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Psychology Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148 Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148

Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

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Page 1: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

PsychologyPsychology

Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148

Page 2: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Topics Covered in Intro to Topics Covered in Intro to PsychPsych

Psychology as a professionPsychology as a profession Psychological ResearchPsychological Research Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence,

Adulthood, Old AgeAdulthood, Old Age Death and DyingDeath and Dying Altered States of ConsciousnessAltered States of Consciousness

Dreams, Sleep, Hypnosis, Dreams, Sleep, Hypnosis, Biofeedback, Meditation, Drugs Biofeedback, Meditation, Drugs

Page 3: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

PersonalityPersonality StressStress Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders Individual InteractionIndividual Interaction Group InteractionGroup Interaction

Topics Covered in Intro to Psych, Topics Covered in Intro to Psych, cont.cont.

Page 4: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Research Methods and Research Methods and StatisticsStatistics

Hypothesis—An assumption or Hypothesis—An assumption or prediction about behavior or an prediction about behavior or an educated guess about the educated guess about the relationship between two variables relationship between two variables that is tested through scientific that is tested through scientific research.research.

Sample—The small group of Sample—The small group of participants, out of the total number participants, out of the total number available, that a researcher studies.available, that a researcher studies.

Case Study—research method that Case Study—research method that involves an intensive investigation of involves an intensive investigation of one or more participants.one or more participants.

Page 5: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Correlation—the measure of a Correlation—the measure of a relationship between two variables relationship between two variables or sets of data.or sets of data.

Variable—any factor that is capable Variable—any factor that is capable of change. Independent/one that of change. Independent/one that experimenters change. experimenters change. Dependent/one that changed in Dependent/one that changed in relation to the independent variable.relation to the independent variable.

Experimental group—the group to Experimental group—the group to which an independent variable is which an independent variable is applied.applied.

Page 6: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological
Page 7: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Control group—the group not Control group—the group not exposed to the independent variable.exposed to the independent variable.

Self-fulfilling prophecy—a situation in Self-fulfilling prophecy—a situation in which a researcher’s expectations which a researcher’s expectations influence that person’s own influence that person’s own behavior, and thereby influence the behavior, and thereby influence the participant’s behavior.participant’s behavior.

Single-blind experiment—an Single-blind experiment—an experiment in which the participants experiment in which the participants are unaware of which participants are unaware of which participants received the treatment.received the treatment.

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Double –blind experiment: an Double –blind experiment: an experiment in which neither the experiment in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know experimenter nor the participants know which participants received which which participants received which treatment.treatment.

Placebo effect—a change in a Placebo effect—a change in a participant’s illness or behavior that participant’s illness or behavior that results from a belief that the treatment results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect, rather that the will have an effect, rather that the actual treatment.actual treatment.

Theory—a set of assumptions used to Theory—a set of assumptions used to explain why something is the way it is explain why something is the way it is and happens the way it does.and happens the way it does.

Page 9: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 3—Infancy and ChildhoodUnit 3—Infancy and ChildhoodSection 1: Physical, Perceptual and Section 1: Physical, Perceptual and Language DevelopmentLanguage Development Developmental Psychology: The study of Developmental Psychology: The study of

changes that occur as an individual changes that occur as an individual matures.matures.

Grasping reflex: An infant’s clinging Grasping reflex: An infant’s clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand.her hand.

Rooting reflex: An infant’s response in Rooting reflex: An infant’s response in turning toward the source of touching turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere around his or her that occurs anywhere around his or her mouth.mouth.

Page 10: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Maturation: the internally Maturation: the internally programmed growth of a child.programmed growth of a child.

Page 11: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 3—Infancy and ChildhoodUnit 3—Infancy and ChildhoodSection 2: Cognitive and Emotional Section 2: Cognitive and Emotional DevelopmentDevelopment

Schema: a conceptual framework a Schema: a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world.person uses to make sense of the world.

Assimilation: the process of fitting Assimilation: the process of fitting objects and experiences into one’s objects and experiences into one’s schema.schema.

Accommodation: the adjustment of one’s Accommodation: the adjustment of one’s schemas to include newly observed schemas to include newly observed events and experiences.events and experiences.

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Egocentric: a young child’s inability Egocentric: a young child’s inability to understand another person’s to understand another person’s perspective.perspective.

Critical Period: A specific time in Critical Period: A specific time in development when certain skills or development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned.abilities are most easily learned.

Page 13: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Section 3: Parenting Section 3: Parenting Styles and Social Styles and Social DevelopmentDevelopment Authoritarian Family: Parents Authoritarian Family: Parents

attempt to control, shape, and attempt to control, shape, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children in accordance with a set of children in accordance with a set code of conduct.code of conduct.

Democratic/authoritative Family: Democratic/authoritative Family: Adolescents participate in decisions Adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives.affecting their lives.

Page 14: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Permissive/laissez-faire family: Permissive/laissez-faire family: children have the final say; parents children have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a are less controlling and have a nonpunishing, accepting attitude nonpunishing, accepting attitude toward children.toward children.

Socialization: The process of Socialization: The process of learning the rules of behavior of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an the culture within which an individual is born and will live.individual is born and will live.

Page 15: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Identification: The process by which a Identification: The process by which a child adopts the values and principles child adopts the values and principles of the same-sex parent.of the same-sex parent.

Role taking: Children’s play that Role taking: Children’s play that involves assuming adult roles, thus involves assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to experience enabling the child to experience different points of view.different points of view.

Page 16: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 4—Adolescence: Unit 4—Adolescence: Physical and Sexual Physical and Sexual DevelopmentDevelopment Initiation Rites: Ceremonies or rituals Initiation Rites: Ceremonies or rituals

in which an individual is admitted to in which an individual is admitted to new status or accepted into a new new status or accepted into a new position.position.

Puberty: Sexual maturation; the end Puberty: Sexual maturation; the end of childhood and the point when of childhood and the point when reproduction is first possible.reproduction is first possible.

Menarche: The first menstrual periodMenarche: The first menstrual period Spermarche: The period during Spermarche: The period during

which males achieve first ejaculationwhich males achieve first ejaculation

Page 17: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Asynchrony: The condition during Asynchrony: The condition during adolescence in which the growth or adolescence in which the growth or maturation of bodily parts is maturation of bodily parts is uneven.uneven.

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Page 19: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Barbie—Barbie—

The “Perfect” BodyThe “Perfect” BodyBarbara Millicent RobertsBarbara Millicent Roberts52 years old, Wisconsin52 years old, Wisconsin7 feet tall, 125 lbs.7 feet tall, 125 lbs.32-20-4232-20-42Neck is twice as long as the Neck is twice as long as the average womanaverage womanFeet are ½ the sizeFeet are ½ the sizeIn 2000 she got a bellybuttonIn 2000 she got a bellybuttonRan for President in 1992Ran for President in 1992

Page 20: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

It’s not what you say….It’s not what you say….What the sexes first notice about each otherWhat the sexes first notice about each other

What Men Notice About What Men Notice About WomenWomen

1. Figure or build--44%1. Figure or build--44%

2. Face--33%2. Face--33%

3. Clothing--26%3. Clothing--26%

4. Eyes--18%4. Eyes--18%

5. Smile--18%5. Smile--18%

6. Hair--18%6. Hair--18%

7. Legs--8%7. Legs--8%

What Women Notice What Women Notice About MenAbout Men

1. Clothing--33%1. Clothing--33%

2. Face--31%2. Face--31%

3. Eyes--29%3. Eyes--29%

4. Smile--23%4. Smile--23%

5. Figure or build--20%5. Figure or build--20%

6. Hair--17%6. Hair--17%

7. Teeth--10%7. Teeth--10%

8. Height--10% 8. Height--10%

Page 21: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Section 2—Personal Section 2—Personal DevelopmentDevelopment Rationalization—a process whereby an Rationalization—a process whereby an

individual seeks to explain an often individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his or her self way that will preserve his or her self esteem.esteem.

