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Psychological Strategies for Better Adjustment in Life
Presented by
Mrs. Afifa IftikharPrincipal
Govt. In-Service Training College for the Teachers of Disabled Children Lahore.
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Life is full of challenges. What defines Life is full of challenges. What defines you is how you meet these challenges; you is how you meet these challenges; whether you conquer them or whether you conquer them or succumb to them.succumb to them.
PWDs significantly face more PWDs significantly face more challenges in their life. Hence, they challenges in their life. Hence, they are more in need of coping strategies.are more in need of coping strategies.
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“ “ There are two ways of meeting There are two ways of meeting
difficulties:difficulties:
you alter the difficulties or you alter the you alter the difficulties or you alter the wayway
you meet them.” you meet them.”
(Phyllis Bottome) (Phyllis Bottome)
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Coping StrategiesCoping Strategies
Coping refers to psychological processes Coping refers to psychological processes
that help the individual to deal with that help the individual to deal with
stressful and threatening internal and stressful and threatening internal and
external challenges. external challenges.
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The way an organism perceives and responds The way an organism perceives and responds
to a stimulus initiates a chain of positive or to a stimulus initiates a chain of positive or
negative responses that is ultimately reflected negative responses that is ultimately reflected
in it’s lifestyle.in it’s lifestyle.
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Theoretically there is an infinite number of Theoretically there is an infinite number of
coping ways (including thoughts and feelings) coping ways (including thoughts and feelings)
that individuals use to manage their that individuals use to manage their
concerns. concerns.
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► In Lazarus’ view, cognitive appraisal is In Lazarus’ view, cognitive appraisal is
critical to coping. He believes that people use critical to coping. He believes that people use
two types of coping efforts: two types of coping efforts:
► Problem focused coping Problem focused coping
► Emotional focused coping Emotional focused coping
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Problem focused coping Problem focused coping
Problem focused coping is a cognitive strategy. Problem focused coping is a cognitive strategy.
In problem focused coping someone makes In problem focused coping someone makes
changes in their situation that renders it less.changes in their situation that renders it less.
Emotional focused coping Emotional focused coping
Emotional Focused Coping is Lazarus term for Emotional Focused Coping is Lazarus term for
responding to problematic situation in an emotional responding to problematic situation in an emotional
manner without changing the problem itself or the manner without changing the problem itself or the
perception of it. perception of it. 8
►Coping can be conceptualized in terms of
various domains or strategies, each strategy
comprising of specific action.
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► Focus on Solving the Problem is a problem-
focused strategy that handles the problem
systematically by its analysis and focus on different
solutions
► Work Hard and Achieve is a strategy showing
commitment with work and ambition to achieve well
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► Invest in Close Friends is about engaging in
intimate relationships and spend more time with
close friends
► Seek to Belong indicates a caring and concern for
one’s relationships with others and with what others
think
► Seek Relaxing Diversions is about relaxation in
general. It reflects pleasure activities such as
reading, painting, listening music etc11
► Focus on the Positive indicates a positive and
cheerful outlook on the problematic situation. This
includes seeing the bright side of circumstances and
considering oneself as fortunate and lucky
► Physical Recreation relates to playing sports and
keeping oneself fit and healthy
► Tension Reduction reflects an attempt to make one
self feel better by releasing tension12
► Worry shows a concern about the future happenings
in general terms and specifically concern with
happiness in the future
► Seek to Belong indicates a caring and concern for
one’s relationships with others and with what others
think
► Wishful Thinking is based on hope and anticipation
of a positive outcome13
► Ignore the Problem shows a conscious blocking out
of the problem and resignation, coupled with their
acceptance that there is no way to resolve it; not
working on the problem
► Not Cope reflects individual inability to deal with the
problem and the development of psychosomatic
symptoms
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► Self Blame indicates that an individual consider
themselves as responsible for problem or worry
► Keep to Self reflects the individual withdrawal from
others and wishes to keep other from knowing about
problems
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► Seek Spiritual Support reflects prayer and belief in
assistance of spiritual leader or God
► Seek Professional Help denotes the use of
professional advisor such as a counselor or a teacher
or some elder person
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► Social Action is about letting others know what the
problem is and enlisting support by writing petitions
or organizing activities
► Seek Social Support is explained in terms of an
inclination to share the problem with others and
enlist support in its management
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The coping strategies can best be grouped to
characterize three coping styles:
Style I
Style II
Style III
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Style I: Solving the Problem comprises of eight coping
strategies
► Seeking social support
► Focusing on solving the problem
► Physical recreation
► Tension reduction
► Seeking relaxing diversion
► Investing in close friends
► Seeking to belong
► Working hard and achieving
► Focusing on the positive
Represents a style of coping characterized by working at a problem while remaining optimistic, fit, relaxed and socially connected
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► Style II: Non-productive coping comprises of eight
strategies
► Worry
► Seeking to belong
► Wishful thinking
► Not coping
► Ignoring the problem
► Keeping to self
► Self blame
These coping strategies primarily reflect a combination of what may be termed as non-productive avoidance strategies which are empirically associated with an inability to cope
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► Style III: Reference to others contains four
strategies
► Seeking social support
► Seeking spiritual support
► Seeking professional help
► Social action
Can be characterized by turning to others for support whether they are peers, professionals, Allah or Gods.
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► Researchers proved the individual differences in
psychological adjustment in a sample of chronically
ill adults and they found that:
Cognitive/productive strategies are related
to positive effect, while emotional/non-
productive strategies are related to
negative, emotional ventilation and poor
adjustment to illness and disability.
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Problem focused Emotionally focused
Productive Non-productive strategies
Style I and III Style-II
Leads to
Healthy adjustment Mal-adjustment
Good mental health Poor mental health
Happy life Difficult life
D
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THANKS
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