PSEG Chapter 1 - Safety

7/31/2019 PSEG Chapter 1 - Safety

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Principles of Steam ElectricGeneration

Chapter 1: Generating StationSafety and Fire Protection

Chapter 1: Generating Station Safety and Fire Protection ..................................... iChapter 1: Generating Station Safety and Fire Protection .................................... 1Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1

Accident Prevention ................................................................................................1Good Housekeeping ............................................................................................... 2Lifting and Carrying ................................................................................................ 2Personal Protection Equipment..............................................................................5Hearing Protection ..................................................................................................7Pressure Levels of Common Sounds and Noises .................................................. 9

Eye Safety .............................................................................................................10Respiratory Hazards and Protection .....................................................................14

Particulate ..........................................................................................................15Toxic Gases and Vapors ...................................................................................15

Air Purifying Respirators ....................................................................................15Filter Masks ....................................................................................................... 16Particulate-Removing Respirators .................................................................... 16Chemical Cartridge Respirators ........................................................................ 17

Air Supplied Respirators ....................................................................................17Air Line Respirator .............................................................................................19MSA Oxygen Administrator ...............................................................................19

Electrical Shock Hazards ...................................................................................... 20The Physiological Effect of Electric Shock ........................................................20What to Do for Victims .......................................................................................21

Electrical Safety .................................................................................................... 22High Voltage Switch Rack Safety ......................................................................224kv and 480-Volt Switch Gear ...........................................................................23Battery Room Hazards ...................................................................................... 23

Ladder and Scaffolding Safety ..............................................................................23Ladder Safety .................................................................................................... 23Ladder Inspections ............................................................................................ 24Scaffolding Safety ............................................................................................. 24

Forklifts and Industrial Trucks ........................................................................... 25First Aid ............................................................................................................. 26Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) ............................................................. 27Definitions ..........................................................................................................27

Administering CPR ............................................................................................ 27For Infants and Small Children ..........................................................................30Infants and Small Children ................................................................................ 32

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) ..................................................................... 33

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Contents of a Material Safety Data Sheet ........................................................33SECTION II HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS ......................................................33SECTION III PHYSICAL DATA .........................................................................35SECTION IV FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA ................................... 36SECTION V HEALTH HAZARD DATA ............................................................. 36SECTION VI REACTIVITY DATA ................................................................... 36SECTION VII SPILL OR LEAKS PROCEDURES ............................................ 37SECTION VIII SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATION ................................ 37SECTION IX SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS .......................................................... 38When to Refer to a MSDS .................................................................................39Rights of Employees ......................................................................................... 39

SAFE DRIVING .....................................................................................................40Welding Hazards ...................................................................................................41

How Can You Protect Yourself? ....................................................................... 43Care and Storage of Compressed Gases ............................................................ 43

General.............................................................................................................. 43Cylinder Labeling ...............................................................................................43Cylinder Storage ................................................................................................44Intra-Plant Transportation ................................................................................. 44Cylinder Valves ................................................................................................. 46Cylinder Safety Devices .................................................................................... 46Water Safety ......................................................................................................47Tool Safety ........................................................................................................ 47

Fire Protection .......................................................................................................48Fire Protection Introduction ............................................................................... 48Fire Chemistry ................................................................................................... 48Methods of Fire Fighting ....................................................................................48Classifications of Fires ...................................................................................... 49Class A Fires ..................................................................................................... 49Class B Fires ..................................................................................................... 50Class C Fires ....................................................................................................51Class D Fires .....................................................................................................52

Portable Fire Extinguishers ...................................................................................52Dry Chemical Extinguishers .............................................................................. 52Sizes ..................................................................................................................55Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguishers ................................................................55How to Use a CO2 Extinguisher ....................................................................... 56

Foam Extinguishers ...........................................................................................57Pressurized Water Extinguishers ...................................................................... 58Halon Extinguishers ......................................................................................... 59Characteristics ...................................................................................................60Fire Hoses and Brigade Equipment.................................................................. 60Nozzles for Hose Lines ..................................................................................... 62

Automatic Fire Protection Equipment................................................................ 62Sprinkler System ............................................................................................... 62

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Deluge Type Fire System ..................................................................................64Low Pressure Carbon Dioxide System ............................................................. 64Halon System .................................................................................................... 65Flammable Liquids and Vapors .........................................................................67

Summary ...............................................................................................................69Review Questions ................................................................................................. 72Progress Check .................................................................................................... 76EXAMINATION ..................................................................................................... 79

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Chapter 1: Generating StationSafety and Fire Protection

Introduction

The goal of this home study course is to concentrate on the basic principlesinvolved in the generation and transmission of electric power, leaving the actualoperating procedures to in-plant training programs. In this chapter on accidentprevention, it is difficult to separate principles of safety from operating ormaintenance practices. This chapter will point out many of the hazards thatexist in generating station operations, and cover some of the basic precautionsthat should be taken.

Safety rules are provided to all Departments of Water and Power employees.This book covers basic safety rules that are considered essential, but they arenot complete for any craft or occupation. Employees are expected to observeprescribed safety procedures and precautions. Remember: No job is soimportant, or service so urgent, that we cannot take time to perform our worksafely.

Accident Prevention

Accident prevention is controlof human performance, machine performance, andphysical environment. The word controlmeansprevention as well as correctionof unsafe conditions and circumstances.

In the performance of your duties you will be involved with tools, machines,materials, and equipment which can be very dangerous.

The information presented in this chapter is not intended to supersede existingsafety rules and regulations. Rather it should serve to emphasize that mostaccidents can be prevented through diligent adherence to safety concepts thateliminate unsafe conditions and acts.

Personnel should:

Strictly observe all safety precautions applicable to the work or duty.

Report any unsafe condition, equipment or material considered to beunsafe.

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Warn others who may be endangered by known hazards or who maybe failing to observe safety precautions.

Use approved protective clothing or equipment for the safe performance ofwork or duty.

Report any injury or evidence of impaired health occurring in the courseof work or duty.

Plan safety into your job assignment. Anticipate possible unsafesituations. Have a contingency plan ready should an unforeseencondition arise.

Good Housekeeping

One of the most common types of accidents is slipping and falling. Goodhousekeeping, proper use of ladders, care with chairs on waxed floors, andproper use of handrails all help topreventthis type of accident from occurring.

Good housekeeping further includes keeping the premises both inside andoutside of the station clean and orderly at all times. Combustible materials,such as oil soaked or paint covered rags, waste, shavings, packing, andrubbish should not be allowed to accumulate on benches, floors, or yards.They should be disposed of in containers especially provided for them.

Floors, platforms, stairways, corridors, exits, roadways, walkways, andmaterial storage areas should be kept clear and free from obstructions,depressions, and debris. They should be maintained in good repair and freefrom grease, oil, or water. Materials and supplies should be stored in anorderly manner to prevent their falling or spreading and to eliminate trippinghazards.

Lifting and Carrying

Most back injuries can be prevented by lifting properly. Many people do notrealize there is a wrong way and a right way to lift things.



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One person should never handle a load that is too heavy or awkward.Mechanical lifting devices shall be used on heavy or bulky objects.

In the actual lifting operation, always keep your back straight, not curved.Never twist your back. Never reach and lift. Never bend over to pick up withyour back in a curve and your legs straight. Get into the habit of squattingdown; bend your knees; and lift with your legs, not with your back. Get agood firm grip and keep the load close to your body. The main idea is to usethe strong muscle power of your legs for lifting.

