Providing Energy within a sustainable Future Professor M.K.Gajendra Babu Centre for Energy Studies...
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Providing Energy Providing Energy within a within a sustainable Future sustainable Future Professor M.K.Gajendra Babu Professor M.K.Gajendra Babu Centre for Energy Studies Centre for Energy Studies Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110 016 New Delhi 110 016 _________________________________________ _________________________________________ For Presentation at the International workshop on For Presentation at the International workshop on Moving toward sustainable Energy Systems Moving toward sustainable Energy Systems University of Minnesota University of Minnesota October 24, 2006 October 24, 2006
Providing Energy within a sustainable Future Professor M.K.Gajendra Babu Centre for Energy Studies Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi 110 016
Providing Energy within a sustainable Future Professor
M.K.Gajendra Babu Centre for Energy Studies Indian Institute of
Technology Delhi New Delhi 110 016
_________________________________________ For Presentation at the
International workshop on Moving toward sustainable Energy Systems
University of Minnesota October 24, 2006
Slide 2
Overall Production and Consumption India is both a major energy
producer and consumer. Eleventh greatest energy producer,
accounting for about 2.4% of the worlds total annual energy
production Worlds sixth greatest energy consumer, accounting for
about 3.3% of the worlds total annual energy consumption Despite
its large annual energy production, India is a net energy importer,
mostly due to the large imbalance between oil production and
consumption.
Slide 3
Energy Security Primary energy used globally: 9741.1 mtoe; Of
this 88% is fossil fuels -37% oil, 26% coal, 24% natural gas Global
trend is to move from fossil fuels to carbon free fuels, including
renewables. Decarbonisation driven by protection of environment.
For India and other oil importing developing countries, energy
security is the main driver for decarbonisation.
Slide 4
Energy Scenario in India India ranks fifth in the world in
terms of energy consumption. Commercial energy consumption in India
3.5% of the world consumption in 2002. Average annual growth rate
of energy consumption about 6% during 1981 - 2002.
Slide 5
Challenge of Energy Security: India Commercial energy demand
will grow at 4.5% per annum till 2020, as economy grows at 7 to 8%
annually over this period. Growing gap between demand and supply of
commercial energy with increasing dependence on imported oil. Oil
imports expected to rise from present 70 percent to 100 percent in
next fifteen years. Substitution of imported oil main driver for
energy security.
Energy Demand and Supply Gap Growing Gap between energy demand
and supply requires an integrated framework for tackling this
multi- dimensional problem.
Slide 8
Major Concerns in Energy Sector in India Growing gap between
demand and supply of commercial energy: electricity, oil and gas.
Oil intensification of Indian economy due to declining
self-sufficiency in oil and increasing oil demand. Growing
dependence on non-commercial energy sources like fire-wood,
cow-dung and agricultural wastes in rural areas.
Slide 9
Major Concerns in Energy Sector in India (contd) Inadequate
development of eco-friendly energy sources including hydro and
renewable energy. Urgency for containing environmental pollution
caused by burning of fossil fuels and biomass energy. Need for
sustainable energy pathway for India which will ensure energy
security
Slide 10
Sustainable Energy Pathway for India Clean coal technologies
Centralized production of electricity based on increasing share of
hydro, nuclear and renewables. Decentralized power through
renewable energy -sun, wind, biomass and small hydro.
Slide 11
Sustainable Energy Pathway for India Alternative fuels for
surface transportation biofuels electric vehicles, hydrogen and
fuel cells vehicles. Sustainable energy pathway to progressively
increase share of renewable energy.
Slide 12
Renewable Energy India and the world India has set up among the
largest programs of renewable energy in the world. Wind Energy
-Fifth in the world Solar photovoltaic -Second in the world
Production and utilisation Biogas -Second in the world
Slide 13
Renewable Energy - Goals - Substitution of fossil fuels by
alternative renewable energy options: biofuels, synfuels,
electric/hybrid vehicles, hydrogen, fuel cells. 2012: 5% 2020:
10%
Slide 14
Renewable Energy Power Sector Wind Power Program Small Hydro
Power Program Biomass Power Program Solar Power Program
Slide 15
Wind Power Power generation from wind has emerged as one of the
most successful programs in the renewable energy sector and has
started making meaningful contributions to the overall requirements
of several states Wind power installations worldwide have crossed
8500 MW producing about 14 billion KWh of energy annually. A total
capacity of about 5500 MW has been installed in Europe, 1700 MW in
USA, and 992 MW in India. India is now the fourth largest wind
power generator in the world after Germany, USA and Denmark.
