Psychology Intro and Ch 1 Times New Roman. Before the Bell 1/22: Find your seat in seating chart folder on table by the front door. Type 1: Write down

PsychologyIntro and Ch 1

PsychologyIntro and Ch 1

Times New RomanTimes New Roman

Before the Bell 1/22:

• Find your seat in seating chart folder on table by the front door.

• Type 1: Write down two things that are true about you and one thing that is a lie. Really try to make these as difficult as possible so even friends would have a hard time choosing which is the lie. Type1

Before the Bell 1/22:

• Find your seat in seating chart folder on table by the front door.

• Type 1: Write down two things that are true about you and one thing that is a lie. Really try to make these as difficult as possible so even friends would have a hard time choosing which is the lie. Type1

Objectives:

• To introduce one another.

• To describe the course

• 2 truths and a lie

Objectives:

• To introduce one another.

• To describe the course

• 2 truths and a lie

Understanding PsychologyUnderstanding Psychology

Muller-Lyer illusionWhich line is longer?

We assume that people are hard wired to misperceive the length, but that is not necessarily true.

We cannot assume just because we behave a certain way all people behave that way.

Behavior must be studied objectively and scientifically.

Muller-Lyer illusionWhich line is longer?

We assume that people are hard wired to misperceive the length, but that is not necessarily true.

We cannot assume just because we behave a certain way all people behave that way.

Behavior must be studied objectively and scientifically.

04/21/23 Free Template from www.brainybetty.com

3

I. Psychology?A. What is it? defined: scientific study of behavior.

1. What’s behavior? It is any action that people can observe or measure.

2. Overt/Covert behaviors:a. OVERT OVERT obvious (easily seen or

identified)b. COVERT–not easily seen ( hidden

covered or not directly observable.B. What are the GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY?

1. To observe and describe observe and describe behavior and mental process to better understand them.

2. To predict and control To predict and control behavior.

I. Psychology?A. What is it? defined: scientific study of behavior.

1. What’s behavior? It is any action that people can observe or measure.

2. Overt/Covert behaviors:a. OVERT OVERT obvious (easily seen or

identified)b. COVERT–not easily seen ( hidden

covered or not directly observable.B. What are the GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY?

1. To observe and describe observe and describe behavior and mental process to better understand them.

2. To predict and control To predict and control behavior.


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Before the BellBefore the Bell• Type 2: What is the goals of psychology?

In addition write down the four observations and descriptions of people you made yesterday based on overt/covert behavior.

• Type 2: What is the goals of psychology? In addition write down the four observations and descriptions of people you made yesterday based on overt/covert behavior.

04/21/23 5

What is Multiple Intelligences?What is Multiple Intelligences?• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=l2QtSbP4FRg• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=l2QtSbP4FRg


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II. Psychology as a ScienceA. It’s a social science

1. (history, anthropology, economics, political science and sociology) deal with the structure

of human society and how individuals interact with those who make up society.

B. Research1. Two methods used primarily

a. surveys – collecting data that asks people questions in a particular group.

b. Experimentation – involves humans or animals

II. Psychology as a ScienceA. It’s a social science

1. (history, anthropology, economics, political science and sociology) deal with the structure

of human society and how individuals interact with those who make up society.

B. Research1. Two methods used primarily

a. surveys – collecting data that asks people questions in a particular group.

b. Experimentation – involves humans or animals

04/21/23 7

Our class survey

II. Psychology as a ScienceC. Psychological Theories

1. theory is a statement that attempts to explain why things are the way

they are and why they happen the way the do.

2. Psychological theories are based on principles.3. Principle is a basic truth or law…i.e. “if

you study more you will get better grades.” (Basic Truths WS)

II. Psychology as a ScienceC. Psychological Theories

1. theory is a statement that attempts to explain why things are the way

they are and why they happen the way the do.

2. Psychological theories are based on principles.3. Principle is a basic truth or law…i.e. “if

you study more you will get better grades.” (Basic Truths WS)

04/21/23 8

After I take attendance…get up and find someone with the same color shirt…what did you think of the test on racism we started watching? How comfortable do you feel talking about racism?

After I take attendance…get up and find someone with the same color shirt…what did you think of the test on racism we started watching? How comfortable do you feel talking about racism?


