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Psychological Disorders
Introduction
What is ABNORMAL?Write about a time when you
did something you thought was abnormal.
Why did/do you consider this abnormal?
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior Deviance
Behavior that is outside the socially acceptable norms
Varies among cultures Maladaptive
Impairment of adaptive everyday behavior
Interferes with social and occupational functioning
Personal distress Self reported troubles; subjective pain
and suffering
Medical Models of Psychopathology:Look for BIOLOGICAL causes Diseases Neurotransmitter abnormalities Genetic factors Brain defects
Treatments emphasize ORGANIC treatments Drugs Neurosurgery ECT, DBS, TMS
Thomas Szasz - “Illness can affect only the body.”
Problems with the medical model:Allows deviant
behavior to be locked into conformity
Labels are derogatoryForces those with a
disorder to take a passive role as medical patient
Psychological Models of Psychopathology:
Look for PSYCHOLOGICAL causes Early life experiences Traumatic events Illogical thinking Maladaptive learning experiences
Treatments emphasize PSYCHOLOGICAL treatment Psychoanalysis (Freudian approach) Psychotherapy (Cognitive and Humanistic
approach) Behavior therapy (Classical/Operant
Conditioning)
Sociocultural Models of Psychopathology:
Look for social and cultural influences on behavior Societal norms and expectations Sub-group influences Family dynamics
Treatment emphasizes a “systems” approach Family therapy Couples therapy Group therapy Community interventions
David Rosenhan – “Being Sane in Insane Places”
Classification of Disorders 1952 – first Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM) 2013 – DSM-5
Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders: DSM-5 recognizes 12 types Four common anxiety disorders
include:Generalized Anxiety DisorderPanic DisorderSpecific PhobiaSocial anxiety disorder
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders: Biological factors:
deficient GABA neurotransmitters (GAD/Panic)
deficient serotonin (Social) respiratory abnormalities (GAD/Panic)
Psychological and sociocultural harsh self-standards (GAD/Social) strict and critical parents (GAD/Social) automatic negative thoughts
(GAD/Social) classically conditioned responses
(Panic/Phobia)
Related, but not classified as anxiety disorders:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder overactive frontal cortex and basal
ganglia deficient serotonin and dopamine
levels inability to turn off negative thoughts
OCD-related disorders added in DSM-5 Hoarding Excoriation Trichotillomania Body Dysmorphic Disorder Body Integrity Identity Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder:
DSM-5 expands criteria Symptoms may vary, but often:
flashbacks memory and concentration impulsive behavior excessive arousal response reduced affect
Emotion and Mood Disorders: Depressive
Disorders Major
depressive disorder
Persistent depressive disorder
Biological factors genetics serotonin and
norepinephrine
Psychological factors learned
helplessness self-defeating
beliefs rumination pessimistic
attribution style contagions
Sociocultural SES gender
Bipolar Disorder: Two extremes – mania
and depression often cycles multiple
times through depression and mania
NOT extreme mood swings in a 24 hour period
Biological factors Genetic link Norepinephrine and
serotonin Glutamate
Somatoform Disorders Somatization
pain neurologic problems gastrointestinal complaints sexual symptoms
Conversion paralysis blindness hearing loss loss of sensation or numbness
Hypochondriasis
Dissociative Disorders:Dissociative
AmnesiaDissociative
fugue Dissociative
Identity Disorder
Depersonalization
Severe abuse?
Social Contagion?
Schizophrenia: Catatonic; Paranoid; Disorganized;
Undifferentiated
PsychosisSymptoms:
Positive Hallucinations; delusions;
disordered thought; referential thinking; word salad
Negative Flat affect; inability to read
emotions; deficient in planning and goal-behavior; catatonia
Causes of Schizophrenia: Biological factors
Structural brain abnormalities
Problems with neurotransmitters
Dopamine Psychological factors
Diathesis stress model
Diathesis Stress Model
- THOMAS WIDIGER, UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST“The patterns found in personality disorders really are traits that are distributed throughout the population, and we all have them to greater or lesser degree.”
Treatment Methods
PsychotherapyInsight Action
Biomedical therapyDrugs
Surgical procedures
Psychoanalysis (Freudian Approach)Insight therapy Direct techniques Dream interpretation
manifest content latent content
Free association Examination of:
Resistance Transference
More likely to help… Anxiety disorders Somatoform disorders Dissociative disorders
Humanistic Therapy/ApproachInsight therapy Carl Rogers
Person-centered Real vs. Ideal self NON-directive
active listening Four key elements
reflection unconditional regard empathy authenticity
More likely to help… Individuals who can
express their thoughts and feelings in a logical manner
Cognitive Therapy/ApproachAction therapy Albert Ellis
Rational-emotive therapy
Main concepts: Disconfirmation Reconceptualization
C.B.T.
More likely to help… Depression Stress disorders Anxiety disorders Some aspects of
schizophrenia
Distorted/Unhelpful Thinking Style
Distorted/Unhelpful Thinking Style
Distorted/Unhelpful Thinking Styles
Behavior Therapy/ApproachAction Therapy Abnormal behavior
is not a symptom, but a problem itself
Behavior modification Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
May be helpful… Eating disorders Drug and alcohol
addiction Phobias
Behavior Therapy/ApproachClassical Conditioning Systematic desensitization Aversion therapy Flooding
Operant Conditioning Participant modeling Token economy Contingency contract Extinction
techniques
Biomedical Therapy/Treatment Psychopharmacology
Antipsychotic drugs GENERALLY decrease dopamine levels
Antianxiety drugs Benzodiazepines – Xanax, Ativan, Valium
Antidepressant drugs MAOI, Tricyclic, SSRI
Lithium Treats bipolar MANIC symptoms
Electroconvulsive Therapy Depression, Mania, Schizophrenia
