PSYC 374 Biological Psychology

GPC 126GPC 126

Physiological PsychologyPhysiological Psychology

Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCCDean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC

METU-NCCMETU-NCC

Spring 2015Spring 2015

Sleep and Sleep and BiorhythmsBiorhythms

Lecture #8Lecture #8

Lecture 5This presentation has been created to assist in the mastery of the material contained in Chapter 6-7of the text

Foundations of Physiological PsychologyFoundations of Physiological Psychologyby

Neil R. Carlson

All of the material contained in the presentation is drawn from the text.

Plan for the day

2. Review the various forms of sleep disturbance and their causes.

1. Review the fundamentals of sleep.

3. Review the concept of biorhythms and their function in modulating human behavior.

Hamlet, act IIIHamlet, act IIIWilliam ShakespearWilliam Shakespear

To be, or not to be, that is the question:Whether 'tis Nobler in the mind to sufferThe Slings and Arrows of outrageous Fortune,Or to take Arms against a Sea of troubles,And by opposing end them: to die, to sleepNo more; and by a sleep, to say we endThe Heart-ache, and the thousand Natural shocksThat Flesh is heir to? 'Tis a consummationDevoutly to be wished. To die to sleep,To sleep, perchance to Dream; Aye, there's the rub,For in that sleep of death, what dreams may come,When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause.

SleepSleep

Something we will do for about 1/3 of our livesSomething we will do for about 1/3 of our lives.

SleepSleep

Characterized by:

1. reduced or absent consciousness,

2. relatively suspended sensory activity,

3. inactivity of nearly all voluntary muscles.

SleepSleep

It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, and is more easily reversible than being in hibernation or a coma.

SleepSleepSleep is a heightened anabolic (constructive metabolism) state, accentuating the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal and muscular systems. A time when the body rebuilds itself and repairs damage.

Metabolism is reduced only 5-10% during sleep….so, you are using energy at nearly the same rate as when you are awake….

Sleep LevelsSleep Levels

Stage I

Stage II

Stage III(And IV)

REMRapid Eye Movement

Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM)

Slow Wave Sleep

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNlp0UMqUtM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNlp0UMqUtM


Awake

Characterized by full sensory responsiveness and both Alpha and Beta brain activity


Stage I

Characterized as a transition stage…between wakefulness and sleep…..Theta activity is present


Stage 2

After about 10 minutes or so, sleep comes……..Theta activity slows and Sleep Spindles begin to appear.


Stage 3 (4)

The third level of NREM sleep (formerly called levels 3 & 4) is characterized by slow wave Delta activity

Sleep LevelsSleep LevelsREM

The final stage is REM (rapid eye movement)….Theta/Beta activity increased…muscular paralysis

Brain electrical activity

Muscle activity

Eye movement


REM

Normal sleep includes Slow Wave NREM and REM cycles of about 90 minutes in duration

20-30 minutes20-30 minutes

NREMSlow Wave


NREMSlow Wave


REM SleepREM Sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep (aka “paradoxical sleep”) accounts for 20-25% total sleep time

REM is usually identified by by: Rapid eye movements observable under the lid

EEG patterns of increased frequency and saw-tooth wavesMuscular paralysis which may protect individuals from extreme

movement prompted by vivid dream scenes.

Circadian cyclesCircadian cycles

Circadian RhythmCircadian Rhythm

A circadian rhythm is the term given to a natural pattern of biological activity with a period of about 24 hours.

These patterns are thought to be driven by a circadian clock and have been observed in fungi, plants, and animals.


The study of “biological rhythms” has been given the name Chronobiology. These patterns are believed to be partly naturally encoded into each organism but also may be adjusted by external cues such as the presence of sunlight or work demands and schedules…..



The daily cycle of life, which includes sleeping and waking, is called a circadian (meaning "about a day") rhythm, commonly referred to as the biologic clock.

http://www.sleepdisordersguide.com/circadian-rhythms.html#ixzz3Wz9f7VCl



Timely prediction of seasonal periods of weather conditions, food availability or predator activity is crucial for survival of many species. Although not the only parameter, the changing length of the photoperiod ('daylength') is the most predictive environmental cue for the seasonal timing of physiology and behavior, most notably for timing of migration, hibernation and reproduction.