Remember that the safe way is the easiest way. To lift the wrong way andsuffer injury does not make sense. It is common sense to do it the right wayand avoid injury.

In safe lifting look and think before you lift. How much does it weigh? Is ittoo much for you to lift? How are you going to lift it? What are you going todo with it after you get it up? Where are you going with it? Is the way clear?We can train ourselves to think of the safe way and this is one of the answersto the problem.

Get into a comfortable position for lifting, with your feet set squarely and

as close to the load as practicable. Plan to lift so the strain will beequalized in both legs.

Always keep the load in front of your body when you lift it. When it issafely up off the floor and you are about to set it down, continue to facethe load and set it down smoothly. Many strains are caused after the loadis lifted, while placing it on a bench or some other place. The body istwisted to swing the load to the side without turning with the load.



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Secure a firm grasp on the object to be lifted, making sure that the loadwill not slip and that your hands are protected against injury if the load

handled is sharp or rough.

Set the load down safely. Let us assume that the load has been raisedand we are about to set it down. How would you go about it?

The proper way is to reverse the safe lifting procedure. Make sure thatthe hands are in the clear so they will not be pinched by the load whenyou lower it. In other words, put-it-down-the-same-way-you-picked-it-up.Lower it with your leg muscles. When you get a heavy load to where youwant it, you are anxious to get rid of it. Down it goes with a bang whichmay not be good for the load to say nothing of your back. Be deliberate in

your actions and do not hurry.

The next rule in safe lifting where two or more persons are lifting the sameload, is good teamwork. You may have noticed that in addition to spokensignals, Up we go, etc., teammates follow each other very closely withtheir eyes and concentrate on the job.

Curb the tendencies to show off. Loads should be held well within safelimits for each person according to their physical stature and previousexperience.

Pulling, Pushing, and Prying

Back injuries and muscle strains are also common as a result of poortechniques in performing operations with large wrenches, pry bars, andwhen turning large valve wheels. Operations are similar to the rules forsafe lifting. The body should not be twisted and a solid, secure footing isnecessary for balance. In pushing, pulling, and prying, the maximumpossible leverage should be used to avoid strains. The worker must beprepared for a release of tension when a piece gives way or loosenssuddenly. If the worker is not prepared, they may lose their balance and

suffer an injury or muscle strain.

Protective gloves should be worn whenever loads with rough surfaces orsharp edges are handled. Jagged metal or rough cinder blocks can easilycut or scrape hands.



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Personal Protection Equipment

Personal protection equipment is designed to protect against manyhazards found in the work place. There is a wide variety of this type ofequipment, depending on the type of hazards involved. Hard hats,hearing protection, goggles, face shields, gloves, safety shoes andrespirators are examples of such equipment. All should be used whereverregulations require them or common sense suggests they be used.

Hard Hats

Only approved hard hats are to be worn. Hard hat areas shall include,such areas as generating stations, power plants, switch racks, customer

stations, pumping stations, construction sites, field work locations, and anyother areas so posted

Hard hats used in the generating stations are made of high-impact plastic.They are designed to withstand a heavy blow without cracking or splitting.They have a ridge or ridges on top to help deflect falling objects. They areprovided with chin straps to give extra protection against accidents by



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keeping the hard hat in place regardless of wind conditions and workeractivity.

The suspension holds the hard hat away from the head and absorbs theimpact of a blow. The adjustable headband and the crown strapsdistribute the force of impact over the area of the whole head, lesseningthe possibility of injury from a blow. Since the hard hat is work constantlywhile on the job, a good fit is important for comfort and to keep the hatsecurely on the head while bending over or looking up. No modificationscan be allowed on a hard hat.

Hard hats should be inspected regularly by the wearer.

Footwear

Appropriate footwear is important in work areas because of the presenceof slippery surfaces and the danger of crushing the feet. Tennis shoes,high heels, and any shoe with a smooth sole may be slippery on wetconcrete or metal. It is recommended that personnel wear safety shoeswith a steel toe and good tread.

Several other kinds of footwear are used for special purposes. Shoes withsteel arch supports prevent feet from cramping while the wearers areworking on ladders. Extra-heavy boots with steel heels, soles, and toescan protect the whole foot where crushing is an exceptional hazard.

The DWP Safety Rules state that, All employees whose work subjectsthem to the possibility of foot injuries as determined by supervision, shallwear approved foot protection.

Gloves

There are basically three types of gloves: canvas, leather, and general-purpose cotton. Cloth gloves can be worn as basic hand protection in anywork area. The gloves should be loose enough to slip off easily in case ofentanglement or burns. Leather gloves are not recommended for generalwear, because of their tendency to shrink when exposed to heat and

become difficult to remove in an emergency.

Rubber Gloves

Rubber gloves are of the heavy rubber construction type and should bechecked before each use. They are designed to be used more than once.They are very easy to remove, should they develop a leak. Disposable



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gloves and boots are one-time-use items. As with all rubber gloves,disposable gloves should be checked for pin holes before use.

Special Hand Protection

Special hand protection is required for a number of jobs. Insulated glovesare worn to reduce the shock hazard involved in working aroundenergized circuits. Handling chemicals demands special hand protectionin the form of long rubber gloves that have been treated to resistchemicals. Again, anytime insulated gloves or long rubber gloves areworn, they should be inspected before each use.

Gloves for high temperature applications are available for use. Theyshould be of the non-asbestos type.

Hearing Protection

Occupational Noise Exposure

Protection against the effects of noise exposure must be used when thesound levels exceed those shown in the table of permissible sound, Chart2, as measured on the A scale of a standard sound level meter at slowresponse.

Equivalent Sound Level Contours

When noise levels are determined by octave band analysis, the equivalentA-weighted sound level may be determined as shown in Chart 1. Octaveband sound pressure levels may be converted to the equivalent A-weighted sound level corresponding to the point of highest penetration intothe sound level contours. This equivalent A-weighted sound level of thenoise is used to determine exposure limits.

When subjected to sound levels exceeding those listed on Chart 2,administrative or engineering controls shall be used. If such controls fail

to reduce sound levels within those given, personal protective equipmentmust be used to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table.

If the variations in noise level include maximums at intervals of onesecond or less, it is considered continuous.

In all cases where the sound levels exceed the values shown here, acontinuing, effective hearing conservation program shall be administered.



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When the daily noise exposure of different levels, their combined effectwill be considered rather than the individual effect of each.



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Pressure Levels of Common Sounds and Noises

Sound Quality db Source

Painful 140 Jet aircraftThreshold of feeling 120 Electric furnace

Hydraulic pressCasting shakeoutShot blastingShearing operationPropeller aircraftBoiler factory

Deafening 110 Drop hammer Riveter

Wood working plantThunderSubway trainPrinting PlantLarge rolling millLarge generatorsMining and quarrying

100 Boiler roomPunch pressPlasma cuttingLoud street noise

Very loud 90 Machine shopNoisy factory

Pneumatic drillWelding shop80 Sander

Noisy officeAverage traffic

Loud 70 Normal TVAverage traffic

60 Noisy homeModerate 50 Average office

Ordinary conversationQuiet radio

40 Quite homeFaint 30 Private office

Average auditorium20 Quite conversation

Very faint 10 Rustle of leavesWhisper

Threshold of audibility 0 Soundproof room

Chart 3.



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Eye Safety

The majority of eye injuries are of a minor nature; however, each one is

potentially serious. Most eye injuries arise from failure to wear any eyeprotection or failure to use the correct type. Eye protection is designed forspecific jobs and for this reason several different types are provided.