Identity Crisis—A period of inner conflict Identity Crisis—A period of inner conflict during which adolescents worry during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are.intensely about who they are.

Social Egocentrism—Where teens Social Egocentrism—Where teens overestimate their impact upon the overestimate their impact upon the immediate environment.immediate environment.

Page 22: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Social learning theory: A view of Social learning theory: A view of human development that human development that emphasizes interaction.emphasizes interaction.

Page 23: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Chapter 4, Unit 3: Chapter 4, Unit 3: Social DevelopmentSocial Development

Clique: a small, exclusive group of Clique: a small, exclusive group of people within a larger group.people within a larger group.

Conformity: Acting in accordance Conformity: Acting in accordance with some specified authority.with some specified authority.

Anorexia Nervosa: A serious Anorexia Nervosa: A serious eating disorder characterized by a eating disorder characterized by a fear of gaining weight that results fear of gaining weight that results in prolonged self-starvation and in prolonged self-starvation and dramatic weight loss.dramatic weight loss.

Page 24: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Bulimia Nervosa: A serious eating Bulimia Nervosa: A serious eating disorder characterized by disorder characterized by compulsive overeating usually compulsive overeating usually followed by self-induced vomiting followed by self-induced vomiting or laxative abuse.or laxative abuse.

Page 25: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Signs of Suicide in TeensSigns of Suicide in Teens pulling away from friends or family pulling away from friends or family

and losing desire to go outand losing desire to go out trouble concentrating or thinking trouble concentrating or thinking

clearlyclearly changes in eating or sleeping habitschanges in eating or sleeping habits major changes in appearance (for major changes in appearance (for

example, if a normally neat person example, if a normally neat person looks very sloppy - as if they're not looks very sloppy - as if they're not taking the usual care of themselves )taking the usual care of themselves )

talk about feeling hopeless or feeling talk about feeling hopeless or feeling guiltyguilty

Page 26: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Signs—cont.Signs—cont. talk about suicidetalk about suicide talk about deathtalk about death talk about "going away"talk about "going away" self-destructive behavior (drinking self-destructive behavior (drinking

alcohol, taking drugs, or driving too alcohol, taking drugs, or driving too fast, for example)fast, for example)

no desire to take part in favorite no desire to take part in favorite things or activitiesthings or activities

the giving away of favorite the giving away of favorite possessions (like offering to give possessions (like offering to give away a favorite piece of jewelry, for away a favorite piece of jewelry, for example)example)

suddenly very happy and cheerful suddenly very happy and cheerful moods after being depressed or sad moods after being depressed or sad for a long time (this may mean that a for a long time (this may mean that a person has decided to attempt person has decided to attempt suicide and feels relieved to have suicide and feels relieved to have found a "solution")found a "solution")

Page 27: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Section 4: Gender Roles Section 4: Gender Roles and Differencesand Differences Gender identity: the sex group Gender identity: the sex group

(masculine or feminine) to which an (masculine or feminine) to which an individual biologically belongs.individual biologically belongs.

Gender Role: the set of behaviors Gender Role: the set of behaviors that society considers appropriate for that society considers appropriate for each sex.each sex.

Gender stereotype: an Gender stereotype: an oversimplified or distorted oversimplified or distorted generalization about the generalization about the characteristics of men and women.characteristics of men and women.

Page 28: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Androgynous: combining or confusing Androgynous: combining or confusing traditionally male and female traditionally male and female characteristics.characteristics.

Gender Schema: a set of behaviors Gender Schema: a set of behaviors organized around how either a male organized around how either a male or female should think and behave.or female should think and behave.

Page 29: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-1 AdulthoodUnit 5-1 Adulthood Physical ChangesPhysical Changes

Cellular breakdownCellular breakdown Cells less able to repair themselvesCells less able to repair themselves Cells having a “time limit”Cells having a “time limit”

18-30—physical peak18-30—physical peak

Page 30: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-1--AdulthoodUnit 5-1--Adulthood Menopause: the biological event in Menopause: the biological event in

which a woman’s production of sex which a woman’s production of sex hormones ishormones is

sharply reduced.sharply reduced. Usually occurs between Usually occurs between

ages 45-55ages 45-55 Halt of egg productionHalt of egg production Halt of menstruationHalt of menstruation Emotional side effectsEmotional side effects

Page 31: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Leading Causes of DeathLeading Causes of Death

Heart disease: 616,067Heart disease: 616,067 Cancer: 562,875Cancer: 562,875 Stroke : 135,952Stroke : 135,952 Chronic lower respiratory diseases: Chronic lower respiratory diseases:

127,924127,924 Accidents: 123,706Accidents: 123,706 Alzheimer's disease: 74,632Alzheimer's disease: 74,632 Diabetes: 71,382Diabetes: 71,382 Influenza and Pneumonia: 52,717Influenza and Pneumonia: 52,717

Page 32: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-1--AdulthoodUnit 5-1--Adulthood Male “Mental”pauseMale “Mental”pause

22-28--22-28--Early adult periodEarly adult period. Need to . Need to establish a stable life structure.establish a stable life structure.

28-30--28-30--Age 30 CrisisAge 30 Crisis. Questioning of . Questioning of values. Urge for “completion” before values. Urge for “completion” before it’s “too late.”it’s “too late.”

36-40--36-40--Settling-down periodSettling-down period. . “Becoming one’s own man.”“Becoming one’s own man.”

40-45—40-45—Midlife transitionMidlife transition. Questioning . Questioning accomplishments. accomplishments.

Page 33: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-1--AdulthoodUnit 5-1--Adulthood

Generativity: the desire, in middle Generativity: the desire, in middle age, to use one’s accumulated age, to use one’s accumulated wisdom to guide future wisdom to guide future generations.generations.

Stagnation: a discontinuation of Stagnation: a discontinuation of development and a desire to development and a desire to recapture the past.recapture the past.

Page 34: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-1--AdulthoodUnit 5-1--AdulthoodMiddle adulthood—Late 40s—60sMiddle adulthood—Late 40s—60s

Self actualization. Understanding. Self actualization. Understanding. Sensitivity.Sensitivity.

Frustration, unhappiness, Frustration, unhappiness,

resignation. resignation.

OR….

Page 35: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Physical Changes: VisionPhysical Changes: Vision

Page 36: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Physical Changes: Sense of SmellPhysical Changes: Sense of Smell

Page 37: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Physical Changes: HearingPhysical Changes: Hearing

Page 38: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Physical Changes: HearingPhysical Changes: Hearing

Page 39: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Overall Life SatisfactionOverall Life Satisfaction

Page 40: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Overall Life SatisfactionOverall Life Satisfaction

Most studies show the elderly as Most studies show the elderly as happy and satisfied with life.happy and satisfied with life.

People tend to mellow with age.People tend to mellow with age. Most regrets focus on what the person Most regrets focus on what the person

didn’t do rather than mistakes they didn’t do rather than mistakes they have made in life.have made in life.

Page 41: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-1--AdulthoodUnit 5-1--Adulthood

No “Midlife Crisis” for womenNo “Midlife Crisis” for women Empty nest syndromeEmpty nest syndrome Middle-age depression.Middle-age depression.

Page 42: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Commitment to WorkCommitment to Work

Most high school/college students Most high school/college students aren’t sure of their career goals.aren’t sure of their career goals.

