Published by Citizens Commission on Human Rights

Established in 1969

PSYCHIATRIC HOAX

The Subversion of Medicine

Report and recommendations on psychiatry’s destructive impact

on health care

IMPORTANT NOTICEFor the Reader

The psychiatric profession purports to bethe sole arbiter on the subject of mentalhealth and “diseases” of the mind. The

facts, however, demonstrate otherwise:

1. PSYCHIATRIC “DISORDERS” ARE NOT MEDICALDISEASES. In medicine, strict criteria exist for calling a condition a disease: a predictable groupof symptoms and the cause of the symptoms oran understanding of their physiology (function)must be proven and established. Chills and feverare symptoms. Malaria and typhoid are diseases.Diseases are proven to exist by objective evidenceand physical tests. Yet, no mental “diseases” haveever been proven to medically exist.

2. PSYCHIATRISTS DEAL EXCLUSIVELY WITH MENTAL “DISORDERS,” NOT PROVEN DISEASES. While mainstream physical medicine treats diseases, psychiatry can only deal with “disorders.” In the absence of a known cause orphysiology, a group of symptoms seen in manydifferent patients is called a disorder or syndrome.Harvard Medical School’s Joseph Glenmullen,M.D., says that in psychiatry, “all of its diagnosesare merely syndromes [or disorders], clusters ofsymptoms presumed to be related, not diseases.”As Dr. Thomas Szasz, professor of psychiatryemeritus, observes, “There is no blood or otherbiological test to ascertain the presence or absence of a mental illness, as there is for mostbodily diseases.”

3. PSYCHIATRY HAS NEVER ESTABLISHED THECAUSE OF ANY “MENTAL DISORDERS.” Leadingpsychiatric agencies such as the World PsychiatricAssociation and the U.S. National Institute ofMental Health admit that psychiatrists do not

know the causes or cures for any mental disorderor what their “treatments” specifically do to thepatient. They have only theories and conflictingopinions about their diagnoses and methods, andare lacking any scientific basis for these. As a pastpresident of the World Psychiatric Associationstated, “The time when psychiatrists consideredthat they could cure the mentally ill is gone. Inthe future, the mentally ill have to learn to livewith their illness.”

4. THE THEORY THAT MENTAL DISORDERSDERIVE FROM A “CHEMICAL IMBALANCE” IN THE BRAIN IS UNPROVEN OPINION, NOT FACT. One prevailing psychiatric theory (key to psychotropic drug sales) is that mental disordersresult from a chemical imbalance in the brain. As with its other theories, there is no biological or other evidence to prove this. Representative of a large group of medical and biochemistryexperts, Elliot Valenstein, Ph.D., author of Blaming the Brain says: “[T]here are no tests available for assessing the chemical status of a living person’s brain.”

5. THE BRAIN IS NOT THE REAL CAUSE OF LIFE’S PROBLEMS. People do experience problems and upsets in life that may result inmental troubles, sometimes very serious. But to represent that these troubles are caused byincurable “brain diseases” that can only be alleviated with dangerous pills is dishonest,harmful and often deadly. Such drugs are often more potent than a narcotic and capable of driving one to violence or suicide. They mask the real cause of problems in life and debilitatethe individual, so denying him or her the oppor-tunity for real recovery and hope for the future.

CONTENTSIntroduction: The Manipulation of Medicine ................2

Chapter One: Good Business, Bad Medicine ....................5

Chapter Two: Psychiatry Versus Medicine ............................11

Chapter Three: A Parodyof Medicine and Science ................17

Chapter Four: Harming the Vulnerable ................................23

Chapter Five: Jeopardizing Medical Ethics ................................29

Chapter Six: Which Way To Go? ....................................31

Recommendations ..........................34

Citizens Commission on Human Rights International ............35

PSYCHIATRIC HOAXTHE SUBVERSION OF MEDICINE

®

P S Y C H I A T R I C H O A XT h e S u b v e r s i o n o f M e d i c i n e

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In 1998 Alan I. Leshner, psychiatrist and formerhead of the National Institute of Drug Abusestated: “My belief is that today, you [the physi-cian] should be put in jail if you refuse to pre-scribe S.S.R.I.s [the new types of antidepres-

sants] for depression. I also believe that five years fromnow, you should be put in jail if you don’t give crackaddicts the medications we’re working on now.”1

In more than 25 years of working on mentalhealth reform, I have spoken to hundreds of physi-cians and thousands ofpatients, while helpingto expose numerouspsychiatric violations of human rights. How-ever, until recently, the thought had neveroccurred to me thatphysicians’ rights mightalso be under assault.Why should a physicianbe jailed for refusing to prescribe an antidepressantfor depression?

Many primary care physicians have acknowl-edged there are numerous physical conditions thatcan cause emotional and behavioral problems, andthe vital need to check for them first. It follows thenthat relying on an antidepressant to suppress emotional symptoms, without first looking for andcorrecting a possible underlying physical illness,could simply be giving patients a chemical fix, whileleaving them with an illness that could worsen.

What if a primary care physician or family practitioner correctly diagnosed and cured such aphysical illness and the depression ended without

psychoactive drugs? Could that physician then beaccused of being unethical, or even be charged andjailed for the “criminal medical negligence” of notprescribing an antidepressant?

Crazy, you say? Couldn’t happen? Well, perhaps. But it seems the day has come when a goodphysician can be accused of being unethicalfor practicing ethical medicine. Today, a physician, specialist or otherwise, can be criticized, bullied andtreated like a “fringe” dweller for practicing tradi-

tional, workable, diag-nostic medicine.

This publication hasbeen written with physi-cians in mind, particu-larly those who wouldjust like to practice non-psychiatric medi-cine, who are driven by a high and caring purpose in the best

Hippocratic tradition, and who want to be left to geton with the job of caring for people’s health to thebest of their ability. It is for physicians who are con-cerned about the fact that millions of children aretaking prescribed addictive, speed-like stimulantsfor a supposed mental disorder, Attention DeficitHyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

It is also written for anyone who thinks thatgovernment employees threatening parents withcharges of criminal neglect for refusing to drug theirchild with stimulants or antidepressants, as is hap-pening now, is more than just a little strange.

How did this state of affairs come about? Wetrust that this booklet helps to answer that question.

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“Psychiatry’s diagnostic system did not arrive in a spirit of

professional respect for the traditionsand knowledge of primary care

medicine and other medical specialties.” — Jan Eastgate

The Manipulation of Medicine

INTRODUCTION

There is a pervasiveness about the mental healththinking that appears in primary care medicinetoday. It is largely due to the “success” of psychia-try’s diagnostic system, the Diagnostic and StatisticalManual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). This systemand the mental diseases section of the InternationalClassification of Diseases (ICD-10) have been heavilypromoted as vitally necessary, mental disorder stan-dards for non-psychiatric physicians.

But there is something else here. Among themany pressures facing physicians today, there isone that is unique, in that it is accompanied by a subtle quality of malignant enforcement.Psychiatry’s diagnostic system did not arrive in aspirit of professional respect for the traditions andknowledge of primary care medicine and othermedical specialties.

There was no letter of introduction saying, “Werespect the sanctity and seniority of your relationshipwith your patients, and your wish to provide the bestfor them. Here is our diagnostic system, please lookit over and first satisfy yourself from your own expe-rience that we are on the right track. We wouldappreciate your feedback and constructive criticism.By all means holler for help if you need us. Yours inthe quest for better health.”

Instead, it arrived in effect saying, “Here is ayoung child with severe mental problems. Ourexpert diagnosis is already made, in which case youhave to do no more than follow our strict drug pre-scription instructions and be subject to our expertsupervision.” Or put otherwise, it says, “Yourpatients seem to trust you more than us, so here ishow you have to diagnose their mental illness, fromwhich they undoubtedly suffer.”

This is the coercive undercurrent that has indeliblycharacterized psychiatry since it first assumed custodi-al duties within asylums 200 years ago. It is manifest inmany different ways, and wherever it meddles, it isextremely destructive of certainty, pride, honor, indus-try, initiative, integrity, peace of mind, well-being andsanity. These are qualities that we must fight to pre-serve for all patients. And for all physicians.

Sincerely,

Jan EastgatePresident, Citizens Commissionon Human Rights International

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IMPORTANT FACTS

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Matthew Smith was forced by school personnel to take a psychiatricstimulant to help him “focus” better. However, in 2000, at age 14, he died of a heart attack that a coroner attributed to the prescribed

stimulant. More and more children are being diagnosed withADHD, a disease that has never been proven clinically to exist.

Widespread marketing has been largely responsible for the increase.

In 40 years, “biological psychiatry” has yet to validate a single psychiatric condition/diagnosis as an abnormality/disease, or as anything neurological, biological,chemically imbalanced or genetic.