The most common eye hazards in industry are dust, flying particles, harmful rayssuch as intense light, infrared and ultraviolet, chemical sprays or splashes andextremely high temperature. In some situations only one type of hazard mayexist; in others there may be a combination of two or more types. The design ofeye protective equipment should also take into account such factors as the rangeof vision needed; whether protection is needed continuously or intermittently;atmospheric conditions and the individual preferences of workers.

No one can know when eye protection may be tested on the job. We can weareye protection all our lives and never need it until that one time, when oureyesight is in jeopardy. When this time comes we should be certain we arewearing the proper eye protection.

Safety Spectacles

Safety spectacles with metal or plastic frames fitted with impact-resistant

Lenses are much stronger than conventional glasses. This kind of

eyewear provides excellent frontal protection but offers limited protectionat sides, bottom or top. These glasses may be equipped with side shieldsand are designed to be used in general working areas where eye hazardsare minimal.

Cup Goggles

Cup goggles are designed for maximum protection. These glasses areequipped with lenses resistant to heavy impact and penetration. Theserugged goggles are for hazardous work such as heavy grinding, chipping,scaling or when using large impact tools. Cup goggles for welders provide

the same protective characteristics and have lenses of various shades toprotect eyes from harmful ultraviolet and infrared rays.



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Dust Goggles

A dust goggle featuring fabric cups with tufted cord binding. There is acontinuous air flow through the fabric cups that excludes fine dusts. Oval-shaped clear Super-Tough lenses are held securely in split-end metalrings. To be worn directly over the eyes.

Safety Goggles

These have hard plastic impact resistant lenses providing a wide angle ofvision. This type of goggle may be worn over corrective glasses. Plastic

goggles are not made for maximumhazard exposure, but do giveexcellent eye protection for lightgrinding, or wherever there is adanger from light flying objects.

Protective Shield

PROTECTO-SHIELDS provide eye and face protection and may be worn

in addition to safety glasses. Light in weight andproviding maximum ventilation, Protecto-shieldsmay be worn for long periods in complete comfort.Positive slot locks and snap fasteners attachaluminum bound visors securely to headgear, yetpermit quick, easy replacement.



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Action to Take For Eye Contamination

Follow these simple rules when eyes are irritated due to foreign particlesor other undetermined causes:

Do not rub.

Wash with clean water.

Use eye-wash solution provided in your station

Notify your immediate supervisor

Removing foreign bodies from an employees eye is a job for the

dispensary or an ophthalmologist, not a fellow employee.

Chemicals in the Eyes

Chemicals in the eyes are best treated by flushing with large quantities ofplain water. There are emergency eye wash stations available with plasticdispensing bottles filled with a solution of 5% - by weightof sodiumbicarbonate.

A shower and an eye wash station are normally located in each areawhere chemicals are handled. If any chemical splashes in your eyes, you

should immediately flush with water and medical attention should beobtained. If caustic or acid is spilled elsewhere on the body, the affectedarea should be rinsed thoroughly under the shower.

The eye wash sprays water in the upward direction to flush eyes and face.The shower provides an overhead spray for full body drenching.

Most emergency shower and eye was stations have alarms which willsound in the control room if activated. The control room operator willimmediately send someone to investigate and render assistance. Theshowers and eye wash station should be flushed and alarms checked

periodically by designated station personnel. This will insure clean waterwhen needed.



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Respiratory Hazards and Protection

There are three basic categories of respiratory hazards: particulates, gases, oroxygen deficiency. The selection of the appropriate respirator depends on boththe type of hazard and its severity. The most dangerous atmospheres aretermed Immediately dangerous to life or health. In such an atmosphere, anunprotected person cannot breathe for half an hour without irreversible physicaleffects. The next hazardous atmosphere is called Not immediately dangerous tolife or health. This type of hazardous atmosphere may cause immediatediscomfort or irritation, produce harm after prolonged exposure, or cause chronicpoisoning after repeated short exposures.

Respiratory protection is only achieved when personnel are trained in theselection, use, and care of respirators. Respirators should be fit tested beforeeach use.



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Particulate

Contaminants are small particles of solid or liquid matter dispersed through theair; they are also called aerosols. Various dust, sprays, fumes, or mists maycreate breathing hazards in work

Toxic Gases and Vapors

Gaseous air contaminants can affect the body in several different ways. It canbe immediately or not immediately dangerous to life or health. Gaseous irritantsinjure the throat and lungs by corrosive action. Two of the chemical irritants usedin the generating stations are ammonia and chlorine. Asphyxiates interfere with

the supply of oxygen into the body, without necessarily affecting breathing.Asphyxiates can work in one of two ways. Simple asphyxiates are inert gasesthat displace the air in an area, thus diluting the oxygen content until not enoughremains to support life. Chemical asphyxiates prevent the blood from supplyingoxygen to the cells or prevent the cells from using oxygen. Some simpleasphyxiants found in stations are nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.Chemical asphyxiants would include carbon monoxide.

Toxic gases that destroy specific body organs and tissues are called systemicpoisons. When absorbed into the bloodstream through the lungs, theses toxinsaccumulate in the susceptible tissue and cause irreversible organic damage,

paralysis, or cancer. Some of these that might be found in the stations aremercury, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and methyl alcohol.

Air Purifying Respirators

Generating stations must sometimes cope with a wide variety of air borne dusts,fumes, mist, vapors, and gases. These perilous hazards can be extremelydangerous to the health of workers. The effects of some hazards may be onlymild irritation; of others, gradual injury to health; of still others, death within ashort time. Therefore, it is essential to use protective respiratory equipment

wherever harmful hazards exist. Equipment such as those discussed in thefollowing paragraphs are located at each station.

An air-purifying respirator is, as its names implies, a respirator that removescontaminants from air inhaled by the wearer. They may be divided into thefollowing types: particulate-removing (mechanical filter), gas and vapor-removing(chemical filter), and a combination particulate-removing and gas and vaporremoving.



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Filter Masks

Filter masks protect the user from particulates. The mask works by physicallyfiltering out particles of a given size, while allowing air to pass through to theuser.

NOTE: FILTER MASKS PROTECT AGAINSTPARTICULATES ONLY THEY OFFER NOPROTECTION AGAINST VAPORS OR GASES.

Particulates are dusts, fumes, and mists.

Dusts: solid particles suspended in air as in grinding, blasting.

Fumes: air suspended particles as in smoke.

Mist: aerosols; as in atomization of a liquid.

Particulate-Removing Respirators

Particulate-removing respirators are designed to protect the wearer against theinhalation of particulate matter in the ambient atmosphere. They may bedesigned to protect against a single type of particulate, such as pneumoconiosis-

producing and nuisance dusts, toxic dusts, metal fumes, or mists, or againstvarious combinations of these types.



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NOTE: AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATORS MUST NOT BEUSED IN OXYGEN DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERES(ODA).

Chemical Cartridge Respirators

Gas- and vapor-removing respirators are designed to protect the wearer againstthe inhalation of gases or vapors in the ambient atmosphere.

They are designated as gas masks, chemical cartridge respirators (non-emergency gas respirators), and self-rescue respirators. They may be designedto protect against a single gas such as chlorine; a single type of gas, such asacid gases; or a combination of types of gases, such as acid gases and organicvapors.

Chemical cartridge respirators work by chemically removing dangerous gasesand vapors. Each cartridge contains a granular material called sorbent, which isspecially designed to remove one kind of contaminant.

