Psychology 1508:The Context

“I think the ideal leader for the 21st century will be one who creates an environment that encourages everyone in the organization to stretch their capabilities and achieve a shared vision, who gives people the confidence to run farther and faster than they ever have before, and who establishes the conditions for people to be more productive, more innovative, more creative and feel more in charge of their own lives than they ever dreamed possible.”

Robert Crandall (Chairman, American Airlines)

Theory XTheory XManagement AssumptionsManagement Assumptions

Most people HATE work Most people want to AVOID responsibility Most people have little AMBITION for themselves Most people prefer to be LED Most people have little ability to SOLVE PROBLEMS Most people require close control to prevent mistakes and

prohibit loafing TWO groups of people

Theory YTheory YManagement AssumptionsManagement Assumptions

Work can be ENJOYABLE as play Most people want to accept reasonable levels of

RESPONSIBILITY Most people have strong GOALS for themselves, and seek

organizations that will help to fulfill those goals Most people like to LEAD occasionally Most people are good PROBLEM SOLVERS Most people require NO policing or close control by the

organization Most people CAN be autonomous and independent

Theory XTheory XManagement AssumptionsManagement Assumptions

Most people HATE work Most people want to AVOID responsibility Most people have little AMBITION for themselves Most people prefer to be LED Most people have little ability to SOLVE PROBLEMS Most people require close control to prevent mistakes and

prohibit loafing TWO groups of people

Leaders Create Their Leaders Create Their EnvironmentEnvironment

Leader’s Assumptions/ expectations

Leader’s Behavior

Organizational Environment

Employees’Behavior

Research FindingsResearch Findings Hawthorne Effect (Mayo, 1932) Equity theory (Adams, 1965) The professor as leader (Frank, Gilovich, & Regan 1993) Psychological safety (Edmondson, 1999)

““Today the laurel will go to the leader who encourages Today the laurel will go to the leader who encourages healthy dissent and values those followers brave healthy dissent and values those followers brave enough to say enough to say nono. The successful leader will have not . The successful leader will have not the loudest voice, but the readiest ear. His or her real the loudest voice, but the readiest ear. His or her real genius may well lie not in personal achievements, but in genius may well lie not in personal achievements, but in unleashing other people’s talent.”unleashing other people’s talent.”

Warren Bennis Warren Bennis

The Pygmalion Effect (Rosenthal, 1967)The Pygmalion Effect (Rosenthal, 1967)

““What managers expect of subordinates and the What managers expect of subordinates and the way they treat them largely determine their way they treat them largely determine their performance and career progress.”performance and career progress.”

Sterling LivingstonSterling Livingston

““When the faith is present in the leader, it When the faith is present in the leader, it communicates itself to followers with powerful communicates itself to followers with powerful effect. In the conventional mode people want to effect. In the conventional mode people want to know whether the followers believe in the leader; know whether the followers believe in the leader; a more searching question is whether the leader a more searching question is whether the leader believes in the followers.”believes in the followers.”

John GardnerJohn Gardner

100 Years of Leadership Development100 Years of Leadership DevelopmentA Meta Analysis (Avolio & Luthans, 2006)A Meta Analysis (Avolio & Luthans, 2006)

““The largest developmental impact was raising The largest developmental impact was raising the positive beliefs of followers, instilling in them the positive beliefs of followers, instilling in them the conviction that they were better at a the conviction that they were better at a performance task than they thought.”performance task than they thought.”

““Bad Leadership”Bad Leadership” “He was bright, and he didn’t tolerate fools. And they

weren’t fools, they were trying to get to understand what he was saying.”

“He didn’t trust others’ capabilities as he did his own.” “I wasn’t given any guidance. He wasn’t leading me

or teaching me… I never got any feedback on ideas.” “He wasn’t direct and honest enough to give the bad

side, he was always selling the dream.” “He was above us all… flying with the eagles above

while dealing with the turkeys below.”

