Psychiatric Study of Jesus

8/11/2019 Psychiatric Study of Jesus

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THE PSYCHIATRIC STUDY OF JESUS

The Psychiatric Study of Jesus Expositio a dCriticis!

ByALBERT SCHWEITZER

Translation and Introduction by CHARLES R. JOY

For !ord by WI"FRE# O$ERHOLSER

THE BEACO" %RESS & BOSTO"

CO%YRI'HT( )*+,

THE BEACO" %RESS

All rights reserved Third printing, January 1956

%RI"TE# I" -.S.A.

In t /no!l d0 t at is t co1in0 son o2 1an( J suslays old o2 t ! l o2 t !orld to s t it 1o3in0 ont at last r 3olution ! ic is to brin0 all ordinaryistory to a clos . It r 2us s to turn( and t ro!si1s l2 u4on it. T n it do s turn and crus s i1.Inst ad o2 brin0in0 in t sc atolo0ical conditions( as d stroy d t 1. T ! l rolls on!ard( and t1an0l d body o2 t on i11 asurably 0r at 1an ! o !asstron0 nou0 to t in/ o2 i1s l2 as t s4iritual rul ro2 1an/ind and to b nd istory to is 4ur4os ( is an0in0u4on it still. T at is is 3ictory and is r i0n.

55 ALBERT SCHWEITZER


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PREFATORY "OTE

Alb rt Sc ! it6 r 4ass d is stat 1 dical 7a1inationsin t 2all o2 )*)). T sur0 on ! o ld t 2inal7a1ination( 8ad lun0( told i1 t at it !as only b causo2 is 7c ll nt alt t at ad 0ott n t rou0 a 9obli/ t at. T 4r 3ious 1ont ad 4lay d t or0anacco14ani1 nt 2or Widor n ! Symphonia Sacra ( Widori1s l2 l adin0 t orc stra. Sc ! it6 r:s 2 2or is

or0an !or/ !as us d to 4ay 2or t 1 dical 7a1ination.T r !as still is int rns i4 to co14l t and isdoctoral t sis to sub1it b 2or is d 0r !as assur d.For t latt r c os to !rit on r c nt 1 dicaltr atis s ! ic s o! d( at l ast to t aut ors:satis2action( t at J sus !as 1 ntally dis as d. W ilSc ! it6 r:s boo/ !as 1ainly conc rn d !it t !or/ o2t r di22 r nt 1 n 2 lt it is duty to 2a1iliari6i1s l2 !it t ! ol lit ratur o2 4aranoia b 2or

und rta/in0 is tas/. T r sult !as t at t is s1alltr atis too/ i1 o3 r a y ar to co14l t . On s 3 raloccasions !as on t 4oint o2 c oosin0 an asi rsub9 ct 2or is t sis.

T boo/ !as 4ublis d in ' r1an in )*);. It !as 2irsttranslat d into En0lis by W. 8ont0o1 ry und r t titl


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to r cord is d bt to #r. Win2r d O3 r ols r.

CR.J. Ne ton !ighlands "assachusetts

CO"TE"TS%A'E%REFATORY "OTE >FOREWOR# ))

I"TRO#-CTIO"Sc ! it6 r:sConc 4tion o2 J sus )>

%REFACE TO THE )*);E#ITIO" ?>

THE %SYCHIATRIC STY#YOF JES-S ;;I"#E@ >
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FORE#ORD

T )*t c ntury 0a3 birt to 1any sci nti2icad3anc s( to a44lications o2 t sci nti2ic 1 t od o2


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in uiry in 3arious 2i lds. T r adin ss to d 1and3id nc ! ic is an ss ntrial 4art o2 t sci nti2ic4roc ss( and ! ic ad alr ady u4s t 1an:s id as o20 oc ntricity Co4 rnicusD( ccl siastical aut ority Lut rD( and ori0inal cr ation #ar!inD( b 0an to b

a44li d to t study o2 istory. To t is study o2 istoryt Bibl !as not i11un ( and lat in t )>t c ntury )=> D t r ca1 about t b 0innin0s o2 t < i0 rcriticis1(< !it t a44 aranc o2 S4ino6a TractatusTheologico#$oliticus . So1 o2 t is < i0 r criticis1< !asbasically ostil to stablis d b li 2( but t b tt r4art o2 it !as alt ily s/ 4tical inst ad t r !as a0 nuin s /in0 2or istoric trut and 2or a study o21oti3 s.

It !as in 3itabl t at in t u st 2or 1oti3 s so1consid ration s ould b 0i3 n to t 4ossibility t at tb li 2s o2 J sus 1i0 t b 74lain d as t os o2 a1 ntally abnor1al 4 rson( 4 r a4s 3 n o2 on cl arlyd ran0 d. %ossibly t 1 r ly nasc nt stat o2 4syc iatry2urnis d on r ason ! y 1or o2 t iconoclasts did not3 ntur arli r on t is 4at o2 in uiry. "oac/ %ie&eschichte Jesu ( ?nd d.( ),>=D r 2 rr d to J sus as an< cstatic(< but did not i14ut 1 ntal dis as to i155t at !as l 2t 2or t ? t c ntury.

In t 2irst t!o d cad s o2 t 4r s nt c ntury nol ss t an t r 1 dical !rit rs 1bar/ d u4on a4syc iatric


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disord r 1ay not b out o2 4lac . T !ord is an oldon 55 it !as us d in t Hi44ocratic !ritin0s( t ou0 ina 0 n ral s ns ( as 1 anin0 1 ntal dis as . It !asintroduc d into ' r1an 4syc iatry as arly as ),), byH inrot ( but !it so loos a d 2inition t at at on ti1

2ro1 > to , 4 rc nt o2 t 4ati nts in Euro4 an 1 ntalos4itals ! r dia0nos d as su22 rin0 2ro1 a Fr nc 4syc iatristS*glas D r 2 rr d to it as a !ord ! ic ad < la

signi+ication la plus vaste et la plus mal d*+inie ..

ra 4 lin( E. "anic %epressive nsanity and $aranoia .Edinbur0 ( E. K S. Li3in0ston ( )*?).

Lacan( J. %e la $sychose $aranoia ue ( 44. ;,)( %aris()*;?.

"oy s( A. %. "odern -linical $sychiatry7 C . ?>.% ilad l4 ia( )*;*.

% i7oto( A. t 8or ira J. 'a $aranoia l*gitime8 sonorigine et nature )* =D( 44. =;5,;. In % i7oto( A.$aranoia . S o %aulo( Bra6il( )*+?.


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I"TRODUCTIO" SCH#EIT'ER(S CO"CEPTIO" OF JESUS

Alb rt Sc ! it6 r is on o2 art :s tru nobl 1 n and isnobility is s o!n in is touc in0 u1ility. As si14l as

a c ild( as u1bl as t 0rass( as 0on is c os n!ay uit obli3ious to t anti4 onal c orus s o2 4raisand bla1 ! ic a3 surround d i1. T os ! o a3 co1to acclai1 i1 al1ost as a saint today a3 o2t n2or0ott n t at as b n t c nt r o2 3iol ntcontro3 rsy in 3 ry s4 r ! r as 1o3 d soui tly( so sinc r ly( so unobtrusi3 ly.

His int r4r tation o2 Bac !as n ! and r 3olutionaryalt ou0 undoubt dly it !as a r turn to t s4irit and to

t 1 anin0 o2 t cantor o2 Saint T o1as. T at it !asnot t curr nt 3i ! in t 1usical !orld is su00 st d byan un4ublis d doctoral t sis on t s l3 s o2 tWid n r Library at Har3ard -ni3 rsity ntitl d


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li2 o2 J sus and t sc atolo0ical J sus( t J sus ! ob li 3 d in t abru4t co1in0 o2 t 8 ssianic in0do1(! ic ad disco3 r d in t " ! T sta1 nt sourc s. Hsaid


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1yst rious % rson ! o in t 2or1 o2 is ti1 /n ! t at !as cr atin0 u4on t 2oundation o2 is li2 and d at

a 1oral !orld ! ic (ears his name ( ! 1ust b 2orc d tolay our 2ac s in t dust !it out darin0 3 n to !is tound rstand is natur . Only t n can t roic in our

C ristianity and in our :W ltansc auun0: b a0ainr 3i3 d. . T !ar o2 ),> ad brou0 tAlsac und r ' r1an rul and as a ' r1an citi6 n tyoun0 1an !as sub9 ct to co14ulsory 1ilitary s r3ic . OnA4ril )( ),*+( is y ar o2 trainin0 b 0an but !as ablto continu so1 o2 is t olo0ical !or/ t rou0

an arran0 1 nt 1ad !it an indul0 nt ca4tain. In t2all o2 t y ar 2ound i1s l2 on 1an u3 rs n arHoc 2 ld n in Lo! r Alsac . It !as c aract ristic o2 i1t at t 1ost 4ri6 d articl in is /na4sac/ !as a 'r /T sta1 nt !it ! ic !as !or/in0 in 4r 4aration 2or an7a1ination in t Syno4tic 'os4 ls to b ta/ n at tb 0innin0 o2 t !int r t r1. E3 ry 3 nin0( 3 ry r stday t tir l ss youn0 1an studi d. On day in t to!no2 'u00 n i1 is 1ind !as stirr d to int ns acti3ity byis r adin0 o2 t t nt and l 3 nt c a4t rs o2

8att !. As r ad and 4ond r d t 3 rs s in t sc a4t rs is int r st and is b !ild r1 nt 0r !.

At t at ti1 H inric Julius Holt61ann !as l cturin0about t Syno4tic 4robl 1 on t t olo0ical 2aculty o2t -ni3 rsity o2 Strassbur0( and is t ory t at J sus:li2 and t ac in0 could b st b und rstood 2ro1 t0os4 l o2 8ar/( sinc 8ar/ !as t old st o2 t 0os4 lsand !as t 2oundation on ! ic 8att ! and Lu/ adbuilt( !as 0 n rally acc 4t d. But no! in t s t!o

c a4t rs o2 8att ! ! ic ar not 4arall l d in 8ar/(Sc ! it6 r 2ound a situation t at could not bar1oni6 d( t ou0 t( !it Holt61ann:s t ori s. In8att ! ) ( J sus s nds out t disci4l s to 4r act rou0 out t land o2 Isra l( and t lls t 1 t at t y!ill b sor ly 4 rs cut d( but t at b 2or t y a3co14l t d t ir 1ission t 8 ssianic in0do1 !ill bus r d in. J sus( t r 2or ( did not 74 ct to s t 1a0ain. It turn d out( o! 3 r( t at t y ! r not4 rs cut d and t at t 8 ssianic in0do1 did not a44 arb 2or t nd o2 t ir 9ourn y. To J sus: o!n a1a6 1 ntt y ca1 bac/ to i1( is 4r dictions uit un2ul2ill d.


