Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation

Ch 11

Breakdown of society : Black Death, Hundred

Years' War, etc Catholic Church under lavish Pope

Avignon Papacy Church taxes 1/3 of Europe owned by church

Simony: sons of aristocrats buy into clergyex.

Indulgences- Sin Passes (Church Fundraising) Printing Press Use of Vernacular

I. The Causes

Martin Luther (1483-1546) German Monk

Originally was going to study law Made change after a lightning storm

Joined Augustinian monastery in Wittenberg Doctorate in Theology

Taught theology at a University in Wittenberg

Became distraught over Catholic Churches teachings and his own sinfulness

II. Martin Luther

http://www.newgenevacenter.org/portrait/luther.jpg

Through studying of the Bible, began to see

major doctrinal issues with the Catholic Church Salvation through works

Realized he was far too sinful to earn his way to heaven

Believed salvation was repentance and faith in Christ Good works was a result, not the cause

Indulgences could not be true Salvation bought and sold Problem with John Tetzel

II. Martin Luther

95 Theses (October 31, 1517)

Originally called "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences” Sent in a letter to Archbishop Albert of Mainz

Greatly questioned usage of indulgences and works salvation

Stressed that salvation was paid by Christ on the cross

Resulted in being brought before Dominican Order in Augsburg- Trial for heresy

II. Martin Luther

Later challenged infallibility of the pope and

inerrancy of church councils Bible alone is authority on religious matters

Questioned 7 sacraments Only baptism and communion are biblical

II. Martin Luther

Baptism Usually of Infants but also of adult converts

Eucharist Communion

Reconciliation Penance/ Confession

Confirmation Confirmation of following the Catholic Church

Marriage Symbol of unity of Christ and the Church

Holy Orders Holy Orders, or Ordination, the priest being ordained vows to lead other

Catholics by bringing them the sacraments (especially the Eucharist), by proclaiming the Gospel, and by providing other means to holiness.

Anointing of the Sick Last Rites or Extreme Unction

II. Martin Luther

June 15, 1520

Pope Leo X condemned Luther of heresy 60 days to recant or be excommunicated

April 1521 Diet of Worms Luther was ordered to recant by Catholic Church

leaders and Charles V (HRE) Said he could not do so in good conscience May 26, 1521- Outlaw under both Church and

Imperial Law Frederick the Wise of Saxony had men “kidnap”

him and hide him in a castle Translated New Testament into German (Erasmus)

II. Martin Luther

After going into hiding, Luther was forced to

lead the reformation by correspondence Luther later argued that priest should be able

to marry (later married a former nun) Luther argued the major doctrines of the

Catholic Church but left some “minor” ones Infant baptism Kept transubstantiation- wine and bread

become blood and flesh

II. Martin Luther

Zwingli (1484-1531) leader of the Swiss

Reformation Chaplain for the Swiss mercenaries Politically involved in trying to end Swiss

Mercenary Service Later became a priest

Major issues were indulgences and religious superstitions

Also sought to end celibacy Ending fasting for Lent Not in the Bible- not practiced

III. Ulrich Zwingli

Disagreements with Luther

Eucharist Luther- transubstantiation Zwingli- Symbolic of sacrifice of the cross

Catholic Church Luther- Reform the church and Bible focus Zwingli- Break from church and its superstitions

Agreed on salvation by faith and infant baptism

II. Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss Civil Wars

Catholics vs. Protestants 2nd Battle of Kappel

October 1531- Zwingli was wounded and then executed

Ended with peace treaty allowing each canton choosing its religion

II. Ulrich Zwingli

To Re-baptize

Rejected infant baptism Baptism only allowed for believing adults

Later accepted by most protestants Precursors to the Mennonites and Amish Persecuted heavily

III. Anabaptist

John Calvin (1509-1564)- French Theologian

Leader of the Genevan Reformation Became more popular than Martin Luther Spread through most of Europe Major teachings summed up with Tulip

IV. John Calvin

T- Total Depravity U- Unconditional Election L- Limited atonement (only for elect) I-Irresistible grace (elect can’t resist) P- Perseverance of the saints (can’t lose

salvation)

IV. John Calvin

Went to Geneva after numerous

political/religious upheavals Was fleeing persecution in France Went about reforming religious beliefs and

applying it to the political realm Made Geneva a place of exile for other

protestants Protected women- punished domestic abuse

Discussed major doctrinal beliefs in Institutes of the Christian Religion

IV. John Calvin

William Tyndale- Translated Bible into English King Henry VIII

Initially opposed Protestantism Had Pope Leo X allow him to marry Catherine of

Aragon (Charles V cousin) Wanted an annulment since he only had a daughter

(Mary) Pope refused Henry (with help from Cranmer and Cromwell)

broke from the church Created Anglican Church

V. English Reformation

1529- Reformation Parliament

Took place over 7 years Made the Monarch the head of England’s

religious matters Henry could annul his marriage (to marry Anne

Boleyn) Act of Supremacy 1534- “the only supreme head

in earth of the Church of England” Allows each successor to change religion


Henry VIII’s Wives

Catherine of Aragon (Annulment) Mary

Anne Boleyn (Executed) Elizabeth

Jane Seymour (Died during childbirth) Edward VI

Anne of Cleves (Annulment) Resulted in Cromwell being executed

Catherine Howard (Executed) Catherine Parr (Outlived Henry)


Anglican church was still very tied to the

Catholic Church Same basic beliefs- just Pope is not in charge

Suffered setbacks under successors Thrived shortly under Edward VI Mary I brought back Catholicism fervently Elizabeth I brought peace between the religions


Jesuits

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola Spanish knight turned priest Pushed for a moral self-discipline and self-

sacrifice Focus on denying self Uncompromising loyalty to the Church

Slowed the conversion to Protestantism

VI. Catholic Reforms

Council of Trent (1545-1563) Commission to reform some of the problems in the church Re-assert Catholic Church’s doctrine Broken up over 3 separate sessions Controlled by the Pope Led by Caspar Contarini

Criticized simony Criticized lavish spending of the Catholic Church

Forced Bishops to live within their dioceses and strengthen their power But forced them to become more active


Council of Trent continued…

Priest Required to be professional looking Educated Celibate

No concubine Active in the church and community


Women

Gained more rights Punished abusive husbands Right to divorce

Found to be “equal” with men Became better educated

VII. Cultural Changes

Marriage

Became married at a later age Had less children Arranged marriages

Took couples emotions into consideration Approved by parents


Literature Spain

More of a Catholic background Chivalry was romanticized Cervantes

Famous for Don Quixote Satire of the nobility and their preoccupation with

heroics and chivalry Philosophic and Religious subtle


William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

Most notably known for his plays Romeo and Juliet King Lear Hamlet Macbeth

Credited with numerous Sonnets Actor, playwright and theater owner Would adapt his writings to fit that of the views

of the royal family


Reformation created a group that broke from

the leading of the Catholic Church Loosened the Catholic Church’s hold over

Europe Forced the Catholic Church to reform its

practices Paved the way for a stronger secular rule over

states and territories Changed the dynamics of the European

household

VIII. Conclusion

Documents

Protestant Reformation