““Bad Employees”Bad Employees” “I was cautious a lot of the time, and I was frustrated. I didn’t

really throw myself into the job” “I had no motivation. I didn’t do anything that was particularly

productive. I did what I was told.” “There was much turf fighting, in-fighting… It made for a lot of

disputes.” “I was choosing the path of least resistance. I was doing the

minimal work. I didn’t excel… I didn’t go beyond what the job required.”

“After a while, you become cynical about both the person and job. You really do the bare minimum.”

““Good Leadership”Good Leadership” “He made us feel like there were no boundaries to what we

could be doing.” “He was very honest in his feedback with people… I always

knew how I was doing.” “He took the initiative to build morale in the office. He was

sensitive, and after we had worked long hours he made sure we had a great dinner.”

“He was always willing to take a chance, and trust people, give them responsibility and push them.”

“Whenever we brought something up, he had the openness to listen to other people and make the changes. The idea that he actually listened to you made a difference.”

““Good Employees”Good Employees” “I was a different personality for both leaders… I was more

relaxed and enjoyed working with him.” “I brought in my personal interests, my humor…” “He’s a guy I thought a lot of and I wanted him to think a lot of me,

so I worked the hardest…” “I was much happier, more productive.” “You move away from selfishness, and toward more group

oriented ways of thinking.” “I was calmer and more confident.” “It’s like marriage, where you marry someone and this person

brings out all the good things in you.”

Treat a man as he is and he will remain as he is. Treat a man as he can and should be and he shall become as he can and should be.

Johan Wolfgang von Goethe

““Good Followership”Good Followership”Leader’s

Assumptions/ Expectations

Leader’s Behavior

Organizational Environment

Employees’Behavior

“The follower who is willing to speak out shows precisely the kind of initiative that leadership is made of.”

Warren Bennis

Ask not what your followers can do for you; ask what you can do for your followers.

Embodying LeadershipEmbodying Leadership Encounter groups (Lieberman, Yalom, & Miles, 1973) “Modeling the way” (McNeese-Smith, 1995) Emotional contagion (Barsade, 2002)

““The leader’s mood and behaviors drive the moods and The leader’s mood and behaviors drive the moods and behaviors of everyone else. A cranky and ruthless boss behaviors of everyone else. A cranky and ruthless boss creates a toxic organization filled with negative creates a toxic organization filled with negative underachievers who ignore opportunities; an underachievers who ignore opportunities; an inspirational, inclusive leader spawns acolytes for whom inspirational, inclusive leader spawns acolytes for whom any challenge is surmountable.”any challenge is surmountable.”

Daniel GolemanDaniel Goleman

““Our analysis suggests that, overall, the climateOur analysis suggests that, overall, the climate—how people feel about working at a company——how people feel about working at a company—can account for 20-30 percent of business can account for 20-30 percent of business performance. Getting the best out of people performance. Getting the best out of people pays off in hard results. If climate drives pays off in hard results. If climate drives business results, what drives climate? Roughly business results, what drives climate? Roughly 50 to 70 percent of how employees perceive their 50 to 70 percent of how employees perceive their organization’s climate can be traced to the organization’s climate can be traced to the actions of one person: the leader. More than actions of one person: the leader. More than anyone else, the boss creates the conditions that anyone else, the boss creates the conditions that directly determine people’s ability to work well.”directly determine people’s ability to work well.”

Daniel GolemanDaniel Goleman

The great leader… The great leader…

… creates an environment that facilitates growth.

Unconscious Incompetent (UI)

EnvironmentSafe Guards

ConsciousIncompetent (CI)

ConsciousCompetent (CC)

UnconsciousCompetent (UC)

Success Induced Blindness

““They lead because they want to create an They lead because they want to create an environment in which people are free to think, environment in which people are free to think, innovate, and unite into teams and groups, in innovate, and unite into teams and groups, in order to solve problems that are too big for any order to solve problems that are too big for any one person to solve alone.”one person to solve alone.”

Roger SmithRoger SmithChairman, GM CorporationsChairman, GM Corporations