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Holt61ann ad said t at t is discours !as not istoricaland t at it ad b n 4ut into J sus: 1out at a lat r4 riod( but Sc ! it6 r !as sur t at no lat r 0 n ration!ould 3 r a3 attribut d to J sus stat 1 nts 4ro3 d2als by 3 nts.

In 8att ! ))( ! a3 t story o2 t u stion 4ut toJ sus by Jo n t Ba4tist( and J sus: r 4ly. Sc ! it6 rca1 to b li 3 t at ! n Jo n as/s J sus(


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uit 3id ntly 3 ry 1uc 4 r4l 7 d. T


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o2 t Holy Trinity but a u1an b in0 li/ t r st o2us( a u1an b in0( o! 3 r( ! o sa! cl arly t rou0 t2olli s and 2oibl s o2 is ti1 ( ! o !as brou0 t u4 !itall t stran0 id as o2 a su4 rnatural 8 ssianicin0do1( but ! o !as i1s l2 1anci4at d 2ro1 t 1. To

t lib ral %rot stant o2 t lat nin t nt and arlyt! nti t c ntury J sus !as t 4ro2oundly int lli0 nt(! olly lo3abl 7 14lar o2 u1an 4ossibiliti s( he said, > ith ords o+ St7 $aul?s

hich had (een +amiliar to me +rom childhood8 ?

On r sult o2 is 2indin0s Sc ! it6 r 4 r a4s did not


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antici4at . H could ardly a3 2or s n t atsu4 r2icial t in/ rs ! arin0 t 0arb o2 4syc olo0y and4syc iatry !ould 2ind in is sc atolo0ical 4ictur o2J sus su44ort and co12ort 2or t ir cont ntion t at !a3 to do in t is 1an o2 "a6ar t !it 1 ntal

d ran0 1 nt( !it yst ria 4 r a4s( !it 4aranoiac rtainly. T is n ! sc ool o2 4syc o4at olo0y 2ound ra 1an ! o su22 r d 2ro1 allucinations( 2ro1 id as o2r 2 r nc ( 2ro1 d lusions o2 0rand ur. In t 2irstd cad o2 t t! nti t c ntury( boo/s a44 ar d ! icdisturb d Sc ! it6 r 4ro2oundly. T y as/ d i2 J sus !asan cstatic( t y 2ran/ly 4ronounc d i1 to b an insan1an( t y analy6 d t 'os4 ls 2or 3id nc o24syc o4at ic sy14to1s. T y ! r 3 ry littl uali2i d2or t ir tas/. T y ad no critical und rstandin0 o2 tsourc s. T y bas d t ir 2indin0s on istoricallydiscr dit d material7 =et Sch eit4er?s +riends pointedout to him that his o n studies ere in part responsi(le+or them7 The riting o+ this little (oo as, there+ore,to Sch eit4er an inescapa(le duty7 !e himsel+ as surethat Jesus as completely sane7 That Jesus shared the"essianic ideas o+ late Judaism, that he ho as really adescendant o+ %avid had come to (elieve that in the orld to come he as destined to (e the "essiah, are in no

rational sense evidences o+ mental disease7 The little(oo that +ollo s came out o+ a deep inner compulsion7 thad to (e ritten7 t made its case7

Sc ! it6 r 4oints out t at it is conc i3abl t atr li0ious trut 1i0 t b 4r ac d ind 4 nd ntly o2 anya0 ( trut t at is uni3 rsally and 3 rlastin0ly so(trut t at is 3alid 2or 3 ry succ din0 0 n ration andc ntury. T si14l 2act( o! 3 r( is t at t trut t atJ sus tau0 t is not o2 t at /ind. H ad a 0os4 l o2 lo3

to t ac and t n !ra44 d it u4 in t id as o2 iscont 14orari s. W cannot a44ro4riat to ours l3 s t is0os4 l o2 lo3 by r 2usin0 to r co0ni6 t !ra44in0.Eac a0 1ust un!ra4 t 0os4 l and t n a44ly it a2r sto its l2( ! ic 1 ans( in all 4robability( n3 lo4in0 ita0ain in t 14orary co3 rs. A2t r all J sus is 4ro2oundlyconc rn d !it lo3 its l2 !it out ! ic no 1an !illnt r into is 8 ssianic in0do1. T r is( t n( t isndurin0 / rn l in is t ac in0 ! ic ! 1ust l arn to

1a/ our o!n in our o!n !ay.Sc ! it6 r i1s l2 b st 74r ss s it


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t t ac in0s o2 J sus in t !ay it us d to t in/4ossibl ( it still as t s4irit o2 J sus not a0ainst itbut on its sid . J sus no doubt 2its is t ac in0 intot lat J !is 8 ssianic do01a. But do s not t in/do01atically. H 2or1ulat s no doctrin . H is 2ar 2ro1

9ud0in0 any 1an:s b li 2 by r 2 r nc to any standard o2do01atic corr ctn ss. "o! r do s d 1and o2 isar rs t at t y s all sacri2ic t in/in0 to b li 3in0.

Nuit t contrary H bids t 1 1 ditat upon religion7n the Sermon on the "ount he lets ethics, as the essenceo+ religion, +lood their hearts, leading them to @udgethe value o+ piety (y hat it ma es o+ a man +rom theethical point o+ vie 7


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PREFACE TO THE 1913 EDITION

I a3 und rta/ n in t 4r s nt boo/ to 7a1in


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t orou0 ly t con9 ctur ! ic 2irst a44 ar d in #a3idFri dric Strauss( and ! ic 1or r c ntly as b nr 4 at d by 1any a istorian and doctor( t at t J sus! o li3 d in t !orld o2 id as contain d in t Boo/ o2#ani l and in t lat J !is a4ocaly4tic lit ratur and

! o consid r d i1s l2 t


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cl ar to 1 ( t at t stud nts ! o a3 2ound so1 t in04syc o4at ic about t a4ocaly4tically51ind d J sus a3id nti2i d !it t 1orbid ! at 3 r in is t ou0 t !orldis 4 culiar and stran0 to us !it out u stionin0 1orclos ly ! t r t is a44ar ntly ob3ious id nti2ication is

it r 0 n rally or 4articularly 3alid in t 4r s ntcas . I2 on 0o s into t is d cisi3 4robl 1( it d 3 lo4st at t standards stablis d by 1od rn 4syc iatry donot 4 r1it suc an id nti2ication as t abo3 ( ! ica44 ars in t utt ranc s o2 istorians and doctorsconc rn d !it t is sub9 ct. T co14l tion o2 t study(! ic !it t 7c 4tion o2 additional obs r3ationsconc rnin0 t !or/ o2 Ras1uss n and its broad rcons u nc s constitut s t contents o+ my medicaldissertation, ould have (een impossi(le ithout thevalua(le supervision o+ $rivy -ounsellor $ro+essor %octor


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experience, (oth under the discipline o+ criticaltalents##are very seldom +ound together7

On o2t n ncount rs in t is 2i ld o2 study( t r 2or (1isconc 4tions o2 t 0ross st /ind( caus d by t lac/o2 on or anot r o2 t s 4r r uisit s and so1 ti1 s byt lac/ o2 all o2 t 1.To 2or1 a 9ud01 nt about any 4 rson on t sol basis o2is acts is contrary to all 4syc iatric 4ractic and asal!ays so1 t in0 sus4icious about it. I2 t is is tru 2ort 4r s nt a0 ( o! 1uc 1or r straint 1ust b7 rcis d ! n ! ar d alin0 !it 4 o4l 2ro1 a 3 rydistant 4oc and !it i14 r2 ct and unc rtaintraditions For t is r ason t constantly r currin0instanc s o2 istorical 4il 4tics( li/ 8o a11 d( JuliusCa sar( and 3 n "a4ol on I i1s l2( s 1 to us 3 ryu stionabl and l 0 ndary. E3 n 1or uncertain is theground on hich e tread, hen e endeavor to investigatein the light o+ modern psychiatry the minds o+ people+rom a +ar distant epoch7

B caus o2 t is( today:s 4syc iatrists ar alsodisinclin d 2or t 1ost 4art to us t4syc o4at olo0ical 1 t od( 4artly b caus t y do notconsid r 1od rn 4syc iatry so 4 r2 ct d and stabili6 dt at t y can 2ind a us 2ul crit rion in it 2or all tacts o2 1an/ind( 4artly b caus t y /no! t at 3 ry3ital u1an acti3ity 1ust b und rstood !it in tconditions o2 its o!n a0 .

E3 n t ou0 t 0 n ral consid rations r a2t r1 ntion d 9usti2y c rtain 4r 9udic s a0ainst t4syc o4at olo0ical lit ratur ( t r ar also in tnatur o2 t 4robl 1 s4 cial r asons 2or disinclinationand t s latt r ta/ on an 7traordinary 1otional 3alu! n it is a u stion o2 d alin0 4syc o4at olo0ically!it t li2 o2 J sus( as as actually b n don by3arious 4 o4l .

All t 1or cl arly indicat d( o! 3 r( s 1s to b tn c ssity o2 assurin0 on s l2 r o2 t 4r r uisit snu1 rat d abo3 .

T ob9 cti3 o2 t is boo/ is so conc i3 d( t n( t att o4inions ad3anc d by t 1 dical !rit rs ! o a3d alt !it J sus s ould b car 2ully 7a1in d 2ro1 t4syc iatric and critical 4oint o2 3i !.

T sus4icion t at t 1ind o2 J sus 1i0 t so1 o! a3


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1orbid c aract ristics 2ound utt ranc in istoricalr s arc lon0 b 2or 4syc iatry b ca1 int r st d in t4 rson o2 t "a6ar n . W n #a3id Fri dric Straussb 0an 2irst o2 all to !or/ dir ctly !it t istorical1at rial( 2 lt obli0 d to d clar t at J sus( as is

bio0ra4 y r 3 als( li3 d !it t ui7otic id a t at !as d stin d to a44 ar in t n ar 2utur in a bla6 o2su4 rnatural 0lory( surround d by an0 ls( on t cloudso2 a3 n( to 9ud0 t !orld as t 74 ct d 8 ssia andto stablis t in0do1 ! ic !as to 2ollo!.

In is 2irst 'i+e o+ Jesus ) ass rts( in s4 a/in0 o2t is 1att r( t at J sus 1ust b consid r d 2ro1 our 4ointo2 3i ! a 2anatic. I11 diat ly( o! 3 r( tri s to74lain t at t "a6ar n ( 3 n t ou0 t at 2anatical

id a ad 0ri44 d i1( can b consid r d( non t l ss( ason in 2ull 4oss ssion o2 all is 2aculti s( 4artlyb caus o2 t 2act t at is 74 ctation as its roots int 0 n ral conc 4tions o2 lat Judais1.