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Psychological TestingPsychological TestingResearch

1. Need to conduct research so they can collect data.

2. Research methodology – scientific procedures,

Research

1. Need to conduct research so they can collect data.

2. Research methodology – scientific procedures,


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYQVDik69Nw racial bias

B. Experimental Research: The Study of Cause and Effect

1. The Theory – most experimental research is generated by a theory…it is an unrelated set of concepts that explains a body of data and can be used to predict results of future experiments.

- not a guess – explanations of behavior developed after extensive research and observations.

B. Experimental Research: The Study of Cause and Effect

1. The Theory – most experimental research is generated by a theory…it is an unrelated set of concepts that explains a body of data and can be used to predict results of future experiments.

- not a guess – explanations of behavior developed after extensive research and observations.

04/21/23 11

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v9neHgknMU

Video games in life

Happy TuesdayHappy Tuesday

• At your table discuss the Milgram experiment on authority and decide if you agree or disagree with his hypothesis.

• At your table discuss the Milgram experiment on authority and decide if you agree or disagree with his hypothesis.


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Friday’s Schedule

1st Hour2nd Hour3rd Hour5th Hour

4th Hour- LUNCH6th hour

Assembly

2. The Hypothesis

a. possible explanation for a behavior being studied that is expressed as a

prediction or a statement of cause and effect.

2. The Hypothesis

a. possible explanation for a behavior being studied that is expressed as a

prediction or a statement of cause and effect.


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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcvSNg0HZwk Stanley Milgram – Obedience to Authority

3. Independent and Dependent Variables

a. Independent variable – factor that is selected and manipulated by the experimenter and is totally independent of anything the subject does

In Miligram the IV the manipulated factors – proximity of the learning, whether or not experimenter was present, gender, and others = to determine their effect on obedience – these are independent variables.


a. Independent variable – factor that is selected and manipulated by the experimenter and is totally independent of anything the subject does

In Miligram the IV the manipulated factors – proximity of the learning, whether or not experimenter was present, gender, and others = to determine their effect on obedience – these are independent variables.


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a. Dependent variable – measureable behavior exhibited by the participant.

In Miligram the IV the highest level of shock administered by participant. .


a. Dependent variable – measureable behavior exhibited by the participant.

In Miligram the IV the highest level of shock administered by participant. .


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4. Control Condition – part of an experiment in which participants are treated identically to participants in the experimental condition except that the independent variable is not applied to them.

4. Control Condition – part of an experiment in which participants are treated identically to participants in the experimental condition except that the independent variable is not applied to them.


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5. Experimental Condition– part of an experiment in which the independent variable is applied to the participants.

5. Experimental Condition– part of an experiment in which the independent variable is applied to the participants.


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6. Placebo– substance that would normally produce no physiological effect that is used as a control technique, usually in drug research.

7. Placebo effect - a change in participants’ behavior brought about because they believe thy have received a drug that elicits a change.

6. Placebo– substance that would normally produce no physiological effect that is used as a control technique, usually in drug research.

7. Placebo effect - a change in participants’ behavior brought about because they believe thy have received a drug that elicits a change.


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8. Experiment Bias – tendency of experimenters to influence the results of research in the expected direction.

9. Double blind study – experiment in which neither the participant nor the experiment knows which treatment is being given to the participant .

8. Experiment Bias – tendency of experimenters to influence the results of research in the expected direction.

9. Double blind study – experiment in which neither the participant nor the experiment knows which treatment is being given to the participant .


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10. Sample –a selected group of participants that is representative of a larger population.

11.Population – the total of all possible cases from which a sample is selected.

12. Sample Bias – the tendency for the sample of participants in a research study to be atypical of a larger population.

10. Sample –a selected group of participants that is representative of a larger population.

11.Population – the total of all possible cases from which a sample is selected.