The 1998 U.S. National Institutes ofHealth Consensus Conference onADHD (Attention Deficit HyperactivityDisorder) found no “proof that ADHDis caused by a chemical imbalance.”2

German child and adolescent psychiatrist Paul Runge says that ifADHD was biologically based, “a real, effective treatment would require a cure which influences only this specific biological disorder.”3

Such a treatment does not exist.

In 2002, a Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe report calledfor “stricter control” to be “exercisedover the diagnosis and treatment” ofADHD and that more research be conducted into alternative forms oftreatment such as diet.”4

Through the 1990s, the international production ofmethylphenidate (Ritalin) increasedfrom 2.8 tons to 15.3 tons.5

CHAPTER ONEGood Business, Bad Medicine

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At age seven, Matthew Smith wasdiagnosed through his school as having Attention DeficitHyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).His parents were told that he

needed to take a stimulant to help him focus.Initially resistant, Matthew’s parents were toldthat noncompliance could bring criminal chargesfor neglecting their son’s educational and emo-tional needs. “My wife and I were scared of thepossibility of losing our children if we didn’tcomply,” said Matthew’s father, Lawrence Smith.After being told that there was nothing wrongwith the “medication,”that it could only help,Matthew’s parentsyielded to the pres-sure.

On March 21, 2000,while skateboarding,Matthew died from a heart attack. Thecoroner determinedthat Matthew’s heartshowed clear signs ofsmall blood vesseldamage caused bystimulant drugs likeamphetamines, and concluded that he had diedfrom the long-term use of the prescribed stimulant.

Despite psychiatric claims to the contrary, thepractice of prescribing cocaine-like drugs to the world’s children is far removed from conclu-sive science. There are an extraordinary numberof distorted facts in the majority of the available

data. The following information presents an alter-native perspective for concerned physicians.

In 1998, a U.S. National Institutes of Health(NIH) Conference of the world’s leading ADHDproponents was forced to conclude that there isno data confirming ADHD as a brain dysfunc-tion. The conference admitted that, “our knowl-edge about the cause or causes of ADHD remainslargely speculative.” The National Institute forClinical Excellence in the United Kingdom con-curred: “… there is still controversy over thecauses and diagnostic validity of ADHD.”7

Dominick Riccio, Executive Director of theInternational Center forthe Study of Psychiatryand Psychology says,“They would need toshow me a direct causalrelationship betweenany brain chemical andthe symptoms of ADHD.… They have gonethrough the dopaminehypothesis. They havegone through the sero-tonin hypothesis. Noneof them has a causalrelationship.”8

Dr. Louria Shulamit, a family practitioner inIsrael, makes it clear: “ADHD is a syndrome, nota disease (by definition). As such, it is diagnosedby symptoms. The symptoms of this syndromeare so common that we can conclude that allchildren—especially boys—fit this diagnosis.”9

According to Dr. William Carey, a highly

“The diagnosis of ADD [Attention Deficit Disorder]

is entirely subjective. … There is no test. It is just down to

interpretation. ... The lines between an ADD sufferer and a healthy

exuberant kid can be very blurred.”6

— Dr. Joe Kosterich, Federal Chairman, General Practitioners’ Branch,

Australian Medical Association, 1999

respected pediatrician at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, “The current ADHDformulation, which makes the diagnosis when acertain number of troublesome behaviors arepresent and other criteria met, overlooks the fact that these behaviors are probably usually normal.”10

Thomas Moore, author of Prescriptions forDisaster, warns that the current use of drugs likeRitalin is taking “appalling risks” with a genera-tion of kids. The drug is given, he said, for“short-term control of behavior—not to reduceany identifiable hazard to [children’s] health.

Such large-scale chemical control of humanbehavior has not been previously undertaken inour society outside of nursing homes and mentalinstitutions.”11

No Chemical ImbalancePsychiatrists argue that the source of ADHD

is a chemical imbalance that requires “medica-tion” in the same way that diabetes requiresinsulin treatment.

However, Elliot Valenstein, Ph.D. says, “[T]hereare no tests available for assessing the chemical statusof a living person’s brain.”12 Dr. Joseph Glenmullen ofHarvard Medical School states, “In every instancewhere such an imbalance was thought to have beenfound, it was later proven false.”13

In 2004, psychiatrist M. Douglas Mar alsodebunked the theorythat brain scans candiagnose mental dis-coveries, stating: “Thereis no scientific basis forthese claims [of usingbrain scans for psychi-atric diagnosis].”14 Dr.Michael D. Devous ofthe Nuclear MedicineCenter at the Universityof Texas SouthwesternMedical Center agreed:“An accurate diagnosis

based on a scan is simply not possible.”15

Dr. Mary Ann Block, author of No MoreADHD, is adamant: “ADHD is not like diabetesand Ritalin is not like insulin. Diabetes is a realmedical condition that can be objectively diagnosed. ADHD is an invented label with noobjective, valid means of identification. Insulin isa natural hormone produced by the body and itis essential for life. Ritalin is a chemically derivedamphetamine-like drug that is not necessary for life. Diabetes is an insulin deficiency. Attention and behavioral problems are not aRitalin deficiency.”16

“How can millions of children be taking a drug that is pharmacologicallyvery similar to another drug, cocaine,that is not only considered dangerous

and addictive, but whose buying, selling and using are also considered

a criminal act?”– Richard DeGrandpre, professor

of psychology and author of Ritalin Nation

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In 2001, Ty C. Colbert, Ph.D., added his voice:“As with all mental disorders, there is no biolog-ical test or biological marker for ADHD.”17

Dangerous Drug EffectsThere are numerous health risks and other

inconsistencies associated with the prescriptionof mind-altering drugs for so-called ADHD orother learning disorders.

The Physician’s Desk Reference Guide saysincreased heart rate and blood pressure can resultfrom using Ritalin to “treat” ADHD.18 In August2001, the Journal of the American Medical Associationreiterated that Ritalin acts much like cocaine.19

Long-term detrimental side effects mayappear after years of remaining on or stoppingthe drugs.20 “The adverse effect on growth hor-mone is so regular and predictable that it can beused as a measure of whether or not [the stimu-lant] is active in the child’s body.”21 “Even achild’s sexual maturation is impaired.”22 Suicideis the major complication of withdrawal from thisstimulant and similar amphetamine-like drugs.23

According to neurologist and psychiatrist Dr. Sydney Walker III, author of The HyperactivityHoax, “While studies indicate that the drug(methylphenidate) is probably only a weak car-cinogen [cancer causing agent], increasing thefuture cancer risk of millions of children—even alittle bit—is not something to be done lightly.

Another recent report warns that [Ritalin] ‘mayhave persistent, cumulative effects on themyocardium (thick muscle layer that forms mostof the heart wall).’”24

The United States consumes 85% of the inter-national production of methylphenidate (Ritalin).25

In 2002, the Council of Europe ParliamentaryAssembly found high rates of methylphenidateconsumption in Belgium, Germany, Iceland,Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Switzerland andthe United Kingdom. In Britain, the stimulant pre-scription rate for children soared 9,200% between1992 and 2000, while in Australia, there was a 34-fold increase over the past two decades.26 Between1989 and 1996, France reported a 600% increase inthe number of children labeled “hyperactive.”27

Sales of methylphenidate in Mexico increased800% between 1993 and 2001.

“How can millions of children be taking adrug that is pharmacologically very similar toanother drug, cocaine, that is not only considereddangerous and addictive, but whose buying, selling, and using are also considered a criminalact?” asks Richard DeGrandpre, professor ofpsychology and author of Ritalin Nation.28

In addition to these stimulants, another 1.5million children and adolescents in the UnitedStates are taking Selective Serotonin ReuptakeInhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants.29 Between 1995and 1999 in the United States, antidepressant use

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“If there is no valid test for ADHD, no data proving ADHD is a brain dysfunction, no long-term studies of thedrugs’ effects, and if the drugs do not improve academic

performance or social skills and instead can cause compulsive and mood disorders, and lead to illicit druguse, why are millions of children and adults … being

labeled ADHD and prescribed these drugs?” — Dr. Mary Ann Block, author of No More ADHD

increased 151% for seven to 12-year-olds and580% for children under six. Children as youngas five years old committed suicide while takingprescription SSRI antidepressants. In Britain, thenumber of prescriptions for antidepressants hasalso more than doubled in 10 years.30

In 2003, the British medicines regulatory bodywarned doctors not to prescribe SSRI antidepres-sants to under-18-year-olds, citing suicide risks.On March 22, 2004, the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) issued an advisory to doctors, stating: “Anxiety, agitation, panicattacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, impulsivi-ty, akathisia (severe restlessness), hypomania andmania, have been reported in adult and pediatricpatients being treated with [SSRI] antidepressants… both psychiatric and non-psychiatric.”31

An FDA advisory panel hearing inSeptember 2004 also recommended a prominent“black box” warning about potential suicide riskbe placed on SSRI bottles. However, these and,indeed, all psychotropic drugs, should really beprohibited because of their general danger and highpotential for fatal consequences.

