Protozoa

Meillya Fitriaty 10407012Aldyla Nisa Raditya 10407013Hawa Firdausi K. 10407027

Microbiology Study ProgramSchool of Life Sciences and Technology

Institute Technology of BandungBandung 2009

BM3106 Microbial Biosystematics

Protozoa

Microorganisms

?

What is microorganisms?

• Microorganisms are microscopic organisms consisting of a single cell or cell cluster, including the viruses, which are not cellular.

• Microscopic or Micro (from the Greek: , μικρόςmikrós, "small" and , skopéō, "look") is a σκοπέωterm used to describe objects smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked eye and which require a lens or microscope to see them clearly.

Size range of microorganisms

What is protozoa?

• Protists, also called protozoa, a word meaning “first” or “original” animals, were first seen over 325 years ago by van Leeuwenhoek.

• Protozoa size ranges between 2 and 200 micron meters (0.002 – 0.2 mm).

Does protozoa microscopic?

Protozoa

Microorganisms

Y E S !

The History of Classification System

Aristotle’s time-

Mid 20th century

1880sErnst Haeckel

Within the past ten yearsThree-Domain

System

1969R. H. Whittaker

Aristotle’s time

Two kingdoms:•Plantae (plants)Plants were literally organisms that were planted and immobile

•Animalia (animals)Animals were animated and move about

1880s – Ernst Haeckel

• A German scientist who proposed adding a third kingdom : kingdom Protista

• Kingdom Protista (protists) included unicellular microscopic organisms and not multicellular, largely macroscopic, ones.

1969 – R. H. Whittaker

• Whittaker expanded the classification system to five kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.

• Organisms were placed into these kingdoms based on type of cell (prokaryotic or eukaryotic), level of organization (unicellular or multicellular), and type of nutrition.

Three-Domain System• New information has called into question the five-kingdom

system of classification.• Molecular data suggests that there are two groups of

prokaryotes, the bacteria and archaea, and these groups are fundamentally different from each other – so different in fact that they should be assigned to separate domains, a category of classification that is higher than the kingdom category.

• rRNA probably changes only slowly during evolution, and indeed may change only when there is a major evolutionary event.

• The sequencing of rRNA suggests that all organisms evolved from a common ancestor along three distinct lingeages now called domain Bacteria, domain Archaea, and domain Eukarya.

Three-Domain System

Major Distinctions Between the Three Domains of Life

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Unicellularity Yes Yes Some, many multicellular

Membrane lipids Phospholipids, unbranched

Varied branched lipids

Phospholipids, unbranched

Cell wall Yes (contains peptidoglican)

Yes (no peptidoglican)

Some yes, some no

Nuclear envelope No No Yes

Membrane-bounded organelles

No No Yes

Ribosomes Yes Yes Yes

Introns No Some Yes

Three-Domain System

(Mader, 2001)

Three-Domain SystemClassification Criteria for Three Domains

Domain Bacteria and Archaea

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

Type of cell Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Complexity Unicellular Unicellular usual Multicellular usual

Multicellular Multicellular

Type of nutrition Autotrophic or heterotrophic

Photosynthetic or heterotrophic by various

Heterotrophic saprotrophs

Photosynthetic Heterotrophic by ingestion

Motility Sometimes by flagella

Sometimes by flagella (or cillia)

Nonmotile Nonmotile Motile by contractile fibers

Life cycle Asexual usual Various Haplontic Alternation of generations

Diplontic

Internal protection of zygote

No No No Yes Yes

Nervous system None Conduction of stimuli

None None Present

(Mader, 2001)

OVERVIEW

• The name Protozoa comes from the Greek, meaning ‘first animal’.

• Protist also called protozoa were first seen by Anthoni van Leeuwenhoek

• They can be describe as unicellular, eukariot that lack a cell wall, colorless, and motile, altough there are many exeptions to this description

• Although the majority are free-living, the group also includes commensal forms and some extremely important parasites of animals and humans.

• Most protozoans are found in freshwater or marine habitats

Characteristic structural features• Degenerate mitochondria (hydrogenosomes)• Mitochondria-like proteins (mitosomes )• Contractile vacuole

To pump out excess amounts of water that enter the cell by osmosis

• Micronuclei Sexual reproduction

• MacronucleiRegulate basic cellular functions: growth ang feeding

Mode of nutrition

• Most protozoans have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition

• The majority of protozoa are holozoic.

LocomotionFlagellumFlagellum

CilliaCillia

PseudopodiumPseudopodium

Mitosomes from the intestinal parasite

Entamoebahistolytica

Mitochondrion from chicken cerebellum

Hydrogenosomes from Trichomonas foetus

Reproduction

Classification of Protozoa

So, which one is protozoa actually?