12. Sample Bias – the tendency for the sample of participants in a research study to be atypical of a larger population.

04/21/23 20

C. Nonexperimental research Techniques

1. Naturalistic Observation – systematically record the behavior of participants in their natural state or habitat.

2. Surveys – nonexperimental research that sample behaviors and attitudes of a population.

3. Case-study – in depth study of a single research subject.

C. Nonexperimental research Techniques

1. Naturalistic Observation – systematically record the behavior of participants in their natural state or habitat.

2. Surveys – nonexperimental research that sample behaviors and attitudes of a population.

3. Case-study – in depth study of a single research subject.

04/21/23 21

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHA3YpjdqZs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOphgCJX1FY

III. What do Psychologist Do?

A. There are a variety of fields that involve psychology.1. Clinical Psychology – (largest group) what most people think of when they think of psychologist. (specialty areas: child mental health, adult mental health, learning disabilities, geriatrics, and general health. a. trained to evaluate mental health, help people overcome problems and adjust to demands in their lives. b. Work environment : hospitals, prisons, university clinics, private practice. Note: Psychiatrist - a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems and who can prescribe medication for clients.

III. What do Psychologist Do?

A. There are a variety of fields that involve psychology.1. Clinical Psychology – (largest group) what most people think of when they think of psychologist. (specialty areas: child mental health, adult mental health, learning disabilities, geriatrics, and general health. a. trained to evaluate mental health, help people overcome problems and adjust to demands in their lives. b. Work environment : hospitals, prisons, university clinics, private practice. Note: Psychiatrist - a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems and who can prescribe medication for clients.

22

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtGJQq_NMto&feature=channel

Happy Wednesday 1/30New Seats

Happy Wednesday 1/30New Seats

Type 2 what is the difference between a dependent and an independent variable?

Type 1: Brainstorm as many different jobs you know that are related to psychology.

Type 2 what is the difference between a dependent and an independent variable?

Type 1: Brainstorm as many different jobs you know that are related to psychology.


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III. What do Psychologist Do?A. There are a variety of fields that involve psychology.

2. Counseling Psychology a. uses interviews and test to determine

problems. b. generally treat persons with adjustment

problems not serious psychological disorders. (decision about career, hard

time making friends, conflict resolution)3. School Psychology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZrin2c6H0Q

- Peer and family issues, learning challenges, observe in classroom, recommends

placement in programs. 4. Educational Psychology

a. Focus on course planning and instructional methods for an entire school rather than a

student.

III. What do Psychologist Do?A. There are a variety of fields that involve psychology.

2. Counseling Psychology a. uses interviews and test to determine

problems. b. generally treat persons with adjustment

problems not serious psychological disorders. (decision about career, hard

time making friends, conflict resolution)3. School Psychology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZrin2c6H0Q

- Peer and family issues, learning challenges, observe in classroom, recommends

placement in programs. 4. Educational Psychology

a. Focus on course planning and instructional methods for an entire school rather than a

student.

04/21/23 24

5. Developmental Psychologya. changes that occur in a person’s life

(physical, emotional, cognitive, social)

b. special interest in adolescence6. Personality Psychology

a. identify human characteristics or traits and study their developments.

b. special interest in: anxiety, aggression, and gender roles.

5. Developmental Psychologya. changes that occur in a person’s life

(physical, emotional, cognitive, social)

b. special interest in adolescence6. Personality Psychology

a. identify human characteristics or traits and study their developments.

b. special interest in: anxiety, aggression, and gender roles.

04/21/23 25

7. Experimental Psychology1. conduct experimental research 2. explore biological and psychological

reasons for cognitive behavior. (biological psychologist ) combine the bio and the psychological relationships

3. BASIC RESEARCH – has no immediate application and is done for it’s own

sake (often their findings are used by other specialists

4. Applied research – conducted to answer specific real- world questions about behavior (done in almost all psychological disciplines)

7. Experimental Psychology1. conduct experimental research 2. explore biological and psychological

reasons for cognitive behavior. (biological psychologist ) combine the bio and the psychological relationships

3. BASIC RESEARCH – has no immediate application and is done for it’s own

sake (often their findings are used by other specialists

4. Applied research – conducted to answer specific real- world questions about behavior (done in almost all psychological disciplines)

04/21/23 26

8. Applied fields of psychology:a. Industrial and Organizational Psychology (how businesses and org. work)b. Human Factors Psychology (related to above) best ways to design products for people to usec. Community Psychology - create social systems that promote individual well-being (mental health centers, hospital programs, school based programs)d. Forensic Psychology – work within cjs; select police officers, job stress, how to handle dangerous situations, e. Health Psychology – health care professionalsf. Rehabilitation Psychology – disabled individualsg. Cross-Cultural Psychology – mental process under different cultural conditions.

