"Protein digestibility and broiler performance - The important connection

in the Starter and Growing period".

Dr. Leonardo Linares Senior Poultry Nutritionist – Europe,

Middle East - Africa

Aviagen Group

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Evolution in Broiler Breeding

1972 1996 Today

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Relevance of the Starter!

• 1st 10 days in year 2000 represented 23% of the life of the broiler slaughtered at 2.0 kg.

• Nowadays, 1st 10 days represents 33% in the life of the broiler slaughtered at 2.0 kg.

• Lewis Hamilton short video to present here!

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Forecast 1.4

Forecast 1.2 Projection

1.0?

0.80

1.05

1.30

1.55

1.80

2.05

2.30

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

FCR

Improvement in FCR (for 2kg LW)

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Broiler Digestive Capacity Changes

On average – modern breeds ~55% more surface area

Data from Mussini (2012)

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Failure of the Gut Barrier Healthy gut

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Feed Intake is Vital • Feed intake (FI):

– The single most important aspect in achieving effective and efficient broiler bodyweight & FCR !

– Two stages when FI is especially significant • 1st 7-10 days of life • Towards the end of broiler cycle (stocking

density dependent)

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The First 7-10 Days • 80% energy used for growth, only 20% for

maintenance • Broilers can increase LW 4 to >5x (from ~40g to

>200g) • Good early feeding is essential to promote:

• Advanced gut development • Advanced muscle/skeleton growth and development • Better immune response • Improved daily gain and FCR

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Maiorka, et al., 2003

Villi with feed and water, 24 hours post hatch

Villi with NO feed and water, 24 hours post hatch

Intestinal Villi 24-hr Post-hatch

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Growth of Small Intestine (First 10 days)

SI Weight

SI Weight/BW

Age, days

Age, days

(Noy Y., 2005)

Fed

Held

Chicks held off feed vs those fed immediately after hatch

Held

Fed AVIAGEN

Pancreatic enzyme activity in SI (day 0 - 8) U

nits

.10-3

/sm

all i

ntes

tine

Age, days

Lipase Trypsin Amylase

Fed

Held

(Noy Y., 2005)

Enzyme activity is higher in chicks fed immediately

Fed Fed

Held Held

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Early feeding - enhances development of mucosal immunity (IgA level)

|Adapted from Dibner, 1998

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• Body Weight Monitoring • Check for Crop Full!!!

Management – Early Life

Time after Placement (% Chicks with Full Crops)2 hours 754 hours 808 hours >8512 hours >9524 hours 100

Target Crop Fill Assessment

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Effect of feeding Pre-starter diets containing either low protein, low fat, or low CHOs for 5d on BW (g)

Sweenen et al., 2010

Protein of pre-starter is critical, need the intake of protein to help develop critical tissues. Chicks on the Low Protein pre-starter used their yolk sac contents quicker than the other groups

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Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine (%)

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Effect of different SBM quality on performance of 1 to 21d-old broiler

Treatments Feed Intake (g)

Weight Gain (g)

FCR (g/g)

Soybean 44% 1101 a 746 b 1.48 a Soybean 46% 1104 a 756 ab 1.46 ab Soybean 48% 1135 b 794 a 1.43 b

Adapted from Monteiro, Penz and Ribeiro, 2004

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• Whole rape: 20% protein and 40 to 45% Oil

• Rapeseed meal: Protein content from 34-38% The presence of anti-nutritional factors (i.e. Erucic acid and Glucosinolates) limits its inclusion rate

• Lysine levels low, levels of sulphur Amino acids are quite high, and Amino acid digestibility much lower than Soya (79% dig Lys versus 89%)

Rapeseed Meal (Canola Meal)

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Viscosity of 60% cereal-based diets

1000

100

10

1

0

Visc

osity

(cPs

)

(Log

Sca

le)

Maize Wheat Triticale Barley Rye | | | |

• Viscosity is caused by soluble NSPs • In wheat grain, the main soluble NSPs are: ` - arabinoxylans (approx. 80% of the soluble fibre fraction) - betaglucans (approx. 15% of the soluble fibre fraction)

Source: Danisco Animal Nutrition

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Negative effect of wheat viscosity in poultry

1.65

1.70

1.75

1.80

1.85

2 4 6 8 10

FCR

Digesta viscosity (cPs)

55% wheat diets

Adapted from Carré et al., 2002

12.5

13

13.5

14

0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5

AMEn (MJ/kg)

In-vitro viscosity (ml/g)

50% wheat diets

Source: Danisco Animal Nutrition

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Strategic Use of Feed Enzymes • Feed enzymes can be used to improve bird performance by:

– Enhancing digestibility of feed ingredients – Breaking down of anti-nutritional factors – Modulating the microbial flora

• Non-Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) enzymes (or xylanase) are most beneficial in wheat-based feeds

• Phytase enzyme enhances phytate P utilization, improving gut health and absorption of other nutrients (AAs, min, …)

• Other enzymes to consider are: – Proteases – Mannases

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(% as is) Corn Sorghum Wheat Barley Oats

Fat 4 3 2 2.5 5 Protein 8 9 11 11 9 Starch+Sugars 64 62 61 56 38 Fibre Crude Fibre 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.0 12 Cell walls (% total CF)