NOTE: CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE RESPIRATORS MUST NOT BE USEDIN OXYGEN DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERES (ODA).

Air Supplied Respirators

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

The SCBA used in generating stations are of the pressure-demand type (slightpositive pressure at all times).



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The SCBA permits a person to enter hazardousatmospheres with complete breathing safety.This equipment provides cool, fresh air to thewearer, easily, comfortably as they demand it.

Whether they are at rest or breathing heavilyunder extreme exertion, compressed air isdelivered in the volume and pressure requiredto meet their breathing demands. Breathingwith a SCBA is as easy and natural asbreathing without one. The equipment can be

donned and the wearer fully protected in seconds and air is availableimmediately at the turn of a valve. The SCBA provides respiratory protection forapproximately 30 minutes under hard work conditions. When the alarm sounds,the wearer has approximately 4-6 minutes of air left depending on the type ofSCBA used.

The approved S.C.B.A.s used in the generating station are Scott Air-pak, MSAAir Mask Model 401 and Survivor Mark I.

Everyone should become familiar with the type(s) of self-contained breathingapparatus at their station.

The following is a list of things that should be done no matter what type ofbreathing apparatus is used:

Don and remove mask in a non-toxic atmosphere.

When necessary, wear protective clothing.

Exit immediately if you experience nausea, dizziness, eye irritation,unusual odor or taste, excessive fatigue, or difficulty breathing.

Service time of a self-contained breathing apparatus may be shortened bystrenuous work, excitement, physical condition, equipment condition, or face seal(fit).

Whenever you must go on the bypass or reserve system you should leave thetoxic area immediately.

A tight fit may not be possible with a self-contained breathing apparatus if youhave facial hair, facial characteristics, or eye glasses, that prevents a good seal.



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Whenever entering a dangerous atmosphere, always wear a safety line and havehelp standing by.

A routine inspection should be given once a week to check cylinder pressure.

During a monthly inspection, check the cylinder pressure, face piece, breathingtube, cylinder valve, main-line and bypass valves, harness, and clean and storeproperly. Never interchange parts between respirators of different types ordifferent manufacturers.

Air Line Respirator

The air line respirator may be a full coverage suit, hood or full or half-face

coverage mask. The air line respirator may be used in an IDLH atmosphere if anemergency egress bottle is attached to the users harness. Restrictions apply tothe quality of the supplied air and CO must be monitored. Dischargetemperature alarms must be fitted to oil lubricated compressors if no CO alarmdevices are connected.

MSA Oxygen Administrator

The oxygen administrator aids victims of shock, gas poisoning, drowning, heart

attacks, and other emergencies requiring oxygen when their respiratorymechanisms are not completely disabled.

The MSA Oxygen Administrator can deliver oxygen to a victim within 5 secondsand supply approximately six liters of oxygen continuously for a period ofapproximately one hour.

The plastic mask with a volume reservoir permits deep inhalations. A pressuregauge indicates current supply of oxygen.



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Electrical Shock Hazards

Off hand it would seem that a shock of 10,000 volts would be more deadly than

100 volts. But this is not so. Individuals have been electrocuted by appliancesusing ordinary house voltage of 110 volts.

The real measure of shock intensity lies in the amount of current or amperesforced through the body and not the voltage. Any electrical device used on ahouse wiring circuit may, under certain conditions, transmit a fatal current. Forthis reason, always use a GFCI with a tested, portable, electrically powered tool.

While any amount of current over 10 milliamps, 0.01 amps, is capable ofproducing painful to severe shock, currents between 0.1 to 0.2 amps, are lethal.

Currents above 0.2 amps, while producing severe burns and unconsciousness,do not usually cause death if the victim is given immediate attention.Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) will usually revive the victim.

Above 200 milliamps the muscular contractions are so severe that the heart isforcibly clamed during the shock. This clamping protects the heart from goinginto ventricular fibrillation, and the victims chances for survival are good.

Victims of high-voltage shock usually respond to artificial respiration more readilythan victims of low-voltage shock. The reason may be the merciful clamping ofthe heart, owing to the high current densities associated with high voltages.

From a practical viewpoint, after a person is unconscious from electrical shock itis impossible to know how much current passed through the vital organs of thebody. CPR must be applied immediately if breathing has stopped.

The Physiological Effect of Electric Shock

Chart 4 shows the physiological effect of various current densities.Although it takes a voltage to make the current flow, the amount of shock currentwill vary depending on the body resistance between the points of contact.

As shown in the chart, shock is relatively more severe as the current rises. Atvalues as low as 20 milliamps breathing becomes labored, finally ceasingcompletely even at values below 75 milliamps.

As the current approaches 100 milliamps ventricular fibrillation of the hear occurs an uncoordinated twitching of the walls of the hearts ventricles.



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What to Do for Victims

Cut the voltage and/or remove the victim from contact as quickly as possible, butwithout endangering your own safety. Use a length of dry wood, rope, blanket, or



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the like, to pry or pull the victim loose. Dont waste valuable time looking for thepower switch. The resistance of the victims contact decreases with time. Thefatal 100 to 200 milliampere level may be reached if action is delayed.

Call for help. If the victim is unconscious and has stopped breathing, startcardiopulmonary resuscitation at once. DO NOT STOP RESUSCITATIONUNTIL MEDICAL AUTHORITY PRONOUNCES THE VICTIM BEYOND HELP. Itmay take as long as eight hours to revive the patient. There may be no pulseand a condition similar to rigor mortis may be present; however, these are themanifestations of shock and re not an indication the victim has succumbed.

All employees who work in and around areas that contain energized electricalequipment should understand that such equipment presents a possible danger tolife. Procedures to follow when working on or near high voltage conductors andequipment should be thoroughly understood. All equipment should be treated asif it is energized until it has been proven otherwise.

Electrical Safety

High Voltage Switch Rack Safety

This section will not go into great detail on high voltage switch racks, but will giveyou some general information that will be helpful to you at your station. Your

station Operating Manuals, Operating Instruction Bulletins, as well as the PowerSystem Operation Procedures, will outline the proper method for doing highvoltage switching.

Switch rack voltage will vary from station to station. The voltage can range from34.5kv to 230kv.

In every case:

Follow station and dispatching bulletin switching procedures.

Inspect and wear protective equipment.

Have a thorough understanding of the switching involved and how itis to be done.

Switching should always be done by two people. One to do theswitching and one for observation.



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When a painting operation is near energized high-voltageconductors, a qualified observer shall remain adjacent to and in

view of the work as it progresses.

4kv and 480-Volt Switch Gear

As in high voltage switching, know and understand your station switchingprocedures. Never stand in front of a cubical when the breaker is operated. Befamiliar enough with the breaker to tell when something is wrong when rackingbreaker in or out. Do not force the breaker. If the shutter does not cover theclips, lock the door closed and notify your supervisor. Learn the correctprocedure on how to manually trip breaker from outside the cubical, before you

have to in an emergency.

Battery Room Hazards

The principle hazard in connection with batteries is the danger of acid burnswhen refilling, checking or handling batteries. These burns can be prevented bythe proper use of eye shields, protective gloves, protective aprons, and bootswith non-slip soles. Wood-slat floorboards, if available and kept in goodcondition, are helpful in preventing slips and falls as well as electric shock fromthe high-voltage side of charging equipment.