8. Applied fields of psychology:a. Industrial and Organizational Psychology (how businesses and org. work)b. Human Factors Psychology (related to above) best ways to design products for people to usec. Community Psychology - create social systems that promote individual well-being (mental health centers, hospital programs, school based programs)d. Forensic Psychology – work within cjs; select police officers, job stress, how to handle dangerous situations, e. Health Psychology – health care professionalsf. Rehabilitation Psychology – disabled individualsg. Cross-Cultural Psychology – mental process under different cultural conditions.

04/21/23 27

Before the Bell:• After attendance move with your

partner. • You’ll have ½ to prep for presentation.

Before the Bell:• After attendance move with your

partner. • You’ll have ½ to prep for presentation.

Objectives:

• List the different fields of psychology.

• Describe the advantages of conduction an experiment to study a research question.

Objectives:

• List the different fields of psychology.

• Describe the advantages of conduction an experiment to study a research question.

Before the BellBefore the Bell

Objectives:

• To finish presenting types of jobs in psychology.

• To begin research the schools of psychological thought.

Objectives:

• To finish presenting types of jobs in psychology.

• To begin research the schools of psychological thought.

Before the Bell 9/12:• Type 1: What three things are you

worried about as you anticipate this project today?

Before the Bell 9/12:• Type 1: What three things are you

worried about as you anticipate this project today?

Objectives:

• To research theories of psychology

Objectives:


Write these DownWrite these Down1. Structuralism2. Functionalism3. Psychoanalytic Theory4. Gestalt Psychology5. Behaviorists6. Humanistic Psychology7. Cognitive Psychology8. Psychobiology9. Eclectic View

1. Structuralism2. Functionalism3. Psychoanalytic Theory4. Gestalt Psychology5. Behaviorists6. Humanistic Psychology7. Cognitive Psychology8. Psychobiology9. Eclectic View


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Write these DownWrite these Down1. Structuralism2. Functionalism3. Psychoanalytic Theory4. Gestalt Psychology5. Behaviorists6. Humanistic Psychology7. Cognitive Psychology8. Psychobiology9. Eclectic View



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As a Group/individualAs a Group/individual

• Research your psychology school of thought. You can use any resources you want.

• We are going to compare/contrast the different schools of thought.

• Research your psychology school of thought. You can use any resources you want.

• We are going to compare/contrast the different schools of thought.


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04/21/23 34

School Founder/s Main Ideas Critics Extras

Before the Bell 9/13:• Type 2: Explain your school or theory

of psychology in three sentences.

Before the Bell 9/13:• Type 2: Explain your school or theory

of psychology in three sentences.

Objectives:


Objectives:


Before the Bell 9/14:• Get your posters.Before the Bell 9/14:• Get your posters.

Objectives:

• To jigsaw our theories of psychology.

Objectives:



Before the Bell 9/17:• Get your posters.Before the Bell 9/17:• Get your posters.

Objectives:


Objectives:



FCAs on PosterFCAs on Poster

• Use less than 10 words on the poster (30 points) other than listing name, founder, and critics

• Represent at least three ideas behind the psychological school in picture or illustrations/diagrams. (50)

• Is large enough to read across the room and is with no misspelled words (20)

• Use less than 10 words on the poster (30 points) other than listing name, founder, and critics

• Represent at least three ideas behind the psychological school in picture or illustrations/diagrams. (50)

• Is large enough to read across the room and is with no misspelled words (20)


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QuizQuiz

1. Which school used the phrase “stream of consciousness”?

2. Which school focused on objective sensations and subjective feelings?

3. Which school was considered “talk therapy” and had three separate personalities?

4. Which man/school said behavior must be measurable and observable to be psychology?

5. This man/school used reinforcement over and over again?

6. This school said the brain looks to make things into whole pictures.

7. Which school or thought is used the most in psychology today?

1. Which school used the phrase “stream of consciousness”?

2. Which school focused on objective sensations and subjective feelings?

3. Which school was considered “talk therapy” and had three separate personalities?

4. Which man/school said behavior must be measurable and observable to be psychology?

5. This man/school used reinforcement over and over again?

6. This school said the brain looks to make things into whole pictures.

7. Which school or thought is used the most in psychology today?


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IV. Pioneers in Psychology

(the scientific revolution lead to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800s)

A. Wilhelm Wundt – Structuralism (1832-1920)

1. Structuralists concerned with discovering the basic elements of consciousness.

2. Objective sensations and subjective feelings.

a. objective sensations – assumed to accurately reflect the outside world.

b. subjective feelings – thought to include emotional responses and mental images.