Happiness seems to be correlated with Happiness seems to be correlated with work that is challenging, provides a work that is challenging, provides a sense of accomplishment, and is sense of accomplishment, and is interesting.interesting.

Page 43: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological
Page 44: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Commitment to LoveCommitment to Love

An important factor in adult An important factor in adult happinesshappiness

Lasting love includes:Lasting love includes: Intimate self-disclosureIntimate self-disclosure Shared emotional and material Shared emotional and material

supportsupport Similar interests and valuesSimilar interests and values

Page 45: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological
Page 46: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Commitment to MarriageCommitment to Marriage

90% of the population gets married90% of the population gets married 50% divorce rate 50% divorce rate 75% of those who have divorced 75% of those who have divorced

remarryremarry

Page 47: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-2: Old AgeUnit 5-2: Old Age

Decremental model of aging: the Decremental model of aging: the idea that progressive physical and idea that progressive physical and mental decline are inevitable with mental decline are inevitable with age.age.

Ageism: prejudice or Ageism: prejudice or discrimination against the elderly.discrimination against the elderly.

Page 48: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Life SpansLife Spans Ancient Rome—20-30Ancient Rome—20-30 Medieval England—20-30Medieval England—20-30 Early 1900s—30-40Early 1900s—30-40 Current world ave.—66.12Current world ave.—66.12 World Leader—World Leader—

Japan, 82Japan, 82 United States—United States—

77, Ranked 4277, Ranked 42ndnd in the world in the world

Page 49: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological
Page 50: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological
Page 51: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological
Page 52: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Aging and MemoryAging and Memory

Page 53: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-2: Old AgeUnit 5-2: Old Age

Chronic Diseases of the elderlyChronic Diseases of the elderly Heart diseaseHeart disease HypertensionHypertension DiabetesDiabetes arthritisarthritis

Page 54: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-2: Old AgeUnit 5-2: Old Age

Major causes of death of the Major causes of death of the elderly:elderly: Heart diseaseHeart disease CancerCancer StrokesStrokes

Page 55: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-2: Old AgeUnit 5-2: Old Age

Crystallized Intelligence: the ability to Crystallized Intelligence: the ability to use accumulated knowledge and use accumulated knowledge and learning in appropriate situations. learning in appropriate situations.

Fluid Intelligence: the ability to solve Fluid Intelligence: the ability to solve abstract relational problems and to abstract relational problems and to generate new hypotheses.generate new hypotheses.

Page 56: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Senile Dementia:Senile Dementia:Decreases Decreases in mental in mental abilities abilities experienced experienced by some by some people in old people in old age.age.

Page 57: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-2: Old AgeUnit 5-2: Old Age

Alzheimer’s disease: a condition Alzheimer’s disease: a condition that destroys a person’s ability to that destroys a person’s ability to think, remember, relate to others, think, remember, relate to others, and care for her or himself.and care for her or himself.

66thth leading cause of death in leading cause of death in elderly.elderly.

No effective treatmentsNo effective treatments

Page 58: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

DementiaDementia

1-in-3 seniors die with Alzheimer’s 1-in-3 seniors die with Alzheimer’s or other types of dementia.or other types of dementia.

30 percent of 70-year-olds who 30 percent of 70-year-olds who don’t have Alzheimer’s are don’t have Alzheimer’s are expected to die before their 80expected to die before their 80thth birthday.birthday.

61 percent are expected to die if 61 percent are expected to die if they do have Alzheimer’s.they do have Alzheimer’s.

Page 59: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-3: Death and DyingUnit 5-3: Death and Dying

Thanatology: the study of death and Thanatology: the study of death and dying.dying.

Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Death:Kubler-Ross’ Five Stages of Death: DenialDenial AngerAnger BargainingBargaining DepressionDepression AcceptanceAcceptance

Page 60: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Unit 5-3: Death and DyingUnit 5-3: Death and Dying Hospice: a facility designed to Hospice: a facility designed to

care for the special needs of the care for the special needs of the dying.dying.

Euthanasia: a deliberate Euthanasia: a deliberate termination of one’s life with the termination of one’s life with the assistance of someone else. assistance of someone else. Usually the patient is suffering Usually the patient is suffering from an incurable illness.from an incurable illness.

Page 61: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Signs death is Signs death is approaching:approaching: Drowsiness, increased sleep, and/or Drowsiness, increased sleep, and/or

unresponsiveness.unresponsiveness. Confusion about time, place, and/or Confusion about time, place, and/or

identity of loved ones; restlessness; visions identity of loved ones; restlessness; visions of people and places that are not present; of people and places that are not present; pulling at bed linens or clothing.pulling at bed linens or clothing.

Decreased socialization and withdrawal Decreased socialization and withdrawal (caused by decreased oxygen to the brain, (caused by decreased oxygen to the brain, decreased blood flow, and mental decreased blood flow, and mental preparation for dying).preparation for dying).

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Decreased need for food and fluids, and Decreased need for food and fluids, and loss of appetite (caused by the body's loss of appetite (caused by the body's need to conserve energy and its need to conserve energy and its decreasing ability to use food and fluids decreasing ability to use food and fluids properly).properly).

Loss of bladder or bowel control.Loss of bladder or bowel control. Darkened urine or decreased amount of Darkened urine or decreased amount of

urine.urine. Skin becoming cool to the touch, Skin becoming cool to the touch,

particularly the hands and feet; skin particularly the hands and feet; skin may become bluish in color, especially may become bluish in color, especially on the underside of the body.on the underside of the body.

Page 63: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Rattling or gurgling sounds while Rattling or gurgling sounds while breathing, which may be loud (death breathing, which may be loud (death rattle); breathing that is irregular and rattle); breathing that is irregular and shallow; decreased number of breaths shallow; decreased number of breaths per minute; breathing that alternates per minute; breathing that alternates between rapid and slow.between rapid and slow.

Turning of the head toward a light Turning of the head toward a light source.source.

Increased difficulty controlling pain.Increased difficulty controlling pain. Involuntary movements, changes in Involuntary movements, changes in

heart rate, and loss of reflexes in the heart rate, and loss of reflexes in the legs and arms are additional signs that legs and arms are additional signs that the end of life is near.the end of life is near.

Page 64: Psychology Mr. Tyner-Rm. 148. Topics Covered in Intro to Psych Psychology as a profession Psychology as a profession Psychological Research Psychological

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

““It is not the end of the physical body that It is not the end of the physical body that should worry us. Rather, our concern must be should worry us. Rather, our concern must be to live while we're alive - to release our inner to live while we're alive - to release our inner selves from the spiritual death that comes with selves from the spiritual death that comes with living behind a facade designed to conform to living behind a facade designed to conform to external definitions of who and what we are.” external definitions of who and what we are.”

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Elisabeth Kubler-RossElisabeth Kubler-Ross ““The most beautiful people we have known The most beautiful people we have known

are those who have known defeat, known are those who have known defeat, known suffering, known struggle, known loss, and suffering, known struggle, known loss, and have found their way out of the depths. have found their way out of the depths. These persons have an appreciation, a These persons have an appreciation, a sensitivity, and an understanding of life that sensitivity, and an understanding of life that fills them with compassion, gentleness, and a fills them with compassion, gentleness, and a deep loving concern. Beautiful people do not deep loving concern. Beautiful people do not just happen.” just happen.”

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Unit 7-1—Sleep and Unit 7-1—Sleep and DreamsDreams Consciousness: a state of awareness, Consciousness: a state of awareness,

including a person’s feelings, including a person’s feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions.sensations, ideas, and perceptions.

Altered States of Consciousness: Altered States of Consciousness: different levels of awareness.different levels of awareness.