Another hazard is the danger of explosion due to the ignition of hydrogen gasgiven off during the battery charging operation. Open flames or smoking is notpermitted in battery rooms. Charging rates should be held at a point that willprevent the rapid liberation of hydrogen gas. Particular care should be taken toprevent short circuits while batteries are being charged, tested, or handled,because of the danger of serious burns and explosion of any accumulatedhydrogen gas as a result of the spark generated.

Ladder and Scaffolding Safety

Ladder Safety

Always face the ladder and use both hands when ascending or descending aladder. Only one person at a time is permitted to climb a portable ladder. Workshall be performed within easy arm length. When used near doors or congested



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places, precautions shall be taken to guard against personsor objects striking a ladder. A straight ladder shall not beclimbed beyond the third rung from the top. Standing ontop of stepladder four feet or more in height is prohibited.

The ladder shall be placed so that the distance from thewall to the base of the ladder is the length of the ladderto the top support.

Metal ladders should not be used for work on or nearenergized electrical equipment. Portable metal laddersshall bear the sign required by the State of CaliforniaGeneral Industry Safety Orders, CAUTION DO NOTUSE AROUND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT or equivalentwording. Lashing of a ladder at the top or bottom toprevent slipping of the ladder is mandatory and a goodsafety practice.

Ladder Inspections

On a yearly basis, starting when the ladder is new or repaired, andyearly thereafter.

On a monthly basis, as required by the State Safety Orders or more

often if directed by the supervisor under whose supervision theladder is being used.

Before each use for current inspection sticker and generalcondition.

Scaffolding Safety

Scaffold lumber used for suspending should be the equivalent of selected lumberand free from damage that affects its strength. All scaffold lumber should be

inspected before being used and at periods during use. Damaged orsubstandard pieces that are incapable of supporting at least four (4) times themaximum load should be replaced with pieces meeting this standard. A scaffoldplank should not overhang its support by more than eighteen inches (18), unlessaccess to this overhanging portion is prevented by a guardrail, or other barrier, orunless the other plank end is securely anchored.



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Forklifts and Industrial Trucks

Forklifts and industrial trucks can come in very handy when moving heavy loads.

Below are rules that apply to forklift operations:

Only authorized, licensed personnel may operate forklifts.

All employees assigned to operate forklifts shall be trained in theproper operation of the equipment.

Forklifts shall not be used for hoisting persons unless they arebelted into an approved platform, securely attached to the forklift atall times.

Chock blocks must be used to prevent trucks or trailers from rolling,before the forklift may enter to unload materials.

Only an approved dock plate shall be used when entering railroadcars or trucks to unload materials.

Employees may not ride on forklifts except when a seat is provided.

Industrial trucks as covered in the Safety Rules handbook are as follows:

Drivers shall inspect the vehicle at least once each shift.

Operational checks shall be made of the brakes, steering, liftsystem, tires, horn or other warning devices, forks, lights and limitswitches.

Equipment shall be operated so that it is under the control of theoperator at all times.

Power truck or forklift operators shall use the warning device towarn personnel regarding the movement of the truck.

Operators shall face in the direction of travel.

Employees other than the operator shall not ride a truck orequipment being pulled unless seats have been provided.

The equipment brakes shall be set and the power shut off while thelift or truck is on an elevator.



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When necessary to leave equipment unattended, the operator shallshut off the power, set the brakes, lower the hoisting platform, andsecure against unauthorized operation. Parking shall be in

designated locations.

First Aid

First aid training teaches employees what to do and what not to do; to determinewithout delay the nature and extent of the injury or illness; to render necessaryassistance, being careful not to cause additional injury; and to provide propertransportation if necessary.

First aid is the immediate care given the victim of an accident or sudden illness atthe scene of the incident until the arrival of qualified assistance. In general, the

person rendering first aid should do the following:

Keep the injured person lying down, head level with the body, untilthe extent of the injury is determined.

Check for stoppage of breathing, serious bleeding, shock, evidenceof poisoning, burns, fractures, and dislocations.

If no head injury is present, lower the injured persons head orelevate their feet. If a serious head injury is suspected, elevate thehead slightly.

Keep the injured person warm. Conserve body temperature.

Do not move the injured person unless it is necessary to do so toprevent additional injury.

Do not attempt to give water or other liquids to an unconscious orsemiconscious person.

Make injured persons as comfortable as possible and do notdiscuss the severity of their injuries with them.

Call for assistance.



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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a basic life support or emergency firstaid procedure that includes the recognition of respiratory and cardiac arrest andstarting the proper application of cardiopulmonary resuscitation to maintain lifeuntil a victim recovers sufficiently to be transported or until an advanced lifesupport system is available. This includes the A-B-C steps of cardiopulmonaryresuscitation:

Definitions

Cardiac Arrest A sudden emergency resulting from electric shock,accident or heart attack resulting in loss of blood circulation.

Carotid Pulse A rhythmic pulsation located in the groove area ofthe neck between the windpipe and muscles at the side of the neck.

The pulse may be detected with the tip of the index and middlefingers.

Unwitnessed Cardiac Arrest The victims accident or collapse wasnot observed or the victim was found unconscious and basic lifesupport procedures are necessary. Rescuers have no indicationhow long this condition has existed.

Witnessed Cardiac Arrest The victims accident or collapse isobserved and he/she is reached by the rescuer within one minute.

Administering CPR

The following is given as a reminder on how to administer CPR. Remember, youshould be trained in CPR by a qualified instructor before trying the following:



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If you find a collapsed person, determine if they are conscious by shaking theirshoulder and shouting Are you alright? If they do not respond, you must opentheir airway. First, be sure they are lying flat on their back. If you have to rollthem over, move their entire body at one time as a total unit.

To open the victims airway, lift the jaw with one hand while pushing down on theforehead with the other. Once the airway is open, place your ear close to thevictims mouth to listen for sounds of breathing. Simultaneously, look at theirchest and stomach. You should be able to feel their breath on you cheek andsee if their chest or stomach is moving. If none of these signs is present, theyare not breathing.

If opening the airway does not cause the victim to begin to breathespontaneously, you must provide rescue breathing.

Take your hand that is on the victims forehead and turn it so that you can pinchthe victims nose shut while keeping the heel of the hand in place to keep headback. Next, take a deep breath and open your mouth widely. Place it over thevictims mouth to provide an airtight seal and blow into the victims mouth untilyou see their chest rise. Remove your mouth from the victim. Turn your facetowards their chest while listening for the air to escape as they exhale, andlooking for a falling movement of the chest. If you hear the exhalation, and seethe chest fall, you are performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation properly.



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When you find a victim is not breathing, immediately give four quick, full breathsin rapid succession using the mouth-to-mouth method.

After giving the four quick breaths, locate the victims carotid pulse to see if their

heart is beating. Cardiac arrest can be recognized by absence of breathing andno pulse in the carotid artery in the neck.

To find the carotid artery, take your hand and locate the voice box. Slide the tipsof your index and middle fingers into the groove behind the voice box. Do notcompress this area, but feely gently for the pulse.

If you cannot find the pulse, you must provide artificial circulation in addition torescue breathing.

Artificial circulation is provided by external cardiac compression. In effect, whenyou apply rhythmic pressure on the lower half of the victims sternum, you areforcing their heart to pump blood. To perform external cardiac compressionproperly, kneel at the victims side near their chest. Locate the lowest portion ofthe sternum, the xiphoid. Place the heel of one hand about 1 to 1 inchesabove the sternum. Place your other hand on top of the one that is in position.



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Be sure to keep your fingers off the chest wall. You may find it easier to do this ifyou interlock your fingers.