3. Thought the mind functioned by combining the two.

4. Relied on introspection

5. What are the elements of the psychological process?


(the scientific revolution lead to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800s)

A. Wilhelm Wundt – Structuralism (1832-1920)

1. Structuralists concerned with discovering the basic elements of consciousness.

2. Objective sensations and subjective feelings.

a. objective sensations – assumed to accurately reflect the outside world.

b. subjective feelings – thought to include emotional responses and mental images.

3. Thought the mind functioned by combining the two.

4. Relied on introspection

5. What are the elements of the psychological process?

04/21/23 40


B. William James and Functionalism

1. Experiences is a continuous “stream of consciousness”

2. Focused on the relationships between the experience and behavior

3. The Principles of Psychology 1890 (first modern psychology book)

4. Functionalism - concerned with how mental process help organism adapt to their environment

5. Relied on behavioral observation in the lab and introspection

6. What are the functions of the psychological process?

7. Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained – because they are successful.


B. William James and Functionalism

1. Experiences is a continuous “stream of consciousness”

2. Focused on the relationships between the experience and behavior

3. The Principles of Psychology 1890 (first modern psychology book)

4. Functionalism - concerned with how mental process help organism adapt to their environment

5. Relied on behavioral observation in the lab and introspection

6. What are the functions of the psychological process?

7. Adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained – because they are successful.

04/21/23 41

Before the Bell 9/19• Get out your notes• Review at your table the schools we’ve

looked at

Before the Bell 9/19• Get out your notes• Review at your table the schools we’ve

looked at

Objectives:

• To discuss schools of thought on Psychology

Objectives:

• To discuss schools of thought on Psychology


C. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis (1856-1939)

1. The importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining and understanding human behavior.

2. Theory became part of pop culture. (ie: interpret slip of the tongue or dreams?)

3. While structuralists and functionalists did most of their research in the lab, Freud did his with patients.

4. Talking cure – talk through your problems.

5. Believed unconscious process (sexual and aggressive urges) more important than conscious experience

6. Psychodynamic thinking - assumed most of what exists in a persons’ mind is unconscious and has conflict impulses, urges and wishes.

7. Psychoanalytic theory – used hypnosis, dream analysis, and fee association to revel

unconscious thoughts.


C. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis (1856-1939)

1. The importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining and understanding human behavior.

2. Theory became part of pop culture. (ie: interpret slip of the tongue or dreams?)

3. While structuralists and functionalists did most of their research in the lab, Freud did his with patients.

4. Talking cure – talk through your problems.

5. Believed unconscious process (sexual and aggressive urges) more important than conscious experience

6. Psychodynamic thinking - assumed most of what exists in a persons’ mind is unconscious and has conflict impulses, urges and wishes.

7. Psychoanalytic theory – used hypnosis, dream analysis, and fee association to revel

unconscious thoughts.

04/21/23 43


D. John B. Watson and Behaviorism (1878-1958)

1. Agreed with functionalism's focus on importance of learning, but he believed that it was unscientific to study a construct like consciousness…believed only an individual can know that.

2. Stressed if it was to be a science must focus on observable and measurable behavior.

3. Regardless of who we think we really are inside, we can be totally conditioned by external events. Our belief in individual choice is just an illusion.


D. John B. Watson and Behaviorism (1878-1958)

1. Agreed with functionalism's focus on importance of learning, but he believed that it was unscientific to study a construct like consciousness…believed only an individual can know that.

2. Stressed if it was to be a science must focus on observable and measurable behavior.

3. Regardless of who we think we really are inside, we can be totally conditioned by external events. Our belief in individual choice is just an illusion.

04/21/23 44


F. B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement (1904-1990)

1. added to the behaviorist tradition by introduction the concept of reinforcement.

