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Overview of Protected Areas Management in Nepal Hari Bhadra Acharya Under Secretary Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal July 17, 2014

Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

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Page 1: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Overview of Protected Areas Management in Nepal

Hari Bhadra Acharya Under Secretary

Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal July 17, 2014

Page 2: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Contents

• History of Protected Area

• Categories of PA

• Glimpse of ongoing programs

• Challenges

• Ways Forward

Contents

Page 3: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Historical Background

1958: Wildlife Conservation Act (establishment of “rhino Patrol”)

1973: National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act (Wildlife Section in Department of Forest)

1980: Established of Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation

1974: National Park and Wildlife Conservation Regulation placed restriction on use of resources in lowland

1979: Mountain National Park Regulation provided right to local community on use of forest resources

Page 4: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Conserve and manage

ecological system, wildlife,

and their habitat

Promote ecotourism without

any negative consequences

Objectives

Page 5: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Biodiversity in Nepal

• Nepal- 0.1 percent of the global area

• 12 of the 867 global terrestrial ecoregions

• 118 ecosystem

• 35 forest types

Page 6: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Floral No. of Known Species Percentage of World's Species

Angiosperms 6,973 3.2 Gymnosperms 26 5.1 Pteridophytes 534 5.1 Bryophytes 1,150 8.2 Lichens 771 4.5 Fungi 2,025 2.9 Algae 1001 2.5 Total 12,480 3.3

Species Diversity

Page 7: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Fauna No. of Known Species Percentage of World's Species

Mammals 208 5.2 Birds 867 9.5 Reptiles 123 1.9 Amphibians 118 2.5 Fishes 230 1.9 Molluscs 79 N/A Moths 3,958 3.6 Butterflies 651 3.7 Spiders 175 0.4 Rotifers 61 N/A Crustaceans 59 N/A Other Insects 5,052 0.7 Platyhelminthes 168 1.4 Fauna Total 11,706 1.1

Page 8: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

First Protected Area 1973 Chitwan National Park

Page 9: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Progress

Page 10: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Protected Areas of Nepal

Total PAs = 20. Total Area =34,193 km2 (23.23%) National Park = 10 Wildlife Reserve 3 Conservation Area = 6 Hunting Reserve = 1 Buffer Zones declared in 12 PAs

Page 11: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Achieved Aichi Target 11 in Nepal

Total Area under PA is 34,193 km2 (23.23% of the landmass of Nepal)

Target 11: By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascapes.

Page 12: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Biodiversity Conservation outside PA

Community Forest • 18,133 CFUGs, 17,000 sq. km. Leasehold Forest • 7413 Households, 427.73 sq. km. Protection Forest • 8 No., 1337.55 square km. Collaborative Forest • 19 No., 226.06 sq. km. Corridor and connectivity • 3 corridors are identified as important for mobility of mega fauna

Page 13: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Ramsar Sites (Nine)

Page 14: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Natural World Heritage Sites (Two NP)

Chitwan National Park-1981 Sagarmatha National Park-1979

Page 15: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Policies, Strategies and Laws

Policies: Wetland Policy-2003 Wildlife Farming and Research Policy-2003 Domestic Elephant Management Policy-2003 Construction of Infrastructure Inside the Protected Area Policy 2003 Compensation to Wildlife Victim Policy 2013

Strategies and Plans: Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, 2002 Nepal Biodiversity Strategy Implementation Plan, 2006 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), 2014 is under approval

Laws: National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973 Regulations related to national park, wildlife reserve, conservation area, and buffer zone

Page 16: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Diversity

Sub-alpine forest

Alpine scrubs & meadows

Temperate needle-leaved forest

Temperate broad-leaved forest

Subtropical needle-leaved forest

8,848m

60m 200 km

60m

Range of Floral Biodiversity

Page 17: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

8,848m

60m 200 km 60m

Range of Faunal Biodiversity

Page 18: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

10,853

979 1,325

15,426

5,405

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

NP WR HR CA BZ

Are

a (k

m²)

10

3 1

6 12

23.23%

932

4376

8430

10948

20077

27631 28780

34186

932

3444 4054 2518

9129 7554

1149

5208

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

Cumulative Area (km2)

Area (km2)

PA Establishment Trend in Nepal

Page 19: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Involvement of National Army in PA Security Security responsibilty since 1975 6 Battalion 8 Sub-Battalian

Protected Area without Army Makalu Barun National Park Dhorpatan Wildlife Reserve 6 Conservation Areas

Security Responsibility

Page 20: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

July 17, 2014

Periodic Planning (5 Year Management Plan)

Integration Conservation and Development

Both Species and Ecosystem conservation

Landscape level program

Ecotourism and livelihood improvement

Capacity Building of Local Communities through Buffer Zone programs

Multi-stakeholder partnership

International and trans-boundary cooperation

Working Approaches

Page 21: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Tiger, Rhino, Elephant, Snow Leopard,and Vulture

Species Conservation Action Plans

Page 22: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

• Habitat (Grass land, Wetland) management

• Control of poaching and illegal WL trade

• Ecotourism development

• Research and monitoring

• Buffer Zone and livelihood improvement of local

communities

• Conservation education and awareness

• Trans-boundary coordination meetings

• Establishing WL breeding center (Elephant, Crocodile,

Vulture)

Activities

Page 23: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

30-50% of total revenue

Conservation and Community

Development Activities

Involvement of Buffer Communities

Page 24: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Research and Monitoring

Page 25: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Tiger Survey Results - 2013

SN Protected Area Estimated Population Density/100 km2

Mean SD 95% CI Density SD

1 Parsa WR 7 2.9 4-13 0.65 0.3

2 Chitwan NP 120 10.6 98 - 139 3.84 0.3

3 Banke NP 4 1.2 3-7 0.16 0.1

4 Bardia NP 50 2.85 45-55 3.38 0.2

5 Shuklaphanta WR

17 2.27 13-21 3.4 0.4

TOTAL 198 163 - 235

Page 26: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Rhinocerus Population in Nepal

800

400

300

100 108147

310358

147

446

534

435409

484

612

503

408372

100 108

544

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1950

1957

1959

1966

1968

1972

1978

1988

1994

2000

2005

2008

2011

Fiscal year

Rhino

Numb

erPopulation Nepal Population CNP

Page 27: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

ID Based Rhino Monitoring

Page 28: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Wild buffalo 237 Tiger 198

Gaur 333

Black buck 274

Swamp Deer 1743

Crocodile 102 Rhino 534

Elephant 107-145

Population of Important WL Species

Page 29: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Ramsar Convention 1971

Convention on International Trade of Endangered

Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 1973

World Heritage (UNESCO)-1978

Convention of Biological Diversity, 1992

The World Conservation (IUCN) 1978

International Obligations

Page 30: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Nepalgunj

Dhangadhi

Mahendranagar Dolpa

Humla Darchula

Tatopani

Kakadbhita

Wildlife Trade Export Routes

Wildlife Trade Internal Routes

Wildlife Trade Import Routes

Trans-Boundary Issue: Poaching and Illegal Trade Control

Page 31: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Challenges

• Population pressure • Poverty • High dependency in NR • Invasive Alien species • Poaching and wildlife trade • Balancing conservation and development

Page 32: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Staffing

• Patrolling

• Monitoring

• Record

keeping

• Reporting

Quality PA Management?

Staff/unit area=50 km²

Page 33: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Paradigm Shift in Policy

1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s

Environment protection

Sustainable development

Climate change

Species conservation

Ecosystem conservation

Landscape conservation

Integrated development

Protection approach

Participatory approach

Multi-stakeholder approach

Wildlife conservation beyond the boundary

Wildlife crime control beyond the boundary

Wildlife adaptation and climate change

Protection approach

Ecosystem conservation

Page 34: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Major Challenges

• Constantly increasing service areas

• Increasing human-wildlife conflicts

• Rescue and rehabilitate orphan and problematic animals

• Encroachment (CNP: Badhar jhula; PWR)

– Settlement translocation (PWR and BaNP)

– Land settlement commission (KTWR and SWR)

• Poaching and Illegal trade of wildlife parts

• Management of invasive alien species

• Over exploitation of natural resources (sand and boulders)

• Data storage with existing capacity

Page 35: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife

Ways Forward

• Outsourcing of Staff

• Establishment of Management Information System

• Adopt improved technologies

• Collaboration with NGOs

• Capacity development

• Address human-wildlife conflicts

Page 36: Protected Area Management System in Nepal - CBD Home of Biological Diversity, 1992 ... Mahendranagar Dolpa Humla Darchula Tatopani . Kakadbhita . Wildlife Trade Export Routes . Wildlife