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Fig. 28-01
1 µm
PROTISTS•Eukaryotic
•Single, colonial or multicellular
•Fungal-like, plant-like, animal-like
or mixotrophs (combo)
•Cilia, flagellum/(a) or psuedopodia
•Worldwide (aquatic or terrestrial)
•Aerobic or anaerobic
Fig. 28-02-1
1 µm
Cyanbacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Over the courseof evolution,this membranewas lost.
Red alga
Green alga
Primaryendosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis & Eukaryotic evolution
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophic
eukaryote
Primary
endosymbiosis
Membranes
are represented
as dark lines in
the cell.
1 23
One of these
membranes was
lost in red and
green algal
descendants.
Red alga
Green alga
Fig. 28-02-2
Cyanobacterium
Over the courseof evolution,this membranewas lost.
Red alga
Green alga
Primaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Stramenopiles
Plastid
Euglenids
4 membranes
Endosymbiosis & Eukaryotic evolution
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophic
eukaryote
Primary
endosymbiosis
Membranes
are represented
as dark lines in
the cell.
1 23
One of these
membranes was
lost in red and
green algal
descendants.
Plastid
Red alga
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Green alga
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Stramenopiles
Plastid
Euglenids
Chlorarachniophytes
Fig. 28-03a
Alv
eo
late
sS
tram
en
op
iles
Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
OomycetesE
xcavata
Ch
rom
alv
eo
lata
Rh
izaria
Chlorarachniophytes
Forams
Radiolarians
Arc
ha
ep
lastid
a
Red algae
Chlorophytes
Charophyceans
Land plants
Un
iko
nta
Slime molds
Gymnamoebas
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
OLD VERSION
5 Supergroups
Protists
•polyphyletic
• cytoskeleton
•Feeding groove
“excavated”
• amitochondriate
• alveoli
•Flagellum(a)
•Ameboid critters
•rRNA
•Single flagellum or
ambeoid w/o flagellum
• plastids (2 membranes)
•photosynthesis
Figure 28.2
Diplomonads
100 μm
100 μm
50 μm
50 μm20 μm
5 μm■ Excavata ■ Archaeplastida
■ “SAR” Clade ■ Unikonta
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Excavata
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Forams
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
“S
AR
” c
lad
e
Stra
men
op
iles
Alv
eo
late
sR
hiz
aria
ns
Gre
en
alg
ae
Red algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Land plants
Arc
ha
ep
lastid
a
Slime molds
Tubulinids
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Fungi
Un
iko
nta
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Am
oe
bo
zo
an
sO
pis
tho
ko
nts
4 Supergroups (Presently)
Protists
•polyphyletic
Figure 28.2aDiplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Excav
ata
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Forams
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
“S
AR
” c
lad
e
Stra
men
op
iles
Alv
eo
late
sR
hiz
aria
ns
Gre
en
alg
ae
Red algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Land plants
Arc
haep
lastid
a
Slime molds
Tubulinids
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Fungi
Un
iko
nta
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Am
oeb
ozo
an
sO
pis
tho
ko
nts
• cytoskeleton
•Feeding groove
“excavated”
• amitochondriate
4 Supergroups
Protists
•polyphyletic •DNA sequence
•2˚ endosymbiosis with
red algae
•Some: alveoli
•Some hairy flagella
•Some ameboid
•rRNA
• plastids (2 membranes)
•photosynthesis
•Single flagellum or
ambeoid w/o flagellum
Fig. 28-03b
Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Ex
ca
va
ta
• cytoskeleton
• feeding groove
• amitochondriate
Fig. 28-UN1
Kinetoplastids
Euglenids
Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Exc
av
ata
Chromalveolata
Rhizaria
Archaeplastida
Unikonta
There were 5 Supergroups
Figure 28.UN02
Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
SAR clade
Archaeplastida
Unikonta
Excavata
Now there’s 4 Supergroups
Diplomonads
• Lack plastids
• No/reduced mitochondria• Relic mitosomes lack ETC
• Anaerobic environment
• Multi-flagellated (4)
• 2 haploid nuclei
• Many parasitic & free-living
Giardia lamblia
Parabasala
• Large modified golgi
parabasal body
• No/reduced mitochondria• Hydrogenosomes (anaerobic)
• Multiflagellated
• Endobionts
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichonympha
Euglenozoa
• All biflagellated (2)• Crystaline rod
• Photosynthetic, heterotrophic
or mixotrophic
• Free-living or parasitic