W n !rot is s cond 'i+e o+ Jesus in ),=+( !as so3i3idly conscious o2 t 2anatical in t t ou0 t o2 ts cond co1in0( t at( as says in a l tt r to Wil l1Lan0( !as inclin d to consid r t id a as 3 ry closto 1adn ss( and accordin0ly doubt d ! t r t sayin0s

t at r 2 r to t is r ally ori0inat d !it J sus.T r 2or ( d cid d to l t t 1 2all co14l t ly intot bac/0round in is 4ortrayal o2 J sus( and !asr 4roac d by 3arious critics 2or a4ostasy 2ro1 tb tt r 9ud01 nt s o! d in ),; . ?

In t last d cad istorical r s arc as 1or and 1orcl arly 4 rc i3 d t at t 74 ctation o2 t s condco1in0 o2 t 8 ssia is at t c nt r o2 J sus: t ou0 t(and t at it do1inat s is 2 lin0( is !ill and is

action 2ar 1or ri0orously t an ! ad 4r 3iouslysu44os d. At t sa1 ti1 ( o! 3 r( t id as 74r ss dby #a3id Fri dric Strauss !ould not b sil nc d. A0ainand a0ain t r 4roac !as 1ad t at t 4ortraits o2J sus( ! ic 4lac in t 2or 0round ! at Strauss callst ui7otic and t 2anatical in t !orld o2 J sus:id as( 4ictur a 4 rsonality !it cl arly r 3 al d 1orbidtraits. ;

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP

)#a3id Fri dric Strauss( %as 'e(en Jesu The 'i+e o+JesusB ( t!o 3olu1 s T bin0 n( ),; ( )+, 44.D.
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?#a3id Fri dric Strauss( %as 'e(en Jesu + rs deutsche.ol (ear(eitet The 'i+e o+ Jesus /evised +or the &erman$eopleB ( ),=+( =;) 44.D. T stat 1 nt in t l tt r toWil l1 Lan0 is cit d in T obald Zi 0l r:s %avid

)riedrich Strauss ( %art II )* ,( 44. = , 2.D.;Stud nts li/ H. J. Holt61ann and Adol2 J lic r( a1on0ot rs( 74r ss t is 4oint o2 3i !. S H. J. Holt61ann(%as messianische3e usstsein Jesu

In t 1ost r c nt 4 as o2 t study t discussionturns al1ost ntir ly u4on t u stion o2 t d 0r to! ic suc id as o2 J sus 1ay b consid r d aut ntic.

Ind d( a s ri s o2 att 14ts a3 b n 1ad ! icss ntially r 4r s nt t 8 ssianic clai1s o2 J sus andt 74 ctation o2 is s cond co1in0 as un istoric.Accordin0 to t is y4ot sis t "a6ar n !as a si14lJ !is t ac r( ! os 2ollo! rs a2t r is d at l 3at di1 to t ran/ o2 8 ssia and t n 4roc d d to 4lac inis 1out allusions and 74r ssions r latin0 to it. + " 3 rt l ss( t is /ind o2 distinction b t! n aut nticand unaut ntic !ords in t sourc s cannot b1aintain d. It 1ust( t r 2or ( b ad1itt d t at J susconsid r d i1s l2 to b t 8 ssia and 74 ct d is1a9 stic r turn on t clouds o2 a3 n. T4syc o4at olo0ical lit ratur about J sus ! ic is rin u stion includ s t !or/s o2 #r. d Loost n( #r.Willia1 Hirsc ( = and #r. Bin t5San0lG > alon0sid o2t s s ould also b 1 ntion d

PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP+T 1ost in0 nious att 14t o2 t is sort !as by Willia1Wr d in is ! ll5/no!n study( %as "essiasgeheimnis inden Evangelien; The "essianic Secret in the &ospelsB ( 'Qttin0 n( )* )( ?== 44.D.

' or0 d Loost n #r. ' or0 Lo1 rD( Jesus -hristus vomStandpun te des $sychiaters Jesus -hrist +rom theStandpoint o+ the $sychiatristB ( Ba1b r0( )* ( ) +44.D.=

Willia1 Hirsc ( -onclusions o+ a $sychiatrist " ! Yor/()*)?D. Translated into &erman under the title, /eligionund Fivilisation vom Standpun te des $sychiaters
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/eligion and -ivili4ation +rom the Standpoint o+ the$sychiatristB ( 8unic ( = ? 44.D. >Ge(er Jesus> >-oncerning Jesus> D( 44. ,>5)=+.>C arl s Bin t5San0lG( 'a )olie de J*sus The %ementia o+

JesusB . $ol. I ;d Edition( %aris( )*))( ;>? 44.D Sonh*r*dit*; sa constitution; sa physiologie !is !eredity;!is -onstitution; !is $hysiologyB . $ol. II ;d Edition(%aris( )*) ( )= 44.D Ses connaissances; ses id*es; sond*lire; ses hallucinations !is 2no ledge; !is deas; !is%elirium; !is !allucinationsB . $ol. III )st Edition(%aris( )*)?( ;= 44.D Ses +acult*s intellectuelles; sessentiments; son procHs !is ntellectual )aculties;!is)eelings; !is Trial73e usstsein Jesu T 8 ssianic Consciousn ss o2 J susD( )* >( 44. , 2D. T obald Zi 0l r 0i3 s an 3 n 1or3i0orous 74r ssion to t s r 2l ctions( #a3id Fri dricStrauss( $olu1 II( 4. = *. S also H r1ann W rn r ( D( " u /irc l. Z itsc ri2t( @@II()*))( 44. ;+>5;* .

A1on0 t non51 dical boo/s on J sus: 1 ntality s ouldalso b 1 ntion d t !or/s o2 Os/ar Holt61ann(


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Jo n t Ba4tist. %roc din0 st 4 by st 4 ) J sus 2inallyarri3 d at t 4oint o2 r latin0 to i1s l2 all tScri4tural 4ro1is s( ! ic ad b co1 3ital a0ain t rou0national 1is2ortun ( and 2or ! os ulti1at 0lorious2ul2ill1 nt all arts o4 d.

J sus r 0ard d i1s l2 as a co14l t ly su4 rnaturalb in0. For only so and not ot r!is can 1an und rstandis b a3ior ! n arro0at d to i1s l2 di3in ri0 tsli/ t 2or0i3 n ss o2 sins. ))

T at / 4t t 8 ssianic di0nity ! ic clai1 d as1uc as 4ossibl to i1s l2( d Loost n 74lains4syc olo0ically )? by t r 2l ction t at J sus did notb li 3 ad a lar0 nou0 2ollo!in0 at t at ti1 tonabl i1 to r ali6 is clai1s.

Fro1 is !ords to t youn0 1an ! o !is d to att nd tot burial o2 is 2at r( )=5? still anot r id a o24 rs cution is adduc d. )=

Conc rnin0 is 1otional li2 d Loost n says t at J sus:t 14 ra1 nt !as not at all uni2or1ly s r n on 3 ryoccasion( and t at so1 ti1 s !as liabl to stran0 anda44ar ntly 0roundl ss 1oods o2 d 4r ssion. )> Inillustration t Fourt 'os4 l is s4 cially cit d. ),

B 2or is arr st J sus 2ound i1s l2 in a i0 lyn r3ous( 7citabl stat . H /n ! ! at a ris/y 0a1 4lay d and su22 r d 0r atly und r t ! i0 t o2 2 ars ando1inous 1is0i3in0s. T co14l t ly s ns l ss cursin0 o2
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t 2i0 tr ( also b co1 s int lli0ibl only as s4rin0in02ro1 t is 1ood. )*

T !ay in ! ic J sus r ta/ s out is ill5 u1or on ad 2 ns l ss tr is( as ! a3 said( to b 74lain donly as t boilin0 o3 r o2 s 3 r s4iritual 7cit 1 nt.T dri3in0 o2 t 1on y5c an0 rs out o2 t t 14l dLoost n d scrib s as a s oc/in0 act o2 3iol nc .

A1on0 allucinations 1 ntions t occurr nc s at tba4tis1 by Jo n( ? a 3ision ! ic ob3iously 7 rcis d ad cisi3 in2lu nc u4on J sus: lat r d cisions.

T is is a 1att r o2 allucinations in t 3isual andauditory r al1s( ! ic r c rtainly( as is o2t n tcas ( acco14any a 0r atly 7cit d 1ind.

Wit ! at 2r u ncy J sus ad t s allucinatory3isitations( ! do not /no!( says d Loost n. Hconsid rs it 4robabl t at J sus d 4 nds u4on t 1 3 n2or is d cisions and t at si1ilar 3isions li/ t os att ba4tis1 occurr d lat r.

B sid s t 3isual allucinations( d Loost n t in/s t atit is i0 ly 4robabl t at J sus su22 r d 2ro1 3oic s! ic s 1 d to i1 to co1 out o2 is o!n body. ?) J sus4lac d an 7alt d 3alu u4on t su4 rnatural s4irit

KLM OLPO D all 0 dly r sidin0 !it in i1. A dai1oniond t r1in d ! at s ould do and l a3 undon ( and ob y d. ??

T utt ranc o2 J sus( ! ic ta/ s out o2 ttraditional t 7t(


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Hirsc trac s t d 3 lo41 nt o2 t d lusion in t is!ay. ? W 2ind a boy !it unusual 1 ntal tal nts ! o is(n 3 rt l ss( 4r dis4os d to 4syc ic disturbanc s( and!it in ! o1 d lusions 0radually 2or1. H s4 nds is ! oll isur in t study o2 t Holy Scri4tur s( t r adin0

o2 ! ic c rtainly contribut d to is 1 ntal illn ss.W n at t a0 o2 t irty 2irst 1ad a 4ublica44 aranc ( is 4aranoia !as co14l t ly stablis d. Itis a44ar ntly on o2 t os cas s( Hirsc b li 3 s( ! rsudd n and 2or1l ss 4syc otic id as ar ( ind d( 4r s nt(but ! r ( non t l ss( t y n d an 7t rnal s oc/ and astron0 1otion( in ord r to 2or1 a ty4ical syst 1aticstructur o2 4aranoia.

T is s oc/ !as 4ro3id d 2or C rist by anot r 4aranoid(

no ot r t an Jo n t Ba4tist. ?= 8 anti1 J sus:d lusions attain d t ir 1ost co14l t 1aturity( and ! n ard o2 t At t conclusiono2 t is 74osition 0o s so 2ar as to ass rt t at no

t 7tboo/ on 1 ntal dis as s could 4ro3id a 1or ty4icald scri4tion o2 a 0radually but c as l ssly 1ountin01 0alo1ania t an t at a22ord d by t li2 o2 J sus.
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Id as o2 r 2 r nc ar also 2ound in J sus by Hirsc ( ?, in so 2ar as b li 3 d t at all t 4r dictions o2 t4ro4 ts a44li d to i1 and t at !as t /in0 ! os ould rul o3 r t !orld. T r in t "a6ar n1ani2 sts on o2 t actual 4 culiariti s o2 4aranoids(

! o a44ly to t 1s l3 s 3 ryt in0 4ossibl t at t y sor r ad.