Robert Whitaker, science writer and authorof Mad in America, says, “What we have afteryears of soaring use of psychotropic drugs is acrisis in mental health, an epidemic of mental ill-ness among children. Instead of seeing bettermental health with ever more medicating, we seea worsening of mental health.”32

“One of the very hard things for me to dealwith,” Lawrence Smith says, “is the fact thatMatthew never wanted his medication. Howmany more 14-year-old Matthew Smiths willhave to die before someone puts a stop to thisbiggest healthcare fraud ever?”

It was a psychiatrist who prescribedMatthew’s lethal drugs, not “health care.”However, by accepting psychiatry’s system ofdiagnosis and treatment, general medicine itselfmay face risk and controversy as the failures ofthat system become more obvious.

There is yet another significant professionalrisk. By acceding to, or even merging with, psychiatric thinking, general medical practiceand other medical specialties could be associatedin the public’s mind with not only the mentalhealth industry’s poor reputation, but also muchof psychiatry’s unsavory history. It is a historyworth examining.

Skyrocketing Drug Sales & Use

Austin Harris washailed as “the posterchild for AttentionDeficit HyperactivityDisorder.” He was thechild no one wantedto be around and waskicked out of elevenpreschools in threeyears for doing every-thing from shoutingobscenities and hitting other children, to poking a teacher in the eyewith a pencil. He was prescribed stimulants.

But something unexpected happened after Austin went to thehospital to have a blockage removed from his colon. The child noone wanted to be around was no longer terrorizing his teachersand classmates. Instead Austin, who is now 10, was able to sitquietly and was a joy to be around. He gave up the medication.

According to leading pediatric gastroenterologists, the connec-tion between behavior and chronic constipation in children is notuncommon. “The bad behaviors disappear as soon as theimpaction is removed,” said Dr. Paul Hyman, chief of pediatric gas-troenterology at the University of Kansas Medical Center in KansasCity. Hyman said that the negative behavior can be caused by fearand pain the child may not even be aware of.33

Dr. Thomas Szasz is a professorof psychiatry emeritus at theState University of New YorkHealth Science Center andauthor of more than 30 books.

U sing a poll surveying thenation’s health,

Parade magazine con-cluded that depressionis “the third most com-mon ‘disease.’” Yetwhen the respondentswere asked, “What isyour greatest personalhealth concern for thefuture?” they did noteven mention depres-sion. They were con-cerned about cancerand heart disease.

Even though peoplehave accepted the cate-gorization of depressionas a disease, they are notafraid of getting depres-sion because they intu-itively recognize that it isa personal problem, nota disease. They are afraidof getting cancer andheart disease becausethey know these are diseases—true medicalproblems—not justnames.

Allen J. Frances, Professor of Psychiatry at DukeUniversity Medical Center and Chair of the DSM-IVTask Force, writes: “DSM-IV is a manual of mentaldisorders, but it is by no means clear just what is amental disorder … There could arguably not be aworse term than mental disorder to describe theconditions classified in DSM-IV.” Why, then, doesthe APA continue to use this term?

The primary function and goal of the DSM is tolend credibility to the claim that certain be-haviors, or more correctly, misbehaviors, are mental

disorders and that such disorders are, therefore, med-ical diseases. Thus, pathological gambling enjoys thesame status as myocardial infarction (blood clot in heartartery). In effect, the APA maintains that betting issomething the patient cannot control; and that, gener-

ally, all psychiatric “symp-toms” or “disorders” areoutside the patient’s con-trol. I reject that claim aspatently false.

The ostensible valid-ity of the DSM is rein-forced by psychiatry’sclaim that mental illness-es are brain diseases—a claim supposedlybased on recent discoveries in neuro-science, made possibleby imaging techniquesfor diagnosis and phar-macological agents fortreatment. This is nottrue. There are no objec-tive diagnostic tests toconfirm or disconfirmthe diagnosis of depres-sion; the diagnosis canand must be made sole-ly on the basis of the patient’s appearanceand behavior.

There is no blood or other biological testto ascertain the pres-ence or absence of amental illness, as there isfor most bodily diseases.

If such a test were developed, then the conditionwould cease to be a mental illness and would beclassified as a symptom of a bodily disease.

If schizophrenia, for example, turns out to havea biochemical cause and cure, schizophrenia wouldno longer be one of the diseases for which a per-son would be involuntarily committed. In fact, itwould then be treated by neurologists, and psychi-atrists then have no more to do with it than they dowith Glioblastoma [malignant tumor], arkinsonism,and other diseases of the brain.

“There is no blood or other biological test to ascertain the

presence or absence of a mental illness, as there is for most bodily diseases. If such a test were developed, then the condition would cease to be a mental

illness and would be classified as a symptom of a bodily disease.”

— Dr. Thomas Szasz, M.D.Professor of psychiatry emeritus, 2002

By Professor Thomas Szasz

PSYCHIATRIC FRAUDDiagnosis By Design

“The advent of the psychotropic drugs has also given rise to anew biological language in psychiatry. The extent to which this has come to be part of popular culture is in many ways astonishing …. This triumph, however, is notwithout its ambiguities. It can reasonably be asked whether biological language offers more in the line of marketing copy than itoffers in terms of clinical meaning.”66

— Dr. David Healy, TheAnti-Depressant Era, 1999.

The cornerstone of psy-chiatry’s disease modeltoday, is the concept

that a brain-based, chemicalimbalance underlies mental dis-ease. While popularized by heavypublic marketing, it is simply fancifulpsychiatric thinking. Aswith all of psychiatry’sdisease models, it hasbeen thoroughly dis-credited by researchers.

Elliot Valenstein,Ph.D. is unequivocal:“There are no testsavailable for assessingthe chemical status of a living person’s brain.”67

Also, no “biochemical, anatomical, or functionalsigns have been found that reliably distinguish thebrains of mental patients.”68

An article published in May 2004 in the U.S.newspaper, The Mercury News, states, “Many doctors warn about using the SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) [brain]imaging as a diagnostic tool, saying it is unethical—and potentially dangerous—for doctors to useSPECT to identify emotional, behavioral and psychi-atric problems in a patient. The $2,500 evaluationoffers no useful or accurate information, they say.”69

Dr. Julian Whitaker, author of the respectedHealth & Healing newsletter says: “When psychia-trists label a child or [adult], they’re labeling peoplebecause of symptoms. They do not have any patho-logical diagnosis; they do not have any laboratorydiagnosis; they cannot show any differentiationthat would back up the diagnosis of these psychi-atric ‘diseases.’ Whereas if you have a heart attack,you can find the lesion; if you have diabetes, your

blood sugar isvery high; if you havearthritis it will show onthe X-ray. In psychiatry,it’s just crystal-balling,fortune-telling; it’stotally unscientific.”

Ty Colbert, Ph.D.says, “We know thatthe chemical imbalancemodel for mental ill-ness has never beenscientifically proven.

We also know that all reasonable evidence points instead to the disabling model of psychiatric drug action. Furthermore, we also know that the research on drug effectiveness/efficacy are unreliable because drugtests only measure efficacy based on symptomreduction, not cure.”70

According to Valenstein, “The theories are heldon to not only because there is nothing else to taketheir place, but also because they are useful in promoting drug treatment.”71

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“[T]here are no tests available for assessing the chemical

status of a living person’s brain.” — Elliot S. Valenstein, Ph.D.

BLAMING THE BRAINThe Chemical Imbalance Swindle

Elliot S. Valenstein

German psychiatrist EmilKraepelin first defined “schizophrenia” as dementiapraecox in the late 1800s. Theterm “schizophrenia” was coinedin 1908 by Swiss psychiatristEugen Bleuler.

It was later discovered thatKraepelin’s schizophrenicpatients suffered from a globalmedical disease called encephali-tis lethargica (brain inflamma-tion causing lethargy), whichcaused mental disturbance.

The DSM-II admits, “Even if it hadtried, the [APA] Committee couldnot establish agreement aboutwhat this disorder is; it could onlyagree on what to call it.”75

The drugs prescribed for “schizophrenia” cause violent,manic behavior during bothtreatment and withdrawal.

Successful programs in theUnited States and Italy haveproven that “schizophrenia” can be resolved without psychiatric drugs.

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IMPORTANT FACTS

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While psychiatry seeps deeperinto our everyday worldthrough the spread of theDSM and psychotropicdrugs, most people still

consider that psychiatry’s main function is totreat patients with severe, life-threatening mental disorders.

Here, the psychia-trist deals with the “disease” first taggedas dementia praecox byKraepelin in the late1800s, then as “schizo-phrenia” by Swiss psy-chiatrist Eugen Bleulerin 1908.