• Madigan et al., 2009 p. 526 :

Protists = Protozoa

Protists, also called protozoa, a word meaning “first” or “original” animals,

were first seen over 325 years ago by van

Leeuwenhoek.

KingdomProtista

Chlorophyta

Rhodophyta

Pyrrophyta

Phaeophyta

Euglenophyta

Rhizopoda

Foraminifera

Chrysophyta

Zoomastigophora

Apicomplexa

ActinopodaCiliophora

Myxomycota

Oomycota

Acrasiomycota

The Algae

The Diatoms

The Flagellates

The Sarcodines

Ciliates

SporozoansThe Slime Molds and Water Molds(Mader, 2001)

DomainEukarya

Protozoa

Diplomonadsand

Parabasilids

Euglenozoans

Alveolates

Stramenophiles

Amoebozoa

Cercozoansand

Radiolarians

Protists(Protozoa)

Giardia

Trichomonas

Trypanosoma

Euglena

Gonyaulax

Plasmodium

Phytophthora

Paramecium

Nitzschia

Dinobryon

Amoeba

Entamoeba

Physarium

Dictyostelium(Madigan et al., 2009)

Major phylogenetic groups

Major groups of eukaryotic microorganisms

Key Genera

Diplomonads and Parabasalids• Genera: Giardia, Trichomonas

• General features♣ unicellular♣ flagellated ♣ lack chloroplast♣ anoxic habitat (animal intestines, either parasite or symbiotically)♣ energy generation: fermentation

Giardia intestinalis

Trichomonas vagionalis

Euglonozoans

• Genera: Trypanosoma, Euglena

• General features:♣ unicelullar♣ flagellated (contains

crystalline rod)♣ some parasitic, some

free-living♣ some phototrophs,

some organotrophs

Trypanosoma brucei

Euglena

Alveolates• Genera: Gonyaulax,

Plasmodium, Paramecium

• Special feature: alveoli, sacs present under cytoplasmic membrane remain unknown, probably for maintain osmotic balance

• Alveolate group: cilliates, dinoflagellates, andapicomplexans

Paramecium

Pfiesteria piscicida

Toxoplasma

Stramenophiles

• Genera: Phytophthora, Nitzchia, Dinobryon

• General features:♣ unicelullar♣ filamentous flagella♣ stramenophiles group:

oomycetes, diatoms, golden and brown algae

Nitzschia

Phytophthora infestans

Dinobryon

Cercozoans and Radiolarians

• Special feature: threadlike pseudopodia (move and feed)

• Previously called amoeba

• Cercozoans : chlorarachiophytes and foraminiferaRadiolarians : radiolarian radial symmetry of their tests

Foraminifera

Radiolarian

Amoebozoa

• Genera: Amoeba, Entamoeba, Physarum, Dictyotelium

• General features:♣ terrestrial and aquatic protists♣ use lobe-shaped pseudopidia (for

movement and feeding)♣ major groups: gymnamoebas,

entamoebas, plasmodial, celullar slime molds

Amoeba proteus

Plasmodial slime molds

Pathogenic Protozoa - Trypanosoma

Trypanosoma• A genus infecting humans• Cells are about 20-μm-long,

thin, crescent-shaped• Have a single flagellum that

originates in a basal body and folds back laterally across the cell where it is enclosed by a flap of cytoplasmic membrane effective movement in viscous liquids (such as blood)

• Have kinetoplast, a mass of DNA present in their single, large mitochondria

membrane flap

Pathogenic Protozoa - Trypanosoma brucei

Pathogenic Protozoa - Trypanosoma brucei

• African Sleeping SicknessCNS infection progressing to lethargy, tremors, meningoencephalitis, convulsions, coma, and death

• Parasites:– Trypanosoma gambiense - West/Central Africa– Trypanosoma rhodesiense - East Africa

• Pathogenesis - trypanomastigote multiplies in the blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid; deprives the brain of amino acids

• Epidemiology– T. gambiense - human reservoir– T. rhodesiense - cattle reservoir– arthropod-borne transmission via the tsetse fly (Glossina sp.)

• Diagnosistrypanosomes in the blood, serological test for antigens in the blood

Pathogenic Protozoa - Trypanosoma brucei

• INFECTION

The disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected tsetse fly. At first the trypanosomes multiply in subcutaneous tissues, blood and lymph. In time, the parasites cross the blood-brain barrier to infect the central nervous system. The process can take years with T.b. gambiense.

– Mother-to-child infection: the trypanosome can cross the placenta and infect the fetus.

– Mechanical transmission is possible. However, it is difficult to assess the epidemiological impact of transmission through other blood-sucking insects.

– Accidental infections have occurred in laboratories due to pricks from contaminated needles.

Pathogenic Protozoa - Trypanosoma brucei

• SYMPTOMS

• The first stage: haemolymphatic phase, entails bouts of fever, headaches, joint pains and itching.