2. Animals is rewarded he will do it again.

3. Thought it was dumb to try to understand the inner person believed we are the external causes of behavior .

4.“Thinking is behaving”

5. “The mistake is an allocating the behavior to the mind.”


F. B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement (1904-1990)

1. added to the behaviorist tradition by introduction the concept of reinforcement.

2. Animals is rewarded he will do it again.

3. Thought it was dumb to try to understand the inner person believed we are the external causes of behavior .

4.“Thinking is behaving”

5. “The mistake is an allocating the behavior to the mind.”

04/21/23 45


G. The Gestalt School (Gestalt Psychology)

1. Developed as an alternative to behaviorism and structuralism.

2. German psychologists Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kholer felt that behaviorism was only concerned with treating a specific problem outside of this larger context.

3. Formed their school. Gestalt (shape or form) is based on the idea that our perceptions of objects are more than sums of their parts.

4. Reject the structurilaists idea that experience can be broken down into parts or elements.

5. Principals of Gestalt:

a. similarity – objects look similar, people tend to recognize a pattern and perceive them as a united whole.

b. closure – people fill in the missing information when enough of the shape of an object is indicated.



1. Developed as an alternative to behaviorism and structuralism.

2. German psychologists Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kholer felt that behaviorism was only concerned with treating a specific problem outside of this larger context.

3. Formed their school. Gestalt (shape or form) is based on the idea that our perceptions of objects are more than sums of their parts.

4. Reject the structurilaists idea that experience can be broken down into parts or elements.

5. Principals of Gestalt:

a. similarity – objects look similar, people tend to recognize a pattern and perceive them as a united whole.

b. closure – people fill in the missing information when enough of the shape of an object is indicated.

04/21/23 46



6. Reject the behaviorist notion that psychologist should only concentrate on observable behavior.

7. Believe that learning is a active and purposeful.

8. Demonstrated that much learning (problem solving( is accomplished by insight.



6. Reject the behaviorist notion that psychologist should only concentrate on observable behavior.

7. Believe that learning is a active and purposeful.

8. Demonstrated that much learning (problem solving( is accomplished by insight.

04/21/23 47


H. Psychology Today: Eclectic View

1. Most modern psychologists talk about the eight basic “perspectives” that influence the topics psychologists study,

how they conduct their research, and what information they consider important. (different than your book)

2. Biological, Evolutionary, cognitive, humanistic, psychoanalytic, learning, sociocultural, biopsychosocial.

3. Most psychologist today recognize the value of each orientation and believe that no one view has all the answers.

4. Most use an eclectic approach – using different perspectives as they suite the situation at hand.


H. Psychology Today: Eclectic View

1. Most modern psychologists talk about the eight basic “perspectives” that influence the topics psychologists study,

how they conduct their research, and what information they consider important. (different than your book)

2. Biological, Evolutionary, cognitive, humanistic, psychoanalytic, learning, sociocultural, biopsychosocial.

3. Most psychologist today recognize the value of each orientation and believe that no one view has all the answers.

4. Most use an eclectic approach – using different perspectives as they suite the situation at hand.

04/21/23 48

Perspective Subject Matter Key Assumption Influenced By

Biological Nervous system, glands and hormones, genetic factors

Biological process influence behavior and mental process.

Associations and neuroscience.

Evolutionary Physical traits, social behavior

Adaptive organisms survive and transmit their genes to future generations.

Charles Darwin and evolution

Cognitive Interpretation of mental images, thinking, language

Perceptions and thoughts influence behavior

Structuralism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology

Humanistic Self-concept People make free and conscious choices based on their unique experiences.

Introspection and belief in free will

Psychoanalytic Unconscious processes, early childhood experiences

Unconscious motives influence behavior.

Sigmund Freud

Learning Environmental influences, learning, observational learning

Personal experiences and reinforcement guide individual development.

John B. Watson and behaviorism

Sociocultural Ethnicity, gender, culture, religion, socio-economic status

Sociocultural, biological, and psychological factors create individual differences

Social, environmental, and cross-cultural psychology

Biopsychosocial Biology, psychology, social factors

Mental processes are influenced by the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Holistic health and social psychology

04/21/23 49

V. Cultural Psychology

A. What is it?

1. Study influence of culture and the practice on people’s behavior to determine which behaviors are universal to all

human beings and which are specific to individual cultures.

