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Discussion Leader Assignments
January 29th – Design, Measurement, & Analysis (ppt6)
Fraley, R. C., Roisman, G. I., & Haltigan, J. D. (2013). The legacy of early experiences in development: Formalizing alternative models of how early experiences are carried forward over time. Dev Psychol, 49(1), 109-126. Sunni1
Adolph, K. E., S. R. Robinson, et al. (2008). "What is the shape of developmental change?" Psychological Review 115(3): 527-543. Mike1
Brody, G. H., Chen, Y-F., Murry, V. M., Ge, X., Simons, R. L., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., & Cutrona, C. E. (2006). Perceived discrimination and the adjustment of African American youths: A five-year longitudinal analysis with contextual moderation effects. Child Development, 77, 1170-1189. BreAnne1
Oller DK, Niyogi P, Gray S, Richards JA, Gilkerson J, Xu D, Yapanel U, Warren SF: Automated vocal analysis of naturalistic recordings from children with autism, language delay, and typical development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010, 107:13354-13359. Carolyn1
Discussion Leader Assignments
February 5th – The biological basis of behavior and development Champagne, F. A., & Mashoodh
, R. (2009). Genes in Context Gene–Environment Interplay and the Origins of Individual Differences in Behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(3), 127-131. Cf. Szyf, M. and J. Bick (2012). "DNA Methylation: A Mechanism for Embedding Early Life Experiences in the Genome." Child Development. Ruth1
Burgaleta, M., Johnson, W., Waber, D. P., Colom, R., & Karama, S. (2014).
Cognitive ability changes and dynamics of cortical thickness development in healthy children and adolescents. Neuroimage, 84(0), 810-819. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.038 Ashley1
Uddin, L. Q., Supekar, K., & Menon, V. (2013). Reconceptualizing
functional brain connectivity in autism from a developmental perspective. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00458 Emily1
Chen, E., Cohen, S., & Miller, G. E. (2010). How low socioeconomic status affects 2-year hor
monal trajectories in children. Psychological Science, 21, 31-37. Kelly1
Alternates: Lister, R., Mukamel, E. A., Nery, J. R., Urich, M., Puddifoot, C. A., Johnson, N. D., Lucero, J.,
Huang, Y., Dwork, A. J., Schultz, M. D., Yu, M., Tonti-Filippini, J., Heyn, H., Hu, S., Wu, J. C., Rao, A., Esteller, M., He, C., Haghighi, F. G., Sejnowski, T. J., Behrens, M. M., & Ecker, J. R. (2013). Global epigenomic reconfiguration during mammalian brain development. Science, 341(6146), 1237905. doi: 10.1126/science.1237905
Shaw, P., Greenstein, D., Lerch, J., Clasen, L., Lenroot, R., Gogtay, N., Evans, A., Rapoport, J., & Giedd, J. (2006). Intellectual ability and cortical development in children and adolescents. Nature, 440, 676-679.
Discussion Leader Assignments
February 12th – Perceptual Development
Vogel, M., Monesson, A., & Scott, L. S. (2012). Building biases in infancy: The influence of race on face and voice emotion matching. Developmental Science, 15, 359-372.
Maurer, D., & Werker, J.
Perceptual narrowing during infancy: A comparison of language and faces. Developmental Psychobiology , 2014, 56 , 154-178.
Papageorgiou
, K. A., Smith, T. J., Wu, R., Johnson, M. H., Kirkham, N. Z., & Ronald, A. (2014). Individual Differences in Infant Fixation Duration Relate to Attention and Behavioral Control in Childhood. Psychological Science. doi: 10.1177/0956797614531295
Jones, W., & Klin, A. (2013). Attention to eyes is present but in decline in 2-6-month-o
ld infants later diagnosed with autism. Nature, 504(7480), 427-431. doi: 10.1038/nature12715
Alternate: Maurer, D., Mondloch, C. J., & Lewis, T. L. (2007). Sleeper effects.
Developmental Science, 10, 40-47.
Design, Measurement & Analysisin Developmental Research
Measurement The shape of developmental change Modeling individual differences in
patterns of change Mediating and moderating variables
Modeling the impact of early experience
Natalie Time Lapse: Birth to 10 years old in 1 minute 25 sec.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTjHLF3xKWo Child growth face morph time-lapse (from birth to almost 4).
Automated Vocal Analysis of Naturalistic Recordings from Children with Autism, Language Delay, and Typical DevelopmentOller et al (2010)
Rubenstein
Goal
The study of vocal development and its role in language has been labor intensive, requiring human transcribers and analysts code and take measurements from small recorded samples
Oller et al. (2010) illustrates a method to obtain measures of early speech development through automated analysis of massive quantities of day-long audio recordings collected naturalistically in children’s homes
Oller et al (2010) | Rubenstein
Automated Vocal Analysis1,486 all-day recordings from 232 children, with more than 3.1 million automatically identified child utterances
Identify speech-related child utterances (SCUs) and discard child cries and vegetative sounds
Divide SCUs into speech-related vocal islands (SVIs) high energy periods (salient syllables in SCUs) bounded by low-energy periods
SVIs were analyzed on 12 infrastructural acoustic features reflecting rhythmic/syllabic articulation and voice and known to play roles in speech development 4 Conceptual Groupings: RhSy, LtHp, BwLp, and duration Each SVI classified as present (+) or absent (-) for each feature
Oller et al (2010) | Rubenstein
Vocal parameters change with age for typical developing/language-delayed
Oller et al (2010) | Rubenstein
Vocal parameters did not change with age for children with autism
Blue—Typical Red—ASD
Oller et al (2010) | Rubenstein
Allowing for Identification
Oller et al (2010) | Rubenstein
Estimated posterior probability of “not typically developing” classification
Posterior probability threshold for “not typically developing” classification
Developmental Tracking and Group Differentiation
Primary factor: child’s control of infrastructural features of syllabification
Differentiated between children with and without a language disorder with higher accuracy than between the two language disorder groups (autism and language delay)
Oller et al (2010) | Rubenstein
Automated vs. Manual Analysis
Studying automated children’s vocalization is not just a method or technology. It’s a movement. – Oller
(Contemporary Pediatrics, 2014)
Strengths Weaknesses Solution?