J sus: clai1 to b o2 t 2a1ily o2 #a3id( Hirsc r lat sto t ! ll5/no!n t nd ncy o2 yout 2ul 4aranoids tosubstitut 2or t ir r al d sc nt a i0 ly color d2anci2ul on .

T cursin0 o2 t 2i0 tr is r 4r s nt d as t actiono2 a 4aranoid !it out( o! 3 r( 7a1inin0 t is id a 1orclos ly.Conc rnin0 t ba4tis1al allucination r 1ar/s


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T r cord d allucinations o2 J sus( accordin0 to Bin t5San0lG( cannot a3 b n t only on s( as insan 1ysticsal1ost al!ays su22 r 2ro1 allucinations o2 1uscl 5s ns .


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lon0 discours s to t sacra1 nts o2 t ba4tis1 and tlast su44 r( sacra1 nts 4 r2or1 d by t s4irit andactual only a2t r is d at . In t conduct and t4r c 4ts o2 a lit rary 4 rsonality( cr at d in accordanc!it suc 4rinci4l s( 1uc t at is 4 culiar( unnatural

and studi d( co1 s to li0 t( ! ic t4syc o4at olo0ists( o2 cours ( do not 2ail to obs r3 (and ! ic in t ir 9ud01 nts( indicat illn ss. T r 5uart rs o2 t 1att r studi d by d Loost n( Bin t5San0lG and Hirsc co1 2ro1 t Fourt 'os4 l. +

T 'os4 l o2 Lu/ a0r s in t 1ain !it t 'os4 ls o28ar/ and 8att !. W r 3 r it 0o s b yond t 1 it 1a/ sus a doubt2ul contribution( ! ic 1or o3 r is !it out any0r at si0ni2icanc 2or t criticis1 o2 J sus and so can

b l 2t out o2 consid ration. It s ould b 4articularlynot d t at t story o2 t t! l3 5y ar5old J sus in tt 14l ( ! ic alon 4r s nts to us Lu/ ? +)5 ?D(cannot b consid r d istorical 2or a 3ari ty o2 r asons.

T stori s o2 t birt and t c ild ood in 8att ! 8att. ) and ?D also b lon0 to l 0 nd( not to istory.

T r r 1ain( t n( as us 2ul sourc s( t 'os4 l o28att !( !it t 7c 4tion o2 t 2irst t!o c a4t rs(and t at o2 8ar/. T y a0r !it on anot r in t irconstruction. 8att ! 0o s b yond 8ar/ in a s ri s o23aluabl discours s ! ic alon as and d do!n to4ost rity. +) Bot 'os4 ls dat 2ro1 b t! n > and *y ars a2t r C rist. T y 0o bac/( o! 3 r( to still old rsourc s( a 2act ! ic 1ay b acc 4t d as c rtain. In0 n ral t ir r 4orts ar trust!ort y( and 3 n t ou0r and t r lat r 1isund rstandin0s and cloudy

traditions ar to b obs r3 d( t 7act si1ilarity o2c rtain d tails is startlin0.

Conc rnin0 t arly li2 o2 J sus ! /no! 3 ry littl .H ca1 2ro1 a car4 nt r:s 2a1ily in "a6ar t and i1s l24li d t at trad . H do s not s 1 to a3 ta/ n anystudi s l adin0 to an a44 aranc as a t ac r. W n lat r a44 ar d in is o1 to!n as a 4ro4 t( t

in abitants !ond r d at t !isdo1 o2 t 1an ! o1 t yus d to /no! only as a car4 nt r 8ar/ = )5 D. Ho! 3 r(it is 4ossibl t at b 2or is 4ublic a44 aranc adalr ady s4 nt a lon0 r ti1 ls ! r . His /no!l d0 o2

t Scri4tur s could a3 b n 0ain d 2ro1 t Sabbatr adin0s.

Four brot rs and s 3 ral sist rs ar 1 ntion d 8ar/
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= ; ; ;)D. W do not l arn ! r is a0 4lac d i1a1on0 t c ildr n.

T at t 2a1ily o2 J sus on is 2at r:s sid !asd sc nd d 2ro1 #a3id 1ay b consid r d assur d( and t ris not in0 7traordinary about it. A1on0 t os ! or turn d 2ro1 t Babylonian ca4ti3ity und r Cyrus ! r1 1b rs o2 t royal 2a1ily. T 2irst cara3an !as l d byZ rubbab l o2 t 2a1ily o2 #a3id( ! o also 4lay d ani14ortant 4olitical rol at t b 0innin0 E6ra ; ,Zac aria + = 2 Ha00ai ) )?5) D. W n t blind 1an int str ts o2 J ric o addr ss d J sus as t 2.D( and t 4 o4l at t ntrancinto J rusal 1 7ult d in t co1in0 o2 t


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n c ssary 2or 9usti2ication at t 9ud01 nt consist( andr 1inds t 1 o2 t 0r at 1is ry ! ic still standsb 2or t 1. H ! o is 2ait l ss in t ti1 o24 rs cution is lost ! o !is s to sa3 is art lyli2 !ill los is t rnal li2 . Conc rnin0 i1s l2 J sus

74 cts t at 1ust at t at ti1 ndur 0r at dis0racand 4 rs cution and i14lor s is 2ollo! rs not to b l dastray t n( and in s4it o2 all( to r 1ain loyal to i1 8ar/ , ;+5* )D.

In t is conn ction( it s ould b notic d t at in t74 ctations o2 t lat J !is !orld an old r 4ro4 tic!ay o2 loo/in0 at t in0s and a youn0 r a4ocaly4tic !ay o2loo/in0 at t in0s 7ist sid by sid . In accordanc !itt arli r 3i ! a distinction is dra!n b t! n t

8 ssianicin0do1 and t s4l ndid( d 2initi3 nd5stat o2 t!orld ! ic do s not co1 until a2t r t 2or1 raccordin0 to t lat r id a( ! ic !as s ar d by J sus(bot occur to0 t r.

T di22 r nc s b t! n t s t!o 4oints o2 3i ! inconn ction !it t ir id as o2 t 2utur rul r( a3 ac rtain si0ni2icanc . T 4ro4 tic notion is t at isa s oot 2ro1 t st 1 o2 #a3id( ! o at t 4ro4 r ti1!ill b ndo! d by 'od !it su4 rnatural 4o! r and !isdo1and anoint d t in0 o2 'lory. It is 2or t is r asont at is call d t 8 ssia t anoint d on D. In tboo/ o2 #ani l t cons u nc is s n t at t r is nolon0 r any r i0nin0 2a1ily o2 #a3id out o2 ! ic a rul rcould b rais d to t 4osition o2 8 ssia . T r 2or taut or 74 cts t at 'od !ill con2 r t is i0 st 4o! r int co1in0 !orld stat to an an0 lic b in0 ! o as au1an 2or1 and loo/s li/ );

2D.In t lat r a4ocaly4tic lit ratur ( and alr ady in tA4ocaly4s o2 Enoc ( t


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did conc rn i1s l2 !it t u stion. His solution o2t 4robl 1 is o2 1 anin0 to us in so 2ar as it3ouc sa2 s us a 0li14s into t consid rations 2ro1! ic 0r ! t 2ait t at !as to a44 ar as t8 ssia .

It s ould b said( to corr ct ob3ious 1isund rstandin0s(t at J sus do s not 1 an t at as a nor1al 1an isalr ady in is li2 ti1 t 8 ssia ( or t Son o2 8an.His con3iction is t at is ordain d to t is di0nity and!ill b r 3 al d in it at t nd o2 t !orld. T is ist 1 anin0 o2 is !ords to is 9ud0 s. A2t r asans! r d in t a22ir1ati3 t u stion o2 t Hi0%ri st( i2 olds i1s l2 to b t 8 ssia ( adds


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only on !itn ss 2or is accusation( and as( accordin0 toJ !is la!( at l ast t!o ! r n c ssary b 2or s nt nccould b 4ronounc d( 3 ryt in0 d 4 nd d on ! t r J susad1itt d is 0uilt or not. H could a3 sa3 d i1s l2 bysil nc . But did not !is to do so as ad co1 to

J rusal 1 !it t s ttl d 4ur4os o2 dyin0 and ad 3 ndisclos d t is to is disci4l s 8ar/ , ;) * ;)D.

H is con3inc d t at is d at is an aton 1 nt 8ar/) + D( b caus o2 ! ic 1an/ind !ill b 7 14t d by 'od2ro1 t 0 n ral 1is ry ! ic is to 4r c d t 8 ssianicin0do1( and 74 cts t at ( at t 1o1 nt o2 is d ator on t t ird day a2t r is d at ( !ill nt r into tsu4 rnatural li2 ( ac i 3 t 8 ssianic onor( and us rin t nd o2 t !orld( t 9ud01 nt and t 8 ssianic

in0do1. T disci4l s und rstand is allusions in t iss ns and on t !ay to J rusal 1 uarr l o3 r ! ic o2t 1 !ill b call d u4on to occu4y t 4lac o2 i0 stonor b sid i1 8ar/ * ;; 2 ) ; 5+ D.

It s ould b notic d also t at J sus did not !or/4ublicly durin0 t ! ol 4 riod b t! n is 2irsta44 aranc and is d at . A2t r ad 4r ac d 2or ati1 t n arn ss o2 t in0do1 o2 'od ca1 tob li 3 ( 4robably at t ti1 o2 t ar3 st( t at t

74 ct d 1o1 nt ad co1 and s nt is disci4l s out t!oby t!o to carry t tidin0s into t districts o2 Isra l.As s nds t 1 out announc s to t 1 in asi0ni2icant s4 c 8att. ) D t at t ti1 o2 0r atdistr ss !ill 2ort !it b 0in. Si1ultan ously oldsout b 2or t 1 t 4ros4 ct t at t co1in0 o2 t Sono2 8an !ill ta/ 4lac b 2or t y a3 ad ti1 to carryout is co11ission 8att. ) ?;D. H 74 cts also int is ti1 o2 str ss ! il t y ar a!ay 2ro1 i1 to btrans2or1 d into t 8 ssia .

W n t y r turn d to i1 !it out is 4r dictions a3in0b n 2ul2ill d !it dr ! !it t 1 into t at ncountry. In t 1idst o2 is succ ss abandon d t1ultitud s ! o ad 0at r d around i1 to a!ait tco1in0 o2 t in0do1 o2 'od( and s4 nt t ti1 till isd 4artur 2or J rusal 1 t at is( t autu1n and !int rDin at n t rritory( in t n i0 bor ood o2 Tyr andSidon and Ca sar a % ili44i( !it out 4r ac in0 and int ntonly on r 1ainin0 un/no!n. In t is 4 riod account d2or t non5arri3al o2 t 4 riod o2 troubl and o2 tin0do1 o2 'od in t is !ay t at as t co1in0 8 ssia


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!as call d u4on to su22 r and di 2or ot rs. In t2or1ulation o2 t is t ou0 t( t d at o2 Jo n tBa4tist ! ic occurr d a2t r t s ndin0 out o2 tdisci4l sD( in ! o1 J sus ad r co0ni6 d t Eli9a ! oad b n 4ro1is d 2or t last days 8al. + 2 8att.