10 11 11 18 25

Betaglucans - 0.7 0.8 4.3 2.8 Arabinoxylans 5.2 2.1 8.1 7.9 15.5 Cellulose 2.0 2.2 2.0 3.9 10.1 Lignine 0.5 0.6 0.7 2.0 3.0

Composition of Grains

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(% as is) Corn Sorghum Wheat Barley Oats

Crude Fibre 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.0 12 Betaglucans SOLUBLE

- 0.1 0.4 3.6 2.8

Betaglucans INSOLUBLE

- 0.1 0.4 0.7 -

Arabinoxylans SOLUBLE 0.1 0.1 1.8 0.8 0.8

Arabinoxylans INSOLUBLE 5.1 2.1 6.3 7.1 14.7

Composition of Grains

Englyst (1989) & Univ. New England, Australia

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Features of Starter Diets • Highly digestible ingredients • High nutrient levels, especially Amino Acids, Vit E, Mn, Zn • Possible use of pre and/or probiotics - improve gut health • Proper use of the Enzymes (NSPs, Phytase, Proteases…) • Good levels of Calcium and Available Phosphorus (ratio 2:1-

2.2-1) for optimal skeletal development • Intake stimulants: feed form (good sieved crumbles, mini-

pellets), high Na • Feed intake is relatively low – increased feed costs should

not be a concern • High Cost – Benefit with early Chick Growth Gains affecting

positively the final FCR

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Response of Modern Broilers to AAs and Metabolizable Energy (ME)

• Modern broilers have higher requirements for, and are, more responsive to amino acids than dietary energy

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Trial Diets ME (kcal/kg) SID Dig Lys (%)

Starter 3025 (100) 1.27 (100) Grower 3150 (100) 1.10 (100) Finisher 3200 (100) 0.97 (100)

BP ME 80 100 120 85 85 / 80 85 / 100 85 / 120

92.5 92.5 / 80 92.5 / 100 92.5 / 120 100 100 / 80 100 / 100 100 / 120

9 starters, 9 growers, and 9 finishers Chang et al., 2014

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Results: Body Weight (kg) to 24 d

Chang et al., 2014

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Results: Mort. Adj. FCR to 24 d

Chang et al., 2014

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Results: Body Weight (kg) to 35 d

Chang et al., 2014

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Results: Mort. Adj. FCR to 35 d

Chang et al., 2014

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Aviagen 2014 Balanced Protein Profile Age Starter Grower Finisher 1 Finisher 2

SID Dig. AA Days 0-10 11-24 25-42 42-slaugther

Lysine % 1.28 1.15 0.98 0.93

Met & Cys Ratio* 74 76 78 78

Methionine Ratio* 40 41 42 42

Threonine Ratio* 67 67 67 67

Valine Ratio* 75 76 77 78

Iso-Leucine Ratio* 67 68 69 69

Arginine Ratio* 107 107 107 108

Tryptophan Ratio* 16 16 16 16

*Ratio of the Amino Acid to Lysine (Lys as proxy for BP)

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Particle Size Preference in Chicks from 0-10 Days and 11-14 Days

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Particle Sizes • Starter and Grower diets were separated into 4 fractions

Starter Fractions (mm) < 0.82 0.82 - 2.00 2.00 - 3.18 > 3.18

Grower Fractions (mm) < 2.00 2.00 - 3.18 3.18 - 4.76 > 4.76 AVIAGEN

Feeding • Total of 6 pens • Each pen had 4

feeders • Each feeder

contained a different particle size. AVIAGEN

Feed Intake Results

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Gra

ms

3.18 mm + 2 to 3.18 mm 0.816 to 2 mm Fines (<0.816 mm)

Intake Day 1-10

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Daily Intake

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

>3.18mm2 to 3.18mm0.82 to 2mm<0.82mm

Age in days

Pen

Cum

ulat

ive

Feed

Inta

ke (g

)

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Feed Intake Results

0

20

40

60

80

100

Gra

ms

4.76 mm + 3.18 to 4.76 mm 2 to 3.18 mm Fines (<2mm)

Intake Day 11-14

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Targets Starter Grower Finisher

Form Crumb Pellet (3 mm) Pellet (3 mm)

>3 mm <15% >70 >70

2.0 – 3 mm <40%

1.0 – 2 mm <35%

<1.0 mm <10% <10 <10

Minimize!

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Feed particle size matters ! • Many studies have shown larger feed

particle size improves gut health – Increases gizzard size and function – Supports better gut microflora communities – Reduces intestinal stress – Enhances digestive efficiency – Improves litter condition

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Effect of Grain Particle Size • Larger particle size longer retention time, stimulates

gizzard development helps release the starch entrapped in cereal grain cells

• Fine grinding smaller particles, larger surface area too rapid feed passage in gut can cause gut health issues (such as less benefical bacteria fermentation in the caeca and wet litter)*

(*can also caused by high CP and unbalanced AAs at the same time) AVIAGEN

Conclusions • Primary poultry breeding industry has been

successfully improving meat chicken traits over many years – Genetic Progress has not been exhausted – Management and Nutrition need to keep on

pace with the Genetic progress AVIAGEN

Gut Development / Gut Health

Development of the Ideal Microflora

Highly Digestible Raw Materials

Feed Intake

Ideal Starter Diet (high Balanced

Protein)

Brooding Management

Good Crumble / Mini-Pellets

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