PSYCHOLOGYCh. 10Memory

How do we divide the thinking process?

Perception, attention, memory & executive function 

Perception: Seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and or smelling your surroundings, allowing you to respond appropriately. Your hunger spurs the thinking process.

Memory: Stores the name of your favorite pizza joint. Enables you to give directions to your house for delivery.

Includes: 

★ STM: short term/working memory★ LTM: long-term memory★ subconscious/implicit knowledge

Sensory Memory works as a filter. It allows us time to determine what to pay attention to.

YouTube: The Mystery of Memory (30 minutes) This is essential for understanding memory in a deep and meaningful way.

I highly recommend that you view this video.

How Does Memory Work?encoding, storage, & retrievalThese are the processes by which we:★ get info in - encoding★ hang on to it - storage★ get it back out - retrieval

Experiment Time…..

• Take out a sheet of paper and put your name on it. You will need it for the rest of the class period.

• I will show you a set of pictures and try to remember the pictures. You will have 15 seconds to look at them

• Write down all the pictures you saw

• How did you do?

• Did you get shell, umbrella, butterfly, pie, backpack, cook, football?

Name the 7 Dwarfs

Write each name in your notes on a piece of paper.

Name the 7 Dwarfs

Was this difficult for you?

It all depends on these factors...

★ Do you like Disney movies?★ How long ago did you watched the

movie?★ How loud or distracting were the

people around you when you are trying to remember?

YouTube: Endless Memory, Part I - 60 Minutes - Superior Autobiographical Memory

YouTube: 60 Minutes - Endless Memory - Superior Autobiographical Memory, Part II

EncodingInformation from environment is encoded when it enters body through the senses.

visual, acoustic, & semantic encodingVisual is most effective, but most successful way is to encode in all 3 ways. Like the computer taking input from a keyboard, mouse or touch screen smartphone or tablet.

The typical brain has about 100 trillion synapses, which are the points where nerve cells in the human brain connect with other cells. 

Storage★ Sensory Memory

★ Short-Term Memory STM★ Long-Term Memory LTM

STM (or ‘working memory’) Limit not only on number of items it can hold, but also on duration (20 seconds or so). Use of rehearsal helps to increase the likelihood that memories will be recalled.

LTM is divided into explicit memories (knowing facts) & implicit memories (remembering how to move your body when walking)

Organization of Long Term Memory

Psychologists have divided memory into explicit & implicit memory. Explicit (Declarative) - memory for information that you are aware

"knowing what"Includes: facts, eventsCan be divided into Episodic & SemanticEpisodic- times, places, autobiographical

events.Semantic- meanings and impersonal

facts/ideas.

Implicit (Procedural) - memory that influences your behavior but for which you have no conscious awareness

"knowing how to perform tasks (conditioned responses)

RetrievalKey to accessing information from Long Term Memory (LTM) is to have an appropriate retrieval cue.

Mnemonics: memory aid that relies on reorganization of information for easy retrieval. (Song - information for a test) "Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."

Encoding Specificity (or Transfer Appropriate

Processing): Retrieval is better when context in which we are trying to retrieve something matches context in which it was learned.Context: part of the overall memory. By reinstating context when retrieval is occurring, we are creating an optimal recall situation.

Thirty days hath September,April, June, and November;All the rest have thirty-one,Save February, with twenty-eight days clear, & twenty-nine each leap year.

Flashbulb Memory Clear moment of an emotionally or historically significant moment/event

Studies prove: Although people believe such memories are more complete & accurate, they are actually just as flawed as those stored in less emotional situations.

Where were you when...

January 28, 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

November 22, 1963, Dallas, TXJohn F. Kennedy, Assassinated

May 2, 2011

November 4, 2008 Obama Elected

Capacity of STM – Short Term MemoryLearning sounds & meanings of new

words, or seeing pictures while a storyteller tells a tale.

Want to remember large amounts of information: our recall will be easier if we can use chunking to group information together. Learning the sounds & meanings of new words, or seeing pictures while a storyteller tells a tale.

The "Magic Number" =7 digits, plus or minus

2

(5..6..7..8..9)Chunking storage in STM

Remembering 10-digit phone number is much easier if we remember:

pattern 3-3-4

281-867-5309Rather than recalling 10 unconnected numbers Psychologist George Miller published original study, 1956

Please take a moment to test your short-term memory.

On the next slide you will find a list of 15 letters.

Your task: Remember them all.

T WAN BAC BSC PRC IA

How did you do?

Try it again.

TWA NBA CBS CPR CIA

Please recall the items in the next picture.

Draw the picture!

YouTube: Feats of Memory That Anyone Can Do

Take out a piece of paper and name all the Presidents…

Encoding Information• Primacy Effect

– The first number/letter/word in a list will be remembered the most.

• Recency Effect– The last word heard in a

list will be one of the most remembered.

• Serial Positioning Effect

Turn to a blank sheet of paper. Pick out the names of the 7 dwarfs.

Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy

Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Spiffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop

Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Sporty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poppy

How many did you remember this time?

Did you do better on the 1st or 2nd dwarf memory exercise?Recall vs.

Recognition: With recall - you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests)

With recognition - you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests)

Which is easier?

Can you identify the “real” penny?

Why do we have trouble finding the "real" penny? We don't have any need to know the details, other than the color, size, and feel. Then again... do we even NEED the penny anyway?

YouTube: John Green asks Obama - Why all the Pennies? President stumped.

Iconic Memory

Iconic memory involvesthe memory of visualstimuli. It is how the brainremembers an image youhave seen. For example, look at an objectin the room you are in now,and then close your eyes andvisualize that object. Theimage you "see" in your mindis your iconic memory of thatvisual stimuli.

Echoic Memory• Echoic memory is when a person is

asked to remember a series of numbers someone else was reciting immediately after the sequence was stopped.

• If the person responds immediately, then the chances of he/she remembering all the numbers is high.

• Normally stored for slightly longer periods of time than iconic memories.

MAINTENANCE vs. ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL

Even though you live in the United States and probably see hundreds of pennies a week, it is difficult to identify the real one from fake ones. Mere

repetition, such as seeing something over and over again does not guarantee a strong memory.

Maintenance Rehearsal = repetition

Elaborative Rehearsal = linking new information to material that is already known Improves your chances of remembering it!!!!

Forgetting

• Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information.

• Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information.

• Forgetting can be a result of decay, interference, or repression.

Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name.

Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.