)) );5) 8ar/ * ))5);D( and t ;d c a4t r o2 t boo/o2 Isaia ( ! ic s4 a/s o2 t S r3ant o2 'od ! o su22 rs2or t 0uilt o2 t 4 o4l ( ! r 4robably d cisi3 .

Is it 4ossibl 2ro1 t s/ tc r 0i3 n( and 2ro1 t1any d tails ! ic could not b ta/ n into consid rationto dra! conclusions li/ t os ! ic d Loost n( Hirscand Bin t5San0lG a3 r ac dM Alr ady in ourintroduction t r asons ar 0i3 n ! ic 1ust 1a/ usi0 ly s/ 4tical r . " 3 rt l ss( l t us 0o into t

substanc o2 t s !ritin0s in ord r to 2or1 a cl aro4inion.

Fro1 t is urri d 0lanc at t sourc s( t cont nts o2t 4r ac in0 o2 J sus( and t cours o2 is 4ublica44 aranc ( ! 1ay 0at r o! 1uc o2 t 1at rial us dby d Loost n( Hirsc and Bin t5San0lG is unt nabl i2on d ducts 2ro1 it t at ! ic is not trust!ort y 2ro1t 4oint o2 3i ! o2 istorical criticis1.

"ot in0 t at is adduc d 2ro1 t 1 conc rnin0 J sus:c ild ood and yout ( conc rnin0 is 4r dis4ositions andis d 3 lo41 nt can clai1 any 3alidity. T story in Lu/o2 t b a3ior o2 t t! l3 5y ar old J sus in tt 14l ( ! ic so 0r atly int r st d t4syc o4at olo0ists( and in ! ic Bin t5San0lG !asinclin d to 2ind t account o2 a b 4 r nic crisisits l2( 1ust b dis1iss d 2ro1 consid ration. #iscardin0t Fourt 'os4 l is o2 t 0r at st i14ortanc . T issourc lon0 4 r1itt d t 4syc o4at olo0ists t

assu14tion t at ! can 2ollo! J sus: 1 ntal d 3 lo41 ntt rou0 t cours o2 t r y ars only t is allo! d t 1to dra! a 4 rsonality continually occu4i d !it is 0o(4lacin0 it in t 2or 0round o2 is discours s( ass rtin0is di3in ori0in and d 1andin0 o2 is ar rs acorr s4ondin0 2ait . +?

B caus o2 t 2act t at t t r 4syc o4at olo0istscon2us t 4ortrait in Jo n !it t at in t old r'os4 ls55 in ! ic J sus do s not s4 a/ o2 i1s l2 or o2

is di0nity 55t y co1 to t conclusion t at so1 ti1 s 4roclai1 d i1s l2 as t 8 ssia ( and so1 ti1 sr 2rain d 2ro1 doin0 so( int r4r tin0 t is conduct in
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t r1s analo0ous to t os ! ic ar 4ro4 rly a44li d to4aranoids.

W cannot nt r on by on into a consid ration o2 tnu1 rous and( in 4art( 3 ry 0ri 3ous 1isund rstandin0s! ic cro4 u4 2ro1 d Loost n:s( Hirsc :s and Bin t5San0lG:s un2a1iliarity !it t a4ocaly4tic !orld53i ! o2lat Judais1( and !it critical in3 sti0ation.

In conn ction !it t 4syc iatric 3aluation o2 t1at rial at and ! 1ust onc a0ain 4oint to t 3 ry7traordinary natur o2 t di22iculti s ! ic con2ront3 ry 22ort at a dia0nosis. +;

Sinc t 1ann r and t 1 t od by ! ic a 1 ntalab rration is 74r ss d ar 1uc 4lain r dia0nosticallyt an its cont nt( it is i11 diat ly 3id nt t atbio0ra4 ical 1at rial is to b utili6 d !it 7tr 1caution. T 1a9ority o2 t


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a1on0 t 1ost di22icult 4robl 1s o2 1od rn 4syc iatry.It is still 3 ry 2ar 2ro1 solution. It 1ay( o! 3 r( b14 asi6 d r t at t contro3 rsy no! 0oin0 on aboutt natur o2 4aranoia is in no s1all d 0r also acontro3 rsy o3 r !ords. A consid rabl nu1b r o2 t

/inds o2 4aranoia ar su22ici ntly ! ll /no!n in t !ayt y 4ro0r ss to 4 r1it a 4ro2itabl discussion o2di22 r ntial dia0nosis a1on0 t os ! o ar conc rn d not!it t !ords but !it t 2acts.

Bin t5San0lG 4ro4os s t dia0nosis o2 r li0ious4aranoia. Fro1 t 0 n ral discussions includ d as a /indo2 2ra01 nt 2or a 4syc iatric t 7tboo/ in is4syc o4at olo0ical !or/ ! 1ay conclud t at distin0uis s t r 4 as s( as 8a0nan do s in is


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r s 1bl t 4aranoiac 2or1 o2 ra 4 lin %ementia praecox ( ar 2or t 1ost 4art os4itali6 d soon a2t r

t ons t o2 t ir illn ss( and t at t s 2or1s o21 ntal dis as ar 7actly t ty4 ! ic do not !insu44ort rs and disci4l s and 2ound s cts. T nu1 rous

allucinations( t catatonic sy14to1s in t broad sts ns o2 t !ord autis1D( and t 22 cts o2dissociation 1a/ t s sic/ 4 o4l inca4abl o2cons cuti3 acti3ity i2 so1 r nunciation o2 acti3ityta/ s 4lac it s ldo1 corr s4onds to t d lusionalcont nts o2 a consciousn ss ! ic as b n i14air d by4syc osis. T 2act is ! ll /no!n t at sic/ 4 o4lsu22 rin0 2ro1 d lusions o2 4 rs cution( 4articularly2ro1 a 1orbid 2 ar o2 4 ysical 4 rs cution( continu tocarry on t ir !or/ y ars on nd and 7tr 1 ly s ldo1dra! t 4ractical conclusion 2ro1 t ir allucinationsand d lusions( na1 ly t at t y s ould d 2 nd t 1s l3 sa0ainst t ir 4 rs cutors55 it r l 0ally or ill 0allyi2 in so1 2l tin0 1ood t y do t is( it a44 ns b causo2 so1 stat o2 7cit 1 nt( and not( t r 2or ( b causo2 conscious and lo0ical in2 r nc s. T 4 rs cut d4syc otics( ! o ar actually and continually on td 2 nsi3 ( t slo! d 3 lo41 nt.< T a44 aranc o2 Jo n t Ba4tist4ro3id d t 2irst i14uls to!ards t 7t rnali6ation o2is id as.

Hirsc is o2 t o4inion t at ! a3 to do !it a casin ! ic unsyst 1ati6 d and und 2in d d lusions ! r4r s nt( in ! ic ( o! 3 r( t s id as n d d an7t rnal s oc/ and a stron0 1otion in ord r to ta/s a4 in a ty4ical 4syc otic syst 1.

Bin t5San0lG 1aintains t at t 4ri1ary d lusion t4ri1ordial 2i7 d id aD a44 ar d ex a(rupto ( !it out any4r 3ious consid ration.

"o on o2 t t r aut ors stat s cl arly ! at tcont nt o2 t is 4ri1ary d lusion !as. Fro1 t ir ot rstat 1 nts ! 1ay conclud t at J sus: b li 2 in is o!n


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8 ssia s i4 s ould b consid r d as t 4ri1ary d lusion.

As 2or t ori0ins allud d to( t y ar c rtainly not tob t ou0 t o2 as 4ro3 d sinc ! ar not at allac uaint d !it t 4 riod o2 J sus: li2 t at 4r c d sis 4ublic a44 aranc . As d Loost n and Hirsc do not2urt r s4 ci2y t c aract r o2 t 4aranoia( ! cannotdiscuss at all t 4robability o2 t ori0in acc 4t d byt 1.

Bin t5San0lG in is assu14tion o2 t a44 aranc 7a(rupto o2 t 4ri1ary d lusion a22ir1s an ori0in ! icis not usually 2ound in t 2or1 o2 t dis as dia0nos dby i1. In t 2irst 4 riod( ! ic Bin t5San0lG o2t ncon2us s !it t s cond allucinatory 4 riod( a stron0id a o2 r 2 r nc t insanity o2 int r4r tationDusually a44 ars at 2irst t d lusion d 3 lo4s0radually( s o!in0 constantly a 4 rs cutory c aract r! ic absolut ly cannot b brou0 t into ar1ony !it anyid a o2 t 8 ssia s i4.

In anot r 4lac Bin t5San0lG on t contrary 14 asi6 st at J sus !as brou0 t to t in/ o2 i1s l2 as t 8 ssiaby t su00 sti3 in2lu nc o2 s 3 ral 3 nts by Jo nt Ba4tist( by is o!n !ond r cur s( by t astonis 1 nto2 t os ! o ! r al d and by t nt usias1 o2 tdisci4l s. H att 14ts in t is 4lac ( t n( a4syc olo0ical 74lanation. +

So 2ar as t 2urt r d 3 lo41 nt o2 t d lusion( tso5call d


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So 2ar as t d 3 lo41 nt o2 t 4syc osis ! ic isacc 4t d by t t r aut ors is conc rn d( ! s ould14 asi6 t at d Loost n s4 a/s o2 a continually1ountin0 cur3 ( ! il Bin t5San0lG and Hirsc r 0ard t2orty days

in t !ild rn ss as a dor1ant 4 riod and 4ro4os a lat rd 3 lo41 nt as conn ct d !it it. "o on o2 t aut orss4 a/s o2 a 4 riod 2ill d !it id as o2 in9ury and4 rs cution( ! ic 74 ri nc s o!s is c aract ristic o2t 2irst 4 as . Only Bin t5San0lG 1 ntions tallucinations about t d 3il in t !ild rn ss( ! icar not 4ictur d as ntir ly 74ansi3 .

It !ould b n c ssary( 4ro3id d t ass rtions o2 tt r aut ors ! r to t 4oint( to consid r tin2r u nt a44 aranc o2 suc a on 5sid d d 3 lo41 nt o21 0alo1ania. It is ! ll /no!n t at t 1 ntally sic/ can3inc d lusions o2 0rand ur t rou0 a lon0 4 riod o2ti1 ( +> but in t is cas no 4ro0r ssion is 4r s nt and sot r is no u stion at all o2 t at


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su4 rnatural 2 rtility55! ic a44 ar in t 4ro4 ticboo/s and in t a4ocaly4s s.

T 8 ssianic 74 ctations b lon0 to t stoc/ o2 latJ !is do01as. But not all t J !s b li 3 d t at t s3 nts ! r i11 diat . T is con3iction !as !id s4r ad!it in a 1o3 1 nt s4 ci2ically J !is ! ic ad itsori0in in Jo n t Ba4tist.