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Why do we sleep?Why do we sleep? RestorativeRestorative Conserve EnergyConserve Energy To DreamTo Dream

REM Sleep: a stage of sleep REM Sleep: a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming.dreaming.

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Unit 7-1—Sleep and Unit 7-1—Sleep and DreamsDreams Circadian Rhythm: the rhythm of activity and Circadian Rhythm: the rhythm of activity and

inactivity lasting approximately one day.inactivity lasting approximately one day.

Narcolepsy: a condition characterized by Narcolepsy: a condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day.during the day.

Insomnia: the failure to get enough sleep at Insomnia: the failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next day.night in order to feel rested the next day.

Sleep Apnea: a sleep disorder in which a Sleep Apnea: a sleep disorder in which a person has trouble person has trouble breathing while asleep. breathing while asleep.

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Sleep Apnea AidsSleep Apnea Aids

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Unit 7-1—Sleep and Unit 7-1—Sleep and DreamsDreams

Nightmares: unpleasant dreams.Nightmares: unpleasant dreams.

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Unit 7-1—Sleep and Unit 7-1—Sleep and DreamsDreams

Night terrors: sleep disruptions Night terrors: sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep; that occur during Stage IV of sleep; involving screaming, panic, or involving screaming, panic, or confusion.confusion.

Sleepwalking: walking or carrying Sleepwalking: walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep.out behaviors while asleep.

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Unit 7—Hypnosis, Unit 7—Hypnosis, Biofeedback,Biofeedback, and Meditation and Meditation Hypnosis: a state of consciousness Hypnosis: a state of consciousness

resulting from a narrowed focus of resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility.heightened suggestibility.

Posthypnotic suggestion: a suggestion Posthypnotic suggestion: a suggestion made during hypnosis that influences made during hypnosis that influences the participant’s behavior afterward. the participant’s behavior afterward.

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Unit 7—Hypnosis, Unit 7—Hypnosis, Biofeedback,Biofeedback, and Meditation and Meditation

Biofeedback: the process of Biofeedback: the process of learning to control bodily states learning to control bodily states with the help of specialized with the help of specialized machines.machines.

Meditation: the focusing of Meditation: the focusing of attention to clear one’s mind and attention to clear one’s mind and produce relaxation.produce relaxation.

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Unit 15—Stress and HealthUnit 15—Stress and Health Stressor: a stress-producing event or Stressor: a stress-producing event or

situationsituation

Distress: stress that stems from acute Distress: stress that stems from acute anxiety or pressure.anxiety or pressure.

Eustress: positive stress, which results Eustress: positive stress, which results from motivating events and challenges.from motivating events and challenges.

Stress Reaction: the body’s response to a Stress Reaction: the body’s response to a stressor.stressor.

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Health RisksHealth Risks Common ColdCommon Cold UlcersUlcers Headaches Headaches AsthmaAsthma Menstrual discomfortMenstrual discomfort Vaginal infectionsVaginal infections Genital HerpesGenital Herpes Skin DisordersSkin Disorders ArthritisArthritis Back Pain Back Pain Female Reproductive ProblemsFemale Reproductive Problems DiabetesDiabetes Pregnancy complicationsPregnancy complications HerniasHernias GlaucomaGlaucoma HyperthyroidismHyperthyroidism HemophiliaHemophilia TuberculosisTuberculosis LeukemiaLeukemia Stroke Stroke Appendicitis Appendicitis Multiple SclerosisMultiple Sclerosis Periodontal diseasePeriodontal disease Hypertension Hypertension CancerCancer Heart DiseaseHeart Disease Inflammatory Bowel DiseaseInflammatory Bowel Disease

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Personality TypesPersonality Types

Type AType A Strongly CompetitiveStrongly Competitive ImpatientImpatient AngryAngry MultitaskedMultitasked Achievement Achievement

orientedoriented WorkaholicsWorkaholics Cynical and hostileCynical and hostile Easily irritatedEasily irritated

Type BType B RelaxedRelaxed PatientPatient EasygoingEasygoing Amicable behaviorAmicable behavior Less hurriedLess hurried Less competitiveLess competitive Less easily Less easily

angeredangered

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Appraising a Situation—Appraising a Situation—Sizing up the stressSizing up the stress

Primary Appraisal Primary Appraisal ––

The immediate The immediate evaluation of a evaluation of a situation.situation.

IrrelevantIrrelevant Positive Positive NegativeNegative

Secondary AppraisalSecondary Appraisal——

How to deal with a How to deal with a potential stressful potential stressful situation.situation.

Coping StrategiesCoping Strategies

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Unit 15—Reaction to Unit 15—Reaction to StressStress Anxiety: a vague, generalized Anxiety: a vague, generalized

apprehension or feeling of danger.apprehension or feeling of danger.

Anger: the irate reaction likely to Anger: the irate reaction likely to result from frustration.result from frustration.

Fear: the usual reaction when a Fear: the usual reaction when a stressor involves real or imagined stressor involves real or imagined danger.danger.

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Unit 15—Reaction to Unit 15—Reaction to StressStress

Social Support: information that Social Support: information that leads someone to believe that he leads someone to believe that he or she is cared for, loved, or she is cared for, loved, respected, and part of a network of respected, and part of a network of communication and mutual communication and mutual obligation.obligation.

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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10

Res

ista

nce

to S

tres

s

Time

General Adaptation Syndrome

Phase 1 Alarm Reaction

Phase 2 Stage of Resistance

Phase 3 Stage of

Exhaustion

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Unit 15—Coping with Unit 15—Coping with StressStress

Cognitive Appraisal: the interpretation Cognitive Appraisal: the interpretation of an event that helps determine its of an event that helps determine its stress impact.stress impact.

Denial: a coping mechanism in which a Denial: a coping mechanism in which a person decides that the event is not person decides that the event is not really a stressor.really a stressor.

Intellectualization: a coping mechanism Intellectualization: a coping mechanism in which the person analyzes a situation in which the person analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached viewpoint.from an emotionally detached viewpoint.

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Rational Emotive Therapy—Rational Emotive Therapy—Therapy aimed at changing Therapy aimed at changing unrealistic assumptions about unrealistic assumptions about oneself and other people.oneself and other people.

A)A)Activation Event—something Activation Event—something happens.happens.

B)B)Belief System—how you react to it.Belief System—how you react to it.

C)C)Consequence emotion—the result.Consequence emotion—the result.

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Rational-Emotive TherapyRational-Emotive Therapy

Activating Activating EventEvent

Someone Someone stands stands you up on you up on a date a date you were you were looking looking forward forward toto

Belief SystemBelief SystemIrrational Irrational appraisal:appraisal:

““This is terrible. This is terrible. I’ll have a boring I’ll have a boring weekend. I’ll never weekend. I’ll never find anyone of the find anyone of the opposite sex. I opposite sex. I must be must be worthless.”worthless.”

Rational appraisal:Rational appraisal:

““This is This is unfortunate, but I’ll unfortunate, but I’ll salvage the salvage the weekend. Next weekend. Next time, I’ll find time, I’ll find someone who is someone who is mature and mature and dependable.”dependable.”

ConsequencConsequencee

Emotional Emotional turmoil:turmoil:

You feel angry, You feel angry, anxious, anxious, agitated, agitated, dejected.dejected.

Emotional Emotional calm:calm:

You feel You feel annoyed and annoyed and subdued, but subdued, but remain remain hopeful.hopeful.

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Unit 15—Coping with Unit 15—Coping with StressStress

Progressive Relaxation: lying down Progressive Relaxation: lying down comfortably and tensing and releasing comfortably and tensing and releasing the tension in each major muscle group the tension in each major muscle group in turn.in turn.

