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PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY
PRE-ASSESSMENT
Please answer on your own paper-
1. Which type of psychologist can prescribe medication?A. ClinicalB. ResearchC. PsychiatristD. Biological
2. Which of the following shows the hindsight bias?A. “I knew it all along”B. “I could have never guessed that?C. “That was the easiest test I’ve ever taken”D. “I can’t believe that is true”
3. Which of the following is a reason overconfidence is concerning in psychological inquiry?
A. It reduces critical thinkingB. It makes us take risksC. It’s not a problemD. It makes us do experiments on animals
4. What is the correct order of the scientific method?A. Create hypothesis Test hypothesis Revise hypothesisB. Test hypothesis Create hypothesis Revise hypothesisC. Create hypothesis Revise hypothesis Test hypothesisD. None of the above.
A psychologist decides to test to see if a new drug reduces the physiological symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. He gets 100 test subjects that have the disease. He gives 50 of them the new drug and 50 of them a placebo. In one month he records their physiological symptoms again.
5. In the experiment, which is the control group?6. In the experiment, which is the experimental group?7. In the experiment, what is the independent variable?8. In the experiment, what is the dependent variable?
9. What kind of sampling technique best reflects the population as a shole?A. DetailedB. RandomC. CategorizedD. Organized
10.What is the definition of ethics?A. What is good to doB. What is easiest to doC. What is right or wrongD. Not testing on animals
TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS
• Research psychologists- conduct research to apply to everyday life• Clinical psychologists- study, assess, and treat
troubled people• Psychiatrists- medical doctors trained to treat
mental disorders as well
RESEARCH PSYCHOLOGISTS
Basic Research: builds psychology’s knowledge base. Biological Psychologists: explore the links between brain and
mind Developmental Psychologists: studying our changing abilities
from womb to tomb Cognitive Psychologists: experimenting with how we perceive,
think, and solve problems Personality Psychologists: investigating our persistent traits Social Psychologists: exploring how we view and affect one
another
Applied Research: tackles practical problems Industrial/organizational Psychologists: study and advise on
behavior in the workplace
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
Administer and interpret testsProvide psychotherapy, counselingManage mental health programsConduct some basic and applied research
Private practice State and County mental health facilities Therapy groups
PSYCHIATRISTS
Often provide psychotherapy Medical degree Prescribe medicine Treat physical causes of psychological
disorders
Mental hospitals Private practice Hospitals
WREAT
ETRYN
GRABE
TROUBLE WITH COMMON SENSE
Hindsight Bias
• The idea that “I knew it all along”• Believing you could
have known what did happen
Overconfidence
• Believing we are better at determining accurate conclusions than we actually are
WHY IS OVERCONFIDENCE A PROBLEM
• It reduces our ability to think critically.
WAYS TO STUDY PEOPLE
• Case Study
• Naturalistic Observation
• Experiment
• Survey
CASE STUDY
• Studying one or more people in depth for a long period of time
• Example: The marshmallow case study• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9614HQ
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
• Watching and observing something in its environment
EXPERIMENT
• A psych research method intending to prove causation
SURVEY
• A research method where a group of people is studied by asking them questions
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• Problem- Define the problem; Ask a question• Observation- see what other people have already
found out about it• Hypothesis- What do you think is going to
happen?• Experiment- Design a way to test (experiment,
survey, case study) the hypothesis• Conclusion- What your experiment or study
indicates
EXPERIMENTS
• Propose a hypothesis• Define the
variables• Define the groups• Test it• Revise the
hypothesis
• Variables• Independent- the
item being altered• Dependent- a result
of the change
• Groups• Experiment- the
group being tested• Control- the group
used for comparison
SOCIAL FACILITATION THEORY
Social facilitation can be defined as ‘an improvement in performance produced by the mere presence of others’.
In his research on the speed records of cyclists, he noticed that racing against each other rather than against the clock alone increased the cyclists' speeds. He attempted to duplicate this under laboratory conditions using children and fishing reels. There were two conditions: the child alone and children in pairs but working alone. Their task was to wind in a given amount of fishing line and Triplett reports that many children worked faster in the presence of a partner doing the same task.
There are two types of social facilitation: co-action effects and audience effect.
Co-Action Effect, a phenomenon whereby increased task performance comes about by the mere presence of others doing the same task.
Audience Effect, social facilitation occurs not only in the presence of a co-actor but also in the presence of a passive spectator/audience.
LET’S TRY IT
• A psychiatrist would like to test the hypothesis that a new drug improves memory in high school students. He randomly selects 100 high school students to test the drug on. For 50 of the students, he administers the drug and asks them to memorize a list of random digits. He then tests their memory of the digits. For the remaining 50 students, he administers a placebo and repeats the same memory test.
• What would indicate that the drug worked?
SO…
• Hypothesis=
• Variables• Independent=
• Dependent=
• Groups• Control=
• Experiment=
EXPERIMENTS
• The effect of sustained, loud noise on short term memory.
• The effect of extreme fear on short term memory.
• The effect of diet on short term memory.• New Physiological Drug for Parkinson’s
patient.• Effects of drinking on driving.• Are women better drivers.• Height equals increased heart rate.• Effects of punishment on learning.