Slide 16
Wind Power The State of the World 1998, a world-watch Institute
Report on progress toward a sustainable society, released earlier
this year, has noted that renewable energy production in the world
is expanding rapidly. Wind generation is the fastest growing energy
source in this decade and is expanding at 25% per year. The Report
recognizes India as a new "Wind Superpower". With declining trend
of cost and increase in the scale of wind turbine manufacturing,
wind promises to become a major power source globally in the first
few decades of the new millennium.
Slide 17
Wind Energy in India MNES(Ministry of Non-conventional Energy
Sources) are implementing the world's largest wind resource
assessment program, which forms the backbone of their wind
exploitation efforts. Preliminary estimates indicate a potential of
about 20,000 MW. Scientific surveys are being intensified to
identify specific viable and potential sites. A recent study
undertaken to re-assess the potential, places it at about 45,000
MW. Assuming a grid penetration of 20%, a technical potential of
about 9,000 MW is already available for exploitation in the
potential States.
Slide 18
Wind Energy in India 60 sites have so far been identified in 13
States. Survey work is in progress in 24 States / UTs The States of
Rajasthan and West Bengal have also shown wind potential recently.
We have a wind power installed capacity of 992 MW in the country,
out of which about 940 MW is accounted for by commercial
installations. About 3.5 billion units of electricity have been fed
to the grid so far. A good local production base for wind turbines
now exists in the country, with 15 manufacturing companies active
in this sector.
Slide 19
Wind Energy in India Capital cost of wind power projects range
between Rs. 40 to 50 million per MW. This gives a levelised cost of
energy generation in the range of Rs. 2.00 to Rs. 2.50 KWh, taking
into consideration the fiscal benefits extended by the Government.
The government has introduced a package of incentives which
includes tax concessions such as 100% accelerated depreciation, tax
holidays for power generation projects, soft loans, customs and
excise duty relief and liberalized foreign investment procedures.
IREDA is playing a significant role in promoting Renewable Energy
Projects, in general and Wind Energy Projects in particular
Slide 20
Sl. N o. StateGross Potential * (MW) Technical Potential # (MW)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Karnataka
Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Rajasthan Tamil Nadu West
Bengal 8275 9675 6620 875 5500 3650 1700 5400 3050 450 1920 1780
1180 605 845 3040 780 910 1880 450 Total4519513390 Wind Power
Potential
Slide 21
Wind Energy in India State-of-the-art wind power technologies
are available. About a dozen Manufacturers are engaged in
production of wind turbine equipments either in joint venture or
license production from international collaborators. Annual
production capacity of 500 MW has been established. Wind electric
generators upto 1.25 MW unit capacity are now being manufactured.
Indigenisation upto 80% has been achieved. Blade manufacturing
facilities established. Capability for Testing and Certification
established at Center for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET)
Slide 22
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Centre
for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) has been established as a
technical focal point at Chennai.in TamilNadu Wind Turbine Test
Station set up at Kayathar under C-WET. Indigenous Wind Power
Controller has been developed for improving the performance and
quality of power. NEW INITIATIVES: Re-assessment of gross potential
undertaken Master Plans prepared for 87 potential sites in ten
States First demonstration project in West Bengal commissioned.
Wind-diesel project taken up in Sagar Islands & planned for
Lakhshadweep Islands.. Development of advanced wind turbine for
Indian conditions. Public Sector Companies, central power utilities
& large corporates being encouraged to set up wind power
projects - NHPC, NTPC, BHEL, IPCL, BSES, etc. initiated action
Slide 23
Slide 24
Hydro power In India Hydro power is recognized as a renewable
source of energy, which is economical, non- polluting and
environmentally benign. While there has been a continuous increase
in the installed capacity of hydro power stations in India, which
presently is 22,439 MW, the share of hydro power has been reduced
to only 25% in the total installed for power generation from 50.62%
in 1963.