Psychiatrist E. Ful-ler Torrey reports thatKraepelin “put thefinal medical seal onirrational behavior bynaming it and catego-rizing it. Irrationalbehavior could nowhold its head up inmedical company for it had names. … His classificatory system continues to dominate psychiatry up to the present, not because it has proven of value … because it has been theticket of admission for irrational behavior into medicine.”77

However, Robert Whitaker reports thepatients that Kraepelin diagnosed with demen-

tia praecox were suffering from a medical dis-ease, encephalitis lethargica [brain inflammationcausing lethargy]: “These patients walkedoddly and suffered from facial tics, musclespasms, and sudden bouts of sleepiness. Theirpupils reacted sluggishly to light. They alsodrooled, had difficulty swallowing, werechronically constipated, and were unable to

complete willed physi-cal acts.”78

Psychiatry neverreviewed Kraepelin’s material to see thatschizophrenia was sim-ply an undiagnosedand untreated physicalproblem. “Schizophre-nia was a concept toovital to the profession’sclaim of medical legiti-macy …. The physicalsymptoms of the dis-ease were quietlydropped …. What re-mained, as the fore-most distinguishingfeatures, were the men-tal symptoms: halluci-

nations, delusions, and bizarre thoughts,” saysWhitaker.

Psychiatry remains committed to callingschizophrenia a mental disease despite, after acentury of research, the complete absence ofobjective proof that schizophrenia exists as anactual disease or physical abnormality.

“Diagnosing someone as schizophrenic may appear scientific

on the surface, especially when biopsychiatry keeps claiming that a

genetic brain disease is involved. Butwhen you step back and observe

from a distance what theseresearchers are really doing, you

wonder how they can justify theirwork. … This is not science.”76

— Ty C. Colbert, Ph.D., Blaming Our Genes, 2001

CHAPTER FOURHarming the Vulnerable

The neuroleptics or antipsychotics pre-scribed for the condition were first developedby the French to “numb the nervous systemduring surgery.” Psychiatrists learned veryearly on that neuroleptics cause Parkinsonianand encephalitis lethargica symptoms.79

Tardive dyskinesia (tardive meaning “late”and dyskinesia, a permanent impairment of thepower of voluntary movement of the lips,tongue, jaw, fingers, toes, and other body parts)appeared in 5% of patients within one year ofneuroleptic treatment.80 Neuroleptic malignantsyndrome, a potentially fatal toxic reactionwhere patients break into fevers and becomeconfused, agitated, and extremely rigid, wasalso a known outcome risk. An estimated100,000 Americans have died from it.81

To counter negative publicity, articlesplaced in medical journals regularly exaggerat-ed the benefits of the drugs and obscured theirrisks. Whitaker says that in the 1950s, whatphysicians and the general public learned aboutnew drugs was tailored: “This molding of opin-ion, of course, played a critical role in the recast-ing of neuroleptics as safe, antischizophrenicdrugs for the mentally ill.”

However, independent research outcomeswere worrisome. In an eight-year-study, theWHO found that severely mentally disturbedpatients in three economically disadvantagedcountries whose treatment plans did not includea heavy reliance on drugs—India, Nigeria andColombia—did dramatically better than theircounterparts in the United States and four otherdeveloped countries. Indeed, after five years,“64% of the patients in the poor countries wereasymptomatic and functioning well.” In contrast, only 18% of the patients in the pros-perous countries were doing well.82 A secondfollow-up study using the same diagnostic crite-ria reached the same conclusion.83 Neurolepticswere clearly implicated in the significantly inferior western result.

Not until 1985 did the APA issue a warning

While Nobel Prize winner John Nash is depicted in the Hollywood film “A Beautiful Mind” as recovering from

“schizophrenia” using the latest psychiatric drugs, Nash refutes this fiction. In fact, he had not taken psychiatric medications for 24 years and recovered naturally from his disturbed state.

C H A P T E R F O U RH a r m i n g t h e V u l n e r a b l e

25

“The idea was that ‘schizophrenia’ could often be overcome with the help of meaningful relationships,

rather than with drugs, and that such treatment would eventually lead to unquestionably healthier lives.”

— Dr. Loren Mosher, former chief of the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health’s Center for Studies of Schizophrenia

letter to its members about the potentially lethaleffects of the drugs, and then only after severalhighly publicized lawsuits that “found psychia-trists and their institutions negligent for failingto warn patients of this risk, with damages inone case topping $3 million.”

New “atypical” [not usual] drugs for schizo-phrenia were introduced in the 1990s, promisingfewer side effects.84 However, one of these atypi-cals had already been tested in the 1960s and wasfound to have caused seizures, dense sedation,marked drooling, constipation, urinary inconti-nence, weight gain, respiratory arrest, heartattack and rare sudden death. When introducedinto Europe in the 1970s, the drug was with-drawn after it was also found to cause agranulo-cytosis, a potentially fatal depletion of whiteblood cells, in up to 2% of patients.85

In the film “A Beautiful Mind,” Nobel Prizewinner John Nash is depicted as relying on psy-chiatry’s latest breakthrough drugs to prevent arelapse of his “schizophrenia.” This isHollywood fiction, however, as Nash himselfdisputes the film’s portrayal of him taking“newer medications” at the time of his NobelPrize award. Nash had not taken any psychiatricdrugs for 24 years and had recovered naturallyfrom his disturbed state.

Although omitted from psychiatry-spon-sored history books, it is vital to know thatnumerous compassionate and workable medicalprograms for severely disturbed individualshave not relied on heavy drugging.

Workable TreatmentsThe late Dr. Loren Mosher was the chief of theU.S. National Institute of Mental Health’s Centerfor Studies of Schizophrenia, and later clinicalprofessor of psychiatry at the School ofMedicine, University of California, San Diegoand director of Soteria Associates in San Diego,California. He opened Soteria House in 1971 as aplace where young persons diagnosed as having“schizophrenia” lived medication-free with anonprofessional staff trained to listen, to under-stand them and provide support, safety and val-idation of their experience. “The idea was that‘schizophrenia’ could often be overcome withthe help of meaningful relationships, rather thanwith drugs, and that such treatment would eventually lead to unquestionably healthierlives,” he said.

Dr. Mosher further stated: “The experimentworked better than expected. At six weeks post-admission both groups had improved signifi-cantly and comparably despite Soteria clientshaving not usually received antipsychotic drugs!At two years post-admission, Soteria-treated sub-jects were working at significantly higher occu-pational levels, were significantly more often liv-ing independently or with peers, and had fewerreadmissions. Interestingly, clients treated atSoteria who received no neuroleptic medicationover the entire two years or were thought to bedestined to have the worst outcomes, actuallydid the best as compared to hospital and drug-treated control subjects.”

In the Institute ofOsservanza (Obser-vance) in Imola, Italy,Dr. Giorgio Antonuccitreated dozens of so-called violent schizo-phrenic women, mostof who had been continuously strappedto their beds (some up to 20 years). Strait-jackets had been used,as well as plastic masksto keep patients frombiting. Dr. Antonuccibegan to release thewomen from their confinement, spendingmany, many hours eachday talking with themand “penetrating theirdeliriums and anguish.”In every case, Dr.Antonucci listened tostories of years of des-peration and institu-tional suffering. UnderDr. Antonucci’s leader-ship, all psychiatric“treatments” were aban-doned and some of themost oppressive psychiatric wards were disman-tled. He ensured that patients were treated com-passionately, with respect, and without the use ofdrugs. In fact, under his guidance, the ward trans-formed from the most violent in the facility to itscalmest. After a few months, his “dangerous”patients were free, walking quietly in the asylumgarden. Eventually they were stable and dis-

charged from the hospital after many had been taught how to read and write, and how towork and care for themselves for the first time intheir lives. Dr. Antonucci’s superior results alsocame at a much lower cost.

Such programs constitute permanent testimo-ny to the existence of both genuine answers andhope for the seriously troubled.

Dr. GiorgioAntonucci, second

from the right, and the patients he

salvaged with communication

and compassion.

Between 1973 and 1996 Dr. Giorgio Antonucci (left and above

with patient) repeatedly dismantledsome of the most oppressive

concentration camp-like psychiatricwards by ensuring that patients weretreated compassionately, with respect

and without the use of drugs.

O n June 20, 2001, Texas mother andhousewife Andrea Yates filled the bath-tub and drowned her five children, ages

six months to seven years. For many years, Mrs.Yates, 37, had struggled through hospitalizations,prescribed psychiatric drugs and suicide attempts.On March 12, 2002, the jury rejected her insanitydefense and found her guilty of capital murder.

For the legal profession and the media, thestory had been told and the case was closed.From psychiatry, the excuses are predictable. Mrs.Yates suffered from a severe mental illness, whichwas “treatment resistant,” or she was “deniedappropriate and quality mental health care.”