Conc rnin0 t d tails o2 t 8 ssianic id as( a c rtain3ari ty o2 3i !s clos ly a44roac in0 ac ot r !as still4r 3al nt at t at ti1 . +, It is not sur ly att st d int a4ocaly4tical and rabbinical sourc s 2or t ti1 o2J sus t at t 8 ssia 1ust su22 r. On t ot r and(t is id a b ca1 1or 4ossibl as soon as 1 n l t t8 ssia 74 ri nc an anony1ous art ly 7ist nc b 2oris a44 aranc in 0lory( sinc t n ad to su22 r !itt c os n t 1is ry t at 4r c d d t 8 ssia . T8 ssianic 1 anin0 o2 Isaia ;( ! ic s4 a/s o2 tsu22 rin0 s r3ant o2 'od( could also i14l 1 nt tconc 4tion o2 t su22 rin0 8 ssia .

So 2ar as t 1at rial ! a3 r c i3 d 4 r1its us todra! a conclusion( ! 1ay say t at it !as not 2or s n int !orld o2 id as ! ic 1ad u4 t lat J !isr li0ion( t at t 3 ry 1an ! o s ould a44 ar as t8 ssia in 0lory !ould 2irst li3 an anony1ous art lyli2 in t art ly !orld( sinc 2ar5r ac in0unc rtainti s and unsol3 d contradictions do1inat d tbasic u stions about t 4 rsonality and t a44 aranco2 t 8 ssia . +*

At t 1o1 nt( o! 3 r55t is conclusion is o2 t0r at st i14ortanc 2or an insi0 t into t t ou0 t !orldo2 J sus55! n a lat J !is t in/ r und rtoo/ toco14r nd and to clari2y t 4robl 1s o2 t 8 ssianict ac in0s( and i11 diat ly r sol3 d to old 2ast to t8 ssia :s d sc nt 2ro1 #a3id ! ic t 4ro4 ts adinsist d on( no ot r solution !as 4ossibl t an t at s ould b born in t art ly ra o2 t !orld 2ro1 a1on0t d sc ndants o2 #a3id and t n s ould b rais d to tsu4 rnatural s4l ndor o2 t 8 ssia and Son o2 8an(t rou0 t trans2or1ation ! ic !as ordain d 2or all o2t l ct at t nd o2 t !orld. I2 t 1an in u stion!as o2 t o4inion t at t 74 ct d 3 nts ! r n ar at

and( !ould a3 to loo/ 2or t 2utur 8 ssia asalr ady a1on0 t t n li3in0 d sc ndants o2 #a3id.

It s ould b add d t at ! n t J !is 8 ssia is call d


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at t sa1 ti1 t Son o2 'od( t is as not in0! at 3 r to do !it d sc nt 2ro1 'od in any 1 ta4 ysicals ns . T Son o2 'od is only a titl t at indicat s t atis 4lac o2 onor ori0inat s in 'od. In t is s ns tJ !is /in0s ! r alr ady t Sons o2 'od.

I2 a2t r t is urri d sur3 y o2 t lat J !is!orld3i !s( an analysis s ould b att 14t d o2 tattitud ! ic J sus i1s l2 assu1 d in r lation to t iscircl o2 id as( on !ould a3 to discuss 2ro1 t4syc iatric stand4oint( 2irst( is initial attitud tot 8 ssianic id a s4 cially( and t n t 2urt rd 3 lo41 nt o2 is 4 rsonal co14r nsion o2 it.

T 2act t at J sus r 0ard d i1s l2 as t co1in08 ssia 1ust stri/ on ( but 1ost o2 all as arous d tsus4icion o2 so1 7istin0 1 ntal disturbanc . #Loost n( Hirsc and Bin t5San0lG a3 not 2ail d to brin02ort t 0larin0 antit sis b t! n t attitud o2 tcar4 nt r:s son and t at o2 t 8 ssia and Son o2 8an.T is contrast( o! 3 r( is not so lac/in0 in s ns as at2irst si0 t it a44 ars to b i2 on l a3 s out o2consid ration t id as i14lant d by istory and by tlat J !is b li 2s. In t 2irst 4lac ( accordin0 to told st tradition J sus is r ally 2ro1 t 2a1ily o2

#a3id t r 2or it is not 4ossibl to 74lain t4 rtin nt accounts( as( 2or instanc ( Hirsc 74lainst 1( by assu1in0 t at J sus( in co11on !it yout 2ul4aranoiacs( as alt r d is anc stry in a 0randios !ayas a r sult o2 d lusion.

In t s cond 4lac ( it !as 2or s n in t a4ocaly4tical74 ctation as it as b n brou0 t out( t at all tc os n !ould b c an0 d at t co1in0 nd o2 t !orldinto su4 rnatural b in0s and in suc a !ay( ind d( as to

constitut a r 3 rsal o2 3alu s. T os ! o in t is !orld! r lo!ly and d s4is d( ! o ad to s r3 and ! o ! r4 rs cut d( !ould t r b onor d( ! il t os ! o ! ronor d r ( ! o stood i0 ( ! o rul d and n9oy d4o! r( !ould co1 b 2or t 9ud01 nt. J sus s ar d t isa4ocaly4tic 3i ! o2 lat Judais1 at all 4oints as is3id nt in a succ ssion o2 sayin0s. T is 3i ! d 1and d7actly t is( t n( t at ! o !as to occu4y t i0 st4lac in t 2utur !orld s ould r in t naturalcours o2 t !orld b lon0 to t d s4is d and co11on4 o4l . T r 2or ( only a d sc ndant o2 #a3id li3in0 inlo!ly 4o3 rty could b consid r d as t 4ossibl 2utur


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8 ssia . I2 t nd o2 t !orld ! r t ou0 t o2 as b in03 ry n ar( t n it 1ust b t at t is 1an ad alr ady b nborn and ad to b sou0 t !it in t 0 n ration ! ic !asto 74 ri nc t nd o2 t ra.

T attitud o2 J sus is u4 to a c rtain d 0r 1oti3at dby t consid rations 9ust brou0 t 2or!ard( ! ic 2ro1t 4oint o2 3i ! o2 lat Judais1 ar t orou0 ly ob3ious."on t l ss t 3 ry 2act t at r 0ard d i1s l2 ast 1an ! o !ould nt r u4on t su4 rnatural in ritanco2 t 2a1ily o2 #a3id( r 1ains still a stri/in0 t in0.

A 4syc olo0ical analysis o2 t is attitud is not 4ossibl2or r asons alr ady discuss d. W can only say so 1uct at t 7a00 ration o2 an id a do s not in its l29usti2y our consid rin0 it t 1ani2 station o2 a4syc osis.T only 4ossibl 4roo2 in t 4r s nt cas ( t at ! a3r in t 8 ssianic clai1s o2 J sus a 1orbid b li 2(

!ould b t 2urt r 2at o2 t is id a( in ot r !ordst 3id nc o2 a 1 ntal dis as !it ! ic it !asassociat d.

T u stion aris s r ! t r t c an0 in t 3i !so2 J sus ! ic can b 4ro3 d to a3 occurr d durin0 ty ar ! ic is 4 rtin nt in t is conn ction s o!s sy14to1s! ic r 1ind us o2 t 3olution o2 1 ntal dis as . T2acts ! ic ! r brou0 t 2ort in our sur3 y o2 t4ublic 1inistry o2 J sus and is !orld o2 id as n d notb r 4 at d r . Only t is 1uc n ds to b 14 asi6 d(t at id as o2 in9ury and 4 rs cution n 3 r aros ( and4articularly did not occur in t arli st 4 riod o2! ic ! /no! anyt in0 about J sus( alt ou0 our 4r s nt3i ! o2 a


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t at by 3irtu o2 is su22 rin0 t ot rs !ill b s4ar dt su22 rin0 t y ! r to a3 0on t rou0 .

T is 1odi2ication o2 is 3i !s 4r su44os s asusc 4tibility to in2lu nc ! ic do s not accord !itt 2or1s o2 4aranoia ! ic d 3 lo4 in accordanc !it a2ir1ly stablis d ty4 .8or o3 r( t 2actor o2 anta0onis1 is lac/in0( as ! a3alr ady 14 asi6 d in t discussion o2 t on 5sid d(74ansi3 3olution o2 t 1 ntal dis as assu1 d by tt r aut ors. J sus ad( ind d( n 1i s and o44on ntsb caus s4o/ out a0ainst t narro!51ind d and7t rnal 4i ty o2 t % aris s. In r lation to t so44on nts( not i1a0inary but 0 nuin ( J sus conductsi1s l2 in a 2as ion dia1 trically o44osit to tconduct o2 a sic/ 1an !it a 4 rs cutory tr nd. H do snot r 1ain inacti3 and do s not li1it i1s l2 to ad 2 nsi3 attitud li/ so 1any o2 t sic/ ! o b li 3t 1s l3 s 4 rs cut d( but rat r s /s by actions ! ica3 a 4ro3ocati3 c aract r55t dri3in0 2ro1 t2or court o2 t t 14l o2 t trad rs and 1on y5c an0 rs( t discours s a0ainst t % aris s 8att.?;D55to brin0 on a con2lict !it t aut oriti s and to2orc t 1 to ta/ st 4s a0ainst i1( until in t nd

brin0s t i0 council to t d cision to 0 t rid o2 i13 n b 2or t 2 sti3al.

T is conscious 22ort to ac i 3 is d at can in no !ayb d scrib d( as Bin t5San0lG s 1s inclin d to d scribit( as 1orbid s l25sacri2ic ( and cannot b brou0 t intoar1ony !it t corr s4ondin0 actions o2 t 1 ntallydis as d55o2 ! ic t Fr nc !rit r 4roduc s aconsid rabl nu1b r o2 instanc s. As alr ady 1 ntion d(t is sacri2icial d at r 4r s nts a n c ssary constitu nt

4art in t 8 ssianic t ou0 t and action o2 J sus.Conc rnin0 t u stion o2 allucinations it s ould br 1ar/ d at t outs t t at d Loost n( Hirsc and Bin t5San0lG 0o 2ar b yond t r cord d 2acts r . T y assu1t at J sus ad 2r u nt and 3 ry 7t nsi3 allucinationsand 2ind s4 cial su44ort 2or t is in t utt ranc s o2J sus r 4ort d in t Fourt 'os4 l( ! ic t y int r4r tto t is nd by doin0 0r at 3iol nc to t 1at rial.B caus o2 t un istoric natur o2 t is sourc

3 ryt in0 t at !as t ou0 t to b 4r s nt t r in t!ay o2 J sus: allucinations is unt nabl . E3 n tallucination in ' t s 1an ( into t d tails o2 ! ic


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Bin t5San0lG nt rs55an an0 l 2ro1 a3 n is said to a3a44 ar d to J sus Lu/ ?? +;D55cannot b consid r d. Asa co14arison o2 t 'os4 l o2 Lu/ !it bot t old r'os4 ls s o!s( ! ar d alin0 r !it a l 0 ndarylaboration o2 t sc n ! ic 4r c d s t arr st.