Meditation: a focusing of attention with Meditation: a focusing of attention with the goal of clearing one’s mind and the goal of clearing one’s mind and producing an “inner peace.”producing an “inner peace.”

Biofeedback: the process of learning to Biofeedback: the process of learning to control bodily states with the help of control bodily states with the help of machines that provide feedback.machines that provide feedback.

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Unit 15—Stress in Your Unit 15—Stress in Your LifeLife

Autonomy: the ability to take care of Autonomy: the ability to take care of one’s self and make one’s own one’s self and make one’s own decisions.decisions.

Developmental Friendship: friends Developmental Friendship: friends force one another to reexamine their force one another to reexamine their basic assumptions and perhaps adopt basic assumptions and perhaps adopt new ideas and beliefs.new ideas and beliefs.

Resynthesis: combining old ideas with Resynthesis: combining old ideas with new ones and reorganizing feelings in new ones and reorganizing feelings in order to renew one’s identity.order to renew one’s identity.

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Unit 15—Stress in Your Unit 15—Stress in Your LifeLife

Career: a vocation in which a Career: a vocation in which a person works at least a few years.person works at least a few years.

Comparable worth: the concept Comparable worth: the concept that women and men should that women and men should receive equal pay for jobs calling receive equal pay for jobs calling for comparable skill and for comparable skill and responsibility.responsibility.

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Top 10 Most Stressful JobsTop 10 Most Stressful Jobs Taxi DriverTaxi Driver PhotojournalistPhotojournalist Senior Corporate ExecutiveSenior Corporate Executive Public Relations ExecutivePublic Relations Executive Event CoordinatorEvent Coordinator Police OfficerPolice Officer Military GeneralMilitary General Airline PilotAirline Pilot FirefighterFirefighter Enlisted Military SoldierEnlisted Military Soldier

Miners, EMTs Reporters, Teachers, Working Miners, EMTs Reporters, Teachers, Working parentsparents

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Top 10 Least Stressful JobsTop 10 Least Stressful Jobs AudiologistAudiologist DietitianDietitian Software EngineerSoftware Engineer Computer ProgrammerComputer Programmer Dental HygienistDental Hygienist Speech PathologistSpeech Pathologist PhilosopherPhilosopher MathematicianMathematician Occupational TherapistOccupational Therapist ChiropractorChiropractor

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How to Minimize Stress in Your How to Minimize Stress in Your LifeLife Make a decision—who controls your emotions?Make a decision—who controls your emotions? Remove yourself from stressful situations &/or Remove yourself from stressful situations &/or

people.people. Deal with stressful situations &/or people.Deal with stressful situations &/or people. Learn to stop hating.Learn to stop hating. Learn to forgive.Learn to forgive. Measure your desires.Measure your desires. Actively seek the good life.Actively seek the good life. Practice Mindful MeditationPractice Mindful Meditation

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Chapter 14—Purposes of Chapter 14—Purposes of Personality TheoriesPersonality Theories

Personality: the consistent, Personality: the consistent, enduring, and unique enduring, and unique characteristics of a person.characteristics of a person.

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It is said that a person is It is said that a person is really three things…really three things…

What What hehe thinks he is, thinks he is,

What his What his friendsfriends think think he is,he is,

And what he And what he reallyreally is. is.

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Personality Theory—Personality Theory—

Explain why people behave in certain patterns.Explain why people behave in certain patterns. Why do people have some traits and not others?Why do people have some traits and not others? Which traits are significant?Which traits are significant?

Explain the difference in people.Explain the difference in people. What are individual’s motives?What are individual’s motives? Where do those motives come from?Where do those motives come from?

Investigate how people conduct their lives.Investigate how people conduct their lives. Why do personality problems arise and why are they Why do personality problems arise and why are they

more difficult to manage for some people than others?more difficult to manage for some people than others?

Determine how life can be improved.Determine how life can be improved. What are the proper goals of growth and change?What are the proper goals of growth and change? How do we cope with the conflicts of life?How do we cope with the conflicts of life?

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PhysiognomyPhysiognomy \Phys`i*og"no*my\, \Phys`i*og"no*my\, n.; pl. n.; pl. Physiognomies. .

1. The art and science of discovering the 1. The art and science of discovering the predominant temper, and other predominant temper, and other characteristic qualities of the mind, by characteristic qualities of the mind, by the outward appearance, especially by the outward appearance, especially by the features of the face. the features of the face.

2. The face or countenance, with respect 2. The face or countenance, with respect to the temper of the mind; particular to the temper of the mind; particular configuration, cast, or expression of configuration, cast, or expression of countenance, as denoting character. countenance, as denoting character.

3. The art telling fortunes by inspection of 3. The art telling fortunes by inspection of the features. [Obs.] --Bale. the features. [Obs.] --Bale.

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““There is no art to find the mind’s There is no art to find the mind’s construction in the face.”construction in the face.”

--King Duncan, --King Duncan, MacbethMacbeth, Act I, Scene , Act I, Scene iv.iv.

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Did Mr. Tyner…Did Mr. Tyner…A) Get arrested in China while passing out Bibles in A) Get arrested in China while passing out Bibles in

Tiananmen Square?Tiananmen Square?

B) Take a vacation to Florida and tell all the women B) Take a vacation to Florida and tell all the women in Daytona Beach that he was an astronaut?in Daytona Beach that he was an astronaut?

C) Get arrested in the ’70s for a sit in which C) Get arrested in the ’70s for a sit in which involved feminine rights and burning bras?involved feminine rights and burning bras?

D) Become an award-winning journalist in New D) Become an award-winning journalist in New York?York?

E) Shoot a man in Reno just to watch him die?E) Shoot a man in Reno just to watch him die?

Correct answer: “Correct answer: “BB” & “” & “DD””

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Psychoanalytic TheoriesPsychoanalytic Theories Freudian slip: (Parapraxis) those little Freudian slip: (Parapraxis) those little

verbal mistakes we make that may verbal mistakes we make that may have some truth in them.have some truth in them.

Unconscious: the part of the mind Unconscious: the part of the mind that contains material of which we are that contains material of which we are unaware but that strongly influences unaware but that strongly influences conscious processes and behaviors.conscious processes and behaviors.

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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Freud’s Psychoanalytic TheoriesTheories Id: the part of the unconscious Id: the part of the unconscious

personality that contains our needs, personality that contains our needs, drives, instincts and repressed drives, instincts and repressed material.material.

Superego: the part of the personality Superego: the part of the personality that is the source of conscience and that is the source of conscience and inhibits the socially undesirable inhibits the socially undesirable impulses of the id.impulses of the id.

Ego: the part of the personality that is Ego: the part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways.superego in socially acceptable ways.

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Psychoanalytic TheoriesPsychoanalytic Theories Defense mechanisms: certain Defense mechanisms: certain

specific means by which the ego specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or against unpleasant impulses or circumstances.circumstances.

Rationalization: making up Rationalization: making up acceptable excuses for behaviors acceptable excuses for behaviors that cause us to feel anxious.that cause us to feel anxious.

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Repression: pushing painful Repression: pushing painful memories and unacceptable memories and unacceptable thoughts to the unconscious.thoughts to the unconscious.

Denial: refusing to accept the Denial: refusing to accept the reality of something that makes reality of something that makes you anxious.you anxious.

Projection: the belief that impulses Projection: the belief that impulses coming from within are really coming from within are really coming from other people.coming from other people.

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Reaction Formation: replacing an Reaction Formation: replacing an unacceptable feeling or urge with an unacceptable feeling or urge with an opposite one.opposite one.