Bring your shoulders directly over the victims sternum as you compressdownward, keeping your arms straight. Depress the sternum about 1 to 2inches for an adult victim. Relaxation must follow compression immediately andbe of equal time. A rhythmical, rocking motion helps insure the proper length forthe relaxation cycle. Remember, do not remove your hands from the victimssternum while allowing the chest to return to its normal position betweencompressions.

If you are the only rescuer, you must provide both rescue breathing and cardiaccompression. The proper ratio is 15 chest compressions to 2 quick breaths. Youmust compress at the rate of 80 times per minute when you are working alonesince you will lose compressions when you take time to interpose these breaths.

When there is another rescuer to help you, position yourselves on opposite sidesof the victim. One of you should be responsible for interposing a breath afterevery fifth chest compression. The other rescuer, who compresses the chest,should use a rate of 60 compressions per minute.

Remember, for a single rescuer, the ratio is 15:2 with compressions given at therate of 80 times per minute. For two rescuers, the ration is 5:1 withcompressions given at the rate of 60 times per minute.

Rescuers Ratio of Compressions toBreaths

Rate of Compressions

One 15:2 80 times/minute

Two 5:1 60 times/minute

For Infants and Small Children

Basic life support for infants and small children is similar to that for adults. A fewimportant differences to remember are given below:

Airway

Be careful when handling an infant that you do not exaggerate thebackward position of the head tilt. An infants neck is so pliable thatforceful backward tilting might block breathing passages instead ofopening them.



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Breathing

Dont try to pinch off the nose. Cover both the mouth and nose of

an infant or small child who is not breathing. Use small breathswith less volume to inflate the lungs. Give one small breath everythree seconds.

Circulation

The technique for cardiac compression is different for infants andsmall children. In both cases, only one hand is used for

compression. The other hand is slipped under the child to providea firm support for his back.

For infants, use only the tips of the index and middle fingers tocompress the chest at mid-sternum between and 1-1/2 inches,depending upon the size of the child. The rate should be 80 to 100times per minute.

In the case of both infants and small children, breaths should beinterposed after every fifth chest compression.

Part of Hand HandPosition

DepressSternum

Rate ofCompression

Infants Tips of indexand middlefingers

mid-sternum to inch 80 to 100 perminute

Children Heel of hand mid-sternum to 1 inches

80 to 100 perminute

Neck Fracture

If you suspect the victim has suffered a neck fracture, you must notopen the airway in the usual manner. If the victim is injured in adiving or automobile accident, you should consider the possibility of

such a neck injury. In these cases, the airway should be opened byusing a modified jaw thrust, keeping the victims head in a fixed,neutral position.

Foreign Bodies

You should not waste time looking for foreign matter in the mouth ofthe victim of respiratory arrest. If you see obvious foreign material,



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wipe this away and begin rescue breathing. If you then discoverthe airway is obstructed, roll the victim onto his side, with your kneeunder his shoulder. Force open their mouth. Use your index fingeror index and middle fingers to sweep the mouth out, going deepinside the throat. Then try rescue breathing again.

If cleaning out the mouth does not work, roll the victim onto his sidetoward you. This time, deliver sharp blows with the heel of onehand between his shoulder blades. Try rescue breathing again.

Make repeated attempts to use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation,blows to the back and probing the upper airway.

Infants and Small Children

To dislodge an object in the airway of a child, turn him upside downover one arm and deliver blows between his shoulder blades.


REMEMBER

1. Is the victim unconscious?

2. If so, open the airway and check for breathing.

3. If not breathing, give 4 quick breaths.

4. Check carotid pulse.

5. If no pulse, begin external cardiac compression by depressing lower half ofthe sternum 1 to 2 inches.

6. Continue uninterrupted CPR until advanced life support is available.

CPR for ONE RESCUER: 15:2 compressions to breaths at a rate of80 compressions a minute

CPR for TWO RESCUER: 5:1 compressions to breaths at a rate of 60Compressions a minute


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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) can be defined as a document whichprovides pertinent information and a profile of a particular hazardous substanceor mixture. MSDS are normally developed by the manufacturer or formulator ofthe hazardous substance or mixture.

Contents of a Material Safety Data Sheet

An explanation of the terms and information normally contained in a MaterialSafety Data Sheet (see Page 41) are as follows:

SECTION I

Manufacturers Name and Address. Self-explanatory, however, if source ofdata is provided by other than that of the manufacturer of the substance ormixture, the actual source of the data should also be listed.

Emergency Telephone Numbers. Entries here include those telephonenumbers which can be used to obtain further information about the hazardoussubstance in the event of an emergency.

Chemical Name and Synonyms. Generally includes the name that the product issold by.

Chemical Family. Listed will be the general class of compounds to which thehazardous substance or mixture belongs.

Formula. Entries here will generally include the chemical formula for singleelements and compounds.

SECTION II HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS

Hazardous Ingredients. By definition, a hazardous ingredient is a substanceor form of a substance in a mixture, in sufficient concentration to produce aflammable vapor or gas, or to produce acute or chronic adverse effects inpersons exposed to the product either in normal use or predictable misuse of it.

Paints, Preservatives and Solvents. The six categories under this headingare self-explanatory.



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Threshold Level Value (TLV). A term used to express the highest airborneconcentration of a substance to which nearly all persons (adults) can berepeatedly exposed, day after day without experiencing adverse effects. TLVSmay be expressed in parts of material per million parts (ppm) of air by volume forgases and vapors, or as milligrams of material per cubic meter (mg/M) of air fordust and mist, as well as gases and vapors. TLV may be expressed in threeways; i.e., Time Weighted Average (TWA), based on an allowable concentrationexposure averaged over a normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour workweek, Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL) or maximum concentration for a continuous 15-minute exposure period (not to exceed 4 such exposures per day), and theCeiling (c) Exposure Limit, the exposure should not be exceeded under anycircumstances.

Alloys and Metallic Coatings. Entries under this general heading includecoatings such as plating, cladding, and metalizing. Filler metal is any metaladded in making a brazed, soldered, or welded joint.

SECTION III PHYSICAL DATA

Boiling Point.The temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor state, at agiven pressure; usually stated in degrees Fahrenheit (F).

Vapor Pressure. The pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above its own

liquid in a closed container.

Solubility in Water. The percentage of a material (by weight) that will dissolve indistilled water at an ambient temperature of 68F or 20C.

Specific Gravity. The ratio of the weight of a volume of material to the weightof an equal volume of water at 39.2F.

Percentage Volatile by Volume. The percentage of a liquid or solid (by volume)that will evaporate at an ambient temperature of 70F.

Evaporation Rate. The rate at which a particular material will vaporize(evaporate) when compared to the rate of vaporization of a known material,usually butyl acetate.

Appearance and Odor. A brief description of the material at normal roomtemperature and atmospheric conditions, such as viscous, colorless liquid withan aromatic hydrocarbon odor.



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SECTION IV FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA

Flash Point and Method Used The lowest temperature in degrees Fahrenheit(F), at which a liquid will give off enough flammable vapor to ignite.

Flammable or Explosive Limits. The range of concentrations over which aflammable vapor mixed with proper proportions of air will flash or explode if anignition source is present.

Extinguishing Media. The firefighting substances determined to be suitablefor use on the specific material that is burning.

Special Firefighting Procedures and Precautions. When certain firefightingsubstances are determined to be unsuitable or unsafe if used to control aspecific type of burning material, they should be listed. Special handling orprocedures and personal protective equipment should also be listed.

