Regents Biology 2009-2010

Protein Synthesis Making Proteins

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Bodies are made up of cells All cells run on a set of instructions

spelled out in DNA

Bodies Cells DNA

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How does DNA code for cells & bodies? how are cells and bodies made from the

instructions in DNA

DNA Cells Bodies

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DNA has the information to build proteins genes

DNA Proteins Cells Bodies

proteinscells

bodiesDNA gets all the glory,Proteins do all the work

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How do proteins do all the work Proteins

proteins run living organisms enzymes

control all chemical reactions in living organisms

structure all living organisms are built out of proteins

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cytoplasm

nucleus

Cell organization DNA

DNA is in the nucleus genes = instructions for making proteins

want to keep it there = protected “locked in the vault”

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Cell organization Proteins

chains of amino acids made by a “protein factory” in cytoplasm protein factory = ribosome

nucleus

cytoplasm

ribosome

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

buildproteins

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Passing on DNA information Need to get DNA gene information

from nucleus to cytoplasm need a copy of DNA messenger RNA

nucleus

cytoplasm

ribosome

mRNA

buildproteins

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

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mRNA

From nucleus to cytoplasm

DNAtranscription

nucleus cytoplasm

translation

trait

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

protein

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DNA vs. RNADNA

deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases

G, C, A, T T : A C : G

double stranded

RNA ribose sugar nitrogen bases

G, C, A, U U : A C : G

single stranded

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Transcription Making mRNA from DNA DNA strand is the

template (pattern) match bases

U : A G : C

Enzyme RNA polymerase

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Matching bases of DNA & RNA Double stranded DNA unzips

A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A

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Matching bases of DNA & RNA Double stranded DNA unzips

A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A

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Matching bases of DNA & RNA Match RNA bases to DNA

bases on one of the DNA strands

U

A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A

U

UU

U

U

G

G

A

A

A C C RNA polymerase

C

C

C

C

C

G

GG

G

A

A

A

AA

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Matching bases of DNA & RNA U instead of T is matched to A

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNAaa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU Uribosome

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aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

protein

cytoplasm

nucleus

traitU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U

ribosome

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How does mRNA code for proteins mRNA leaves nucleus mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm Proteins built from instructions on mRNA

aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa

How?

mRNAU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U

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How does mRNA code for proteins?TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Alaprotein?

How can you code for 20 amino acids withonly 4 DNA bases (A,U,G,C)?

ribosome

aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa

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AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

mRNA codes for proteins in triplets

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Alaprotein

?

Codon = block of 3 mRNA bases

codonribosome

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For ALL life! strongest support

for a common origin for all life

Code has duplicates several codons for

each amino acid mutation insurance!

Start codon AUG methionine

Stop codons UGA, UAA, UAG

The mRNA code

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How are the codons matched to amino acids?

TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA

AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA

anti-codon

codon

tRNAUAC

MetGCA

ArgCAU

Val Anti-codon = block of 3 tRNA bases

aminoacid

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mRNA to protein = Translation The working instructions mRNA The reader ribosome The transporter transfer RNA (tRNA)

mRNAU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U

aaaa

aa

tRNA

GGU

aatRNA

U A C

aatRNA

GA C

tRNA

aa

A GU

ribosome

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aa

aa

aaaa

aa

aa

aa

mRNA

From gene to protein

DNAtranscription

nucleus cytoplasm

proteintranslation

trait

U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU Uribosome

tRNAaa

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protein

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aa

aaaa

aa

aa

transcription

cytoplasm

nucleus

translation

trait

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From gene to protein

transcription

translation

protein

Regents Biology 2009-2010

Whoops!See what happens when

your genes don’t work right!Any Questions??