• The second stage: neurological phase, begins when the parasite crosses the blood-brain barrier and invades the central nervous system. In general this is when the signs and symptoms of the disease appear: confusion, sensory disturbances and poor coordination.

Disturbance of the sleep cycle, which gives the disease its name, is an important feature of the second stage of the disease. Without treatment, sleeping sickness is fatal.

Pathogenic Protozoa - Trypanosoma brucei

SLIME MOLDS

Plasmodial slime molds• They feed on living microorganisms, such as bacteria

and yeasts, as well as decaying vegetation, ingesting solid food particles by a process called phagocytosis

• Plasmodial slime molds are formed when individual flagellated cells swarm together and fuse

• The result is one large bag of cytoplasm with many diploid nuclei

• In the motile phase, this multinucleate, or coenocytic, mass, called a plasmodium, creeps about by amoeboid movement.

Physarium

• Plasmodial or acellular slime molds• Vegetative forms are masses of protoplasm• A plasmodium is a mass of protoplasm

containing several nuclei and ,bounded by a cytoplasmic membrane surrounded by a single membrane

The plasmodial slime molds

The plasmodial slime molds

Dictyostelium discoideum

• Cellular slime molds• Vegetative forms are single amoebae• Haploid and form diploid macrocysts• Dictyostelium discoideum has been used as a

model for study of intercellular communication in eukaryotic cell development

Stage in fruiting body formation

cAMPcAMP

Development of fruiting body

The cellular slime moulds. Fruiting bodies develop from the pseudoplasmodiumor ‘slug’ and release haploid spores that develop into individual amoebas. Only haploidforms participate in this cycle, which is therefore asexual. Sexual reproduction can also occur,involving the production of dormant diploid spores called macrocysts. Note that thepseudoplasmodium of cellular slime moulds is entirely cellular

Diatoms

Characteristics• Microscopic, phosynthetic algae containing pigments

(major pigments: chlorophylls a and c, beta-carotene, fucoxanthin, diatoxanthin and diadinoxanthin).

• Use filamentous flagella instead of flagella and pseudopodia

• Range in size 5μm – 2mm, but generally 40μm

Characteristics• Secrete a frustule or test, composed of silica, which

under favourable conditions can be preserved (diatomaceous earth or diatomites)

• Each frustule consists of two valves, which fit closely over the top of each other.

• As it name implies, Diatom (Greek, dia=through, temnein=cut in a half).

Characteristics

• Always inhabit the photic zone• Three major modes of existence : planktonic,

benthic, macrophytic (attached to plants)• Reproduce primarily via asexual cell division • Live anywhere there is water and light, including

lakes, streams, estuaries, oceans, puddles and wet rocks or soil.

Uses of Diatoms As environmental indicator

- indicators of salinity - indicators of productivity

(diatoms as a producer) - indicators of pollution (low

overall diversity amongst diatoms indicates stressful conditions)

- indicators of palaeoenvirontment (frustules [diatomites] decay in relatively slow rate)

Uses of Diatoms

Nanotechnology research (diatoms manufacture micro- or nano-scale structures)- optical systems; semiconductor nanolithography

- drug delivery - mass produce nanoscale

components - component of solar cells

Use in Industry- as dynamite mixture (nitroglycerin much more stable if absorbed in diatomites)- filtration (swimming pools, dringking water)- pest control (diatomite powder absorbs lipids from the waxy outer layer of insects' exoskeletons)

References• ENVIS Centre, 2005. http://www.envismadrasuniv.org/newsletter2.htm Microorganisms and

Aquaculture. Access date December 10, 2009• Mader, Sylvia S. 2001. Biology Seventh Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill• Madigan, Michael T., John M. Martinko, Paul V. Dunlap, David P. Clark. 2009. Brock Biology of

Microorganisms Twelfth Edition. San Franscisco: Pearson – Benjamin Cummings• Sigma-Aldrich, 2009. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/analytical-chromatography/microbiology/

learning-center/theory/introduction.html Microbiology. Access date December 10, 2009• WHO, 2009. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/ African trypanosomiasis

(sleeping sickness). Access date December 10, 2009• SGPP. 2009. http://www.sgpp.org/african_sleeping_sickness.shtml AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS

African Sleeping Sickness (Trypanosoma brucei). Access date December 10, 2009• Hill, Jon and Katie Davis. 2007. The Use Of Diatoms As Palaeoenvironmental Indicators. http://the

Use Of Diatoms As Palaeoenvironmental Indicators GeologyRocks.htm. 10 Desember 2009• Anonim. 2009. Diatom. http://en.wikipedia/Diatom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm. 10

Desember 2009• Anonim. 2009. Diatoms. http://diatoms.htm. 10 Desember 2009• Anonim. 2009. Diatomaceous earth. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth. 10

Desember 2009• Housden, Alice. 2009. Uses of Diatoms.