phases of the individual and family life cycle. Therefore early life history is also life cycle. Therefore early life history is also obtained for psychosocial study. obtained for psychosocial study.

Page 21: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Approaches to Intervention Approaches to Intervention cont;cont;

Psychosocial AssessmentPsychosocial Assessment Psychosocial assessment begins by thinking critically about Psychosocial assessment begins by thinking critically about

the facts gather in psychosocial study. The worker’s task, the facts gather in psychosocial study. The worker’s task, now, is to conceptualize how the multiple symptoms are now, is to conceptualize how the multiple symptoms are interacting. interacting.

Assessment simultaneously addresses and formulates Assessment simultaneously addresses and formulates hypotheses about two major matters; hypotheses about two major matters;

1.1. How and why a problem exists, and How and why a problem exists, and 2.2. Who and what is accessible to change. Who and what is accessible to change.

Only after determining where we can enter the constellation of Only after determining where we can enter the constellation of multiple systems, and which system or systems are probably multiple systems, and which system or systems are probably most amenable to change, can effective treatment strategies most amenable to change, can effective treatment strategies be designed. be designed.

Assessment identify points of access and evaluate the Assessment identify points of access and evaluate the capacity, motivation, and opportunity for change-of individual, capacity, motivation, and opportunity for change-of individual, the family, the social networks, and communities. the family, the social networks, and communities.

Page 22: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Approaches to Intervention Approaches to Intervention cont;cont;

Psychosocial InterventionPsychosocial InterventionPsychosocial treatment often uses a blend of Psychosocial treatment often uses a blend of

individual, couple, family and environmental individual, couple, family and environmental modalities. modalities.

In work with symptomatic children, family In work with symptomatic children, family members are often the most important members are often the most important resources for change. resources for change.

Page 23: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

RecapRecap

Individual and his environment are Individual and his environment are intertwined. Changes in one brings intertwined. Changes in one brings changes in others. Problems is the changes in others. Problems is the disequilibrium between individual and his disequilibrium between individual and his environment. The worker’s goal is to work environment. The worker’s goal is to work collaboratively with the client and find an collaboratively with the client and find an optimal optimal fitfit between individual and his between individual and his physical and social surroundings. physical and social surroundings.

Page 24: psycosocial Theory and Social Work-Imran Ahmad Sajid

Thank youThank you