T assu14tion o2 t t r aut ors t at t 2orty5dayso9ourn in t !ild rn ss !as 2ill d !it nu1 rousallucinations r sts u4on no t 7tual 2oundation( as asalr ady b n 1 ntion d. But t t r t 14tations o2! ic 8att ! + )5))D in2or1s us ar also un istoricalt y b lon0 to t 4r istoric l 0 nd as #a3id Fri dricStrauss as alr ady ri0 tly r 1ar/ d. T ! ol!ild rn ss 4isod is to b 3aluat d on t ! ol as alit rary 4roduct t at 0r ! out o2 r asonin0 bas d on t

Old T sta1 nt. As 8os s ad s4 nt 2orty days in solitudb 2or t 0i3in0 o2 t la! E7. ?+ ),D( so J sus also1ust a3 don t is b 2or too/ u4 is o22ic . And ast !ild rn ss is t ou0 t to b t r sid nc o2 t 3ils4irits( 1ust a3 b n t 14t d by t 1.

In t story o2 t trans2i0uration on t 1ount ! a3to do not at all !it J sus: allucinations but !it tallucinations o2 t t r clos disci4l s ! o ar !iti1( as is cl arly s o!n in t account 8ar/ * ?5,D.

W il t y tarri d !it i1( !as( ! ar told(trans2i0ur d b 2or t 1. His 0ar1 nts a44 ar d to t 1to b 0l a1in0 ! it and t y sa! Eli9a and 8os s co1in0to i1 and tal/in0 !it i1. A2t r!ards t y ard a3oic out o2 t clouds(


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t ba4tis1 o2 J sus at all.

Assu1in0 t at t allucination at t Jordan isaut ntic( on 1ay say 2ro1 t stand4oint o2 4syc iatryso 1uc ( t at it as to do !it co r nt allucinationsin bot t 3isual and t auditory s4 r ( t at tcont nt o2 t allucinatory lan0ua0 is i0 ly color dand t at it r 1inds us in its styl o2 !ords 2ro1 a %sal1! ic is usually 74lain d as 8 ssianic.

E1otionally color d allucinations55 3 n Bin t5San0lGr co0ni6 s t is55ar not to b 2ound only in t 1 ntallydis as d. T y a44 ar also in indi3iduals ! o ar 3 ry7citabl 1otionally( but ! o n 3 rt l ss can still bconsid r d as 2allin0 ntir ly !it in t cat 0ory o2alt y 4 o4l . 8or o3 r( ! s ould r 2l ct to ! at a

0r at 7t nt t r adin0 o2 t 4ro4 tic 3isionsd scrib d in t Old T sta1 nt( t id as o2 lat Judais1in 4articular( and t 0r at 7cit 1 nt ! ic ros !itt 74 ctation o2 t i11 diat co1in0 o2 t nd o2 t!orld( 2acilitat d t ris o2 allucinations inindi3iduals 4r dis4os d to t 1. In any cas ta44 aranc o2 t is on allucinatory 3 nt( 3 n i2 !!is to r 0ard it as istorical( do s not 4 r1it us toconclud t at a 1 ntal dis as 7ists.

In r 0ard to is 1otional attitud d Loost n and Bin t5San0lG 1aintain t at t r is instability o2 a 1orbid/ind in t 2 lin0 o2 J sus. First o2 all( it isn c ssary r to in uir i2 1otional instability can bsubstantiat d in i1 at all. It 1ay( o2 cours ( ba22ir1 d t at 4 riods o2 acc ntuat d acti3ity alt rnatin J sus !it ot r 4 riods ! n a3oids t 4 o4l andtri s to !it dra! into t solitud s. H dis4lays noconsist ntly ord r d acti3ity. His 4ublic 1inistry

dissol3 s into a rat r disord r d runnin0 to and 2ro( in! ic no! a44 ars on t ast ban/ and no! r turns tot ! st ban/( until in t nd ta/ s i1s l2 o22 tot solitud o2 t nort .

T is alt rnation b t! n t 4ublic acti3ity and tu st 2or solitud is at 2irst so 4u66lin0 t at on 1i0 tb t 14t d to con2us it !it 1otional instability. Taccount o2 t 2irst ntry into Ca4 rnau1 is 3 rynticin0 2or t 4syc o4at olo0ists in t is conn ction

8ar/ ) ?)5;*D. It is r lat d t at a2t r as s4o/ nin t syna0o0u in t dayti1 ( and as al d 1any4 o4l in t 3 nin0( and as disa44 ar d in t ni0 t


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and as b n 2ound in t 1ornin0 by % t r and isco1rad s in a lon ly n i0 bor ood( !ould not l ti1s l2 b 4 rsuad d to r turn 2or a ti1 to t city! r 3 ryon !as !aitin0 2or i1.

But t is 3asion and si1ilar lat r 22orts a3 not in0to do !it 1otional instability. T 74lanation issi14ly t is( t at J sus 2or c rtain r asons ! ic arstill in 4art 4 rc 4tibl to us sou0 t to a3oid0at rin0s o2 4 o4l . On o2 t 4rinci4al r asons ist at !is d to s un t 4 o4l b caus t y brou0 tt 4oss ss d and t sic/ 2ro1 all sid s in ord r t at 1i0 t al t 1. T ncount r !it t 2or1 rs4 cially !as 7tr 1 ly distast 2ul to i1 as a44 ars2ro1 si0ni2icant d tails in 8ar/:s account 8ar/ ) ;+

; )?D.Bin t5San0lG and d Loost n ar not abl to brin0 2or!ard1any ot r 1orbid sy14to1s. In t 1ain t y d 4 nd u4ont lac/ o2 any 2a1ily loyalty ! ic t y b li 3 t ya3 disco3 r d in t b a3ior o2 J sus to isr lati3 s( in a succ ssion o2 utt ranc s( and in t lac/o2 s 7ual 2 lin0 2or ! ic t y brin0 2or!ard t !ordsabout t unuc 8att. )* ) 5)?D.

J sus ta/ s a ostil attitud to!ards is 2a1ily b causis r lati3 s !is to ta/ i1 o1 and to obstruct is4ublic 1inistry 8ar/ ; ?)D. W n( 1or o3 r( d clar st at t bonds /nit b t! n 1 n by t co11on 2ait int n arn ss o2 t in0do1 o2 'od ar oli r t an tti s o2 blood 8ar/ ; ;)5; D and d sir s t at 1 n in tdays o2 t co1in0 4 rs cution s ould not b l d astrayby loo/in0 bac/ to!ard t ir r lations( t is is not alac/ o2 2a1ily loyalty to b account d 2or4syc o4at olo0ically( but a s4 cial 4oint o2 3i ! to b

74lain d by 4 culiar 4r conc 4tions cont 14orarilycondition d( as ind d 3 ryt in0 is to b 74lain d byt os 4r 1is s ! ic t 4syc o4at olo0ists consid r1oral d 2 cts in t t ical conduct and r ac in0 o2J sus.

T !ord about t unuc s and t os ! o a3 1adt 1s l3 s suc 2or t sa/ o2 t in0do1 o2 'od isstri/in0. T 4syc o4at olo0ists ar ( o! 3 r( in rror(i2 t y !ant to 0 t 2ro1 t is t id a o2 1orbid s 7ual

2 lin0. T y do not notic t at s ortly b 2or 8att.)* ;5*D( J sus as s4o/ n about 1arria0 in a 3 rynatural and a22ir1ati3 !ay.


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T / y to t 1uc discuss d and 1uc 1isund rstoodsayin0 is o22 r d by 4assa0 s in t Old T sta1 nt andlat J !is !ritin0s. In # ut rono1y ?; ) it is rul dt at t unuc s 1ust b 7clud d 2ro1 t r li0iousco11unity. In a lat r 4ost5 7ilic 4ro4 tic boo/ t at !as

a44 nd d to t boo/ o2 Isaia and is c aract ristic o2t 0 n rous attitud o2 t at 4 riod( it is 4ro1is d tot 1 t at t y !ill r c i3 a s4l ndid r !ard 2ro1 tLord 2or t ir / 4in0 o2 t la! and t Sabbat ( and inco14 nsation 2or t ir lac/ o2 4ost rity !ill not only b1ad ual to t ot rs in t 74 ct d 2utur but !ill3 n b s t abo3 t 1 Is. = ;5 D. T Wisdo1 o2Solo1on( a boo/ ! ic a44 ar d in t 2irst c nturyb 2or C rist( s4 a/s in a si1ilar !ay ; );2D.

T o4inion o2 J sus 1o3 s in t sa1 dir ction. H s sin t unuc s t d s4is d on s ! o li/ t c ildr nar d stin d to onor in t in0do1 o2 'od b caus2or1 rly t y ad b n a1on0 t r 9 ct d on s. Inconn ction !it t is 1a/ s t 1yst rious sur1is t at1 n a3 4lac d t 1s l3 s in t class o2 t s d s4is don s in ord r to 4artici4at in t at s4 cial 2uturonor. T is cas as not in0 ! at 3 r to do !it i1 as c ris s a 3 ry s4 cial 74 ctation o2 a i0

4osition in t in0do1 o2 'od t rou0 is d sc nt 2ro1#a3id. T !ords( t n( a3 not in0 to do !it s 72 lin0 but ar to b 74lain d by t id as 2ound to b4r s nt in lat Judais1.

T r still r 1ains to b discuss d t a44ar ntlys ns l ss act o2 cursin0 t 2i0 tr 8ar/ )) )?5)+D.T story as co1 do!n to us in a lat r s ttin0 as is3id nt 2ro1 t obs r3ation t at on t 2ollo!in0 dayt tr as alr ady !it r d 8ar/ )) ? D. ? W 1ust(o! 3 r( r tain !it out u stion t istorical / rn lt at J sus 4ronounc d t curs o3 r a 2i0 tr on ! ic ad 3ainly sou0 t to 2ind nouris 1 nt t at no on

t r a2t r 2or all t rnity s ould 2ind 2ruit on it. Hcond 1ns it( t r 2or ( not to !it rin0 but toun2ruit2uln ss 2or all t rnity.

