Psych 101 Ch 2 Biology and Behavior (1)

7/28/2019 Psych 101 Ch 2 Biology and Behavior (1)

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Biology and Behavior


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The mind is an amazing thing. Aoccdrnig to

rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosntmttaer waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are in; theolny iprmoetnt tihng is that the frist and lsat ltteer

be at the rghit pclae.

The rset can be a total mses and you can stillraed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the

huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef,but the word as a wlohe.


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Charles Darwin

5 year volunteer on HMS Beagle

Galapagos Islands: lizards, tortoises andplants evolved and adaptedBelieved the genesis theory of creation Observations made him second guessThomas Malthus: Essay on the Principle of population (1798). Mathematics vs geometric


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Darwins Anxieties

His theory contradicted the religious view

His theory stated humans came from apesHis theory could bring scorn on his familyHe was anxious to avoid prejudice andwanted it published after his death

20 years later he published (1859) becauseof Alfred Russel Wallace.The Descent of Man (1871) humans are aproduct of evolution.


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Darwins theory of evolution

Struggle for existence over millions of years

Some creatures/species have adapted Chance variations that transmit positive traits are

past on. Chance variations that hinder survival are likely to

disappear.Natural SelectionInstinct and Extinct


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Some Definitions


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Natural Selection

A core concept of the theory of evolution that

holds that adaptive genetic variations amongmembers of a species enable individuals withthose variations to survive and reproduce.

As a result, such variations tend to be

preserved, whereas nonadaptive variationstend to drop out.


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Mutation

A sudden variation in an inheritable

characteristic, as distinguished from avariation that results from generations of gradual selection.


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Evolution Psychology

The branch of Psychology that studies the

ways in which adaptation and naturalselection are connected with mentalprocesses and behavior.Patterns of behavior evolve and are

transmitted genetically Aggression, mate selection, altruism


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Species

A category of biological classification

consisting of related organisms who arecapable of interbreeding.


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Instinct

A stereotyped pattern of behavior that is

triggered by a particular stimulus and nearlyidentical among members of a species, evenwhen they are reared in isolation.White Crowned Sparrow, Male Stickleback

Fish, Shadow of hawk.


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Heredity

Nature of Nature


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Terms for this section

HeredityGeneticsBehavioral GeneticsMolecular GeneticsGene

ChromosomeDeoxyribonucleic Acid

Sex Chromosomes (23)Down Syndrome (21)

Angelman Syndrome(15)Nature

NurtureMonozygotic vs.Dizygotic


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Facts on Heredity

Heredity makes behavior possible and

places limits on it. (speech)Species specific behavior vs. individualdifferencesHeredity is involved in almost all aspect of human behavior


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Genes

Genes are the biochemical materials that

regulate the development of specific traits.Every cell contains 30,000 to 40,000 genesGenes are segments of chromosomes46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs


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The Double Helix

1950s James Watson and Francis Crick

Twisting ladder Ladder: Phosphate (p) and Sugar (s)Rungs: adenine (a) with thymine (t) or

cytosine (c) with guanine (g)Genetic Code consists of 3 billion DNAsequences.DNA sequence overlaps 99.9% with other humans


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Figure 2.2


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Figure 2.3 The 23 Pairs of Human Chromosomes. People normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Whether one isfemale or male is determined by the 23rd pair of chromosomes. Females have two X sex chromosomes, whereas

males have an X and a Y sex chromosome.


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Chromosomes


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Kinship Studies

Comparing traits and behaviors in people

who are biologically relatedNature vs. nurtureChildren and parents have 50% genes incommonOvum ZygoteMonozygotic (MZ) vs. Dizygotic (DZ)


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The Nervous System

On Being Wired


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Neuron **

A nerve cell that can be visualized as having

branches, trunks and roots.Neurons receive messages byneurotransmitters

Afferent (sensory) and Efferent (motor)NeuronsMultiple Sclerosis myelin replaced withhard fibrous tissue


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The Nervous System

Neurons: the nerve cells of the body Cell Body:

contains the nucleus which generates energy

Dendrites:receive incoming messages from adjourning cells

(roots). Axon:

carry messages away from the cell body (trunk).


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Figure 2.5


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The Neural Impulse

A message traveling along the neuron;between 2 and 225 miles an hour.

An Electrochemical Voyage. Neuron resting potential:

-70 millivolts (negative charge).

Depolarized:action of the cell while it becomes positively charged.

Action potential:positively charged neuron returning to the resting stateof being negatively charged. The message is sent.


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Neural Impulses

The electrochemical discharge of a nervecell, or neuron.Polarize to ready a neuron by creating aninternal negative charge in relation to thebody fluid outside the cell membrane.

