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IS/102/MPHILLEADINGTOPHD/UR/S-12/M
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IS/102/MPHILLEADINGTOPHD/UR/S-12/M
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IS/102/MPHILLEADINGTOPHD/UR/S-12/M
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IX XIV XVI ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT
Urdu dastan is one of the main genre of urdu prose.Dastan is first kind
of story telling and writing in the history of urdu fiction which derived its
tradition from Arabic and Persian literature i.e dastan Alaf Laila and dastan
Ameer Hamza but it does not disconnect its relation from Hindustani
roots(jatak kahanian, katha surt sagar, maha bharat etc) .The time period
of 18th and 19th century in urdu prose is called the era of "Dastan".
The concept of characterization in urdu prose dastans is very
complicated and erratic.In these dastans we find subtle and highly
developed type of characters with all their characteristics and nuances.
This type of characterization and the technique of its use in dastan is so
perfect and profound. These characters belongs to different kinds(ie
Human beings, Animals, Birds, Supernatural etc),and are presented in an
alien world where time lacks any natural , everyday cyclicity. But in their
actions and feelings they all are like human beings.
In this thesis under consideration research carried out about a very
important part of dastan. The investigatory and the critical analysis of the
Important Supportive Characters of the prose dastans not only differ this
opinion that these dastans have not any kind of characterization but also
help to highlight the standard of characterization of that era which is
usually neglected in urdu crticicism.
In this thesis I tried my best to explore and analyse the Important
Supportive Characters which were presented in urdu prose dastans and
elaborated the concept of presentation of these characters.
In this thesis all those dastans are included which are published, having
XVI
unity of plot and variety of characterization. All those dastans are avoided
to include in which most of the material was borrowed from other dastans
or which revolved around the same topic. In this thesis, standard of
characterization in dastans, capabilities of characterization and how it was
differ from the characterization of modern fiction is discussed.Important
Supportive Character of dastans are also examined and elaborated
according to social, psychological and moral standardization of modern
era.
This thesis has been divided into five parts. Part one deals with the
craft of characterization in urdu dastan(ie Introduction, main characters,
qualification of important supportive chracter). Part two deals with the
important supportive characters of the foremost and prominent prose
dastans(period 1635 to 1800).Part three consists of critical analysis of
important supportive characters of the prose dastans, published under the
patronage of Fort William College. Part four, comprised of the important
supportive characters of the prominent dastans, published during the
same period but not under the patronage of the Fort William college and
also published after the period of this college. Part five (Epilogue) consists
on the collective evaluation and analysis of important supportive
characters of these three periods.
The objective of the research is to explore and highlight the important
supportive characters of these dastans which took part in fascination and
prolongation and are most necessary due to their actions, portray their
importance and judge the standard of important supportive characters.
XVII
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" An exemplum is a story told as a particular instance of
the general theme in a religious sermon. The device
was popular in the middle ages, when extensive
collections of expempla, some historical and some
legendary, were prepared for use by preachers..... by
extension the term "exemplum" is also applied to tales
used in a formal, though non religious exhortation."(7)
Parable
"A parable.....is a brief moral tale that uses the device of
ALLEGORY. The parable resembles the FABLE, but
whereas a fable is a realistic narrative, a parable is an
extended metaphor that alludes to spiritual truth through
a simple story."(8)
Fable
Parable Tale
"A short moral tale, in verse or prose, in which human
situations and behaviour are depicted through (chiefly)
beasts and birds, or gods or inanimate objects. Human
qualities are projected onto animals, according to certain
conventions(e.g. malicious craftiness for the fox). Fables
are ironic and realistic in tone, often satirical, their
themes usually reflecting on the common sense ethics
of ordinary life."(9)
Romance
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(Legend)
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(Adventure Time and Space)
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Stylos Style
Style "
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Narrative
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Character i zat ion Character
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"The character is the name of a literary genre, it is a
short , and usually witty, sketch in prose of a distinctive
type of person. the genre was inaugrated by
Theophrastus, a Greek author of second century B.C,
who wrote a lively book entitled characters."(47)
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" We may say that the actors in a story are, or pretend to
be, human beings."(49)
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" We may divide characters into flat and round." (51)
(Round) (Flat)
" Flat characters...... in their purest form, they are
constructed round a single idea or quality: when there is