T d d( o! 3 r stran0 it 1ay s 1 to us( is not atall s ns l ss in t li0 t o2 is 4r conc 4tions. Tlat J !is a4ocaly4tic lit ratur 74 ct d t at 3 nnatur !ould 4artici4at in t trans2or1ation and !ouldb co1 ca4abl o2 a !ond r2ul 2 rtility. So tA4ocaly4s o2 Baruc tri s to i1a0in t 2utur yi ld o2
http://www.questia.com/read/73962118/the-psychiatric-study-of-jesus-exposition-and-criticism#52http://www.questia.com/read/73962118/the-psychiatric-study-of-jesus-exposition-and-criticism#52


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a sin0l 0ra4 3in A4oc. Bar. ?*D. As J sus 74 ct dt 8 ssianic /in0do1 as so1 t in0 3 ry n ar( is !ordsabout t tr r 2 r to its 2at in t n ! ra o2 t!orld. W il all ot r 3 0 tation !ill ac i 3 a !ondrous2 rtility t is tr is to r 1ain barr n b caus it

d c i3 d by t ric n ss o2 its 2olia0 t unr co0ni6 d2utur 8 ssia in is art ly u1ility and un0 r. Sinca2t r t nd o2 t !orld t 8 ssia is t rul r o2all t cr ation( J sus si14ly 4ronounc s a 9ud01 nt r! os 7 cution( b li 3 s( li s !it in t sco4 o2is 2utur 4o! r. T is is not( t r 2or ( a u stion o2s ns l ss ra0 a0ainst t natural ord r but a /ind o2ad3anc !i ldin0 o2 4o! rs ! ic 7 rcis s in ot rr s4 cts. So d cid s in ad3anc t at t t! l3disci4l s at t last 9ud01 nt !ill a3 9urisdictiono3 r t t! l3 trib s o2 Isra l 8att. )* ?,D so 4ronounc s a curs o3 r t 'alil an citi s ! ic r 1ainunr 4 ntant 8att. )) ? 5 ?+D so cond 1ns J rusal 1to b co1 a !ast 8att. ?; ;>5;,D.

In t s and si1ilar !ords ! a3 to do !it 4ro1is sand 9ud01 nts ! ic t in/s to carry out as soon as is stablis d in is 8 ssianic 4o! r. T sayin0 aboutt 2i0 tr is on o2 a ! ol s ri s o2 suc utt ranc s.T 1or t y stri/ us as r 1ar/abl ( t 1orund rstandabl t y ar 2ro1 t 4oint o2 3i ! o2 J sus:lat J !is id as. Bin t5San0lG and d Loost n disco3 rt 1orbid r and 3 ry! r ! r it is not 4r s ntsi14ly b caus t y do not r ali6 t is.

T criticis1 o2 t 4syc o4at olo0ical !ritin0s ! ic !ar consid rin0 yi lds( t n( t 2ollo!in0 r sults).

T 1at rial ! ic is in a0r 1 nt !it t s boo/s is2or t 1ost 4art un istorical.

?.

Out o2 t 1at rial ! ic is c rtainly istorical( anu1b r o2 acts and utt ranc s o2 J sus i14r ss taut ors as 4at olo0ical b caus t latt r ar toolittl ac uaint d !it t cont 14orary t ou0 t o2 tti1 to b abl to do 9ustic to it. A s ri s o2 !ron0d ductions s4rin0s also 2ro1 t 2act t at t y a3 nott l ast und rstandin0 o2 t 4 culiar 4robl 1sin r nt in t cours o2 t 4ublic 1inistry.

;.

Fro1 t s 2als 4r conc 4tions and !it t l4 o2ntir ly y4ot tical sy14to1s( t y construct 4ictur s

o2 sic/n ss ! ic ar t 1s l3 s arti2acts and ! ic (1or o3 r( cannot b 1ad to con2or1 7actly !it tclinical 2or1s o2 sic/n ss dia0nos d by t aut ors.


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+.

T only sy14to1s to b acc 4t d as istorical and4ossibly to b discuss d 2ro1 t 4syc iatric 4oint o23i ! 55t i0 sti1at ! ic J sus as o2 i1s l2 and4 r a4s also t allucination at t ba4tis1552all 2ars ort o2 4ro3in0 t 7ist nc o2 1 ntal illn ss.

E#ITOR:S "OTE T 2ollo!in0 4ara0ra4 s ! r notinclud d in Sc ! it6 r:s doctoral diss rtation( but ! radd d ! n t t sis !as 4rint d.

E1il Ras1uss n ; is 1uc b tt r ac uaint d !it tistorical 1at rial t an t aut ors 4r 3iously 1 ntion dand so / 4s a!ay 2ro1 t Fourt 'os4 l. His d sir isto o22 r a study in co14arati3 4syc o4at olo0y and to0 t a 0li14s o2 t 1ind o2 J sus by co14arin0 i1 !itot r 4ro4 ts and 1 n o2 'od. T 2ollo!in0 ar1 ntion d t J !is 4ro4 ts( Budd a M5+, B.C.D(%aul =+MD( 8o a11 d > M5=;?D( Lut r )+,;5) +=D(Sabbatai Z !i o2 Asia 8inor )=?=5)=>=D( S! d nbor0 )=,,5)>>?D( t 8a di ),, D( t saints 2ro1 tAbru66i 8ountains( Or st d A1icio ),?+5),,*D( #a3idLa66ar tti( to ! o1 a s4 cial study is d dicat d( + t2ound rs o2 Ba ais1( 8ir6a Ali 8o a11 d ), ?D and8ir6a Huss in Ali ),)>5),*?D( and t #an ( SQr ni r/ 0aard ),);5), D.

Ras1uss n is o2 t o4inion t at t s 4ro4 ts and 1 no2 'od 4r s nt a 4ictur o2 sic/n ss ! ic 1ay b


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dia0nos d by t 4syc iatrist as 4r cis ly t dis as o24il 4tic 4syc osis.

T #anis aut or t in/s to 2ind in J sus all tsy14to1s obs r3 d in t old and 1od rn 4ro4 ts. J susis said to s o! an un4arall l d 2 lin0 o2 an7i ty( toa3 0on into a 2r n6y in t cl ansin0 o2 t t 14l (to su22 r 2ro1 allucinations( to r 3 al in iscontradictory c aract r an unbound d s l25consciousn ssand an abnor1al s nsual li2 ( to c ris t d lud d4ur4os o2 su22 rin0 2or u1anity and o2 b in0 abl toaton 2or it.

Sinc Ras1uss n do s not discuss t 4 culiar sy14to1s o2J sus( but si14ly subsu1 s t "a6ar n und r t4ro4 t5ty4 ! ic s ts u4( ! can only discuss isdia0nosis in 0 n ral t r1s. W y dia0nos s it as4il 4sy is not uit cl ar. T aut or( ! o is ill5ad3is d 2ro1 t 4syc iatric stand4oint( id nti2i s t4il 4tic c aract r55 introduc s as 4aradi01s a 2 !0r at istorical 2i0ur s ! os 4il 4sy as not y t b n4ro3 d55!it isolat d 4syc o4at ic traits ! ic t in/s is abl to id nti2y in J sus. Suc traits( o! 3 r(

ar to b 2ound in all tal nt d 4 o4l ! o di3 r0 2ro1t a3 ra0 . E3 n 4il 4ti2or1 conditions ar 2ound in

t 1. T 4r s nc o2 suc traits55 3 n assu1in0 t att y can b obs r3 d in J sus55ar 2ar 2ro1 9usti2yin0 adia0nosis o2 4il 4sy.

T at Ras1uss n i1s l2 do s not consid r is dia0nosis tob ! olly 2r 2ro1 doubt is s o!n by t r 1ar/ t at !is s to l a3 o4 n t 4ossibility t at ! a3 to doin J sus !it 4aranoia. T 0 n ral 4syc iatricobs r3ations in ! ic indul0 s in t is conn ction4ro3 t c aotic condition o2 t conc 4t o2 4syc iatry

in is o!n 1ind. T s nt nc (


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I"DE)Abstin nc ( +; + . Account o+ a -ase o+ $aranoia Fr udD()=Alsac ( Lo! r( ?

Alsac ( -44 r( )*A1icio( Or st d ( >;An0 ls( 3il( +, ( ==An0 ls( 0ood( +, ( ==An7i ty( >;A4ocaly4s s( ?> +7 ( +* +7 ( + ( =) ( =; ( >)A44 aranc ( 4ublic( +>Aton 1 nt( ?Atro4in ( )+

Attitud ( 1otional( =Aut ority( ccl siastical( ))Autis1( >Ba ais1( >;Ba4tis1( ;* +7 ( +; ++ .( =>Baruc ( >)Bau1ann( Julius( ;= n7 Bibl ( )) ( +Bin t5San0lG( C arl s( )? ( )+ ( ;= ( +? ( +; ( ++ ( + n7 ( += (; +7 ( + n7 ( 5= ( = ( => ++ .( >)Bl ul r( );Budd a( >;Ca sar a % ili44i( ?? ( ;Ca sar( Julius( ;;Ca4 rnau1( + n7 ( =,Ca4ti3ity( Babylonian( +>Car4 nt r( +> ( =?C lsus( + n7 -ertain Neurotic "echanism in Jealousy Fr udD( )=-haracter o+ Jesus, The Julius Bau1annD( ;= n7

C os n( =;C ristianity( )* ( ++ n7 C ristianity( ccl siastical( ?=C ristianity( lib ral( ? +7 -hristus aus unsern Tagen,
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Ein E1il Ras1uss nD( >; n7-oncerning the uestion o+ $aranoia E. ra 4 linD(= n7-onclusions o+ a $sychiatrist Willia1 Hirsc D( ;= n7Constitution( )+

Con3ictions( 8 ssianic( )*Co4 rnicus( ))Council( Hi0 ( )Cr ation( ori0inal( ))Criticis1( i0 r( ))Cur s( * ( =,#ai1onion( ;*#ani l( Boo/ o2( ?> ( +* +7 #ar!in( ))#a3id( ? ( +) ( +> ( ( =) n7 ( =? +7 ( >%avid )riedrich Strauss Zi 0l rD( ; n7 ( ;=# at ( +,# 0 n rat ( ;> ( + n7 %e la $sychose $aranoia ue J.LacanD( )=# liriu1( c ronic( = +7 ( * n7 # lusions( )? ( )+ +7 ( ;> (+ 5++( = 5 *( =;# 1 ntia( );# 1 ntia 4aralytica( >+# 1 ntia 4ra co7 ra 4 lin:sD( ># 1ocracy( )+

# 4r ssion( ;,# ran0 1 nt( 1 ntal( ?+# ut rono1y( +> ( ># 3il( == n7 #ia0nosis( distance ( )+

#isci4l s( ? ++ .( ? +7 ( =+ ( == +7 ( >)#issociation( >#o01as( 'r /( ?= ( +#o01atis1( ? +7 #o3 ( ++Ecstatic( )) ( ?+ ( +; n7 El ct( ?? ( =) +7 Eli9a ( ?) ( ; ( ==E1otions( ); ( ;,Enoc ( +* +7 E4il 4sy( >+Esc atolo0y( ), ( ?; +7 ( ?=Et ics( ?=0tude -riti ue des 0tats $aranoides S. JouannaisD( )=Eunuc ( ;* ( =* +7 E3olution( syst 1atic( = ( =+E7odus( ==E7tra5Biblical 0os4 ls( +

E6ra( +>Factors( n3iron1 ntal( )Fa1ily( ;> ( += ( =*
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