• Kinetoplastids or Euglenids
Euglenozoa 1) Kinetoplastidsspiral or crystaline rod in flagella
• Large mitochondrion• Kinetoplastid DNA
• Worldwide distribution
• Free living or parasitic• Bait & switch surface proteins
• Trypansoma• Africa African sleeping sickness
• Americas Chaga’s disease
Trypanosoma
African Sleeping Sickness
• Trypanosoma gambiense
• Vector = tsetse fly
Chaga’s Disease
• Trypanosoma cruzi
• Vector = kissing bug
(assassin bug)
• Americas
Fig. 28-07
Long flagellum
Eyespot
Short flagellum
Contractile vacuole
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Plasma membrane
Light detector
PellicleEuglena (LM) 5 µm
Euglenozoa 2) Euglenids Euglena (mixotrophic)
Figure 28.UN03
Diatoms
SA
R c
lad
e
Archaeplastida
Unikonta
Excavata
Golden algae
Brown algae
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Forams
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
Stramenopiles
Alveolates
Rhizarians
Present version
•DNA sequence
•2˚ endosymbiosis
with red algae
•Some: alveoli
•Some hairy flagella
•Some ameboid
•rRNA
Fig. 28-08
Flagellum Alveoli
Alveolate
0.2
µm
Alveolates: 1) Dinoflagellates, 2) Apicomplexans & 3) Ciliates
Dinoflagellates
• Biflagellated (90˚)
• Flagellular groove
• Cellulose plates
• Freshwater & marine
• Photosynthetic & mixotrophic
• Endosymbionts of corals
(zooxanthellae/zoochorellae)
• Red tides
• Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)
Fig. 28-09
Flagella
3 µ
m
Apicomplexan
• Specialized structure on
sporozoite or merozoite stage
penetrate host
• All parasitic
• Digenetic
• Sexual & asexual stages
• Bait & switch surface proteins
Fig. 28-10-3
Inside human
Liver
Liver cell
Merozoite(n)
Red bloodcells
Gametocytes(n)
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Key
Merozoite
Apex
Red bloodcell
Zygote
(2n)
FERTILIZATION
Gametes
Inside mosquito
MEIOSIS
Oocyst
Sporozoites
(n)
Plasmodium lifecycleAnopheles
Ciliates
• Cilia
• 2 nucleic• Macronucleus (regulation)
• Micronucleus (repro)
• Conjugation & binary fission
• Vacuoles (food, contractile)
• Free living, parasitic
Paramecium
Blepharisma
Stentor
Ciliate Diversity
Fig. 28-11Contractile vacuole
Oral groove
Cell mouth
Cilia
Micronucleus
Macronucleus
Food vacuoles
(a) Feeding, waste removal, and water balance
50 µm
MEIOSIS
Compatible mates
Diploid micronucleus
Haploid micronucleus
The original macronucleus disintegrates.
Diploid micronucleus
MICRONUCLEAR
FUSION
(b) Conjugation and reproduction
Key
Conjugation
Reproduction
Stramenopiles
• 3 clades• Diatoms
• Golden algae
• Brown algae
• Aquatic algae w/ flagella• Thin straw-like flagella
Fig. 28-12
Smoothflagellum
Hairyflagellum
5 µm
Stramenopile flagella
Fig. 28-13
3 µ
m
Diatom flagella
Diatoms• Freshwater or Marine
• Unicellular
• Overlapping silica walls
• Phytoplankton
• Diatomaceous earth
Fig. 28-03h
50 µm
Fig. 28-14
Outer container
Flagellum
Living cell
Chrysophyta =
golden algae
Fig. 28-15
Blade
Stipe
Holdfast
Brown Algae
• Phyaeophyta
• Fucoxanthin
• Marine,cold
• Alternation of generations
• Diploid & haploid
• Analogous structures
Fig. 28-16-2
10 cm
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Key
Sporangia
Sporophyte(2n) Zoospore
MEIOSIS
Female
Gametophytes(n)
EggMale
Sperm
FERTILIZATION
Zygote(2n)
Developingsporophyte
Mature femalegemetophyte(n)
Fig. 28-17-3
Germ tube
Cyst
Hyphae
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION
Zoospore(2n)
Zoosporangium(2n)
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Key
Oogonium
Egg nucleus
(n)
Antheridial hypha with sperm nuclei (n)
MEIOSIS
Zygotegermination
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Zygotes(oospores)(2n)
FERTILIZATION
Fig. 28-18
Pseudopodia
200 µm
Rhizarians amoebas• Radiolarians, foraminiferans (forams) & cercozoans
• Psuedopodia (locomotion & feeding)
Radiolarian
• Silica tests
• Psuedo radiate from central body
Fig. 28-03i
20 µm
Foraminiferan (Foram)
• CaCO3 tests
• Porous, multichambered test
• Psuedo through pores
• Endosymbiotic algae
Figure 28.19
Cercozoans• Amoeboid & flagellated with threadlike psuedopodia
• Marine, FW & soil ecosystems
• Parasitic & predators
Figure 28.UN04
Chlorophytes
SAR cladeA
rch
ae
pla
stid
a
Unikonta
Excavata
Charophytes
Red algae
Green algae
Land plants
Current version
Plastids
endosymbiosis
Fig. 28-19Bonnemaisoniahamifera
20 cm
8 mm
Dulse (Palmaria palmata)
Nori. The red alga Porphyra is thesource of a traditional Japanese food. The seaweed is
grown on nets inshallow coastalwaters.