Regression: going back to an earlier Regression: going back to an earlier and less mature pattern of behavior.and less mature pattern of behavior.

Displacement: occurs when you cannot Displacement: occurs when you cannot take out your anger on the source of take out your anger on the source of your frustrations, so you displace it or your frustrations, so you displace it or take it out on an unrelated person.take it out on an unrelated person.

Sublimation: redirecting a forbidden Sublimation: redirecting a forbidden desire into a socially acceptable desire.desire into a socially acceptable desire.

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Sigmund Freud’s Sigmund Freud’s ContributionContribution

Savage Individual vs. Rules of SocietySavage Individual vs. Rules of Society Id vs. Superego, I = egoId vs. Superego, I = ego How the child deals with conflicts How the child deals with conflicts

during childhood help shape his during childhood help shape his personality.personality.

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Carl Jung’ s Theories on Carl Jung’ s Theories on PersonalityPersonality

A more positive view than Freud'sA more positive view than Freud's People try to develop their People try to develop their

potential, as well as handle their potential, as well as handle their instinctual urges.instinctual urges.

Collective Unconscious: the part of Collective Unconscious: the part of the mind that contains inherited the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories instincts, urges, and memories common to all people.common to all people.

Archetype: an inherited idea. Archetype: an inherited idea. Based on the experiences of one’s Based on the experiences of one’s ancestors, which shapes one’s ancestors, which shapes one’s perception of the world.perception of the world.

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Alfred Adler’s TheoriesAlfred Adler’s Theories The driving force in people’s life is to The driving force in people’s life is to

overcome feelings of inferiority.overcome feelings of inferiority. Inferiority Complex: a pattern of Inferiority Complex: a pattern of

avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source.than trying to overcome their source.

Lifestyles: a pattern of overcoming Lifestyles: a pattern of overcoming inadequacies.inadequacies.

Self-reliance and courage = fatherSelf-reliance and courage = father Generosity and empathy = mother.Generosity and empathy = mother. People are motivated by social urges People are motivated by social urges

and each person is a social being with and each person is a social being with a unique personality.a unique personality.

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Learning TheoriesLearning Theories Behaviorism: the belief that the proper Behaviorism: the belief that the proper

subject matter of psychology is objectively subject matter of psychology is objectively observable behavior—and nothing else.observable behavior—and nothing else.

Contingencies of reinforcement: the Contingencies of reinforcement: the occurrence of a reward or punishment occurrence of a reward or punishment following a particular behavior. B.F. following a particular behavior. B.F. SkinnerSkinner

Locus of Control: our beliefs of how much Locus of Control: our beliefs of how much control we have over a given situation.control we have over a given situation.

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Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura Observational Learning: a person acquired a Observational Learning: a person acquired a

new behavior by watching the actions of new behavior by watching the actions of another person.another person.

Reciprocal determinism: the interaction of Reciprocal determinism: the interaction of observing the individual, the behavior of that observing the individual, the behavior of that individual, and the environment in which the individual, and the environment in which the behavior occurs. behavior occurs.

Self-efficacy: our view of our ability to Self-efficacy: our view of our ability to succeed.succeed.

Outcome Expectations: as long as they’re Outcome Expectations: as long as they’re positive, we keep trying.positive, we keep trying.

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Humanistic and Cognitive Humanistic and Cognitive Theories.Theories. Humanistic psychology: an approach that Humanistic psychology: an approach that

stresses the uniqueness of the individual.stresses the uniqueness of the individual.

Self-Actualization: the humanist term for Self-Actualization: the humanist term for realizing one’s unique potential.realizing one’s unique potential.

Abraham Maslow—characteristics of a Abraham Maslow—characteristics of a Self-actualized person, p. 393.Self-actualized person, p. 393.

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Carl Rogers—Self TheoryCarl Rogers—Self Theory Clients, not patients.Clients, not patients.

Father of counseling—focus on the Father of counseling—focus on the present.present.

Self: one’s experience or image of oneself, Self: one’s experience or image of oneself, developed through interaction with others.developed through interaction with others.

Positive regard: viewing oneself in a Positive regard: viewing oneself in a positive light due to positive feedback positive light due to positive feedback received from interaction with others.received from interaction with others.

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Conditions of Worth: the conditions Conditions of Worth: the conditions a person must meet in order to a person must meet in order to regard himself or herself positively.regard himself or herself positively.

Unconditional Positive Regard: the Unconditional Positive Regard: the perception that individuals’ perception that individuals’ significant others value them for significant others value them for what they are which leads the what they are which leads the individuals to grant themselves the individuals to grant themselves the same regard.same regard.

Fully functioning: an individual Fully functioning: an individual whose person and self coincide.whose person and self coincide.

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““It is the struggle itself that is most It is the struggle itself that is most important. We must strive to be more important. We must strive to be more than we are. It does not matter that than we are. It does not matter that we may not reach our goal. The effort we may not reach our goal. The effort itself yields its own rewards.”itself yields its own rewards.”

Data, Data, Star Trek Star Trek

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Trait TheoriesTrait Theories Trait: a tendency to react to a Trait: a tendency to react to a

situation in a way that remains situation in a way that remains stable over time.stable over time.

Everyone has a trait, the trait can Everyone has a trait, the trait can be quantified.be quantified.

Cardinal trait: a trait that is so Cardinal trait: a trait that is so pervasive that the person is almost pervasive that the person is almost identified with the trait.identified with the trait.

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Surface Trait: a characteristic that can Surface Trait: a characteristic that can be observed in certain situations.be observed in certain situations.

Extrovert: an outgoing, active person Extrovert: an outgoing, active person who directs his or her energies and who directs his or her energies and interests toward other people and interests toward other people and things.things.

Introvert: a reserved, withdrawn Introvert: a reserved, withdrawn person who is preoccupied with his or person who is preoccupied with his or her inner thoughts and feelings.her inner thoughts and feelings.

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Unit 16—Psychological Unit 16—Psychological DisordersDisorders

DSM-IV—The American Psychiatric DSM-IV—The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental DisordersStatistical manual of Mental Disorders, , 55thth edition edition

Normal vs. AbnormalNormal vs. Abnormal

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Unit 16—Anxiety DisordersUnit 16—Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety—A vague, generalized Anxiety—A vague, generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in apprehension or feeling that one is in danger.danger.

Phobia—An intense and irrational fear Phobia—An intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation.of a particular object or situation.

Panic Disorder—an anxiety disorder Panic Disorder—an anxiety disorder that manifests itself in the form of that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks.panic attacks.

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Unit 16—Anxiety DisordersUnit 16—Anxiety Disorders

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder—Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder—Disorder in which victims of Disorder in which victims of traumatic events experience the traumatic events experience the original event in the form of dreams original event in the form of dreams or flashbacks.or flashbacks.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder—Obsessive Compulsive Disorder—

Obsessive (thinking) Compulsive Obsessive (thinking) Compulsive (doing)(doing)

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16-3--Somatoform and 16-3--Somatoform and Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders Somatoform Disorder: Physical Somatoform Disorder: Physical

symptoms for which there is no symptoms for which there is no apparent physical cause. apparent physical cause. (Psychomomatic)(Psychomomatic)

Hypochondriasis: Where a person Hypochondriasis: Where a person who is in good physical health who is in good physical health becomes preoccupied with becomes preoccupied with imaginary ailments.imaginary ailments.

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Conversion Disorder: Changing Conversion Disorder: Changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary body function.specific voluntary body function.

Dissociative Disorder: A disorder in Dissociative Disorder: A disorder in which a person experiences alterations which a person experiences alterations in memory, identity, or consciousness.in memory, identity, or consciousness.