Unusual Fire and Explosive Hazards. Hazards which might occur as the resultof overheating or burning of the specific material, including any chemicalreactions or change in chemical form or composition.

SECTION V HEALTH HAZARD DATA

Effects of Overexposure. List of most common sensations or symptoms aperson could expect from overexposure to a specific material or its components.

Emergency and First-Aid Procedures. The instruction for treatment of a victimof acute inhalation, ingestion and skin or eye contact with a specific hazardoussubstance or its component.

SECTION VI REACTIVITY DATA

Stability. The checked box will indicate whether the subject material is stableor unstable under any reasonably foreseeable conditions of storage, handling,use, or misuse.



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Incompatibility. A list (if any) of those common materials or contaminants,with which the specific material could reasonably be expected to come in contactwith and produce a reaction or decomposition which would release largeamounts of energy, flammable vapor or gas, or produce toxic vapor or gas.

Hazardous Decomposition Products. A list (if any) of the hazardous materialsthat may be produced in dangerous amounts if the subject material is exposed toburning, oxidation, heating, or allowed to react with other chemicals.

Hazardous Polymerization. Polymerization is a chemical reaction in whichtwo or more molecules of a substance combine to form repeating structural unitsof the original molecule and resulting in an energy level change. A hazardouspolymerization is a reaction, with an extremely high or uncontrolled release ofenergy.

SECTION VII SPILL OR LEAKS PROCEDURES

Steps to be Taken in Case Material is Released or Spilled. List should includethe methods to be used to control and clean-up spills and leaks, and applicableprecautions such as: avoiding breathing of gases or vapors; contract with liquidsand solids; removing sources of ignition; etc.

Waste Disposal Methods. Should describe the acceptable, as well as prohibitivemethods for disposing of spilled solids or liquids. Also, alert the user of any

potential danger to the environment such as effects on general population, crops,water supplies, etc.

SECTION VIII SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATION

Respiratory Protection. Whenever respiratory protective devices may beneeded during routine or unusual conditions to protect persons from over-exposure to a specific substance.

Ventilation. Whenever ventilation is needed to capture or contain contaminants

at their source as a means of controlling personal exposure to a specificsubstance or to prevent the build-up of an explosive atmosphere, the appropriatetype of ventilation systems should be listed along with applicable conditions orlimitations.

Protective Gloves. Many solvents can penetrate rubber or neoprene, sowhenever gloves are necessary to prevent skin exposure while handling a



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specific substance or material, special glove design, construction and materialrequirements should be listed, if appropriate.

Eye Protection There are many types of eye and face protective devices onthe market and, there is a suitable type available.

SECTION IX SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

Precautions to be Taken in Handling or Storage. Any additional or specialprecautions not addressed elsewhere in the MSDS should be listed here.

Other Precautions. A catch-all category for any other precautions not coveredelsewhere in the MSDS.



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When to Refer to a MSDS

Before you handle the material for the first time.

If you have forgotten or are unsure of the of the protectiveequipment to ear when handling the material.

When you have to clean up a spill or leak and dispose of thematerial.

When there is an unusual circumstance involving possibleexposure to the material, such as maintenance, or confined space

entry.

If you want to know the recommended first aid measures followingcontact with the material.

If you have questions about the health hazards the material maypresent.

If you have questions about the materials combustibility,flammability, or exposure limits.

If you have questions about the materials reactivity.

If you have questions about how and where to store the material.

If you have questions about the materials physical characteristics.

Rights of Employees

All employees have the right to personally receive informationregarding hazardous substances to which they may be exposed.

Employees have the right for their physician or collective bargainingagent to receive information regarding hazardous substances towhich the employee may be exposed.



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Employees are protected against discharge or other discriminationdue to the employees exercise of the rights afforded.

SAFE DRIVINGThe Safety Rules handbook and the Rules and Regulations governing the careand operation of automotive equipment, both published by the Department ofWater and Power, go into great detail on safe driving.

In this section we will cover some of the rules, but all employees should readboth of these handbooks.

All drivers shall exercise diligence in the operation of automotiveequipment.

Employees shall not drive a Department motor vehicle unless theyhold an appropriate valid drivers license issued under the StateVehicle Code. Employees who drive Department vehicles mustnotify their Supervisor, in writing, if their license is revoked orsuspended. Failure to do so will result in disciplinary action.

These rules and regulations shall apply not only to the drivers ofDepartment-owned equipment, but also to the drivers of vehiclesoperated under mileage contracts during the hours that suchdrivers are legally acting as Department employees.

Employees shall not drive a motor vehicle while under the influenceof alcohol, drugs, other intoxicants, or any combination thereof.

Supervisors shall not permit employees to operate automotive orconstruction equipment unless the employee has been instructedand is licensed to operate such equipment.

Drivers will be held accountable for the proper use and operation ofautomotive equipment.

Motor vehicles shall be kept under control at all times and drivers shall beaware of their personal limitations, road conditions, weather, visibility andtraffic, and drive accordingly.

Observe safe following distances, one car length per 10 mph.



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Welding Hazards

Welding always presents special hazards, whether an electric arc or a gas torch

is used. The intense visible light and ultraviolet radiation from welding operationscan permanently damage eyesight and produce second-degree burns onexposed skin. Welders are required to wear a special visor and protectiveclothing, and flash curtains must be hung around the work area to protect thevision of those nearby.

TAKING CHANCES WITH YOUR EYES IS A POOR GAMBLE. Only a fool willbet their eyesight.

Welders and their helpers are exposed to a number of toxic substances.Exposure to those chemicals can cause damage to health.

Welding fumes rarely if ever contain just one contaminant. It is difficult todetermine just what kind of exposure a welder is receiving during any particularoperation. Toxic chemicals may result from the metal being welded, the coatingon that metal, the contents of the rod including the fluxes, the products ofincomplete combustion, or ozone and nitrogen dioxide.

Gases and metals may be involved.

Gases

Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen dioxide is developed in both electricarc and torch welding. In arc welding the amount of nitrogendioxide produced depends primarily on the length of the arc, thevoltage, and the amperage. Nitrogen dioxide is a particularproblem in automatic welding where a heavy electrode and highamperages are used. It is an irritant that penetrates deeply into thelungs and slowly attacks the tissues. It may do extensive damagebefore the first symptoms appear, often may hours after exposure.

Acute exposure to high concentrations of the gas can causeimmediate severe illnesseven collapse and death.

Ozone: Is commonly present in electric arc welding and in thewelding of aluminum and stainless steel. At high levels it maycause fluid buildup in the lungs. The immediate effects of ozoneare dryness in the mouth and throat, headaches, and difficulty inbreathing.

Fluorides: Are among the many contaminants to the respiratorysystem that come from rod coatings. Fluorides are released in



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large amounts during the welding of stainless steel and duringbrazing and soldering. They can cause mild to severe irritations tothe upper respiratory tract. Inhalation of a high concentration offluorides can produce severe damage to the lungseven death.

Metals Being Welded

Beryllium: Can cause the disease berylliosis. Berylliosis is asevere pneumonia-like lung inflammation that can occur after abrief intensive exposure or a prolonged exposure to lowconcentrations of beryllium.

Cadmium: Is used to coat iron, steel, and copper; to form alloyswith several other metals; and in many other processes. Besides

causing skin, urinary, and gastrointestinal problems, cadmium cancause a buildup of fluid in the lungs. Chronic exposure has beenrelated to emphysema, a serious lung disease.

