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Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage
systems’ integration in Greek islands
George CaralisMechanical Engineer NTUA
Wind Energy Laboratory
Contents of the presentation
Contents• Current situation in the autonomous Greek
islands• Operational targets and Architecture of WPS• Simulation • Parameters for optimization • Case studies - Results • Conclusions - Recommendations
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 2
Current situation in the autonomous Greek islands
• 4% of the national demand with 1 million citizens• Weak autonomous electrical grids, based almost
entirely on oil • High rates of increase (due to tourism development)
• High variation of demand between summer and winter and during the day (low load factor of the conventional units, high Electricity Production Cost)
• Abundant wind potential (annual wind speed 8-9m/s)
• High investor’s interest for wind applications • Constrain in the wind installed capacity• Wind power rejection during low demand
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 3
Current situation in the autonomous Greek islands
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 4
Electricity Production Cost (2005)
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
peak demand (kW)
€/k
Wh
8micro
10medium
1 Large
CreteLesvos
Serifos
11small
Current situation in the autonomous Greek islands
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 5
share of fuel cost to electricity production cost
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
peak demand (kW)
8micro
10medium
1 Large
Crete
LesvosSerifos
11small
Current electrical system
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 6
Wind energy combined with pumped storage unit (WPS)
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 7
Operational design and Architecture of WPS
a. Peak demand supply (when the demand exceeds one value)
b. Supply of a stable percentage of the demand
c. Stable operation of the turbine at its technical minimums as a spinning reserve
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 8
050
100150200250300350400
73 81 89 97 105 113hours
Po
we
r d
em
an
d (
MW
)
050
100150200250300350400
73 81 89 97 105 113
Po
we
r D
em
an
d (
MW
)
050
100150200250300350400
73 81 89 97 105 113
Po
we
r D
em
an
d (
MW
)
other sources turbine
last 24hours' peak
Options of the hydro turbine operation
Operational design and Architecture of WPS
Single or double penstock • Single penstock
– Cheaper solution– Turbine priority– Pumping priority
• Double penstock– Operational flexibility– Independent pumping and
turbine operation– Quick response of the
turbine when it is needed
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 9
Operational design and Architecture of WPS
Instantaneous wind penetration permitted • “Simple control”: Stable maximum instantaneous
wind penetration “δ”– (i.e. δ = 30%), as it is used today in most autonomous
islands with concrete wind installed capacity.
• “Advanced control”: Increase the wind penetration by an amount equal to the rest ability of the hydro-turbine. – Two-sided communication (The EUO should know the
rest capacity of the hydro-turbine, in order to permit equal increase of wind penetration).
– The turbine should be in operation.
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 10
Scenarios definition
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 11
Scenario
Single/ Double penstock
Operational target Wind penetration permitted
1 Single penstock/ turbine priority
Peak demand supply Stable δ=30%
2 Double penstock Peak demand supply Stable δ=30%
3 Double penstock Peak demand supply Advanced control
4 Double penstock Stable supply of a percentage of the demand
Stable δ=30%
5 Double penstock Stable supply of a percentage of the demand
Advanced control
6 Double penstock Stable operation of the turbine at its technical minimums
Advanced control
Conventional power given the rest ability of the committed conventional units is used for complementary pumping
Simulation
Non-dynamic analysis, based on annual hourly time-series (demand and wind)
Main Steps – Calculations 1. The hydro-turbine’s set-point, the number
of conventional units committed 2. The wind power absorbed directly and the
wind power rejected by the grid 3. The conventional units set-point, Available
grid power for pumping4. The pumping - turbine operations and the
water flowsG.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 12
Parameters for optimization – Dimensioning The most important parameters:
– the wind potential (mean wind velocity) and– the hydraulic head between the two reservoirs.
The main parameters for optimization are: – the wind capacity to be installed, – the capacity of the two reservoirs, and– the capacity of the hydro-turbine
Other parameters are: – Rating and number of pumps– Diameter of the Penstock
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 13
Main assumptions
• H=300m, L=3000m • Wind velocity: 8.1m/s at the hub-height. • Financial evaluation without any subsidy• Oil price: 54$/b (annual mean for 2005)• Basic parameters introduced dimensionless:
– The wind installed capacity as a share of the mean annual load demand (10% - 390% by step 20%)
– The volume of the reservoir in respect with the maximum hourly water pumping ability (10 to 150 by step 20).
– The maximum operational target (as a percentage of the peak) is calculated using an iterative procedure. A bigger target could be set, but it would be achieved in less than 100% of the year.