more than one factor in them, we get the beginning of
the curve towards the round."(52)
(Flat) (Round)
,
(Action) (Dialogue)
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"In the one case the novelist portrays his characters
from the outside, dissects their passions, motives,
thoughts and feelings, explains, comments, and often
pronounces authoritative judgment upon them. In the
other case, he stands apart, allows his characters to
reveal themselves through speech and action and
reinforces their selfdelineation by the comments and
judgments of other characters in the story."(54)
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"The roultedge dictionary of literary terms"
" There are characters and characters in fiction; we
recognize some as of the centre and others as of the
circumference. Some are characters in the Aristotelian
sense (i.e. detailed figures with their own motives and
capacity for distinctive speech and independent action);
some are enabling aspects of story, minor figures,
stereotypes; there are some to whose perceptions we
give credence (from poetic speakers to characters like
Anne Elliot in Persuasion) and some we regard as a
contextual society; some who partake in and are
changed in the action (heroes, protagonists and
confidantes or devices."(60)
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(Verstyle)
( Survival)
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In te rp e r so na l Function
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" We can get a definition as to when a character in a
book is real: i t is real when the novel ist knows
everything about it. He may not choose to tell us all he
knows--- many of the facts, even of the kind we call
obvious, may be hidden. But he will give us the feeling
that though the character has not been explained, it is
explicable, and we get from this a reality of kind we can
never get in daily life."(76)
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(Dialogue
Power)
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M.H.Abrams, A glassory of literary terms, earl mcpeek, united
state of America, 1999, P 7
Lexicon Universal Encylclopedia, v.15. p 73
Peter Childs and Roger Flower, The roultedge dictionary of
literary terms, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London and Newyork,
2006, P95
M.H.Abrams, A glassory of literary terms, earl mcpeek, united
state of America, 1999, P 32
E.M. Forster, Aspects of the novel, Harcourt INC,United States of
America,1955, P.58
E.M. Forster, Aspects of the novel, Harcourt INC,United States of
America,1955, P 67
E.M. Forster, Aspects of the novel, Harcourt INC,United States of
America,1955, P 68
W ill iam Henry Hudson, An Introduction To The Study Of
Literature, George G.Harrap & Company, Kingsway W.C. 1913,P 193
Peter Childs and Roger Flower, The roultedge dictionary of
literary terms, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London and Newyork,
2006, P24
E.M. Forster, Aspects of the novel, Harcourt INC,United States of
America,1955, P63
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(Attractive Personality)
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(Wise Man)
(Adventure Time)
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(Behave)
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(Phobia)
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Ego Id
Id
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ClergyMan Provost "
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(Id) (Ego)
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(Masochist)
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(Lust of Posession)
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(Ghost)
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(Story Teller)
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(Central point)
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(Adventure Time)
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(Act)
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(Positive Approach)
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(Love at first sight)
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(Reaction)
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(Middle Age)
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(Discourse)
(Teen Age)
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(Actions)
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(Positiveness)
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(Interaction) /
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(Old Wise Man)
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(Dialogue Power)
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" Dual Character
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(React)
(Verstyle)
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(Helper)
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(Saviour)
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(REALISM) "
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"The main facts in human life are five: birth, food, sleep,
love and death."(4)
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(Alien)
(Alien)
(Fairy Tales)
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E.M. Forster, Aspects of the novel, Harcourt INC,United States
of America,1955, P 47
1.E.M. Forster, Aspects of the novel, Harcourt INC,United States
of America,1955
2.M.H.Abrams, A glassory of literary terms, earl mcpeek, united
state of America, 1999
3.Peter Childs and Roger Flower, The roultedge dictionary of
literary terms, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London and
Newyork, 2006
4.William Henry Hudson, An Introduction To The Study Of
Literature, George G.Harrap & Company, Kingsway W.C. 1913
5.Lexicon Universal Encylclopedia, v.15, Lexicon
Publications,Inc,1983