Source: Foster, R. & Kreitzman, L. (2005). The Rhythms of Life: The Biological Clocks That Control the Daily Lives of Every Living Thing. London: Profile Books. Ltd.


The influence of Circadian rhythms is present in the sleeping and feeding patterns of animals, including human beings. There are also clear patterns of core body temperature, brain wave activity, hormone production, cell regeneration and other biological activities.


The influence of Circadian rhythms is present in the sleeping and feeding patterns of animals, including human beings. There are also clear patterns of core body temperature, brain wave activity, hormone production, cell regeneration and other biological activities.


Photoperiodism, the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night, is vital to both plants and animals, and the circadian system plays a role in the measurement and interpretation of day length.



Humans

Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights.


HumansMore recent research has shown that adults have a built-in day, which averages about 24 hours; indoor lighting does affect circadian rhythms; and most people attain their best-quality sleep during their chronotype-determined sleep periods.

A study by Czeisler et al. at Harvard found the range for normal, healthy adults of all ages to be quite narrow: 24 hours and 11 minutes ± 16 minutes. The "clock" resets itself daily to the 24-hour cycle of the Earth's rotation.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4UxLpoNCxU




The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are:

melatonin secretion by the pineal gland

core body temperature

plasma level of cortisol

Circadian RhythmCircadian RhythmFor temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. The average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 05:00 (5 a.m.), about two hours before habitual wake time, though variation is great among normal chronotypes.

Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at about 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers. However, newer research indicates that the melatonin offset may be the more reliable marker.

Sleep Sleep DisordersDisorders

Sleep Disorders: Sleep ApneaSleep Disorders: Sleep ApneaSleep apnea is a serious sleep disorder that occurs when a person's breathing is interrupted during sleep. People with untreated sleep apnea stop breathing repeatedly during their sleep, sometimes hundreds of times. This means the brain -- and the rest of the body -- may not get enough oxygen.

There are two types of sleep apnea:

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): The more common of the two forms of apnea, it is caused by a blockage of the airway, usually when the soft tissue in the back of the throat collapses during sleep.

Central sleep apnea: Unlike OSA, the airway is not blocked, but the brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe due to instability in the respiratory control center.

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders

Sleep apnea can affect anyone at any age, even children. Risk factors for sleep apnea include:Being male, being overweight, being over age 40Having a large neck size (17 inches or greater in men and 16 inches or greater in women)Having large tonsils, a large tongue, or a small jaw boneHaving a family history of sleep apneaGastroesophageal reflux, or GERDNasal obstruction due to a deviated septum, allergies, or sinus problems

Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea


What Are the Effects of Sleep Apnea?If left untreated, sleep apnea can result in a growing number of health problems, including:High blood pressureStrokeHeart failure, irregular heart beats, and heart attacksDiabetesDepressionWorsening of ADHD In addition, untreated sleep apnea may be responsible for poor performance in everyday activities, such as at work and school, motor vehicle crashes, and academic underachievement in children and adolescents.

Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea


InsomniaInsomniaInsomnia is a sleep disorder that is characterized by difficulty falling and/or staying asleep. People with insomnia have one or more of the following symptoms:Difficulty falling asleepWaking up often during the night and having trouble going back to sleepWaking up too early in the morningFeeling tired upon waking


InsomniaInsomniaTypes of Insomnia

Primary insomnia: Primary insomnia means that a person is having sleep problems that are not directly associated with any other health condition or problem.

Secondary insomnia: Secondary insomnia means that a person is having sleep problems because of something else, such as a health condition (like asthma, depression, arthritis, cancer, or heartburn); pain; medication they are taking; or a substance they are using (like alcohol).


InsomniaInsomniaInsomnia also varies in how long it lasts and how often it occurs. It can be short-term (acute insomnia) or can last a long time (chronic insomnia). It can also come and go, with periods of time when a person has no sleep problems (episodic insomnia).