Dissociative amnesia: The inability to Dissociative amnesia: The inability to recall important personal events or recall important personal events or information; is usually associated with information; is usually associated with stressful events.stressful events.

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Dissociative Fugue: A dissociative Dissociative Fugue: A dissociative disorder in which a person disorder in which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is away from home or work and is unable to recall the past.unable to recall the past.

Dissociative identity disorder: A Dissociative identity disorder: A person exhibits two or more person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and own patterns of thinking and behaving.behaving.

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Section 4—Schizophrenia Section 4—Schizophrenia andand

Mood Mood DisordersDisorders

Schizophrenia: a group of disorders Schizophrenia: a group of disorders characterized by confused and characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions.and perceptions.

Delusions: False beliefs that a Delusions: False beliefs that a person maintains in the face of person maintains in the face of contrary evidencecontrary evidence

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Schizophrenia and Mood Schizophrenia and Mood DisordersDisorders

Hallucinations: Perceptions that Hallucinations: Perceptions that have no direct external cause.have no direct external cause.

Major Depressive Disorder: Severe Major Depressive Disorder: Severe form of lowered mood in which a form of lowered mood in which a person experiences feelings of person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many pleasure or interest in many activities.activities.

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Schizophrenia and Mood Schizophrenia and Mood DisordersDisorders

Bipolar disorder: Individuals are Bipolar disorder: Individuals are excessively and inappropriately excessively and inappropriately happy or unhappy. happy or unhappy. Manic/depressive.Manic/depressive.

Seasonal Affective Disorder: Seasonal Affective Disorder: Depression brought about by Depression brought about by seasonal change.seasonal change.

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Personality Disorders and Personality Disorders and Drug AddictionDrug Addiction

Personality disorders: Maladaptive Personality disorders: Maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one’s environment.others and one’s environment.

Antisocial Personality: A Antisocial Personality: A personality disorder characterized personality disorder characterized by irresponsibility, shallow by irresponsibility, shallow emotions, and lack of conscience.emotions, and lack of conscience.

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Psychological Dependence: Use of Psychological Dependence: Use of a drug to such an extent that a a drug to such an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious person feels nervous and anxious without.without.

Addiction: A pattern of drug abuse Addiction: A pattern of drug abuse characterized by an overwhelming characterized by an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug.and use the drug.

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Tolerance: Physical adaptation to a Tolerance: Physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs an drug so that a person needs an increased amount in order to increased amount in order to produce the original effect.produce the original effect.

Withdrawal: The symptoms that Withdrawal: The symptoms that occur after a person discontinues occur after a person discontinues the use of a drug to which he or the use of a drug to which he or she has become addicted.she has become addicted.

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Intelligence Quotient Intelligence Quotient ScoresScores

180+ Genius (1 per million)180+ Genius (1 per million)

130-179 Very Superior (Gifted) 130-179 Very Superior (Gifted)

120-129 Superior120-129 Superior

110-119 High Average110-119 High Average

90-109 Normal/average (46.5% of the90-109 Normal/average (46.5% of the

population)population)

70-8970-89 Slow Slow

<70 Intellectually Disabled (3 % <70 Intellectually Disabled (3 % of the population)of the population)

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Characteristics of an Intellectual Characteristics of an Intellectual DisabilityDisability

Mental Functioning and functional Mental Functioning and functional skills are not developed, not an skills are not developed, not an emotional disease.emotional disease.

About 6 million Americans are About 6 million Americans are considered intellectually disabled. considered intellectually disabled.

Of these, 25% have something Of these, 25% have something actually physically wrong with their actually physically wrong with their brain.brain. Diseases before birth, Environmental Diseases before birth, Environmental

factors at an early age, poor nutrition at factors at an early age, poor nutrition at an early age, physical injury to the brainan early age, physical injury to the brain

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50-70 Mild Intellectual 50-70 Mild Intellectual DisabilityDisability

Greatest number of ID people at this Greatest number of ID people at this level.level.

Educatible. Special schooling. Usually Educatible. Special schooling. Usually cannot progress beyond grade 4.cannot progress beyond grade 4.

Mental age as an adult—8-12.Mental age as an adult—8-12. Many can and do become self Many can and do become self

sufficient.sufficient.

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25-50 Moderate ID25-50 Moderate ID

Trainable. May be trained to Trainable. May be trained to take care of themselves (eat, take care of themselves (eat, wash, dress, etc.)wash, dress, etc.)

Work limited to simple tasks.Work limited to simple tasks. Mental age as an adult—3-7.Mental age as an adult—3-7.

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< 25 Severe ID< 25 Severe ID

Must be cared for by others.Must be cared for by others. Nearly always institutionalized.Nearly always institutionalized. Many cannot speak or understand Many cannot speak or understand

language.language. Many cannot learn to wash or Many cannot learn to wash or

dress themselves, feed or drink.dress themselves, feed or drink. Mental age as an adult—less than Mental age as an adult—less than

3.3.

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Profound IDProfound ID

Abilities of an average 3-month Abilities of an average 3-month child.child.

24-hr. supervision.24-hr. supervision. Unable to understand or use Unable to understand or use

spoken language.spoken language. May learn to walk, but as an adult May learn to walk, but as an adult

will remain virtually helpless.will remain virtually helpless.

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Chapter 18—Individual Chapter 18—Individual InteractionInteractionSection 1: Interpersonal Section 1: Interpersonal AttractionAttraction

Social psychology: the study of how Social psychology: the study of how our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others.interactions with others.

Social Cognition: focuses on how we Social Cognition: focuses on how we perceive, store, and retrieve perceive, store, and retrieve information about social interactions.information about social interactions.

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Physical proximity: the distance of Physical proximity: the distance of one person to another person.one person to another person.

Stimulation Value: the ability of a Stimulation Value: the ability of a person to interest you in or to person to interest you in or to expose you to new ideas and expose you to new ideas and experiences.experiences.

Utility value: the ability of a Utility value: the ability of a person to help another achieve his person to help another achieve his or her goals.or her goals.

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Ego-support value: the ability of Ego-support value: the ability of a person to provide another a person to provide another person with sympathy, person with sympathy, encouragement, and approval.encouragement, and approval.

Complementarity: the attraction Complementarity: the attraction that often develops between that often develops between opposite types of people opposite types of people because of the ability of one to because of the ability of one to supply what the other lacks.supply what the other lacks.

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Section 2—Social Section 2—Social PerceptionPerception

Primacy effect: the tendency to Primacy effect: the tendency to form opinions about others based form opinions about others based on first impressions.on first impressions.

Stereotype: a set of assumptions Stereotype: a set of assumptions about people in a given category about people in a given category summarizing our experience and summarizing our experience and beliefs about groups of people.beliefs about groups of people.

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Attribution theory: a collection of Attribution theory: a collection of principles based on our principles based on our explanations of the causes of explanations of the causes of events, other people’s behaviorevents, other people’s behavior

Fundamental attribution error: an Fundamental attribution error: an inclination to over attribute others’ inclination to over attribute others’ behavior to internal causes behavior to internal causes (dispositional factors) and discount (dispositional factors) and discount the situational factors contributing the situational factors contributing to their behavior.to their behavior.

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Actor-observer biasActor-observer bias: tendency to : tendency to attribute one’s own behavior to attribute one’s own behavior to outside causes but attribute the outside causes but attribute the behavior of others to internal causes.behavior of others to internal causes.

Self-serving biasSelf-serving bias: a tendency to take : a tendency to take credit for a success, while a failure is credit for a success, while a failure is due to circumstances beyond our due to circumstances beyond our control.control.