The harvestedseaweed is spreadon bamboo screensto dry.
Paper-thin, glossy sheets of norimake a mineral-rich wrap for rice,seafood, and vegetables in sushi.
Red Algae• Rhodophyta
• Phycoerythin
• Warmer waters
Fig. 28-20
Fig. 28-03j
20 µm
50 µm
Green Algae• Chlorophyta
• Fresh vs marine
• Chlorophyll
• Charophytes Land Plants
Fig. 28-21
(a) Ulva, or sea lettuce
(b) Caulerpa, anintertidal chloro-phyte
2 cm
Fig. 28-22-2
Flagella
Cell wall
Nucleus
Crosssection ofcup-shapedchloroplast
Mature cell(n)
Zoospore
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Key
Gamete(n)
Zygote(2n)
SEXUALREPRODUCTION
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
+
+
–
–
Chromoaveolata SAR supergroup
• The “SAR” clade is a diverse monophyletic supergroup
– 3 major clades stramenopiles, alveolates, & rhizarians
• highly diverse group DNA similarities
rhizarian in the SAR clade
Diatom diversity
Smooth
flagellum
5 μm
Hairy
flagellum
Figure 28.UN03
Diatoms
SA
R c
lad
e
Archaeplastida
Unikonta
Excavata
Golden algae
Brown algae
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Forams
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
Stramenopiles
Alveolates
Rhizarians
Figure 28.2aDiplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Excav
ata
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Forams
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
“S
AR
” c
lad
e
Stra
men
op
iles
Alv
eo
late
sR
hiz
aria
ns
Gre
en
alg
ae
Red algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Land plants
Arc
haep
lastid
a
Slime molds
Tubulinids
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Fungi
Un
iko
nta
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Am
oeb
ozo
an
sO
pis
tho
ko
nts
Fig. 28-23
Commonancestorof alleukaryotes
DHFR-TSgenefusion
Unikonta
Excavata
Chromalveolata
Rhizaria
Archaeplastida
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Fungi
Amoebozoans
Diplomonads
Euglenozoans
Alveolates
Stramenopiles
Rhizarians
Red algae
Green algae
Plants
RESULTS
Figure 28.UN05
SAR clade
Archaeplastida
Un
iko
nta
Excavata
Slime molds
Tubulinids
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Fig. 28-03f
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Fungi
Gymnamoebas
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Un
iko
nta
Slime molds
Am
oe
bo
zo
an
sO
pis
tho
ko
nts
Posterior flagellum
Psuedopodia
Fig. 28-24-3
Feedingplasmodium
Matureplasmodium(preparing to fruit)
Youngsporangium
Maturesporangium
Stalk
4 cm
1 mm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
MEIOSIS
Spores(n)
Germinatingspore
Amoeboid cells(n)
Flagellatedcells(n)
Zygote (2n)
FERTILIZATION
Amoebozoans
Plasmodial slime molds
Fig. 28-25-2
Spores(n)
Emergingamoeba(n)
Solitary amoebas(feeding stage)(n)
Aggregatedamoebas
Migratingaggregate
Fruitingbodies(n)
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION
600 µm
200 µm
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Amoebas(n)
Zygote(2n)SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
Slime moldsAmoebozoans
Fig. 28-03l
100 µm
Amoebozoans
Fig. 28-27
Key
Moderate risk
High risk
Low risk
Nurseries with P. ramorum infections (2004) onother host plants (such as rhododendron).