Slide 25
Small Hydro Power in India Ministry of Power in the Government
of India is responsible for the development of large hydro power
projects in India. Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources
(MNES) has been responsible for small and mini hydro projects up to
3MW station capacity since 1989. The subject of small hydro between
3-25 MW has been assigned to MNES w.e.f. November 1999. In order to
maintain the balance between hydro power and thermal power,
Ministry of Power has announced a Policy for accelerated
development of hydro power in the country. Development of small
hydro power at an accelerated pace is one of the tasks in the
Policy.
Slide 26
Small Hydro in India Small and mini hydel projects have the
potential to provide energy in remote and hilly areas where
extension of grid system is un- economical. Realizing this fact,
Government of India is encouraging development of small and mini
hydro power projects in the country. India has 420 small hydro
power projects up to 25 MW station capacity with an aggregate
capacity of over 1423 MW. Over 187 projects in this range with
aggregate capacity of 521 MW are under construction.
Slide 27
Small Hydro Potential An estimated potential of about 15,000 MW
of small hydro power projects exists in India. Ministry of
Non-conventional Energy Sources has created a database of potential
sites of small hydro and 4096 potential sites with an aggregate
capacity of 10,071 MW for projects up to 25 MW capacity have been
identified. Small hydro power development is one of the thrust
areas of power generation from renewables in the Ministry of
Non-conventional Energy Sources.
Slide 28
Small hydro power in India The Ministry is encouraging
development of small hydro projects in the State sector as well as
through private sector participation in various States. In the last
10-12 years, the capacity of Small hydro projects up to 3 MW has
increased 4 fold from 63 MW to 240 MW. From 1994 onwards, the
thrust of SHP programme is to encourage private sector for setting
up of commercial SHP projects.
Slide 29
Small hydro power 13 potential States have announced their
policies for private sector participation in SHP sector. The main
thrust areas are nation-wise resource assessment, setting up of
commercial SHP projects, renovation and modernization of old SHP
projects, development and up-gradation of water mills and industry
based research and development
Slide 30
Small hydro power In order to accelerate development of small
hydro power in the country, MNES is giving incentives for detailed
survey and investigation, detailed project report preparation,
Interest subsidy for commercial projects, capital subsidy for SHP
projects in the North-Eastern region, renovation &
modernization of old SHP stations and for development / up-
gradation of water mills.
Slide 31
Commercial SHP Projects Commercial SHP Projects 13 States in
India namely, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana,
Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
Orissa, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Rajasthan have announced
policies for setting up commercial SHP projects through private
sector participation. The facilities available in the States
include wheeling of power produced, banking, attractive buy-back
rate, facility for third party sale, etc.
Slide 32
Commercial SHP Projects Over 760 sites of about 2000 MW
capacity have already been offered / allotted in these States.
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), the financial
institution under MNES, provides soft loans for setting up of SHP
projects upto 25 MW capacity in the commercial sector Other
activities under the program include renovation and modernization
of SHP projects, setting up of portable micro hydel sets,
development/upgradation of water mills.
Slide 33
Manufacturing Base in India India has a reasonably
well-established manufacturing base for the full range and type of
small hydro equipment. There are over 8 manufacturers in the
country in the field of small hydro manufacturing/ supplying
various types of turbines, generators, control equipment, etc.
Slide 34
Biomass Power India is one of the largest producer of cane
sugar and the Ministry is implementing the worlds largest
co-generation program in the sugar mills. There exists an
established potential of 3,500 MW of power generation through
bagasse based co-generation in sugar mills. Biomass power
generation from surplus agricultural residues is also being
actively promoted.
Slide 35
Biomass Power Notable initiatives for acceleration of the
Biomass Power generation program include: Finalization of
demonstration projects in cooperative sector sugar mills. Proposal
for a US $ 65 million UNDP Biomass Power Program. New program on
advanced biomass gasification for development and application of
advanced technologies, such as, Biomass Integrated
Gasification-cum-Gas Turbine Combined Cycle technology. A capacity
of 537 MW has so far been commissioned and 536 MW is under
installation.
Slide 36
Solar Power Program Solar Thermal Power Program Solar
Photovoltaic Power Program Solar Thermal Power Generation - 35 MW
per Sq. Km
Slide 37
Solar Power Program Under the Solar Power Program grid quality
power generation based on solar thermal technologies is being
supported.Solar Power Program A 140 MW Integrated Solar Combined
Cycle (ISCC) Power Project is being given final shape for setting
up at Mathania near Jodhpur in Rajasthan. Techno-economic clearance
of CEA has been obtained and appraisal by World Bank/KfW who would
provide US $ 49 million grant assistance and US $ 150 million loan
assistance respectively, has been completed.
