PERSEPSI VISUALPERSEPSI VISUAL(psikologi persepsi)(psikologi persepsi)

INTRODUKSIINTRODUKSI

Sensasi (sensation): Latin Sensasi (sensation): Latin sensussensus. . France France SensSens. Ke-awas-an (awareness) . Ke-awas-an (awareness) akan stimuli dari luar (external) dan akan stimuli dari luar (external) dan dalam (internal). –Fisikal--dalam (internal). –Fisikal--Persepsi (perception): Latin Persepsi (perception): Latin perceptio, perceptio, percipiopercipio. Kesadaran yang awas akan . Kesadaran yang awas akan penafsiran (interpretation) makna dari penafsiran (interpretation) makna dari sensasi (rasa). –Mental--sensasi (rasa). –Mental--

INTRODUKSIINTRODUKSI

See (visual) See (visual) Hear (Auditory)Hear (Auditory) Taste (Gustatory)Taste (Gustatory) Touch (Tactile – Somatosensory)Touch (Tactile – Somatosensory) Smell (Olfactory)Smell (Olfactory)

Teori-teori dan Penjelasan tentang Teori-teori dan Penjelasan tentang PersepsiPersepsi

Top-down & bottom-up processingTop-down & bottom-up processing Direct perceptionDirect perception Constructivist theoriesConstructivist theories Synthesis theorySynthesis theory Computational theoryComputational theory

Teori Top-down dan Bottom-up Teori Top-down dan Bottom-up processingprocessing

Bottom-up: input visual dari obyek Bottom-up: input visual dari obyek yang diinderai oleh sensor rasa kita.yang diinderai oleh sensor rasa kita.Top-down: pengetahuan yang Top-down: pengetahuan yang tersimpan dalam diri kita.tersimpan dalam diri kita.

Direct PerceptionDirect Perception

Rich sensory information in the patterns Rich sensory information in the patterns of light reaching the the optic array —for of light reaching the the optic array —for recognition to take place.recognition to take place.Struktur atau pola pencahayaan dalam Struktur atau pola pencahayaan dalam lingkungan yang ada memberi informasi lingkungan yang ada memberi informasi optis.optis.Kondisi fisik, psikis dan fisiologis Kondisi fisik, psikis dan fisiologis mempengaruhi ‘makna’ sesuatu.mempengaruhi ‘makna’ sesuatu.

Constructivist TheoryConstructivist Theory

Perception involves a dynamic search Perception involves a dynamic search for the best interpretation of the for the best interpretation of the available data—a process called available data—a process called hypothesis testing. hypothesis testing. perception was based on a process of perception was based on a process of inference.inference.

Constructivist TheoryConstructivist Theory

Perception occurs indirectly as the end-Perception occurs indirectly as the end-product of the interaction between the product of the interaction between the stimulus input and the internal stimulus input and the internal hypotheses, expectations and hypotheses, expectations and knowledge of the observer.knowledge of the observer.

Synthesis TheorySynthesis TheoryReconcile the direct and constructivist Reconcile the direct and constructivist positions by proposing a cyclic model of positions by proposing a cyclic model of perception.perception.Perception is not a linear, one-way Perception is not a linear, one-way process with an input that leads process with an input that leads progressively to a single interpretation.progressively to a single interpretation.it is an active, it is an active, cyclic process cyclic process in which the in which the viewer has to check and re-check input viewer has to check and re-check input against expectationsagainst expectations..

Computational TheoryComputational TheoryThe computational level. The computational level. This specifies the This specifies the job that the visual system must do, i.e. its job that the visual system must do, i.e. its function.function.• • The algorithmic level. The algorithmic level. This is concerned This is concerned with the detailed processes involved in with the detailed processes involved in perception.perception.• • The hardware level. The hardware level. This is concerned This is concerned with the neuronal mechanisms underlying with the neuronal mechanisms underlying perceptual processing operations.perceptual processing operations.

