Protein Synthesis & MutationsAll illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com

Scientists

Who discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and was awarded

the Nobel Prize?

Watson & Crick

Who used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like?

Rosalind Franklin

Who actually found DNA is the “factor” that caused good bacteria to change into bad

bacteria?

Avery

Remember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA

Who used radioactive bacteriophages (viruses) to confirm the genetic

material being transferred was DNA?

Bacteriophage(Virus)

Bacteria Cell

Hershey & ChaseBacteriophages chase after bacteria to inject their DNA for infection and

replication.

Real Picture of a Bacteriophage

Who tried to find the genetic material but failed? Instead he

found TRANSFORMATION.This scientist injected mice with killed disease causing bacteria and good, live bacteria and the mice died of pneumonia.

GriffithF for failing to find genetic material!

F for finding:

TRANSFORMATIONChange from one thing to another with transfer of genetic material.

Who found: % of Adenine = % Thymine

% Cytosine = % Guanine

What is this rule called?

CHARGAFF

The RULE OF BASE PAIRING!

DNA Structure

Empty Slide

What does DNA stand for ?What is its shape?

What is its function?What sugar is in DNA?

Where is it found in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

DeoxyriboNucleic AcidDouble HelixCarries the genetic code to make proteins (amino acid chain)Deoxyribose sugarEukaryotes=nucleusProkaryotes=cytoplasm

What specific structures carry the genetic code in the nucleus?

Chromosomes

Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide

Phosphate Group

5-Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose)

Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, or G)

Why is DNA Replication important?

Replication = make a copy

Important to have 2 identical DNA strands for cell division

List the steps of DNA replication:

1. Original double helix unzips/unwinds

2. DNA Polymerase attaches to make new strand of DNA

3. 2 New strands of DNA are created with complimentary nitrogen bases (A-T, C-G)

4. Two new double helix DNAs are formed each with one original strand and one new strand

An original strand of DNA has these nitrogen bases

C G G T A T G A C

What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication?

What holds the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”?

C G G T A T G A C original strand l l l l l l l l l

G C C A T A C T G new strand

Hydrogen Bonds

What is this protein called that DNA wraps

around to coil up?

Histone

List Similarities and Differences

DNA RNASimilarities

Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G Nitrogen Bases

DifferencesDeoxyribose Sugar Ribose

SugarThymine UracilDouble Helix Single

Strand

List Similarities and Differences

DNA RNASimilarities

Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases

DifferencesDeoxyribose Sugar Ribose

SugarThymine base Uracil baseDouble Helix Single

Strand

RNA

Empty Slide

Name the 3 different types of RNA and what do each do.

mRNA- brings genetic code for proteins from DNA to ribosome (recipe) tRNA- brings amino acids to ribosomes

(Sous chef)rRNA- (ribosome) makes the protein (chef)

What does RNA stand for ?How many different kinds are there?

What is its function?What sugar is in RNA?Where is RNA found?

What does RNA stand for ?Ribonucleic AcidHow many different kinds are there?3: mRNA, tRNA, rRNAWhat is RNA’s function?To make proteinsWhat sugar is in RNA?Ribose sugarWhere is RNA found?In the cytoplasm

mmRNA

mtRNA

rRNA

What is the process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?

What is the process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

List the steps to make mRNA

What is this process called?

List the steps to make mRNA“TRANSCRIPTION”

1. In the nucleus, DNA unzips

2. RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region

3. RNA Polymerase reads DNA genetic code (nitrogen bases) and makes complimentary mRNA

4. mRNA goes out of nucleus through pores

List the steps to make polypeptide chain (protein) from mRNA

What is this process called?

List the steps to make protein “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer)

1. In the cytoplasm, rRNA attaches to mRNA

2. rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon”

3. Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon

4. Amino acids join to form polypeptide chain =

PROTEIN

tRNA

Amino Acid

Polypeptide Chain =

PROTEIN

mRNArRNA

ribosome

What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

Codon

What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

What is the 3 base code on

the tRNA called?

Anti-codon

What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?

How many amino acids are there?

How many different codons code for those amino acids?

How many amino acids are there? 20

How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64

Remember: Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome

1 codon = 1 amino acid

Translate this mRNA A U G U G C G U C U A A

mRNA

A U G U G C G U C U A A

Amino Acids

Met Cys Val Stop

This is TRANSLATION!!!

What is a gene mutation?Not a real picture

Change in nucleotide sequence

Of the following mutations, which one of these is not a gene mutation?

SubstitutionDeletion InsertionInversion

Gene mutation in mice.

Substitution = Point Mutation (gene)Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation

I bet he can catch 3x more flies!

What type of gene mutation is it when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted?

What type of gene mutation is it when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted?

FRAME SHIFT MUTATION

Name all types of chromosomal mutations

What genes control the basic plan for where organs and tissues are to go in an embryo?

Hox Genes

NOT a real picture!!!