B. What is Culture?

1. Shared way of life of a group of people.

2. Includes: ideals, values, and assumptions about life that guide behaviors.

V. Cultural Psychology

A. What is it?

1. Study influence of culture and the practice on people’s behavior to determine which behaviors are universal to all

human beings and which are specific to individual cultures.

B. What is Culture?

1. Shared way of life of a group of people.

2. Includes: ideals, values, and assumptions about life that guide behaviors.


50

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cM1qfhyocKw

C. Ethnocentrism

1. Considering your own culture’s practices as the "standard” of comparison with other cultures.

2. To avoid ethnocentrism, observe differences and respect them, but do not judge them.

D. Individualism/Collectivism

1. Individualist cultures- (Europe, N. America) work toward their own goals and focus on themselves and their immediate families.

2. Collectivist cultures – (Asia, Africa, Central/South America) work toward the goals of a valued group…often extended family and are willing to sacrifice their own interests for the sake of the group.

C. Ethnocentrism

1. Considering your own culture’s practices as the "standard” of comparison with other cultures.

2. To avoid ethnocentrism, observe differences and respect them, but do not judge them.

D. Individualism/Collectivism

1. Individualist cultures- (Europe, N. America) work toward their own goals and focus on themselves and their immediate families.

2. Collectivist cultures – (Asia, Africa, Central/South America) work toward the goals of a valued group…often extended family and are willing to sacrifice their own interests for the sake of the group.


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E. Universal and Culturally Specific Behaviors

1. Much of the research had only been done in U.S. and Europe until recently.

2. Research in Africa shows they are much less susceptible to

optical illusions such as the one below.

E. Universal and Culturally Specific Behaviors

1. Much of the research had only been done in U.S. and Europe until recently.

2. Research in Africa shows they are much less susceptible to

optical illusions such as the one below.

04/21/23 The Ponzo Illusion 52

VI. Pseudopsychologies - separating Fact from Fiction

A. False psychologies – that attempt to explain behavior or personality differences using nonscientific methods.

Examples: palmistry, psychometry (ability to determine facts about an object by handling it), psychokinesis (movement of objects by the mind), astrology.

VI. Pseudopsychologies - separating Fact from Fiction

A. False psychologies – that attempt to explain behavior or personality differences using nonscientific methods.

Examples: palmistry, psychometry (ability to determine facts about an object by handling it), psychokinesis (movement of objects by the mind), astrology.

04/21/23 The Ponzo Illusion 53

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSbXfGRFBLg&feature=related

Type 3Type 3• Project Summary – This assignment requires you write a test for the class which

you are going to give to someone else in the class.

• Purpose – All the questions should be clear and easy to understand.

• Role – You will be writing as if you were the teacher. Your goal is to create a fair test that asks the most important questions about this section.

• Audience – high school psychology students.

• Form – Your test must have 20 objective questions (not more than 5 true/false). You may choose from multiple choice, matching, T/F, and fill in the blank. You must also include one essay question on the test. You decide the type. You cannot use all one type of questions. i.e. they cannot be all true and false.

• FCAS: – 1. 20 objective questions (40 pts)– 2. Written in test format with headings for each section (T/F , matching, short answer etc) (20 pts)– 3. A key must be provided on a separate sheet of paper. (20 pts.

• Project Summary – This assignment requires you write a test for the class which you are going to give to someone else in the class.

• Purpose – All the questions should be clear and easy to understand.

• Role – You will be writing as if you were the teacher. Your goal is to create a fair test that asks the most important questions about this section.

• Audience – high school psychology students.

• Form – Your test must have 20 objective questions (not more than 5 true/false). You may choose from multiple choice, matching, T/F, and fill in the blank. You must also include one essay question on the test. You decide the type. You cannot use all one type of questions. i.e. they cannot be all true and false.

• FCAS: – 1. 20 objective questions (40 pts)– 2. Written in test format with headings for each section (T/F , matching, short answer etc) (20 pts)– 3. A key must be provided on a separate sheet of paper. (20 pts.


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Documents

Psychology Intro and Ch 1 Times New Roman. Before the Bell 1/22: Find your seat in seating chart folder on table by the front door. Type 1: Write down