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Conceptual frameworks forprevention and mitigating theeffects of hazards
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The PSYCHOLOGICAL & SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION of
DISASTERS
Aurora Corpuz-Mendoza, Ph.D
Department of Psychology-UPD
CE10 29 Jan 2015
Disaster Risk Reduction
Ecological
Vulnerability Analysis
Technocratic
Civil Defense
Conceptual frameworks for prevention and mitigating the effects of hazards
People-Environment Framework Disasters = events that are products of transactions of people w their environments
Disasters have a personal & sociocultural meaning:
personal interpretations (perceptions)
sociocultural values
Responses to disasters are personal & cultural
The Spinning Dancer: LEFT BRAIN FUNCTIONS (anti -
clockswise )
uses logic detail oriented facts rule words and language present and past math and science can comprehend knowing acknowledges order/pattern perception knows object name reality based forms strategies practical safe
RIGHT BRAIN FUNCTIONS (clockswise )
uses feeling "big picture" oriented imagination rules symbols and images
present and future philosophy & religion can "get it" (i.e. meaning) believes appreciates spatial perception knows object function fantasy based presents possibilities impetuous risk taking From: http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/right -brain-v-left-brain/story-e6frf7jo-1111114603615
The Spinning Dancer: This image, originally created by Nobuyuki Kayahara , was first used as a personality test.
Lack of visual cues for depth, cause the illusion.
It is an example of something called bistable perception . It is in the same class of illusion as the Necker cube and Peter-Paul goblet.
Major Phases of DRRM
Mitigation and Prevention: risk assessment, land use
planning, structural measures, public awareness and education,
Adaptation: adjustment in natural or human systems in
response to extreme weather events to moderate harm or
Preparedness and Alertness: monitoring, prediction, early
warning, mapping vulnerable areas, organisation and
Response: alarm, life and property rescue, reduction of impact
Recovery: reconstruction or retrofitting of infrastructure;
rehabilitation of communication and transport systems;
community rehabilitation; post-disaster psychosocial support,..
DRRM PHASES & COMPLIANCE
The response of individuals to each of the DRRM Phases is affected by what a particular disaster warning means for each individual
Personality, gender, age + other sociodemographic variables interact with physical aspects of the environment
1. Reduction/ Mitigation
Common mitigation measures are structural/ technological,
Or Non structural eg legislation, insurance;
Mitigation is often preceded by risk assessment that is usually PHYSICAL
RISK ASSESSMENT
PHYSICAL RISK
Identifying & Evaluating objectively the dangers posed by the physical envt
PERCEIVED RISK
Identifying & Evaluating subjectively the perceived dangers in the envt
Are the walls of this house facing outward, or inward?
RISK ASSESSMENT
The level of risk as determined by an instrument is fixed (eg winds of 160kph)
But perceived risk is based on:
1. past experience,
2. personal diffs (gender, age) in risk - taking,
3. soc context & cultural scripts (reality as constructed by others)
PERCEIVED RISK
Involves judgements w/c influence our individual conclusions about hazards
Likelihood
Severity
Concern
What to do
Measuring Perceived Risk
Psychometric approaches have identified consistencies in risk perception that may explain responses of extreme aversion or indifference (Slovic, 1987)
PERCEIVED RISKINESS DREADFUL RISK
Difficult to control
High catastrophic potential
Fatal consequences
Unequal risks & benefits in society
UNKNOWN RISK
Unobservable effects
Not fully understood
New
Delayed effects
PERCEIVED RISKINESS (Kleinhesselink & Rosa, 1991)
JAPAN
Automobile transport
And Smoking Low unknown risk
Low dread risk
Nuclear power Low unknown risk
High dread risk
Planes
High unknown risk
High dread risk
USA
Automobile transport
And Smoking Low unknown risk
Low dread risk
Nuclear power High unknown risk
High dread risk
Planes
High unknown risk
Low dread risk
Perceived Risk is Personal handiworkalazen.blogspot.com
RISK HOMEOSTASIS THEORY Simonet & Wilde, 1997
Acceptable Risk
Perceived Risk
Comparison
Adjust Behavior
+ Outcome -
RISK ACCEPTANCE INDIVIDUAL Differences
Perceived safer environments
e.g flood dikes, stone buildings
Afford more risks (Daring)
e.g delay evacuation responses
High value for family, shelter, livelihood
e.g
Put own life at risk (Heroic)
RISK ACCEPTANCE CULTURAL Beliefs & Values
LOW Uncertainty avoidance HIGH
(Germans) (Filipinos)
Being on time Bahala na
HIGH Risk acceptance HIGH
Overspeeding Lack of action
plans
(Cvetkovich & Earle, 1994)
Theory of Planned Behavior Azjen, 1993
Attitude toward
Behavior
Behavioral Risky
Subjective Norm Intention Behavior
Cautious
Perceived Control
Communication: Early Warning Systems
Science & Technology determine the form of early warning systems (EWS) that will initiate the implementation of courses of action
e.g Typhoon signals
Flood warnings