Unsatisfied, CCHR Texas obtained independ-ent medical assessments of Mrs. Yates’ medicalrecords. Science consultant Edward G. Ezrailson,Ph.D., reported that the cocktail of drugs pre-scribed to Mrs. Yates caused involuntary intoxica-tion. The “overdose” of one antidepressant and“sudden high doses” of another, “worsened herbehavior,” he said. This “led to murder.”86

Author Robert Whitaker’s research found thatantipsychotic drugs temporarily dim psychosis but,in the long run, make patients more biologicallyprone to it. A second paradoxical effect, one thatemerged with the more potent neuroleptics, is aside effect called akathisia [a, without; kathisia, sit-ting; an inability to keep still]. This side effect hasbeen linked to assaultive, violent behavior.87

❚ A 1990 study determined that 50% of all fights in a psychiatric ward could be tied to akathisia. Patients described “violent urges toassault anyone near.”88

❚ A 1998 British report revealed that at least5% of SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitorantidepressant) patients suffered “commonly rec-ognized” side effects that included agitation, anx-iety and nervousness. Approximately 5% of thereported side effects included aggression, halluci-nations, malaise and depersonalization.89

❚ In 1995, nine Australian psychiatrists report-ed that patients had slashed themselves or becomepreoccupied with violence while taking SSRIs. “Ididn’t want to die, I just felt like tearing my flesh topieces,” one patient told the psychiatrists.90

Withdrawal Effects❚ In 1996, the National Preferred Medicines

Center, Inc. of New Zealand issued a report on“Acute drug withdrawal,” which stated that with-drawal from psychoactive drugs can cause:

1) rebound effects that exacerbate previoussymptoms of a “disease,” and 2) new symptomsunrelated to the original condition and unfamiliarto the patient.91

❚ Dr. John Zajecka reported in the Journal ofClinical Psychiatry that the agitation and irritabilityexperienced by patients withdrawing from one SSRIcan cause “aggressivenessand suicidal impulsivity.”92

❚ In The Lancet, theBritish medical journal,Dr. Miki Bloch reportedon patients who becamesuicidal and homicidalafter stopping an antide-pressant, with one manhaving thoughts of harm-ing “his own children.”93

While psychiatristscontinue to discount thedrug-suicide-violencelink as merely “anecdot-al,” courts are starting toact where psychiatricassociations will not.

❚ On May 25, 2001,an Australian judgeblamed a psychiatric anti-depressant for turning a peaceful, law-abidingman, David Hawkins,into a violent killer. JudgeBarry O’Keefe of the NewSouth Wales SupremeCourt said that had Mr.Hawkins not taken theantidepressant, “it isoverwhelmingly proba-ble that Mrs. Hawkinswould not have beenkilled…”

❚ In June 2001, aWyoming jury awarded$8 million to the relativesof a man, Donald Schell,who went on a shootingrampage after taking anantidepressant. The jurydetermined that the drugwas 80% responsible for inducing the killingspree.94

PUBLIC WARNINGDrug-Induced Violence Many medical studies

report evidence of psychiatric drugs inducing violent or suicidal behavior. Thebelow killers, from the U.S., Australia and Japan, brutally murdered 39 people while undergoing psychiatricdrug treatment.

Kip Kinkel

Mamoru TakumaDavid Hawkins

Jeremy Strohmeyer

Andrea Yates

Psychiatry has the worst record of insurance fraud of all medical disciplines.95

Ten percent of mental health practitioners admit to sexually abusing their patients.

One study found that one out of 20 clients who had been sexually abused by theirtherapist was a minor, the average age being seven for girls and 12 for boys.96

One survey of more than 530 psychiatrists showed 25% had chosen the field of psychiatry because of their own psychiatric problems.97

Psychiatrists have the highest suicide and drug abuserate among physicians.985

3

IMPORTANT FACTS

1

4

2

American psychiatrist Michael DeLain was jailed for two years in 2002 for sexually

exploiting a 16-year-old patient; since their inception, psychiatrists have systematically and

continually violated the Hippocratic Oath.

eyond the many valid medical reasons for non-psychiatric physiciansto resist the mental health vision of psychiatrists, there is also the matter of preserving their professional integri-

ty and reputation. While medicine has nurtured an enviable

record of achievements and general popularacceptance, the public still links psychiatry tosnake pits, straitjackets, and “One Flew Overthe Cuckoo’s Nest.”Psychiatry has donelittle to enhance that perception with itsdevelopment of suchbrutal treatments asECT, psychosurgery,the chemical strait-jacket caused by anti-psychotic drugs, andits long record of treat-ment failures.

In the area offraud, psychiatry is considerably over-repre-sented. The largest health care fraud suit in U.S.history involved mental health, yet it is thesmallest sector within the healthcare field.99

According to a veteran California healthcarefraud investigator, one of the simplest ways todetect fraud is to review the drug prescriptionrecords of psychiatrists.

Sex Crimes A 1998 review of U.S. medical board actions

against 761 physicians disciplined for sex-

related offenses from 1981 to 1996 found thatpsychiatry and child psychiatry featured insignificantly higher numbers than otherbranches. While psychiatrists accounted foronly 6% of physicians in the country, they comprised 28% of physicians disciplinedfor sex crimes.100

A 1998 report on patient complaints issuedby Sweden’s Social Board (medical board) foundthat psychiatrists were responsible for nearly half

of the mistreatments ofpatients reported. Somewere so gross—involv-ing violence and sexualabuse—that they werereferred to prosecutorsfor further action.101

Between 10% and25% of mental healthpractitioners admit tosexually abusing theirpatients. A U.S. nationalstudy of therapist-

client sex revealed that therapists abuse moregirls than boys. The female victims’ ages rangedfrom three to 17. For sexually abused boys, theages ranged from seven to 16 years old.102

Meanwhile, psychiatrists work hard toexpand their referral business by influencingprimary care medicine to use diagnostic checklists based on the DSM. As ethical practitioners are an essential part of a profes-sion’s standing, it behooves non-psychiatric physicians to consider the likely reputationalconsequences for medicine itself.

CHAPTER FIVEJeopardizing

Medical Ethics

“Suicide, stress, divorce — psychologists and other mental health professionals

may actually be more screwed up than the rest of us.”

— Psychology Today, 1997

C H A P T E R F I V EJ e o p a r d i z i n g M e d i c a l E t h i c s

29

B

In one study, 83% of people referred by clinics and social workers for psychiatric treatment had undiagnosed physical illnesses;in another, 42% of those diagnosed with “psychoses”were later found to be sufferingfrom a medical illness.103

According to medical experts,unwanted or overactive or“hyperactive” behavior hasmany sources ranging from, but not limited to, allergies,food additives, environmental toxins, improper sleepand certain medications.

A Journal of Pediatrics study showed that sucrose maycause a 10-times increase inadrenaline in children, resulting in“difficult concentrating, irritability,and anxiety.”

3

IMPORTANT FACTS

1

2

In a 2002 survey of physicians in threeEuropean countries and in the UnitedStates, 72% said qualities that best describea good physician are compassion, caring,personable and good listening and com-

munication skills. In this way, they felt theycould help make their patients healthier andlead better lives.

When asked how to distinguish between a“mental disorder” anda physical illness, 65%said that physicalexaminations and clin-ical diagnostic testingshould first rule outphysical problems.

Psychiatrists rarelyphysically test anddiagnose. A pre-pack-aged checklist ofbehaviors is consultedand the “diagnosis” ismade. All that remainsis to prescribe the psy-choactive drug.

Meanwhile, to combat the paucity of interestin psychiatry, the World Psychiatric Associationhas produced a “Core Curriculum in Psychiatryfor Medical Students.”104 Its objective is to trainall future physicians to identify and treat mentalillness. The authors candidly state, “Since moststudents will not enter psychiatry, the acquisitionof appropriate attitudes is of primary importance”and should be taught not just in psychiatry butall other subjects.105

In a wish list for mental health reform, Madin America author Robert Whitaker stated, “Atthe top of this wish list, though, would be a sim-ple plea for honesty. Stop telling those diagnosedwith schizophrenia that they suffer from toomuch dopamine or serotonin activity and thatthe drugs put these brain chemicals back into‘balance.’ That whole spiel is a form of medicalfraud, and it is impossible to imagine any other

group of patients—illsay, with cancer orcardiovascular dis-ease—being deceivedin this way.”

David B. Stein,Ph.D., clinical psychol-ogist and associateprofessor of psycho-logy says, “Physiciansare trained to heal.They really want tohelp. They often claimthat they don’t havean alternative—thatthe only way to help

these [ADHD, learning disordered] children iswith drugs. Besides, parents and teachers are con-stantly at their throats for them to write prescrip-tions. They want their disruptive kids under con-trol immediately. Some doctors dislike doing this;many wish for an alternative.”106

With psychiatric diagnoses and treatmentsimpacting more people’s lives through primarycare medicine, the alternatives need to be emphasized. The following alternatives are

CHAPTER SIXWhich Way

to Go?

“Yes, I believe ‘a’ Hippocratic Oath is relevant—for me in June of

1990 (when I took it), in March2001, and every day of my life in

this profession in which I amhonored to be a member. What isthe essence of a Hippocratic Oath?