All-or-none principleRefractory Period


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How the brain fires

Neural impulseThe Synaptic CleftInner charges causes the next section tobecome permeable to sodium ionsThis transmits the firing along the axon

Acetylcholine (Ach) controls musclecontractionsCurare poison from South American Plant


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Key Nuerotransmitters

Dopamine-voluntary movement, learning andmemory. (L-dopa) Schizophrenia, ParkinsonsNorepinephrine - nuerotransmitter andhormone that speeds up heart rate andarousal. Stimulants (i.e. cocaine, speed)

Serotonin - emotional arousal and sleepGABA-inhibitory that helps calm anxietyEndorphins in the brain in bloodstream

(morphine)


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Parts of the Nervous System

The BrainThe Spinal CordThe nerves the link tosensory organs, muscles,and glands


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The Nervous System

Central Nervous System brain and spinalcordPeripheral part of the nervous systemconsisting of the somatic nervous systemand the autonomic

Somatic connect central NS with sensoryreceptors, skeletal muscles and body surface

Autonomic-regulates glands, heartbeat,

respiration, digestion, and dilation.


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Peripheral Nervous SystemSomatic NervousSystem Sights Sounds Smells Temperature Body Position

Autonomic NervousSystem (Automatic)

Sympathetic(emotional)Parasympathetic (bodyreserves) Heartbeat Respiration Digestion Dilation of pupils


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Figure 2.8 The Divisions of the Nervous System. The nervous system contains two main divisions: the centralnervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinalcord. The peripheral nervous system contains the somatic and autonomic systems. In turn, the autonomic nervoussystem has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.


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Central Nervous System

Spinal Cord - column of nerves. Informationsuperhighway. Gray matter unmyelinated (reflexes) White matter longer myelinated that carry messages

Spinal Reflex simple unlearned response tostimulus

Interneuron a neuron that transmits a neuralimpulse from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron.Blink, swallow


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The Brain


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Seeing the Brain Through the Eyes of the

Psychologist

Accidents. provide unplanned, uncontrolled opportunities of studying

the brain (see Phineas Gage).Experimenting with the Brain. Lesioning: damaging part of the brain.The Electroencephalograph (EEG).

EEG detects minute amounts of electrical activity in the brain.Brain Imaging Techniques. CAT (computerized axial tomograph) PET (positron emission tomography): computer MRII (magnetic reasoning imaging):


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Figure 2.11 The Parts of the Human Brain. This view of the brain, split top to bottom, shows some of the mostimportant structures. Note how close the hypothalamus is to the pituitary gland. The proximity allows thehypothalamus to readily influence the pituitary gland. The valleys in the cerebrum are called fissures.


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Voyage Through the Brain

Hindbrain: where the spinal cord meets thebrain. Contains three structures. Medulla:

regulates vital functions such as heart rate, bloodpressure, and respiration.

Pons:

transmits information about body movements and isinvolved in functions related to attention,sleep/alertness and respiration.

Cerebellum:involved in maintaining balance and controlling motor behavior.


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The Brain: Hindbrain Structures
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/Hindbrain.mov


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Forebrain

forward most part of the brain containing thalamus,hypothalamus, limbic system and the cerebrum.Thalamus: relay station for sensory stimulation.Hypothalamus: vital for body temperature regulation, concentration

of fluids, storage of nutrients, aspects of motivationand emotion.

Also involved in hunger, thirst and sexual behavior.


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Forebrain

Limbic System: Includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the

hypothalamus. Involved in memory, emotion and in the drives of hunger, sex

and aggression. Amygdala:

connected with aggression, fear response, and vigilance.

Cerebrum: responsible for thinking and language.


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The Endocrine System: Chemicals in theBloodstream

Glands: secrete hormones. Two types:

With ducts (saliva, sweat, tears).Without ducts (released into the blood stream).

Pituitary Gland: implicated in growth. sometimes referred to as the Master Gland as it

influences other glands in the endocrine system.


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The Endocrine Sytem

Gland organ that secrets

chemical substancesHormone secretedsubstance that regulatesvarious body functionsPituitary Gland secretesgrowth and other hormonesGrowth Hormone pituitary hormone that

regulates growth

Prolactin regulatesproduction of milk andmaternal behavior

Antidiuretic conservesbody fluid by increasing

reabsorptionOxytocin stimulateslabor and lactation


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HormonesMelatonin pineal hormone that regulatessleep, wake cycle, and may affect pubertyThyroxin thyroid hormone that increasesmetabolic rateCorticosteroids produced by the adrenalcortex, regulate carbohydrates metabolismand resist stressEpinephrine-(aka adrenaline) produced bythe adrenal medulla and stimulatessympathetic ANS activity


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Sex Hormones

Testosterone-male sex hormone thatpromotes growth of male sex characteristicsand sperm.Estrogen-generic term for several femalehormones that promote growth of female sex

characteristicsProgesterone-promotes growth of female sexorgans and helps maintain pregnancy.

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Psych 101 Ch 2 Biology and Behavior (1)