Acute insomnia can last from one night to a few weeks.

Insomnia is called chronic when a person has insomnia at least three nights a week for a month or longer.

Episodic insomnia is often associated with periods of life change or situational stress.


InsomniaInsomniaCauses of Insomnia

Causes of acute insomnia can include:Significant life stress (job loss or change, death of a loved one, divorce, moving)IllnessEmotional or physical discomfortEnvironmental factors like noise, light, or extreme temperatures (hot or cold) that interfere with sleepSome medications (for example those used to treat colds, allergies depression, high blood pressure, and asthma) may interfere with sleepInterferences in normal sleep schedule (jet lag or switching from a day to night shift, for example)

Causes of chronic insomnia include:Depression and/or anxietyChronic stressPain or discomfort at night


InsomniaInsomnia

Symptoms of Insomnia

1. Sleepiness during the day2. General fatigue3. Irritability4. Problems with concentration or memory


InsomniaInsomniaTreatment for InsomniaAcute insomnia may not require treatment. Mild insomnia often can be prevented or cured by practicing good sleep habits. If your insomnia makes it hard for you to function during the day because you are sleepy and tired, your health care provider may prescribe sleeping pills for a limited time. Rapid onset, short-acting drugs can help you avoid effects such as drowsiness the following day. Avoid using over-the-counter sleeping pills for insomnia, because they may have undesired side effects and tend to lose their effectiveness over time.

Treatment for chronic insomnia includes first treating any underlying conditions or health problems that are causing the insomnia. If insomnia continues, your health care provider may suggest behavioral therapy. Behavioral approaches help you to change behaviors that may worsen insomnia and to learn new behaviors to promote sleep. Techniques such as relaxation exercises, sleep restriction therapy, and reconditioning may be useful.


Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)Restless legs syndrome (RLS)

Neurologic disorder causing an urge to move the legs.The condition often disrupts sleep (sleep disorder)

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sleep disorder that causes an almost irresistible urge to move your legs (or arms). The urge to move occurs when you’re resting or lying down and is usually due to uncomfortable, tingly, aching, or creeping sensations.


NarcolepsyNarcolepsyNarcolepsy is a sleep disorder that involves excessive, uncontrollable daytime sleepiness. It is caused by a dysfunction of the brain mechanism that controls sleeping and waking. If you have narcolepsy, you may have “sleep attacks” while in the middle of talking, working, or even driving.


NarcolepsyNarcolepsyCommon signs and symptoms of narcolepsy include:

Seeing or hearing things when you’re drowsy or starting to dream before you’re fully asleep.

Suddenly feeling weak or losing control of your muscles when you’re laughing, angry, or experiencing other strong emotions.

Dreaming right away after going to sleep or having intense dreams

Feeling paralyzed and unable to move when you’re waking up or dozing off.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0GyhVN-HwU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0GyhVN-HwU

Circadian Rhythm DisordersCircadian Rhythm Disorders

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders

We all have a 24-hour sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm).

Light is the primary cue that influences circadian rhythms. When the sun comes up in the morning, the brain tells the body that it’s time to wake up. At night, when there is less light, your brain triggers the release of melatonin, a hormone that makes you sleepy.

Disruption of circadian rhythms result in feeling groggy, disoriented, and sleepy at inconvenient times.

Circadian rhythms have been linked to a variety or sleeping problems and sleep disorders, including insomnia, jet lag, and shift work sleep difficulties. Abnormal circadian rhythms have also been implicated in depression, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder (the winter blues).


JetLag



Circadian Rhythm DisordersCircadian Rhythm DisordersJet lag is a temporary disruption in circadian rhythms that occurs when you travel across time zones. Symptoms include daytime sleepiness, fatigue, headache, stomach problems, and insomnia. The symptoms typically appear within a day or two after flying across two or more time zones. The longer the flight, the more pronounced the symptoms. The direction of flight also makes a difference. Flying east tends to cause worse jet lag than flying west.