‘May I care for others as I wouldhave them care for me.”

— Physician, 2001

C H A P T E R S I XW h i c h W a y t o G o ?

31

derived from years of working with health pro-fessionals who are qualified to address suchmedical issues.

1) Check for the Underlying Physical Problem

The California Department of Mental HealthMedical Evaluation Field Manual states: “Mentalhealth professionals working within a mentalhealth system have a professional and a legalobligation to recognize the presence of physicaldisease in their patients. … Physical diseasesmay cause a patient’s mental disorder [or] mayworsen a mental disorder.”107

In 1998, the Swedish Social Board cited several cases of disciplinary actions against psychiatrists, including one in which a patient

was complaining of headaches, dizziness andstaggering when he walked. The patient hadcomplained of these symptoms to psychiatricpersonnel for five years before a medical check-up revealed that he had a brain tumor.108

Dr. Thomas Dorman says, “…please remem-ber that the majority of people suffer from organ-ic disease. Clinicians should first of all rememberthat emotional stress associated with a chronicillness or a painful condition can alter thepatient’s temperament. In my practice I have runacross countless people with chronic back painwho were labeled neurotic. A typical statementfrom these poor patients is ‘I thought I really wasgoing crazy.’” Often, he said, the problem mayhave been “simply an undiagnosed ligamentproblem in the back.”109

2) Help Without Mind-Altering Drugs

German psychiatrist Paul Runge says he’shelped more than 100 children without usingpsychiatric drugs. He has also helped reducethe dosages of drugs prescribed by other physicians.110

Dr. L.M.J. Pelsser of the Research Center forHyperactivity and ADHD in Middelburg, theNetherlands, found that 62% of children diag-nosed with “ADHD” showed significantimprovements in behavior as a result of achange in diet over a period of three weeks.111

Dr. Mary Ann Block, who has helped thousands of children safely come off or stayoff psychiatric drugs, says, “Many doctorsdon’t do physical exams before prescribingpsychiatric drugs … [Children] see a doctor,but the doctor does not do a physical exam orlook for any health or learning problems beforegiving the child an ADHD diagnosis and a pre-scription drug. This is not how I was taught topractice medicine. In my medical education, Iwas taught to do a complete history and phys-ical exam. I was taught to consider somethingcalled a ‘differential diagnosis.’ To do this, onemust consider all possible underlying causesof the symptoms.”112 Dr. Block does allergy testing and develops dietary solutions to“behavioral” problems. She cites a Journal ofPediatrics (1995) study showing that sucrosemay cause a 10-times increase in adrenaline, inchildren, resulting in “difficulty concentrating,irritability, and anxiety.”

The emphasis must be on workable medical testing and treatmentsthat improve and strengthen individuals

and can save the person from a lifetime of psychiatric abuse.

3) Psychotropic Drugs May Mask a Child’s Physical Problems

According to medical and educationalexperts, unwanted or overactive behavior comesfrom many sources ranging from, but not limitedto, allergies, food additives, environmental toxins, improper sleep, certain medications, not knowing how to study, going past words notfully understood, and being bored with the curriculum because of exceptional intelligence orcreative ability.

Psychiatrist Sydney Walker’s book TheHyperactivity Hoax records a variety of reasonsfor hyperactive behavior: “Children with early-stage brain tumors can develop symptomsof hyperactivity or poor attention. So can lead- or pesticide-poisoned children. So can children with early-onset diabetes, heart disease,worms, viral or bacterial infections, malnutrition,head injuries, genetic disorders, allergies, mercury or manganese exposure, petit malseizures, and hundreds—yes, hundreds—ofother minor, major, or even life-threatening med-ical problems. Yet all these children are labeledhyperactive or ADD.”113

Prescribing psychotropic drugs for a diseasethat doesn’t exist, Dr. Walker noted, is a tragedybecause “masking children’s symptoms merelyallows their underlying disorders to continueand, in many cases, to become worse.”114

Dr. Walker compared the phenomenon to apatient going to see a physician for a swollen legand the doctor diagnoses it as a “lump,” giveshim or her an aspirin and never determines if thelump is a tumor, an insect bite, or gangrene.

There are far too many workable alternativesto psychiatric drugging to list them all here.Psychiatry on the other hand, would prefer tosay there are none and fight to keep it that way.That leaves a medical practitioner with a choicebetween fact and fiction, between cure and coer-cion, and between medicine and manipulation.

We have every respect for medicine prac-ticed as medicine, in a spirit of honest, ethicalendeavor, and with due consideration to prima-cy of the patient’s needs and health. However,we have every argument with the seduction andcontamination of medicine by medical pre-tenders whose abject failures threaten to pervertnot only the position, honor, humanity and valueof medicine, but to wreck the lives of millions ofpatients who simply came to medicine for help.

Prescribing psychotropic drugs for a disease that doesn’t exist is a

tragedy because, “Masking children’ssymptoms merely allows their

underlying disorders to continue and, in many cases, become worse.”

— Dr. Sydney Walker, author,The Hyperactivity Hoax, 1998

Install in psychiatric facilities a full complement of diagnostic equipment tolocate underlying and undiagnosed physical conditions. Ensure the hiring ofnon-psychiatric medical doctors to perform this function.

None of the 374 mental disorders in the DSM/ICD should be eligible forinsurance coverage because they have no scientific, physical validation.

Conduct clinical and financial audits of all government-run and private psychiatric facilities that receive government subsidies or insurancepayments, to ensure accountability and the veracity of statistical informationon admissions, treatments, and deaths.

Provide funding and insurance coverage only for workable medicaltreatments that dramatically improve and cure mental health problems.

Investigate the impact of psychiatric fraud and malpractice suits on general medicine and non-psychiatric physician insurance premiums.

No person should ever be forced to undergo electric shock treatment, psychosurgery, coercive psychiatric treatment, or the enforced administrationof mind-altering drugs. Governments should outlaw such abuses.

Legal protections should be put in place to ensure that psychiatrists andpsychologists are prohibited from violating the right of any person toexercise all civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights as enshrinedin the U.S. Constitution and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and in other relevant instruments.

P S Y C H I A T R I C H O A XR e c o m m e n d a t i o n s

34

RECOMMENDATIONSRecommendations

1234567

he Citizens Commission on HumanRights (CCHR) was established in1969 by the Church of Scientology toinvestigate and expose psychiatricviolations of human rights, and toclean up the field of mental healing.

Today, it has more than 130 chapters in over 31 countries. Its board of advisors, calledCommissioners, includes doctors, lawyers, educa-tors, artists, business professionals, and civil andhuman rights representatives.

While it doesn’t provide medical or legal advice, it works closely with and supportsmedical doctors and medical practice. A key CCHRfocus is psychiatry’s fraudulent use of subjective“diagnoses” that lack any scientific or medicalmerit, but which are used to reap financial benefitsin the billions, mostly from the taxpayers or insurance carriers. Based on these false diagnoses,psychiatrists justify and prescribe life-damagingtreatments, including mind-altering drugs, whichmask a person’s underlying difficulties and prevent his or her recovery.

CCHR’s work aligns with the UN UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights, in particular the following precepts, which psychiatrists violate on a daily basis:

Article 3: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 5: No one shall be subjected to tortureor to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment orpunishment.

Article 7: All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equalprotection of the law.

Through psychiatrists’ false diagnoses, stigma-tizing labels, easy-seizure commitment laws, brutal,depersonalizing “treatments,” thousands of indi-viduals are harmed and denied their inherenthuman rights.

CCHR has inspired and caused many hun-dreds of reforms by testifying before legislativehearings and conducting public hearings into psy-chiatric abuse, as well as working with media, lawenforcement and public officials the world over.

C I T I Z E N S C O M M I S S I O N o n H u m a n R i g h t s

35

Citizens Commission on Human Rights International

T

THE CITIZENS COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS investigates and exposes psychiatric violations of human rights. It works

shoulder-to-shoulder with like-minded groups and individuals who share a common purpose to clean up the field of mental health. We shall continue to

do so until psychiatry’s abusive and coercive practices cease and human rights and dignity are returned to all.

For further information:CCHR International

6616 Sunset Blvd.Los Angeles, CA, USA 90028

Telephone: (323) 467-4242 • (800) 869-2247 • Fax: (323) 467-3720www.cchr.org • e-mail: humanrights@cchr.org

MISSION STATEMENT

The Hon. Raymond N. Haynes,California State Assembly:

“CCHR is renowned for its long-standing work aimed at preventing the inappropriate labeling and drugging of children. ...The contributions that theCitizens Commission on Human RightsInternational has made to the local, nationaland international areas on behalf of mentalhealth issues are invaluable and reflect anorganization devoted to the highest ideals ofmental health services.”