Iron Oxide: Fumes can cause a lung condition known assiderosis. Siderosis can be a mild to moderately severe lungcondition depending upon exposure levels and length of time(years) exposed. Iron is the major constituent of all soft and hardsteels, stainless steel and cast iron.

Manganese: Fumes are produced during the welding of certain

hard-surface rods or stainless steel alloys. Welders exposed tolarge quantities of manganese may experience inflammation of thelungs and gastrointestinal and nervous symptoms.

Zinc: Fumes are one cause of metal fume fever. Flu-likesymptoms last one to two days. The illness is related to theinhalation of zinc fumes during the welding of metals coated with orcontaining zinc, such as galvanized metals and brass.

Copper: Fumes can also cause metal fume fever. Copperfumes are produced in the welding of metals containing copper,

such as brass and bronze.

Nickel: Is a component of some alloys, such as stainlesssteel. Skin contact can cause dermatitis. Inhaling the dust, fumes,or mist of inorganic nickel increases the risk of lung cancer andnasal cancer.



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Some suppliers provide adequate labels with as much information on them aspossible warning against possible hazards associated with cylinder contents.

On the other hand, cylinders may be received with no identification other than acolor code. Under no circumstances will such cylinders be accepted. Colorcodes are of value only in helping the supplier to segregate large numbers ofcylinders into various gas services.

Cylinder Storage

After cylinders are received they are usually placed in storage either in a specialgas storage area or in the laboratory. Storage buildings or areas should be fire

resistant, well ventilated, located away from sources of ignition or excessive heat,and dry. Indoor storage areas should not be located near boilers, steam or hotwater pipes or any sources of ignition. Outdoor storage areas should havedrainage.

Cylinders should be chained in place or placed in partitioned cells to prevent

them from falling over.

Intra-Plant Transportation

Be sure the valve protection cap is in place when moving cylinders from astorage area into the station or laboratory. The cylinder will then be transportedby means of a suitable hand truck. Such a hand truck will be provided with a



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chain or shaped for securing the cylinder so that it cannot fall. A power devicemay be used if a large number of cylinders must be moved from one area toanother.



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Cylinder Valves

There are four basic types of cylinder valves. They differ in outlet type and safetydevice. The Compressed Gas Association has standardized various outlets fordifferent families of gases to prevent interchange of regulator equipment betweengases which are not compatible. These standards have also been adopted bythe American Standards Association. The use of adapters defeats the intent ofvarying outlet designs.

Cylinder Safety Devices

Safety devices are incorporated into all ICC approved compressed gascontainers, except those in poison or toxic gas service, where the danger ofexposure to fumes is considered more hazardous than that of a potential cylinderfailure. Gases for which safety devices are not permitted usually requirecylinders having a higher safety factor than do other compressed gases.

Safety devices are incorporated in the cylinder valve, in plugs in the cylinderitself, or both. In certain types of gas service, and in cylinders over a particularlength, two safety devices may be required, one at each end of the cylinder.

The safety devices used in ICC-approved cylinders are approved by the Bureau

of Explosives. These safety devices are of four basic types:

Safety relief, used mostly for low-pressure, liquefied, and flammablegases.

Frangible disc, used mostly for high-pressure cylinders.

Frangible disc backed by a fusible metal; used in high-pressure cylinders.

Fusible metal.

The safety relief-type consists of a spring-loaded seat which opens to relieveexcessively high pressures and then closes when the pressure returns to a safevalue. The frangible disc will burst considerably above the service pressure butbelow or at the hydrostatic test pressure of a cylinder, and will release the entirecylinder contents. The frangible disc backed by a fusible metal will function onlyif the temperature is hot enough to melt the fusible metal, after which excessivepressures will burst the disc causing the entire cylinder contents to be released.



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The fusible metal device melts away at excessive temperatures, allowing theentire cylinder contents to be released.

Any of these safety devices will prevent a cylinder from bursting due toexcessively high temperatures. However, these may not prevent a cylinder frombursting in cases where an overfilled cylinder is exposed to a temperature whichis excessive but not high enough to melt the safety devices.

It is of the utmost importance that these properties of a compressed gas whichrepresent hazards, such as flammability, toxicity, chemical activity, and corrosiveeffects, be well known to the gas user. It is sometimes difficult to determine themajor hazard of any one gas since this factor is influenced a great deal by howthe gas is used.

Water Safety

The major concern of generating station personnel would be the circulating waterchannels, settling basins and sumps.

These areas are fenced or covered to keep the general public away, but they canbecome a potential hazard to personnel if simple safety rules are not followed.

When working around open water, precautions should be taken to prevent fallingin and all safety devices provided must be used. Life rings, lines, and other

water rescue equipment is generally provided in these areas and should bemaintained and checked periodically.

Tool Safety

Accidents with small hand tools, such as wrenches or screwdrivers that slip, areanother major source of injuries. Injuries from hand tools usually happenbecause a worker does not use the proper tool for a job, or because they are intoo big a hurry to take the proper precautions. Electrically driven hand toolsshould have the case grounded to protect the operator from shock hazard in

case of a short to ground. Guards on power tools, such as saws and sanders,should always be in place when the tool is being used. Tools must be connectedto a functioning GFCI before using.



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Fire Protection

Fire Protection Introduction

The following emergency procedures are general in nature. For more detailsabout the fire protection and procedure refer to your stations operating manualand Operating Instruction Bulletins.

Manual and automatic fire protection equipment is provided, but most of it is oflittle value unless station personnel are familiar with its use and it is kept in goodworking condition.

Fire Chemistry

Fire is a chemical reaction involving the rapid oxidation of a combustible materialproducing heat and flame. In order to support fire in common materials, fourelements are requiredfuel, oxygen, chemical reactions and heat (ignitiontemperature). If one or more of these four components is removed, the fire willno longer burn.

There are very few fires which cannot be easily extinguished if they arediscovered in their beginning, and suitable extinguishing equipment is available.The first few minutes are more valuable from the standpoint of extinguishing afire than any other period. Therefore, it is essential that all employees beproperly informed regarding the technique of fire fighting, and the use of all typesof available equipment, in order to effectively utilize this initial period. Neverunderestimate the magnitude of a fire, nor the possibility of its being rekindled.Be sure the fire is thoroughlyextinguished before fire fighting equipment isremoved from the fire area.

Spontaneous combustion is a process through which fires can start without theaddition of external heat. The heat for ignition is provided by a slow chemicalreaction inside the fuel itself. For this reason, used rags should be stored inclosed metal containers until they can be disposed of.

Methods of Fire Fighting

There are two principle ways to extinguish a fire: cooling and smothering. Thecooling method is accomplished by lowering the temperature of the burningmaterial to a point below its flash point. The smothering method is accomplished



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by excluding oxygen from the burning material so that combustion cannot besupported. Most fire extinguishers produce both effects; one effect however isusually more pronounced than the other.

Three rules apply to the use of any portable fire extinguisher:

1. Approach the fire from upwind.2. Test the extinguisher before getting close.3. Back away from the fire just before the extinguisher is exhausted.

Approaching a fire from upwind serves two purposes. First, the smoke, flames,and much of the heat of a fire will be carried downwind. If the fire fighter standsupwind from the blaze, he is much less likely to suffer injuries from burns orsmoke inhalation. Secondly, if the fire fighter discharges the extinguisher fromupwind, more of the agent will reach the fire. Taking advantage of the winddirection in this way also allows the fire fighter to stand farther away from the fire,since the wind will help direct the agent at the flames.

Testing an extinguisher before getti

Documents

PSEG Chapter 1 - Safety