Dalam membuat sebuah desain, Dalam membuat sebuah desain, Visualisasi dan Komposisi dikendalikan Visualisasi dan Komposisi dikendalikan oleh Konsep desain.oleh Konsep desain. Konsep mencakupi maksud dan tujuan Konsep mencakupi maksud dan tujuan dari desain yang dibuat, (objectives)dari desain yang dibuat, (objectives) kepada siapa desain dibuat, (audiences)kepada siapa desain dibuat, (audiences) dan kegunaan (function) serta dan kegunaan (function) serta manfaatnya (usefullness) – (significances)manfaatnya (usefullness) – (significances)

Desain dan Persepsi VisualDesain dan Persepsi Visual

Desain dan Persepsi VisualDesain dan Persepsi Visual Dan yang terpenting desain akan Dan yang terpenting desain akan diwujudkan dalam bentuk (FORM) yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk (FORM) yang bagaimana agar dapat dipersepsi oleh bagaimana agar dapat dipersepsi oleh khalayak yang dituju.khalayak yang dituju. Keberhasilan sebuah desain terletak Keberhasilan sebuah desain terletak pada kemampuan menguasai ‘Persepsi pada kemampuan menguasai ‘Persepsi Visual’.Visual’. Menciptakan dan mencerap rupa dan Menciptakan dan mencerap rupa dan bentuk dalam tipografi (texts) dan citraan bentuk dalam tipografi (texts) dan citraan (Images).(Images).

Arrangement in Black and Gray No. 1: Portrait of the Artist’s Mother (1871)

Oil on canvas, 4 ft. 9 in. × 5 ft. 4. in. (1.45 × 1.64 m)Musee d’Orsay, Paris, France

James McNeil Whistler(1834 — 1903)

Theo Van Doesburg. Theo Van Doesburg. Studies for The Cow (1917Studies for The Cow (1917). Oil on canvas (14 3/4” x 25”). ). Oil on canvas (14 3/4” x 25”). Source: Lois Fichner-Rathus (2012: 13). Source: Lois Fichner-Rathus (2012: 13). Foundations of Art and DesignFoundations of Art and Design

IKKO TANAKA. Nihon Buyo.1981. Offset lithograph.

401⁄2 x 283⁄4“ (102.2 x 73 cm). The Museum of Modern

Art, New York.

BIRM (Biological Immune Response Modulator) stimulates the human immune system is a medicine that prevents diseases by balancing the immunological system.

Shape associative : Abstraction Shape associative : Abstraction (essence)(essence)Pareidolia VS PatternicityPareidolia VS PatternicityPareidolia : a psychological Pareidolia : a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus being perceived as random stimulus being perceived as meaningfulmeaningful in fairly everyday objects in fairly everyday objects or sounds.or sounds.Patternicity: the tendency to find Patternicity: the tendency to find meaningfulmeaningful patterns in meaningless patterns in meaningless noise or images.noise or images.

Ebbinghaus illusion

Müller-Lyer llusion

Pheriperal vs CentralPheriperal vs CentralNeuroscientific literature has identified that the Neuroscientific literature has identified that the visual system has visual system has two visual pathways two visual pathways referred referred to as central and peripheral (also referred to as to as central and peripheral (also referred to as Focal/Parvocellular and Ambient/Magnocellular Focal/Parvocellular and Ambient/Magnocellular Pathway). Pathway). The central vision is concerned with The central vision is concerned with formform and and colourcolour. The peripheral vision is concerned with . The peripheral vision is concerned with movement movement and and depthdepth perception and is generally perception and is generally considered to be crucially involved in motion considered to be crucially involved in motion processing.processing.http://www.vsi.net.au/the_two_visual_systems.phphttp://www.vsi.net.au/the_two_visual_systems.php

Pheriperal Mechanism: a mechanism that Pheriperal Mechanism: a mechanism that can be localized in the eye or the can be localized in the eye or the movements of the eye.movements of the eye.Centralist Mechanism: a process that must Centralist Mechanism: a process that must occure deeper in the brain.occure deeper in the brain.The central vision is concerned with The central vision is concerned with formform and and colourcolour. The peripheral vision is . The peripheral vision is concerned with concerned with movement movement and and depthdepth perception and is generally considered to perception and is generally considered to be crucially involved in motion processing.be crucially involved in motion processing.

Central vision is the work of the macula, a Central vision is the work of the macula, a small section in the center of the retina small section in the center of the retina that consists of millions of photoreceptor that consists of millions of photoreceptor cones that enable you to make imagery of cones that enable you to make imagery of anything set in your direct path.anything set in your direct path.Peripheral vision is about awareness of Peripheral vision is about awareness of your surroundingyour surrounding area. area.  The The cone cells (for colour) and the  (for colour) and the rod cells (for low-light contrasts) in the  (for low-light contrasts) in the retina detect and convert light into neural retina detect and convert light into neural signals for vision.signals for vision.