Slide 38
Solar Power Program Government of India has accorded approval
of the project as a Centrally-assisted project to be implemented by
Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Limited (RRECL), Jaipur. An
Agreement has been signed on 29th October 2001 between KfW, Germany
and Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance for
composite loan amount of DM 250 million for the project.
Slide 39
Solar Power Program The Mathania ISCC Project will be the first
of its kind, and one among the largest such projects in the world.
The Ministry is also providing support to grid interactive solar
photovoltaic projects for voltage support at the tail-ends of rural
grids, for peak shaving / demand side management in urban centres
and for diesel saving in islands/remote locations.
Slide 40
Slide 41
Solar Photovoltaic power Generation Solar Photovoltaic Power
Generation - 20 MW per Sq. Km Ministry implemented a scheme till
2003-04 to establish a SPV power capacity of 1 MW for the following
two niche applications viz., Voltage support at the rural
sub-stations, and Peak shaving in urban centres. Diesel saving in
island and remote location
Slide 42
Implementing Agencies The scheme was implemented through State
Electricity Boards, State Nodal Agencies and private electric
utilities. The manufacturers of solar cells and modules were also
allowed to implement the project by entering into a suitable power
purchase agreement (PPA) with the State Electricity Boards. 40
projects of capacity aggregating to 2.9 MWp have been commissioned
so far.
Slide 43
Transition to Hydrogen Present Scene : Petrol /Diesel /CNG
based Automobiles & Power Generation Intermediate Stage :
Electric & Hybrid Vehicles; Bio-Fuel / Synthetic Fuel based
Vehicles & Power Generation Ultimate Objective : Environment
Friendly and Carbon Free Hydrogen Based Vehicles & Power
Generation
Slide 44
Hydrogen Energy Need for intermediary link between renewable
energy sources with consumers. Intermediary energy system must be
transportable, storable, fuel for transportation, economical to
produce, renewable, pollution free and independent of primary
energy sources. Among all options hydrogen best fulfils these
requirements -lightness, highest energy density, versatility, clean
and inexhaustible.
Slide 45
Importance of Hydrogen in India Hydrogen has significant
potential as a clean energy source for broad range of applications
including power production and transportation. Large areas in the
country do not have access to electricity which can be provided
decentralized power based on hydrogen energy. Hydrogen and fuel
cells vehicles can progressively replace petroleum based vehicles
specifically two & three wheelers. Hydrogen energy: carbon-free
fuel with major promise
Slide 46
Hydrogen Energy in India Efficient Production Methods Developed
in Laboratory Conditions Successfully demonstrated utilization in -
Motor cycles and three wheelers - Power generating units
Slide 47
Hydrogen Energy in India Biological production of hydrogen From
organic wastes: Demonstrated at a pilot plant scale From bagasse:
Demonstrated at Laboratory scale production
Slide 48
National Hydrogen Energy Board Constituted in October,2003
with,Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources as Chairman High
level representation from Government, Industry, Research and
Academia, Public Figures and other stakeholders. Direct, coordinate
and guide preparation and implementation of the National Hydrogen
Energy Road Map and Program.
Slide 49
Renewable Energy Options Solar Biomass Wind Tidal Hydro Energy
from Waste
Table Capital Costs and the typical cost of Generated
Electricity from the Renewable Options Sl. No. SouorceCapital Cost
(Crores of Rs/MW) Estimated Cost of Generation per Unit (Rs. /kWh)
Total Installed Capacity (MW) (upto 31.12.2005) 1.Small*
Hydro-Power5.00-6.002.50-3.501748 2.Wind
Power4.00-5.003.00-4.004434 3.Biomass Power4.003.00-4.00377
4.Bagasse Cogeneration3.00-3.502.00-3.00491 5.Biomass
Gasifier2.50-3.003.00-4.0071 6.Solar Photovoltaic25-3015.00-20.003
7.Energy from Waste5.00-10.004.00-7.5046 < 25 MW1 Crore =10
7
Slide 53
Acknowledgements Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources,
Government of India Ministry of Planning, Government of India
Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor, Government of India
Tata Energy Institute, New Delhi Indian Renewable Energy
Development Agency Research Students of Centre for Energy Studies,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi