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http://www.leslie-samuel.com - This handout deals with the skin, the skeletal and muscular systems and go along with my presentation slides.
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Chapter 34 - Protection, Support
and Locomotion34.1 - Skin: The Body’s Protection
Structure and Function of the skin
4 tissue types in the body:________ - covers the surface of the body_________ - tough and flexible protein fibers, acts like
an organic glue______ - Interacts with hairs to respond to stimuli such
as cold and fright_______ - Allows us to detect external stimuli (pain,
pressure etc)
2 layers:EpidermisDermis
Structure and Function of the skin
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Epidermis: Outer layer
Exterior portion25 - 30 layers of dead
flattened cellsContains ______: protects and
gives elasticity
Interior portionLiving cells that replace
the dead cellsSome contain ______ - colors
the skin. Protects cells from damage
Takes about 28 days
Dermis: Inner layer
Thicker than the Epidermis
Thickness varied in different parts of the body
Contains blood vessels, _____, nerve endings, hair follicles, ______ glands and oil glands.
Oil glandsPrevents hair from drying out.
Keeps skin soft. Inhibits ______ growth
Dermis: Inner layer
Hair _______Narrow cavities out of which
hair grows
Sweat GlandsAverage human looses ______
of sweat/day
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Skin Functions
Regulates internal body ___________
Sweat is released in response to elevated body temperature
As sweat evaporates, the body cools
Functions as a _______ ________
Nerve cells receive stimuli from outside and relays information on the inside
Skin Functions
Produces ________Vitamin D - when exposed to light.
Helps the blood absorb Calcium
_________ the underlying tissues
Skin Injury and Healing
Repair stages (in response to injury):
_______ flows to the wound until a clot forms
_____ develops (barrier between bacteria and underlying tissues
New skin cells repair the wound from beneath
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Chapter 34 - Protection, Support
and Locomotion34.2 - Bones: The Body’s Support
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Skeletal System Structure
The adult human skeleton contains approximately ____ bones
2 main parts:The _____ Skeleton:
The skull and the bones that support it (vertebral column, ribs, sternum)
The __________ SkeletonBones of the arms and legs and
structures and structures associated with them
Joints
Where two or more ______ meet
Usually facilitate movement of bones in relation to one another (not the joints of the skull)
Held together and enclosed by ________
Tough band of connective tissue
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Compact and Spongy Bone
Two types of bone tissue_______ bone: layer of hard
bone that surrounds every bone
Composed of osteon systemsOsteocytes: living bone cells.Receive O2 and nutrients from small
blood vessels within osteon system
Nerves conduct impulses to and from each cell
_______ bone: less dense bone, filled with holes and spaces
Formation of Bone
In embryo, the vertebrate skeleton is made of _________
By week 9, bone begins to replace the cartilage
Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage and the cells become __________ (potential bone cells)
Formation of Bone
Osteoblasts secrete the protein _________
Deposits minerals (i.e. calcium) in the bloodstream
Calcium salts and other ions cause the osteoblasts to harden and become osteocytes
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Bone Growth
Growth in Length:Occurs at the ends of bones in ____________Growth in Diameter (thickness)Occurs at the _______ surface of the boneAccelerated by Sex hormones during
teen years.
Skeletal System Functions
Provides __________ for the tissues in our bodies
_________ internal organsProduce ______ cellsRed marrow: produces red blood cells, white blood cells
and cell fragments for clottingYellow marrow: Stores fatStores ________, including calcium and
phosphatesNeeded to form strong, healthy bones.
Bone injury and disease
__________Loss of bone volumeBones become more porous and
brittleBroken bonesShown by X-ray imagesBones are moved back into
position and immobilized so the bone can regrow
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Chapter 34 - Protection, Support
and Locomotion34.3 - Muscles for Locomotion
In This Section . . .
The 3 Types of MusclesHow Muscles WorkMuscles during Exercise
3 Types of Muscles
______________Found in the walls of internal organs (i.e.
organs of the digestive tract) and blood vessels
Also called involuntary muscle (not under conscious control)
______________Found ONLY in the heartInterconnected to form a network to help
muscle cells contract efficientlyAdapted to generate and conduct electrical
impulses_______________Attached to and moves bonesAlso called voluntary muscle (under
conscious control)
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Skeletal Muscle
The majority of skeletal muscles work in ________ pairs
Skeletal Muscle
Muscle tissue is made up of muscle fibers (long fused muscle cells)
Each fiber is made up of myofibrils (2 kinds):Thick filament (_______)Thin filament (_____)
Appears striated (striped)
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Skeletal Muscle
__________: functional unit of contractionMuscles contract according to the sliding
filament theory______ heads pull against the ______ filaments and
actin filaments slide toward one anotherSarcomere shortens
Image by: David Richfield
Excercise
The number of muscle cells are _____ at time of birth
Working out makes you stronger, but you donʼt get more muscle
Muscle fibers increase in ________ in response to regular exercise
Muscle contraction required ____
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Excercise
During exercise, muscles use oxygen (_________ respiration)
This eventually shifts to anaerobic respiration and lactic acid is produced
_________ builds up. As you catch your breath, more oxygen is delivered and lactic acid is broken down
Regular exercise results in improved performance of muscles
In Review . . .
The 3 Types of MusclesHow Muscles WorkMuscles during Exercise
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