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Four Main Stages
1. Synthesis of Amino acid
2. Transcription (formation of RNA)
3. Amino acid activation
4. Translation
Synthesis of Amino acid
NITRATE
AMINO GROUPS
REDUCTION
AMINO ACIDS
COMBINATION WITH
A CARBON SKELETON
Synthesis of Amino acid
IN ANIMAL
• amino acids are mostly obtained through their food supply
• some amino acids can be synthesized inside their body
T CAT G A T T A
A G T A C A A A T
Transcription takes place inside the nucleus.
Part of a DNA unwinds.
A G T A C A A A T
A
G
C
G AC G
G U
U
U U
The enzyme RNA polymerase adds one complementary RNA
nucleotide to the existing one.
A G T A C A A A T
G
C
G AC G
U
U
GU U A
Complementary RNA nucleotide is added to the growing chain of
mRNA one by one.
A G T A C A A A T
G
C
G AC G
U
GU U A U
Complementary RNA nucleotide is added to the growing chain of
mRNA one by one.
A G T A C A A A T
G
C
G AC G
GU U A U U
Complementary RNA nucleotide is added to the growing chain of
mRNA one by one.
A G T A C A A A T
G
C
G AC G
GU U A U U A
Complementary RNA nucleotide is added to the growing chain of
mRNA one by one.
A G T A C A A A T
G
C
G
C G
GU U A U U A U
Complementary RNA nucleotide is added to the growing chain of
mRNA one by one.
A G T A C A A A T
G
G
C G
GU U A U U A U C
Complementary RNA nucleotide is added to the growing chain of
mRNA one by one.
A G T A C A A A T
G
G
C G
GU U A U U A U C
Complementary RNA nucleotide is added to the growing chain of
mRNA one by one.
A G T A C A A A T U CAU G A U UA
mRNA
CYTOLPLASM
mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
NUCLEOPLASM
Nuclear pore
A G T A C A A A T
U CAU G A U UA
mRNAmRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
CYTOPLASM
NUCLEOPLASM
A A U
Leucine
AC U
Aspartic
Acid
AU G
Threonine
Amino acids combine with the tRNAs using the energy from the splitting of ADP.
A A U
Leucine
AC U
Aspartic
Acid
AU G
Threonine
Amino acids combine with the tRNAs using the energy from the splitting of ADP.
U CAU G A U UAA A U
Leucine
AC U
Aspartic
Acid
Complementary anticodon of the tRNA is attracted to the codon of the mRNA .
U CAU G A U UA
A A U
Leucine
AC U
Aspartic
Acid
AU G
Threonine
Complementary anticodon of the tRNA is attracted to the codon of the mRNA .
U CAU G A U UA
A A U
Leucine
AC U
Aspartic
Acid
AUG
Threonine
Peptide bond forms between the two adjacent amino acids.
U CAU G A U UA
A A U
Leucine
AC U
Aspartic
Acid
AU G
Threonine
Ribosome moves along the mRNA. Another complementary tRNA is attracted to the codon. The first tRNA is released back to cytoplasm.
U CAU G A U UA
A A U
Leucine
AC U
Aspartic
Acid
AU G
Threonine
Amino acid is linked to the previous amino acids with peptide bond.
U CAU G A U UA
A A UAC U AU G
LeucineAsparticAcid
Threonine
mRNA and tripeptide are released to cytoplasm.