In general, it usually takes one day per time zone crossed to adjust to the local time.

Jet lag can be minimized if you:Sleep during travelAvoid excessive stressAvoid alcohol or caffeineMove about as much as possible during the flight.

Circadian Rhythm DisordersCircadian Rhythm DisordersShift work sleeping problemsShift work sleep disorder occurs when your work schedule and your biological clock are out of sync. In our 24-hour society, many workers have to work night shifts, early morning shifts, or rotating shifts. These schedules force you to work when your body is telling you to go to sleep, and sleep when your body is signaling you to wake.

12 on / 12 off12 on / 12 off

Circadian Rhythm DisordersCircadian Rhythm DisordersShift work sleeping problemsShift work sleep disorder occurs when your work schedule and your biological clock are out of sync. In our 24-hour society, many workers have to work night shifts, early morning shifts, or rotating shifts. These schedules force you to work when your body is telling you to go to sleep, and sleep when your body is signaling you to wake.

While some people adjust better than others to the demands of shift work, most shift workers get less quality sleep than their daytime counterparts. As a result of sleep deprivation, many shift workers struggle with sleepiness and mental lethargy on the job. This cuts into their productivity and puts them at risk of injury.


Shift work sleeping problems

There are a numbers of things you can do to reduce the impact of shift work on sleep:

Take regular breaks and minimize the frequency of shift changes.

When changing shifts, request a shift that’s later, rather than earlier as it’s easier to adjust forward in time, rather than backward.

Naturally regulate your sleep-wake cycle by increasing light exposure at work (use bright lights) and limiting light exposure when it’s time to sleep. Avoid TV and computer screens, use blackout shades or heavy curtains to block out daylight in your bedroom.

Consider taking melatonin when it’s time for you to sleep.


Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD) is a condition where the 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness—biological clock—is significantly delayed. As a result, individuals with this disorder may go to sleep and wake up much later than other people. For example, you may not get sleepy until 4 a.m., at which time you go to bed and sleep soundly until noon, or at least you would if your daytime responsibilities didn’t interfere. Delayed sleep phase disorder makes it difficult for you to keep normal hours—to make it to morning classes, get the kids to school on time, or keep a 9-to-5 job.

Prevalence:.15% of Adults (3 in 2000)

7% of Adolescents (may be associated with puberty)…Social Jet Lag


International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD)International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD)

Some people with the condition adapt their lives to the delayed sleep phase, avoiding common business hours (e.g., 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.) as much as possible.

The ICSD's severity criteria, all of them "over at least a one-month period", are:

Mild: Two hour delay associated with little or mild impairment of social or occupational functioning.

Moderate: Three hour delay associated with moderate impairment.

Severe: Four hour delay associated with severe impairment.


Management of DSPDManagement of DSPD

Non-Pharmacologic (no drugs)

Light TherapyLight Therapy PhotoTherapyPhotoTherapy

Light RestrictionLight Restriction

ChronoTherapyChronoTherapy

PharmacologicPharmacologic

MelatoninMelatonin


Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Periodic, annual depression thought to be caused by low light levels and long periods of interior confinement during the Winter months……Drinking, abuse, suicide may be associated with this disorder…..

Like our ears that provide two functionsthe eyes also allow us to see and to get information that regulates our internal biological clock.

DreamsDreams

DreamsDreamsDefinition: A series of images, emotions, sensations, and ideas that are experienced primarily during the REM phase of sleep.

The purpose or organization of dreams continues to be the topic of scientific inquiry and speculation. The topic of dreams and of dreaming has been the subject of religious and philosophical discussions throughout recorded history.

DreamsDreams

Dreams mainly occur during REM sleep when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. REM sleep is revealed by continuous movements of the eyes during sleep. At times, dreams may occur during other stages of sleep. However, these dreams tend to be much less vivid or memorable.

Dreams can last for a few seconds, or as long as twenty minutes.

People are more likely to remember the dream if they are awakened during the REM phase. The average person has three to

five dreams per night, but some may have up to seven dreams in one night.