Dr. Julian Whitaker M.D.,Director of the Whitaker Wellness Institute,California, Author of Health & Healing:

“The efforts of CCHR and the successesthey have made are a cultural benefit of agreat magnitude. They have made greatstrides; they have been a resource to parentsand children who have been terribly abused by

psychiatrists and psychologists. … The over-drugging, the labeling, the faulty diagnosis,the lack of scientific protocols, all of thethings that no one realizes are going on,CCHR has focused on, has brought to thepublic’s attention and has made headway instopping the kind of steam-rolling effect ofthe psychiatric profession.”

Dr. Fred Baughman Jr. Pediatric Neurologist

“I think there are a lot of groups todaythat are concerned about the influence of psy-chiatry in the community and in the schools,but no other group has been as effective intrying to expose the fraudulent diagnosingand drugging in the schools, as has CCHR.They are certainly a highly effective groupand a necessary ally of just about anyonewho shares these concerns and is trying toremedy these ills.”

CCHR INTERNATIONALBoard of Commissioners

CCHR’s Commissioners act in an officialcapacity to assist CCHR in its work to reform the field of mental health and to secure rights for the mentally ill.

International PresidentJan EastgateCitizens Commission on Human Rights InternationalLos Angeles

National PresidentBruce WisemanCitizens Commission on Human Rights United States

Citizens Commission on Human Rights Board MemberIsadore M. Chait

Founding CommissionerDr. Thomas Szasz, Professor of Psychiatry Emeritus at the State University of New York Health Science Center

Arts and EntertainmentJason BegheDavid CampbellRaven Kane CampbellNancy CartwrightKate CeberanoChick CoreaBodhi ElfmanJenna ElfmanIsaac HayesSteven David HorwichMark IshamDonna IshamJason LeeGeoff LevinGordon LewisJuliette LewisMarisol NicholsJohn Novello

David PomeranzHarriet SchockMichelle StaffordCass WarnerMiles WatkinsKelly Yaegermann

Politics & LawTim Bowles, Esq.Lars EngstrandLev LevinsonJonathan W. Lubell, LL.B.Lord Duncan McNairKendrick Moxon, Esq.

Science, Medicine & HealthGiorgio Antonucci, M.D.Mark Barber, D.D.S.Shelley Beckmann, Ph.D.Mary Ann Block, D.O.Roberto Cestari, M.D. (also President CCHR Italy)Lloyd McPheeConrad Maulfair, D.O.Coleen MaulfairClinton Ray MillerMary Jo Pagel, M.D.Lawrence Retief, M.D.Megan Shields, M.D.William Tutman, Ph.D.Michael WisnerJulian Whitaker, M.D.Sergej Zapuskalov, M.D.

EducationGleb Dubov, Ph.D.Bev EakmanNickolai PavlovskyProf. Anatoli Prokopenko

ReligionRev. Doctor Jim Nicholls

BusinessLawrence AnthonyRoberto Santos

CCHR National OfficesCCHR AustraliaCitizens Commission on Human Rights Australia P.O. Box 562 Broadway, New South Wales2007 Australia Phone: 612-9211-4787 Fax: 612-9211-5543E-mail: cchr@iprimus.com.au

CCHR AustriaCitizens Commission on Human Rights Austria (Bürgerkommission fürMenschenrechte Österreich) Postfach 130 A-1072 Wien, Austria Phone: 43-1-877-02-23 E-mail: info@cchr.at

CCHR BelgiumCitizens Commission on Human RightsPostbus 55 2800 Mechelen 2, Belgium Phone: 324-777-12494

CCHR CanadaCitizens Commission on Human Rights Toronto27 Carlton St., Suite 304 Toronto, Ontario M5B 1L2 Canada Phone: 1-416-971-8555E-mail:officemanager@on.aibn.com

CCHR Czech RepublicObcanská komise za lidská práva Václavské námestí 17 110 00 Praha 1, Czech RepublicPhone/Fax: 420-224-009-156 E-mail: lidskaprava@cchr.cz

CCHR Denmark Citizens Commission on Human Rights Denmark (MedborgernesMenneskerettighedskommission—MMK) Faksingevej 9A2700 Brønshøj, Denmark Phone: 45 39 62 9039 E-mail: m.m.k.@inet.uni2.dk

CCHR Finland Citizens Commission on Human Rights FinlandPost Box 14500511 Helsinki, Finland

CCHR France Citizens Commission on Human Rights France (Commission des Citoyens pourles Droits de l’Homme—CCDH) BP 76 75561 Paris Cedex 12 , France Phone: 33 1 40 01 0970 Fax: 33 1 40 01 0520 E-mail: ccdh@wanadoo.fr

CCHR Germany Citizens Commission on Human Rights Germany—National Office (Kommission für Verstöße derPsychiatrie gegenMenschenrechte e.V.—KVPM) Amalienstraße 49a80799 München, Germany Phone: 49 89 273 0354 Fax: 49 89 28 98 6704 E-mail: kvpm@gmx.de

CCHR GreeceCitizens Commission on Human Rights65, Panepistimiou Str.105 64 Athens, Greece

CCHR HollandCitizens Commission on Human Rights Holland Postbus 36000 1020 MA, Amsterdam Holland Phone/Fax: 3120-4942510 E-mail: info@ncrm.nl

CCHR HungaryCitizens Commission on Human Rights Hungary Pf. 182 1461 Budapest, Hungary Phone: 36 1 342 6355 Fax: 36 1 344 4724 E-mail: cchrhun@ahol.org

CCHR IsraelCitizens Commission on Human Rights Israel P.O. Box 37020 61369 Tel Aviv, Israel Phone: 972 3 5660699 Fax: 972 3 5663750E-mail: cchr_isr@netvision.net.il

CCHR ItalyCitizens Commission on Human Rights Italy (Comitato dei Cittadini per iDiritti Umani—CCDU) Viale Monza 120125 Milano, ItalyE-mail: ccdu_italia@hotmail.com

CCHR Japan Citizens Commission on Human Rights Japan 2-11-7-7F KitaotsukaToshima-ku Tokyo170-0004, JapanPhone/Fax: 81 3 3576 1741

CCHR Lausanne, SwitzerlandCitizens Commission on Human Rights Lausanne (Commission des Citoyens pourles droits de l’Homme— CCDH) Case postale 57731002 Lausanne, SwitzerlandPhone: 41 21 646 6226 E-mail: cchrlau@dplanet.ch

CCHR MexicoCitizens Commission on Human Rights Mexico (Comisión de Ciudadanos porlos Derechos Humanos—CCDH)Tuxpan 68, Colonia RomaCP 06700, México DFE-mail:protegelasaludmental@yahoo.com

CCHR Monterrey, Mexico Citizens Commission on Human Rights Monterrey,Mexico (Comisión de Ciudadanos por losDerechos Humanos —CCDH)Avda. Madero 1955 PonienteEsq. Venustiano Carranza Edif. Santos, Oficina 735 Monterrey, NL México Phone: 51 81 83480329Fax: 51 81 86758689 E-mail: ccdh@axtel.net

CCHR NepalP.O. Box 1679Baneshwor Kathmandu, NepalE-mail: nepalcchr@yahoo.com

CCHR New ZealandCitizens Commission on Human Rights New Zealand P.O. Box 5257 Wellesley Street Auckland 1, New Zealand Phone/Fax: 649 580 0060 E-mail: cchr@xtra.co.nz

CCHR NorwayCitizens Commission on Human Rights Norway (Medborgernes menneskerettighets-kommisjon,MMK)Postboks 8902 Youngstorget 0028 Oslo, Norway E-mail: mmknorge@online.no

CCHR RussiaCitizens Commission on Human Rights RussiaP.O. Box 35 117588 Moscow, Russia Phone: 7095 518 1100

CCHR South AfricaCitizens Commission on Human Rights South Africa P.O. Box 710 Johannesburg 2000 Republic of South Africa Phone: 27 11 622 2908

CCHR Spain Citizens Commission on Human Rights Spain (Comisión de Ciudadanos por losDerechos Humanos—CCDH) Apdo. de Correos 18054 28080 Madrid, Spain

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1. David Samuels, “SayingYes to Drugs,” The NewYorker, 23 Mar. 1998.

2. Ty C. Colbert, Ph.D., Rapeof the Soul: How the ChemicalImbalance Model of ModernPsychiatry Has Failed itsPatients (Kevco Publishing,California, 2001) pp. 74–75

3. “Controlling the diagnosisand treatment of hyperactivechildren in Europe,”Parliamentary AssemblyCouncil of EuropePreliminary Draft Report,Mar. 2002, Statement from Dr. Paul Runge.

4. Ibid., point 46.

5. “Evolution of the numberof prescriptions of Ritalin(Methylphenidate) in theCanton of Neuchatel between1996 and 2000,” Dr. Jean-Blaise Montandon, PublicHealth Service and LaurentMedioni, Chief ofPharmaceutical Control andAuthorization Division,Switzerland.