Cone cells Cone cells are one of two types of are one of two types of receptor cells that make up the retina. receptor cells that make up the retina. They receive light and They receive light and colourcolour, sending , sending clear, bright images to the brain. They are clear, bright images to the brain. They are mostly located in the macula, and most mostly located in the macula, and most densely in the fovea. Cones are a minority densely in the fovea. Cones are a minority on the retina; the rest is made up of rods on the retina; the rest is made up of rods (The human eye has about four rods to (The human eye has about four rods to each cone).each cone).

RodsRods are sensitive to low light and a more are sensitive to low light and a more general, coarse image. They give us the general, coarse image. They give us the bare bones of the picture and leave the bare bones of the picture and leave the detail up to the cones. You'll notice that detail up to the cones. You'll notice that your sight is the clearest when you focus your sight is the clearest when you focus on something, and there is less and less on something, and there is less and less detail as you try to concentrate further and detail as you try to concentrate further and further from the focal pointfurther from the focal point..

Peripheral vision is also distributed Peripheral vision is also distributed through the retina of the eye through the through the retina of the eye through the photoreceptor cones but whereas central photoreceptor cones but whereas central vision focuses on the straight and direct vision focuses on the straight and direct path, peripheral vision focuses on the path, peripheral vision focuses on the outside of a direct gaze. outside of a direct gaze. Pheriperal visionPheriperal vision helps the brain run more helps the brain run more efficiently, so we can still see the whole efficiently, so we can still see the whole picturepicture (surroundings) (surroundings), but only the tiny , but only the tiny focal point in great detailfocal point in great detail (focus / central) (focus / central)..

Cones & Rods Cells

Joseph A. Maxwell (2005) : Joseph A. Maxwell (2005) : underpinning any research, there are underpinning any research, there are implicit philosophical assumptions implicit philosophical assumptions about the view of the nature of the about the view of the nature of the world world (ontology) (ontology) and the way to and the way to understand it understand it (epistemology)(epistemology);;Perception is the process by which we Perception is the process by which we acquire information about the world acquire information about the world around us using our five sense.around us using our five sense.Sight, sound, touch, smell and taste are Sight, sound, touch, smell and taste are the ways we experience the world.the ways we experience the world.

Kantian epistemological tradition:Kantian epistemological tradition:It is representation that makes the object It is representation that makes the object possible rather than the object that makes possible rather than the object that makes the representation possible.the representation possible.Therefore, experiencing the world is Therefore, experiencing the world is dependent on a conceptual structure dependent on a conceptual structure providing representational properties of providing representational properties of experience. (Puhalla, 2011).experience. (Puhalla, 2011).

It is suggested by Gray and Malins (2004) It is suggested by Gray and Malins (2004) that paradigm of inquiry in art research: that paradigm of inquiry in art research: the ‘the ‘subjectivity, involvement, reflexivity is subjectivity, involvement, reflexivity is acknowledgeacknowledge; Knowledge is negotiated – ; Knowledge is negotiated – inter-subjective, context boundinter-subjective, context bound, and is a , and is a result result of personal ‘constructionof personal ‘construction’.’.

The understanding of the art is an inter-The understanding of the art is an inter-subjective one. It is subjective one. It is to share the to share the perceptionperception amongst the audiences amongst the audiences ((sharing horizonsharing horizon).).

intellect

Empiricist – introspectionistEmpiricist – introspectionistIf we are to explore vision : ignore the If we are to explore vision : ignore the ‘meaning’ that comes through knowledge.‘meaning’ that comes through knowledge.Focus only the actual sensation – genuine Focus only the actual sensation – genuine sensory fact.sensory fact.Depends solely on the image on the Depends solely on the image on the retina.retina.

IntellectualistIntellectualistPerception is interpretation or inference.Perception is interpretation or inference.The subject interprets about disparate The subject interprets about disparate sensations so as to arrive at perception of sensations so as to arrive at perception of whole objects (a sum of total) – the act of whole objects (a sum of total) – the act of intellectual synthesis.intellectual synthesis.Lemon is a bulging oval shape with two Lemon is a bulging oval shape with two ends + yellow colour + fresh feel + acidic ends + yellow colour + fresh feel + acidic taste.taste.

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