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Introduction to Psychology
Course title: Introduction to Psychology
Course code: Psy 101
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Objectives:
On completion of this lecture the students will
be able to understand how Psychology has
gained the status of a social science going
through different periods of history.
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Definition of Psychology
The word of psychology is derived from tworee! words "Psyche and
#ogos$
Psyche means "%oul&%pirit&'ind$ and #ogos
means "(nowledge$ Psychology stands for the !nowledge of
mind&soul
Psychology is the science of mind and behavior
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Subject Matter of Psychology
%ub)ect 'atter of psychology is *+,+C
* stands for *ffect
, stands for+ ,ehavior -Overt and Covert
,ehavior
C stands for+ Cognition
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Historical background of Psychology
The roots of Psychology can be traced bac!
to some half million years. Primitive people
assumed that behavior was caused by the
presence of good and evil souls . People have been interested in
the behavior
of other people throughout history so that
roots of psychology may be found in
philosophy/ religion/ and science.
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e can divide history period into two periods
Pre scientific period
Scientific period
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Pre scientific period
%ome of our modern ideas of mind came
from ancient reece. Term Psychology was
derived from the ree! word Psyche2 -soul
and logos2 -!nowledge. It eventually came tomean the "study of
the mind$
Pre scientific period can be divided into three
sub periods .
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i) Greek period
ii) Middle ages
iii) Islamic period
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Greek period
%ome early ree! philosophers regarded Psyche asa substance. This
substance was thought to controlthe body. %ome ree! philosophers
are:
Hippocrates (430 B.C) ree! physician
3ippocrates thought that personality was made up offour
temperaments and these temperaments wereinfluenced by the presence
of "humors or fluids$ inthe body. The problem of interest to the
early ree!philosophers was the relationship between "mind$and
body.
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Greek period
Plato(4!"#34" B.C)
3e stressed the controlling influence of soul
or mind.
3e postulated the theory of mind bodydualism and held the view
that as long as the
soul remains in the body/ the man is alive/
and when it leaves the body/ the man dies.
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Greek period
$ristotle-456+477 ,.C
8e)ected the Plato2s theory and suggested that mindis a function
of the body itself )ust as vision is afunction of the eye.
3is concept of mind as a function of bodily processeswas an
important step in the direction of ma!ingPsychology a science.
*ttention turned/ eventually/ from pure speculation
about the mind to the study of organism.
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Middle ages
Plotin%s(!0!"0)
3e was influenced by Plato and *ristotle2s thoughts.
3e tried to understand religious beliefs through
reasoning. St. $%g%stine(3&4#430)
,eing a Christian philosopher/ he believed that
human being is interaction of soul and body.
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Middle ages
3e was founder of introspective method.
3e thought that an individual can understand
his own inner feelings.
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Islaic Period
If the ideas of modern Psychologists about
mental health are assessed/ we come to
!now that these are based on the views of
Islamic philosophers and thin!ers. The 'uslim philosophers
described the
principles of life in the light if 9uran and the
%unnah.
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Islaic Period
3ere a brief description of 'uslim
philosophers may be added into the history of
psychology.
$lk%ndi('03#'"3) 3e was a great *rab philosopher. 3e
believed
that our souls have originated from od2s
soul. *ccording to him/ our real happiness
lies in the reason and spiritual life.
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Islaic Period
3e tried to combine religion and philosophy
as both see! reality philosophy focuses on
theoretical aspects whereas religion stresses
upon actions. $l# arai -5;0+
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od is immortal and above all human
thoughts. >arabi was influenced by the
teachings of Plato and *ristotle.
In#e#Sina -
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Only the 3uman mind possess reason and
intelligence. 3e said that physical illness
could be treated with medicine but mental
illness could be treated psychologically withreligion.
3e thought that body had no lin! with mind
body perishes but mind remains alive.
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Imam G*a+ali -10=5+1111
3e wrote a number of boo!s on religion.
*ccording to him those obsessed with love of
od and treading the right path do notcontact mental disorders.
Therefore / he also
instructed people to follow the right path.
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3e said that / this world is a place of actionsand hard wor! and
no body was allowed toremain idle in life. 3e viewed that man
wasrecogni?ed by his actions.
3e stressed upon children2s education. 3esaid children2s
capabilities must be assessedfor proper education. 3e thought that
mental
diseases were caused by negative emotionalproblems and one
should get rid of them.
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$llama Bin ,*ald%n -1447+160@
3e proposed the theories of social
psychology and eAplained human beliefs /
pre)udices / attitudes and other sub)ectmatters.
*ccording to him / religion influences human
mind and whole life.
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S*a* -ali lla* - 1;07+1;@4
3e wrote many boo!s and made a deep study of
human mind and behavior. 3e discovered the causes
of mental disorders and treated them .
*ccording to him conflict goes on between positive
and negative forces within human mind and healthy
personality develops only by stri!ing balance b&w the
two. If irrational ideas are in eAcess/ mental health is
affected.
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Scientific Period
This period may be divided into two sub
periods:
/. enaissance Period
>ollowing are the important figures of thisperiod:
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rancis Bacon [email protected][email protected]
3e was founder of modern science. 3e
separated science from religion and
philosophy. 3e proposed several theoriesupon education/ habits
and human
personality.
3e emphasi?ed the importance of
observation instead of speculation.
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Descartes !"#$%&"%#'(:
3e thought organism as complicated
mechanism which could be activated by light/
sound and other stimuli.
*lthough he had a very inadeBuate conceptof the structures
and functions of the nervous
system/ his study of the human organism
brought fresh insight to psychology.
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)ohn *ock !"%+,&"-'.(:
3e believed we were born with empty mind in
the world/ li!e blan! slates upon which all of
life2s eAperiences could be written .
Other influences on early psychology camefrom biology and
physics.
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/harles Dar0in !"1'$&"11,(:
In his boo!$ The Origin of %pecies$ in 15=
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Herann 2on Helholt3 !"1,'&"1$.(
3e 'easured the speed of nerve impulse and
set forth a theory of color vision for our
perception and for musical tones.
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Paul 4roca !"1%'(
* >rench physician identified a part of the
brain -still called ",roca *rea$ wor!ing as
control centre for speech.
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5eber !"-$#&"1-1( :
*bout the middle of 1
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6echner !"1%%(:
3e loo!ed into mathematical connection
between the physical and psychological
changes.
>or the first time it had been demonstratedthat psychological
phenomenon could be
Buantified and investigated with scientific
method.