Figure 28.29
Other
consumers
Herbivorous
plankton Carnivorous
plankton
Prokaryotic
producers
Protistan
producers
Photosynthetic Protists ProducerProtists play key roles in ecological communities
Figure 28.29
EndosymbiontProtists play key roles in ecological communities
Figure 28.2
Diplomonads
100 μm
100 μm
50 μm
50 μm20 μm
5 μm■ Excavata ■ Archaeplastida
■ “SAR” Clade ■ Unikonta
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Excavata
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Forams
Cercozoans
Radiolarians
“S
AR
” c
lad
e
Stra
men
op
iles
Alv
eo
late
sR
hiz
aria
ns
Gre
en
alg
ae
Red algae
Chlorophytes
Charophytes
Land plants
Arc
ha
ep
lastid
a
Slime molds
Tubulinids
Entamoebas
Nucleariids
Fungi
Un
iko
nta
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Am
oe
bo
zo
an
sO
pis
tho
ko
nts
Figure 28.UN06a
Eukaryote
Supergroup Major GroupsKey Morphological
Characteristics Specific Examples
Excavata
“SAR” Clade
Giardia,
Trichomonas
Phytophthora,
Laminaria
Pfiesteria,
Plasmodium,
Paramecium
Globigerina
Diplomonads and
parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Kinetoplastids
Euglenids
Modified mitochondria
Stramenopiles
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Alveolates
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Rhizarians
Radiolarians
Forams
Cercozoans
Spiral or crystalline rod in-
side flagella
Hairy and smooth flagella
Membrane-enclosed sacs
(alveoli) beneath plasma
membrane
Amoebas with threadlike
pseudopodia
Trypanosoma,
Euglena
Figure 28.UN06b
Eukaryote
Supergroup Major GroupsKey Morphological
Characteristics Specific Examples
Archaeplastida
Unikonta
Porphyra
Chlamydomonas,
Ulva
Mosses, ferns,
conifers,
flowering
plants
Amoeba, Dictyostelium
Choanoflagellates,
nucleariids,
animals, fungi
Red algae
Amoebozoans
Slime molds
Tubulinids
Entamoebas
Opisthokonts
Green algae
Land plants
Phycoerythrin (photosyn-
thetic pigment)
Plant-type chloroplasts
(See Chapters 29 and 30.)
Amoebas with lobe-
shaped or tube-shaped
pseudopodia
(Highly variable; see
Chapters 31–34.)
Figure 28.UN06Eukaryote
Supergroup Major Groups
Key Morphological
Characteristics Specific Examples
Excavata
“SAR” Clade
Archaeplastida
Unikonta
Giardia,
Trichomonas
Phytophthora,
Laminaria
Pfiesteria,
Plasmodium,
Paramecium
Globigerina
Porphyra
Chlamydomonas,
Ulva
Mosses, ferns,
conifers,
flowering
plants
Amoeba, Dictyostelium
Choanoflagellates,
nucleariids,
animals, fungi
Diplomonads and
parabasalids
Euglenozoans
Kinetoplastids
Euglenids
Modified mitochondria
Stramenopiles
Diatoms
Golden algae
Brown algae
Alveolates
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Rhizarians
Radiolarians
Forams
Cercozoans
Red algae
Amoebozoans
Slime molds
Tubulinids
Entamoebas
Opisthokonts
Green algae
Land plants
Spiral or crystalline rod in-
side flagella
Hairy and smooth flagella
Membrane-enclosed sacs
(alveoli) beneath plasma
membrane
Amoebas with threadlike
pseudopodia
Phycoerythrin (photosyn-
thetic pigment)
Plant-type chloroplasts
(See Chapters 29 and 30.)
Amoebas with lobe-
shaped or tube-shaped
pseudopodia
(Highly variable; see
Chapters 31–34.)
Trypanosoma,
Euglena
Fig. 28-UN6
If the mitochondria and chloroplasts in
eukaryotic cells resulted from endosymbiosis,
what features might we expect these
organelles to contain?
A. a plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes
B. a plasma membrane, nucleus, and ribosomes
C. nucleus, DNA, and ribosomes
D. a plasma membrane, nucleus, and cilia
E. nucleus, ribosomes, and cilia
Trypanosoma, a kinetoplastid, is the causative agent of
a) HIV/AIDS
b) Malaria
c) Giardiasis
d) Trichomoniasis
e) Sleeping sickness
Which of the following most likely
arose from endosymbiosis?
A. nuclear membrane and Golgi apparatus
B. ER and chloroplasts
C. chloroplasts and mitochondria
D. mitochondria and Golgi apparatus
Fig. 28-UN6a
Fig. 28-UN6b
Fig. 28-UN6c
Fig. 28-UN6d
Fig. 28-UN6e