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 14
Optimization procedure - Example: Crete
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 15
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
160000000
180000000
200000000
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Re
se
rvo
ir's
vo
lum
e (
m^
3)
31921532142753363974585195806417037648258869471008106911301191
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Tu
rbin
e's
EP
C (
€/k
Wh
)
31921532142753363974585195806417037648258869471008106911301191
lower envelope curve
Indexes for the evaluation • Turbine’s EPC
• Conventional unit’s EPC
• Electrical system’s EPC
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 16
Crete
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Tu
rbin
e's
EP
C (
€/kW
h)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Crete
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Co
nve
nti
on
al u
nit
s' E
PC
(€
/kW
h)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Crete
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Ele
ctri
cal
syst
em's
EP
C
(€/k
Wh
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Crete
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Hyb
rid
's e
ner
gy
sup
ply
(%
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Results - Crete
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 17
Crete
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Tu
rbin
e's
EP
C (
€/kW
h)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Crete
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Co
nve
nti
on
al u
nit
s' E
PC
(€
/kW
h)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Crete
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Hyb
rid
's e
ner
gy
sup
ply
(%
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Crete
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Ele
ctri
cal
syst
em's
EP
C
(€/k
Wh
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Results - Crete
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 18
Lesvos
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Tu
rbin
e's
EP
C (
€/kW
h)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Lesvos
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Co
nve
nti
on
al u
nit
s' E
PC
(€
/kW
h)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Lesvos
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Hyb
rid
's e
ner
gy
sup
ply
(%
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Lesvos
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Ele
ctri
cal
syst
em's
EP
C
(€/k
Wh
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Results - Lesvos
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 19
Serifos
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Tu
rbin
e's
EP
C (
€/kW
h)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Serifos
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Co
nve
nti
on
al u
nit
s' E
PC
(€
/kW
h)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Serifos
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Hyb
rid
's e
ner
gy
sup
ply
(%
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Serifos
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Ele
ctri
cal
syst
em's
EP
C
(€/k
Wh
)1
2
3
4
5
6
Results - Serifos
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 20
Comparison of the three islands (scenario 3)
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 21
scenario 3
Lesvos
Crete
Serifos
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Tu
rbin
e's
EP
C (
€/kW
h)
Crete
Lesvos
Serifos
scenario 3
Serifos
Crete
Lesvos
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Co
nve
nti
on
al u
nit
s' E
PC
(€
/kW
h)
Crete
Lesvos
Serifos
scenario 3
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Hyb
rid
's e
ner
gy
sup
ply
(%
)
Crete
Lesvos
Serifos
scenario 3
Serifos
Crete
Lesvos
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Ele
ctri
cal
syst
em's
EP
C
(€/k
Wh
)
Crete
Lesvos
Serifos
Proposed solutions for the examined islands
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 22
Island Peak (MW)
Wind Capacity (MW)
Reservoir (•106 m3)
Turbine (MW)
% peak supply
% energy supply
Crete 563 580-1200 40-80 250-350 44-63% 45-70%
Lesvos 58 44-130 2.3-10 23-40 40-68% 41-83%
Serifos 2.9 2.1-3.2 0.2-0.3 1.6-2.3 55-81% 49-93%
Lesvos
30$/b
80$/b
54$/b
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Ele
ctri
cal
syst
em's
EP
C (
€/kW
h)
80$/b
54$/b
30$/b
Serifos
30$/B
54$/b
80$/b
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Ele
ctri
cal
syst
em's
EP
C (
€/kW
h)
80$/b
54$/b
30$/b
Sensitivity analysis of the Brent price
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 23
Crete
30$/b
54$/b
80$/b
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%part of the peak to be covered with the turbine
Ele
ctri
cal
syst
em's
EP
C (
€/kW
h)
80$/b
54$/b
30$/b
Conclusions• The proposed architecture of the WPS (scenario
3):– Double penstock / “Peak demand supply” / “Advanced
control”• With the introduction of the WPS the system’s EPC
is decreased• This benefit should be shared between the pubic
utility and the investor, by the definition of a suitable price.
• The basic parameters in issue are: – Hydraulic head and the Wind potential– Plant size, Island size– Current cost– Duration curve of the demand.
• The production cost is quietly defined• The introduction of the WPS is proposed and
expected to have very positive results
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 24
Thank you for your attention
G.Caralis, “Prospects of Wind and Pumped Storage systems’ integration in Greek islands” 25