Nonverbal Communication: Nonverbal Communication: the the process through which messages are process through which messages are conveyed using space, body conveyed using space, body language, and facial expression.language, and facial expression.

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Getting the MessageGetting the Message

AppearancAppearancee

55%55%

VoiceVoice

38%38%

MessageMessage

7%7%

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Section 3—Personal Section 3—Personal RelationshipsRelationships

Generational IdentityGenerational Identity: the theory : the theory that people of different ages tend that people of different ages tend to think differently about certain to think differently about certain issues because of different issues because of different formative experiences.formative experiences.

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Love —Love —

Passionate lovePassionate loveIntense, sensual, all-consuming.Intense, sensual, all-consuming.

Excitement, danger.Excitement, danger.

vs.vs.

Companionate loveCompanionate loveFriendship, mutual trust,Friendship, mutual trust,

more stable more stable

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Chapter 19: Group Interaction Chapter 19: Group Interaction p. 545p. 545

--Section 1: Group Behavior--Section 1: Group Behavior

Group: a collection of people who have Group: a collection of people who have shared goals, a degree of shared goals, a degree of interdependence, and some amount of interdependence, and some amount of communication.communication.

Aggregate: people who form together but Aggregate: people who form together but do not interact.do not interact.

Interdependence: when any action by one Interdependence: when any action by one member will affect or influence the other member will affect or influence the other members.members.

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Group Behavior—Group Behavior—Shared Shared GoalsGoals Task Functions: activities directed Task Functions: activities directed

towards getting a job donetowards getting a job done

Social Functions: responses directed Social Functions: responses directed toward satisfying the emotional toward satisfying the emotional needs of membersneeds of members

Norms: Shared standards of Norms: Shared standards of behavior accepted by and expected behavior accepted by and expected from group members.from group members.

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Ideology: the set of principles, Ideology: the set of principles, attitudes, and defined objectives or attitudes, and defined objectives or which a group stands.which a group stands.

Social facilitation: an increase in Social facilitation: an increase in performance in front of a crowd.performance in front of a crowd.

Social inhibition: a decrease in Social inhibition: a decrease in performance in front of a crowd. performance in front of a crowd.

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Interactions within groups—Interactions within groups—The study of group structureThe study of group structure

Personal relationshipsPersonal relationships RankRank ResourcesResources RoleRole

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Decision Making--Decision Making-- Group polarization: theory that Group polarization: theory that

group discussion reinforces the group discussion reinforces the majority’s point of view and shifts majority’s point of view and shifts group members’ opinions to a more group members’ opinions to a more extreme position.extreme position.

Groupthink: poor group decision Groupthink: poor group decision making that occurs as a result of a making that occurs as a result of a group emphasizing unity over group emphasizing unity over critical thinking.critical thinking.

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Communication patterns--Communication patterns--

Sociogram: a diagram that Sociogram: a diagram that represents relationships within a represents relationships within a group, especially likes and dislikes group, especially likes and dislikes of members for other members.of members for other members.

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Section 2—Conformity and Section 2—Conformity and ObedienceObedience

Conformity: Acting in accord with Conformity: Acting in accord with group norms or customs.group norms or customs.

Why/how do we conform?Why/how do we conform? Belonging to a group that emphasizes Belonging to a group that emphasizes

the role of groups rather than the role of groups rather than individualsindividuals

Low self esteemLow self esteem Social shynessSocial shyness Lack of familiarity with a taskLack of familiarity with a task Group size Group size Cultural influencesCultural influences

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Section 2—Conformity and Section 2—Conformity and ObedienceObedience

Has there ever been a society which has died Has there ever been a society which has died of dissent? Several have died of conformity in of dissent? Several have died of conformity in our lifetime.our lifetime.

----Jacob Bronowski Jacob Bronowski

People relate to the spirit of the band, which People relate to the spirit of the band, which is to live your way and succeed on your own is to live your way and succeed on your own terms. There's no hypocrisy in being terms. There's no hypocrisy in being successful and still railing against conformity.successful and still railing against conformity.--Paul Stanley--Paul Stanley

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I was seen in earlier years by family I was seen in earlier years by family members and people of authority as members and people of authority as somebody wasting his time. I had trouble somebody wasting his time. I had trouble with the restrictions of conformity. It with the restrictions of conformity. It made me edgy.made me edgy.----Robert RedfordRobert Redford

Conformity is the jailer of freedom and Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth.the enemy of growth.

--John F. Kennedy--John F. Kennedy

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I didn't care too much for ballet, because you I didn't care too much for ballet, because you had to be more disciplined, and you sort of had to be more disciplined, and you sort of looked like everyone else. It required a certain looked like everyone else. It required a certain kind of conformity that I didn't feel like I wanted kind of conformity that I didn't feel like I wanted to do.to do.--Suzanne Farrell--Suzanne Farrell

The opposite for courage is not cowardice, it is The opposite for courage is not cowardice, it is conformity. Even a dead fish can go with the conformity. Even a dead fish can go with the flow.flow.

--Jim Hightower --Jim Hightower

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When the Internet first came into When the Internet first came into public use, it was hailed as a liberation public use, it was hailed as a liberation from conformity, a floating world ruled from conformity, a floating world ruled by passion, creativity, innovation and by passion, creativity, innovation and freedom of information. When it was freedom of information. When it was hijacked first by advertising and then hijacked first by advertising and then by commerce, it seemed like it had by commerce, it seemed like it had been fully co-opted and brought into been fully co-opted and brought into line with human greed and ambition.line with human greed and ambition.

--Neil Strauss --Neil Strauss

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If you stand up and be counted, from time to time If you stand up and be counted, from time to time you may get yourself knocked down. But you may get yourself knocked down. But remember this: A man flattened by an opponent remember this: A man flattened by an opponent can get up again. A man flattened by conformity can get up again. A man flattened by conformity stays down for good.stays down for good.

--Thomas J. Watson--Thomas J. Watson

The reward for conformity is that everyone likes The reward for conformity is that everyone likes you but yourself.you but yourself.

--Rita Mae Brown--Rita Mae Brown

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We are half ruined by conformity, but we We are half ruined by conformity, but we should be wholly ruined without it.should be wholly ruined without it.

--Charles Dudley Warner --Charles Dudley Warner

Basically, I hate conformity. I hate people Basically, I hate conformity. I hate people telling me what to do. It makes me want to telling me what to do. It makes me want to smash things. So-called normal behavior smash things. So-called normal behavior patterns make me so bored, I could throw up!patterns make me so bored, I could throw up!

--Wendy O. Williams --Wendy O. Williams

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Section 3—Conflict and Section 3—Conflict and CooperationCooperation

AggressionAggression: behavior intended to do : behavior intended to do physical or psychological harm to physical or psychological harm to others.others.

CatharsisCatharsis: releasing anger or : releasing anger or aggression by letting out powerful aggression by letting out powerful negative emotions.negative emotions.

AltruismAltruism: helping others, often at a cost : helping others, often at a cost or risk, for reasons other than rewards.or risk, for reasons other than rewards.

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Diffusion of responsibilityDiffusion of responsibility: the presence of : the presence of others lessens an individual’s feelings of others lessens an individual’s feelings of responsibility for his or her actions or responsibility for his or her actions or failure to act.failure to act.

Bystander effectBystander effect: an individual does not : an individual does not take action because of the presence of take action because of the presence of others.others.

Social LoafingSocial Loafing: The tendency to work less : The tendency to work less hard when sharing the workload with hard when sharing the workload with others.others.

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DeindividuationDeindividuation: Individuals : Individuals behave irrationally when there is behave irrationally when there is less chance of being personally less chance of being personally identified.identified.