The dreams tend to last longer as the night progresses.

During a full eight-hour night sleep, two hours of it is spent dreaming

Interesting facts

DreamsDreams

So…what do dreams mean??

Dream interpretation dates back to at least 5000 BCE and were recorded on clay tablets in Mesopotamia…..

During Greek and Roman periods, dreams were thought to be messages from the gods or from the dead and were thought to predict the future.

The Interpretation of Dreams by the Roman Artemidorus (c. AD 150) is the first comprehensive book on the interpretation of dreams…..

"Sitting naked signifies loss of property.""Sitting naked signifies loss of property."

DreamsDreams

So…what do dreams mean??

Sigmund Freud, who developed the discipline of psychoanalysis, wrote extensively about dream theories and interpretations. He explained dreams as manifestations of our deepest desires and anxieties, often relating to repressed childhood memories or obsessions.

In The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud developed a psychological technique to interpret dreams and devised a series of guidelines to understand the symbols and motifs that appear in our dreams. Sigmund Freud (1856‑1939)

Dream Analysis

Freud’s (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams

Dreams are the images that pass involuntarily through one’s mind during various stages of sleep.

Freud believe these images to full of content and meaning…..

Manifest Content: Those images that can be remembered upon waking.

Latent Content: The full, rich, and meaningful content of dreams not controlled by the ego and therefore a more accurate measure of an individual.

Sigmund Freud

The Structure of the Personality

ID

Super ego

Ego

Sigmund FreudThe Structure of the Personality

Id: instinctual drives, innate, and survival based. Totally unconscious, no social awareness and serves to reduce biological drives, needs, and tensions. (Present at birth)

Sigmund FreudThe Structure of the Personality

Super ego: The superego is the moral arm of the personality and represents the ideal rather than the real and strives for perfection rather than pleasure. (Second to develop)

Sigmund Freud

The Structure of the Personality

Ego: mediator of instinctual drives and reality….the last to fully develop and the only component in touch with reality.

During the day the Ego and Super Ego are in charge!

It is at night, during sleep, that the ID can come out to play!!!! It was claimed that analysis of dreams allows for a more direct analysis of the basic instinctual or animalistic parts of an individual….

Freud classified five separate processes that facilitate dream analysis.

1) Displacement occurs when the desire for one thing or person is symbolized by something or someone else.

2) Projection happens when the dreamer propels their own personal desires and wants onto another person.

3) Symbolization is illustrated through a dreamer’s unconscious allowing repressed urges and desires to be metaphorically acted out.

4) Condensation illustrates the process by which the dreamer hides their feelings and/or urges through either contraction or minimizing its representation into a brief dream image or event

5) Rationalization (also referred to as secondary revision) can be identifies as the final stage of dream-work in which the dreaming mind intently organizes an incoherent dream into something much more comprehensible and logical for the dreamer

Freud believed that many objects in dreams actually were symbolic of other, more socially unacceptable things. Distasteful images in the form of symbols can be associated by shape, action, color, number, quality, status, sound, etc. Some of the more obvious and salient dream symbols are:

1) Vagina- circular objects; jewelry

2) Penis & testicles- oblong objects; the number three

3) Castration- an action that separates a part from the whole (losing a tooth)

4) Coitus- an action that resembles sexual behavior (riding a horse)

5) Urine- anything yellow in color

6) Feces- anything brown in color; chocolate

When, in future, clients ask…..what does my dream mean?????

Probably the best response from you will be an honest one………

I really don’t know but if you’d like, perhaps we can spend some time and talk about it….perhaps you can find meaning in it….after all, it was your dream.

and finally, some more housekeeping

Please help me return the classroom to it Please help me return the classroom to it original condition…..original condition…..

1. Take your rubbish with you……

2. Place the student desks in their original order.

Thank you…., Gracias, Merci, Danke, teşekkür ederim, ありがとう , Asante, gratias ago vos,Dank u, Takk skal du ha, спасибо ……

Harika!!

Too many drugs??

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PSYC 374 Biological Psychology