Materials: 1. Location: you will need an area that experience high
traffic. 2. A sign: A large poster board with the words “Don’t Step
Here”. It should be neat, typed, and look official.
3. Packing tape to secure the poster.4. Video camera: not required but fun for after the
experiment.
•Procedure: •Make “Don’t Step Here” sign.•Find suitable location. We use a well traveled hallway during the lunch period.•Place sign during a time that minimal people will see it being placed. Best if the teacher places the sign so it makes it seem more official.•Find a good location for videotaping where you can see the expression on people’s face as they approach and react to the sign.•Keep track of participant behavior through observation and charting.•Return to the classroom and discuss student behavior. We have had so many different things happen over the years. Here are some examples:-Teachers pulling the sign up.-People looking at the ceiling.-Students not noticing the sign at all.-Students go to extremes not to step on it.-Students go to extremes to step on it.-Students walking back and forth trying to decide whether or not to step on it.-Students stomping on it and jumping up and down.
Obedience to Authority: Don’t Step Here!This activity should be used to demonstrate people’s willingness to be
obedient to authority situations. It is a fun, simple experiment.
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
High School Lunchtime Behaviors• What percentage of the students are eating hot lunch?• What percentage of the students aren’t eating at all?• Pick a student at random and observe him/her for two
minutes. Write down what you observe.• Of the students that purchase milk, what percentage take
skim, 2%, or chocolate.• Observe a small group of students for a couple minutes.
Watch them eat- what percentage chew with their mouths closed/open?
Chimpanzee family structure in the Amazon.
SURVEY
Counting Shoes- women have more shoes then men.Best hot chocolate/coffee.Dress codes at school.Political surveys.Attitudes towards gender roles in relationships.Happily ever after: Relationships and movies.Parental expectations and perceptions.Social media- which ones are you on.Crime and punishment.
CASE STUDY
• Marshmallow Study• Differences in play behaviors of girls and boys• Social Behaviors of individuals in low income
homes• Case study of an individual from birth through
teens• Stress factors in working moms• Case study of toys boys and girls play with at
different ages• Case study of a boy/girl from Junior High through
High School- social, educational
ETHICS
• Moral standards for any study or experiment
• Dependent on personal moral standards• Committees usually decide if an experiment is
ethical
• Why use animals?• We are animals• Helps us learn about ourselves
JOURNAL #6
Define your personal code of ethics. What should be the limit on psychological
experimentation? What kinds of things do we need to consider
when we discuss whether an experiment is ethical or not?
Can what is ethical change based on the situation, or is it standard for all times, places, and people?
Please answer each question with at least 2 sentences for credit.
SURVEY
• Determine what you want to study• Determine who you
want to study• Determine how you
will get a sample• Construct a
questionnaire• Collect data• Analyze data
• Random- each person has an equal chance of being selected
• Systematic sampling- choosing every Nth person
• Convenience- choose people who you can easily get to answer
• Stratified- choosing people in various sub-categories like males and females
WHICH GRAPH TO USE?
Histogram
• Data is quantitative• Looking for number
of people that fit into a defined category• Examples: • How much time do you
spend doing homework?• How tall are you?• What score you got on
the last test
Scatterplot
• Data is quantitative• Looking for the
correlation between two variables
• Examples:• Numbers of hours slept
and time spent on homework
• Size of dog and life span• Age and happiness rating
LET’S TRY IT…
• A psychologist wants to see if there is a correlation between hours spent studying for a test and the grade on the test. He took a random sample of 50 students, and charted their self-reported hours spent studying against their test scores.
SO…
• What is being studied?
• Who is being studied?
• How are they being sampled?
• What type of graph is needed?
ANALYZING SCATTERPLOTS-CORRELATION
• Correlation Coefficient- how well two variables are related• Number between -1 and 1• The closer it is to 0, the
less correlation the data has
• Positive- as one goes up, so does the other
• Negative- as one goes up, the other goes down
• No correlation- no clear pattern
ANALYZING HISTOGRAMS
• Mean: the average of the data (add up the numbers• Median: the middle number of the data• Mode: the most frequent number in the data• Standard Deviation: a measure of dispersion
from the mean (how far away each number is from the average)
• Try it: Find the mean, median and mode of the following data set• 5,6,6,7,8,9,8
ANALYZING HISTOGRAMS
• Standard Deviation: a measure of dispersion from the mean (how far away each number is from the average)
• Steps to finding:• Find the mean• For each number, subtract the mean from the number,
then square the results• Add all the squares, then divide by one less than the total
number of results• Finally, take the square root.
• Try it: • 5,6,6,7,8,9,8
BELL CURVES (A.K.A. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION)
• When a histogram looks like a bell• It has a special distribution: 68-95-99.7• 68% of the data lies within one standard deviation of the
mean (34% on either side)• 95% of the data lies within two standard deviations of the
mean• 99.7% of the data lies within three standard deviations of
the mean
EXAMPLE- TEST SCORES
• Students in a psychology class took a test• Their scores were
normally distributed with a mean of 85 and a standard deviation of 5.
• Draw a picture of what this would look like• What percentage of
the scores were between 80 and 90?• What percentage of
the scores were between 75 and 95?