6. David Reardon, “Minddrugs are hurting normalchildren: AMA,” SydneyMorning Herald, 6 Feb. 1999.

7. Op. cit., ParliamentaryAssembly Council of EuropePreliminary Draft Report,Mar. 2002.

8. “The ADHD Debate—Parents, doctors and educa-tors struggle to define—andtreat—attention deficit hyper-activity disorder,” Daily News(New York), 9 Apr. 2001.

9. Louria Shulamit, M.D.,family practitioner, Israel,2002—quote provided toCCHR International 22 June2002.

10. Gina Shaw, “The RitalinControversy—ExpertsDebate Use of Drug to CurbHyperactivity in Children,”The Washington Diplomat, Mar. 2002.

11. Jeanie Russell, “The PillThat Teachers Push,” GoodHousekeeping, Dec. 1997.

12. Elliot S. Valenstein, Ph.D.,Blaming the Brain (The FreePress, New York, 1998), p. 4.

13. Ibid., p. 196.

14. Lisa M. Krieger, “Somequestion value of brain scan;

Untested tool belongs in labonly, experts say,” TheMercury News, 4 May 2004.

15. Ibid.

16. Dr. Mary Ann Block, NoMore ADHD (Block Books,Texas, 2001), p. 35.

17. Op. Cit., Ty C. Colbert,Ph.D., p. 74.

18. Physician’s DeskReference—1998 (MedicalEconomics Co., N.J.), pp.1896–1897.

19. Brian Vastig, “PayAttention: Ritalin Acts MuchLike Cocaine,” Journal of theAmerican Medical Association,22/29 Aug. 2001, Vol. 286, No. 8, p. 905.

20. Dr. David Stein, Ph.D.,Unraveling the ADD/ADHDFiasco (Andrews Publishing,Kansas City, 2001), p. 22.

21. Ibid., p. 20.

22. Ibid.

23. Diagnostic and StatisticalManual of Mental Disorders(DSM-IIIR) (AmericanPsychiatric Association,Washington, D.C., 1987), p. 136.

24. Sydney Walker III, M.D.,The Hyperactivity Hoax (St.Martin’s Paperbacks, NewYork, 1998), p. 47.

25. Op. cit., Dr. Jean-BlaiseMontandon and LaurentMedioni.

26. Lucy Johnston, “Theseyoungsters are like guineapigs in a huge medical exper-iment…” Sunday Express, 15 June 2003.

27. K. Minde, M.D., FRCPC,“The Use of PsychotropicMedication in Preschoolers:Some Recent Developments,”Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,Vol. 43, 1998.

28. Richard De Grandpre,Ritalin Nation (W.W. Norton& Co., New York, 1999), p. 177.

29. Kate Muldoon, “Shootingspurs debate on Prozac’s useby kids,” The Oregonian, 1 June 1998.

30. “The eating cure: Forgetdrugs—diet is the way forward in treating mental illness…,” The Guardian(London), 4 May 2004.

31. “Worsening Depressionand Suicidality in PatientsBeing Treated withAntidepressantsMedications,” U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationPublic Health Advisory, 22 Mar. 2004.

32. Kelly Patricia O’Meara,“GAO ‘Study’ PlaysGuessing Games,” InsightMagazine, 16 May 2003.

33. R.S. Pollack, “A Boy’sBehavioral Problems Stopafter a Blockage is Removedfrom His Colon,” Sun SentinelNews, 4 Mar. 2002.

34. American PsychiatricAssociation Campaign Kit1989: “Opening letter byHarvey Ruben, M.D.”; sections on “About thisyear’s campaign”; “Aboutlegislators”; “About the public.”

35. “Acknowledgements,” AWHO Educational Package—Mental Disorders in PrimaryCare, 1998, p. 3.

36. Edward Shorter, A Historyof Psychiatry: From the Era ofthe Asylums to the Age ofProzac (John Wiley & Sons,Inc., New York, 1997), p. 1.

37. Franz G. Alexander, M.D.,and Sheldon T. Selesnick,M.D., The History ofPsychiatry: An Evaluation ofPsychiatric Thought andPractice from Prehistoric Timesto the Present (Harper & RowPublishers, New York, 1966),p. 4.

38. Thomas Szasz, M.D., TheManufacture of Madness(Harper & Row, New York,1970), p. 299.

39. Op. cit., Edward Shorter, p. 17.

40. Thomas Szasz, M.D.,Pharmocracy (PraegerPublishers, Westport, CT,2001), p. 6.

41. Ibid.

42. Ibid.

43. John G. Howells, M.D.,World History of Psychiatry(Brunner/Mazel, Inc., NewYork, 1975), p. 264.

44. Ibid.

45. Op. cit., Szasz, TheManufacture of Madness, p. 305.

46. Erwin H. Ackerknecht, A Short History of Psychiatry(Hafner Publishing Co., NewYork, 1959), pp. 33–34.

47. Thomas Roder, VolkerKubillus, Anthony Burwell,Psychiatrists—The Men BehindHitler (Freedom Publishing,Los Angeles, 1995), p. 28, cit-ing: Friedrich Neitzche, BookIII, p. 67.

48. Op. cit., Szasz,Manufacture of Madness,p. 312.

49. Stanley Finger, Origins ofNeuroscience: A History ofExplorations into BrainFunction (Oxford UniversityPress, New York, 1994), p. 58.

50. Op. Cit., Elliot S.Valenstein, p. 19.

51. Ibid., p. 19.

52. “Acknowledgements,” AWHO Educational Package—Mental Disorders in PrimaryCare, 1998, p. 3.

53. Sarah Boseley,“Psychiatric Agenda ‘set bydrug firms,’” The Guardian, 9July 2001.

54. Shankar Vedantam,“Drug Ads Hyping AnxietyMake Some Uneasy,” TheWashington Post, 16 July 2001.

55. Joseph Glenmullen, M.D.,Prozac Backlash (Simon &Schuster, New York, 2000), p. 12.

56. Op. cit., Elliot S.Valenstein, p. 4.

57. “IMS HEALTH Reports14.9 Percent Dollar Growth inU.S. Prescription Sales to$145 Billion in 2000,”IMSHealth.com, 31 May 2001;“IMS Reports 11.5 PercentDollar Growth in ‘03 U.S.Prescription Sales,”IMSHealth.com, 17 Feb., 2004.

58. Herb Kutchins & StuartA. Kirk, Making Us Crazy: ThePsychiatric Bible and theCreation of Mental Disorders”(The Free Press, New York,1997), pp. 260, 263.

59. David Healy, The Anti-Depressant Era (HarvardUniversity Press, 1999),p. 233.

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64. Op. Cit., Valenstein, Ph.D.,pp. 147–148.

65. Steven Miran, M.D.,“Testimony of the APA beforethe House Subcommittee onLabor, Health & HumanServices and EducationAppropriations,” 5 Apr. 2000.

66. Op. cit., David Healy, p. 174.

67. Op. cit., Elliot S. Valenstein,p. 4.

68. Ibid., p. 125.

69. Op. cit., Lisa M. Krieger,The Mercury News, 4 May 2004.

70. Op. cit., Ty C. Colbert,Ph.D., Rape of the Soul, p. 97.

71. Op. cit. Elliot S. Valenstein,p. 4.

72. Op. cit., David Healy,Intro., p. 5.

73. Op. cit., JosephGlenmullen, p. 195.

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79. Ibid., p. 203.

80. Ibid., p. 191, citing GeorgeCrane, “Tardive Dyskinesia inPatients Treated with MajorNeuroleptics: A Review of theLiterature,” American Journal ofPsychiatry, 124, supplement,1968, pp. 40–47.

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84. Ibid., pp. 253–254.

85. Ibid., p. 258.

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87. Op. cit., Robert Whitaker,pp. 182, 186.

88. Ibid., p. 188.

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93. Ibid., p. 78.

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106. David B. Stein, Ph.D.,Ritalin is Not the Answer: ADrug-Free, Practical Program forChildren Diagnosed with ADDor ADHD (Jossey-Bass, Inc.,Publishers, San Francisco,1999), p. 16.

107. Lorrin M. Koran, MedicalEvaluation Field Manual,Department of Psychiatry andBehavioral Sciences, StanfordUniversity Medical Center,California, 1991, p. 4.

108. Tomas Bjorkman, “ManyWrongs in Psychiatric Care,”Dagens Nyheter, 25 Jan. 1998.

109. Thomas Dorman, “Toxic Psychiatry,” ThomasDorman’s website, 29 Jan.2002, Internet address:http://www.dormanpub.com,accessed: 27 Mar. 2002.

110. Op. cit., Dr. Paul Runge.

111. Op. cit., ParliamentaryAssembly Council of EuropePreliminary Draft Report, Mar.2002, point 19.

112. Op. cit., Dr. Mary AnnBlock, pp. 19–20.

113. Op. cit., Sydney WalkerIII, The Hyperactivity Hoax p. 6.

114. Ibid., p. 12.

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