What is the Shape of Developmental Change?Adolph et al, 2008
Developmental trajectories take many forms
Accurate depiction of trajectory depends on sampling rate of observations
“Microgenetic method” – small time intervals to observe developmental process
Hoffman
What is the Shape of Developmental Change?Adolph et al, 2008
Overly large sampling intervals can distort shape of change inaccurate picture of
developmental trajectory
How small is small enough? How large is too large?
Previously, measurement intervals chosen by: Intuition, convenience, and
traditionHoffman
What is the Shape of Developmental Change?Adolph et al, 2008
Call for a design based on a formal theoretical model about the shape of the underlying function Dictates number of data points and
optimal spacing BUT - hard to apply to psychology
We cannot mathematically calculate the shape of the function Causes a chicken or the egg
conundrumHoffman
Loss of sensitivity to detect trajectory
Hoffman
Study tracked motor development Systematically altered the time
between assessments to see how that impacted the trajectory
Loss of sensitivity to detect trajectory
Hoffman
Results: Many kids are variable in achieving motor skills
Longer assessment periods mask that variability, even beyond 2-3 days
Questions: What is an appropriate amount of time between assessments?
When is a skill absolutely achieved?
Brody et al., 2006
Investigated Increases in discrimination related to increases in conduct
problems and depression Association attenuated by nurturant-involved parenting,
prosocial peer affiliation, and school efficacy Gender effects
Participants African American youth (from Georgia and Iowa) T1: Early childhood (ages 10-12) T2: 2 years later T3: 5 years later
Self-report, moderators assessed through self-report and parent-report
Methods
Latent growth curve modeling uses data from 3 time points to assess change in constructs within individuals
Regression is fitted to three data points for each youth to see change in construct over time Intercept for each youth represents level of
construct at Time 1 Slope represents rate at which each
construct changes over time
Findings
Increases in discrimination positively associated with development of conduct problems and depressive symptoms
High SES youth more likely to have increases in discrimination over time
Growth trajectories for discrimination and conduct problems stronger for boys than girls (no difference for depression)
Moderators
Used multigroup comparisons to test for moderation effects
Discrimination Conduct problems/Depression Weaker for youth with high
▪ Nurturant-involved parenting▪ School efficacy▪ Affiliation with prosocial peers
Brody et al., 2006
What does studying trajectories of change add?
Other potential moderators? Study limitations?
Developmental Psychology © 2012 American Psychological Association2013, Vol. 49, No. 1, 109 –126 0012-1649/12/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/a0027852
The Legacy of Early Experiences in Development: Formalizing Alternative Models of How Early Experiences Are
Carried Forward Over Time
R. Chris Fraley, Glenn I. Roisman, and John D. HaltiganUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
N. Sun-Suslow
Pre-paper discussion (T/F)
Experiences in the first few years of life are inconsequential or held in undue high regard.
N. Sun-Suslow
Example: maternal sensitivity on social competence
Enduring
Diminishing
(McCartney & Rosenthal, 2000)
Age 1 Age 7
N. Sun-Suslow
The problem
Traditional, two-wave, longitudinal studies cannot discern pattern of association over time.
Stabilizes? If so, approaches zero or non-zero
value?
N. Sun-Suslow
Revisionist: Kagan’s (1980) tape recorder metaphor concerning fate and early experiences.
Alternative Models
Enduring: Early experiences play a unique and enduring role in development. (Sroufe, Egeland, & Dreutzer, 1990)
vs
N. Sun-Suslow
METHODS: Early Sensitivity onSocial Competence and Academic Skills National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child and Youth Development (SECCYD).
Looked at maternal sensitivity in the first 3 years of life and its associations with:
Social competence (through age 15).▪ Parent and teacher report
Academic skills (through age 15).▪ Teacher report and WJ
N. Sun-Suslow
Maternal sensitivity + covariates have enduring effects on outcome
+ stability of maternal sensitivity
N. Sun-Suslow
Examined possibility that enduring association between early experiences and later social and academic functioning is due to…
Confounding influence of factors associated with sensitivity and child outcomes (e.g. maternal education)
Stability of caregiving environments over time
METHODS: Early Sensitivity onSocial Competence and Academic Skills
N. Sun-Suslow
Results
There may be enduring effects of early caregiving experiences in both social competence and academic skills.
Difficult to reconcile on basis of revisionist perspective on development.
N. Sun-Suslow