Prosecution v.1

7/24/2019 Prosecution v.1

1/21

I. THE WAR CRIMES WERE COMMITTED IN THE CONTEXT OF A NON-

INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICT, THE FACTUAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF WHICH,

GENERAL AMIR WAS AWARE OF

1. THE WAR CRIMES WERE COMMITTED IN THE CONTEXT OF ANON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED

CONFLICT

An armed con!"c# no# o an "n#erna#"ona! c$arac#er "% one #$a# #a&e% '!ace "n #$e #err"#or(

o a S#a#e )$en #$ere "% 'ro#rac#ed armed con!"c# *e#)een +oernmen#a! a#$or"#"e% and

or+an"ed armed +ro'% or *e#)een %c$ +ro'%. T$e #erm doe% no# a''!( #o %"#a#"on% o

"n#erna! d"%#r*ance% and #en%"on%, %c$ a% r"o#%, "%o!a#ed and %'orad"c ac#% o "o!ence or o#$er

ac#% o a %"m"!ar na#re.1

In#erna#"ona! $man"#ar"an !a) a''!"e% rom #$e "n"#"a#"on o %c$ armed con!"c#% and

e/#end% *e(ond #$e ce%%a#"on o $o%#"!"#"e% n#"! a +enera! conc!%"on o 'eace "% reac$ed0 or, "n

#$e ca%e o "n#erna! con!"c#%, a 'eace! %e##!emen# "% ac$"eed. Un#"! #$a# momen#, "n#erna#"ona!

$man"#ar"an !a) con#"ne% #o a''!( "n #$e )$o!e #err"#or( o #$e )arr"n+ S#a#e% or, "n #$e ca%e o

"n#erna! con!"c#%, #$e )$o!e #err"#or( nder #$e con#ro! o a 'ar#(, )$e#$er or no# ac#a! com*a#

#a&e% '!ace #$ere.

T$e #erm% 2'ro#rac#ed armed con!"c# *e#)een 3453or+an"ed armed +ro'%56 oc%e% on

#$e need or #$e armed +ro'% "n 7e%#"on #o $ae #$e a*"!"#( #o '!an and carr( o# m"!"#ar(o'era#"on% or a 'ro!on+ed 'er"od o #"me.8

In #$e ca%e o D("!o, #$e 9re-Tr"a! C$am*er ond #$a# an armed con!"c# )a% con%"dered

2'ro#rac#ed6 )$en "# !a%#ed rom a# !ea%# :ne ;;8 #o Decem*er ;;8,


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Marc$ ;;8>)ere a!%o con%"dered 2'ro#rac#ed6. In *o#$ ca%e%, #$e armed con!"c#% )ere a!%o

con%"dered #o reac$ #$e re7"red !ee! o "n#en%"#(.?

2Or+an"ed armed +ro'%6 m%# *e nder re%'on%"*!e command "m'!("n+ %ome de+ree o

or+an"a#"on o #$e armed +ro'%, ca'a*!e o '!ann"n+ and carr("n+ o# %%#a"ned and concer#ed

m"!"#ar( o'era#"on% and "m'o%"n+ d"%c"'!"ne "n #$e name o a de factoa#$or"#(, "nc!d"n+ #$e

"m'!emen#a#"on o #$e 9ro#oco!.@

In A!"n, #$ere "% a 'ro#rac#ed armed con!"c# occrr"n+ rom 1> Marc$ ;18 #o ?

Decem*er ;18, a 'er"od o n"ne mon#$%, *e#)een #$e ADF and ALA, #$e ormer *e"n+ #$e

armed orce% o A!"nBand #$e !a##er a +ro' )$"c$ )a% %e!-'roc!a"med a% 2a o!n#ar( orce

%#r""n+ or a ree A!"n #$ro+$ armed %#r++!e.6 ALA $a% or "#% !eader Co!one! A" Nr.1;

A#er #$e "n"#"a! a##ac& o ALA on 1> Marc$ ;18, "# )a% a*!e #o #a&e con#ro! o #$e !oca!

adm"n"%#ra#"e conc"!11 and )a% a*!e #o ra'"d!( e/'and con#ro! oer %eera! #o)n% "n #$e

%o#$ern 'ar# o #$e con#r(.1

S"nce A'r"! ;18, #$e A"r Deence Force $a% *een *om*"n+ a!!e+ed ALA *a%e%, "nc!d"n+

%ome re%"den#"a! area% )$ere ALA m"!"#an#% )ere %%'ec#ed #o *e. T$e re%!#"n+ c""!"an

ca%a!#"e% )ere re'or#ed *( "n#erna#"ona! med"a and condemned *( #$e UN Secre#ar(-Genera!.

' %emba, 2!, "T#

Lubana, 227$ &bid*

7 Lubana, ,232, "T#$ %emba, 23!, "T#$ &nternational +ommittee of te Red +ro--,Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Genea Conentions

of 1! Auust 19#9$ .ene/a, Sando, Sinar-i and immermann (ed-), 18, 4ara-*!!5!!70*

8 6act-, ', 2', 2

6act-, 1

10 6act-, '

11 &bid

12 6act-,


3/21

On 1; :!( ;18, #$e UN Secre#ar(-Genera! ca!!ed on 'ar#"e% #o e/erc"%e re%#ra"n# and on ; :!(,

#$e UN Secr"#( Conc"!, ac#"n+ nder C$a'#er II o #$e C$ar#er o #$e Un"#ed Na#"on%, "%%ed

Re%o!#"on X, ca!!"n+ or #$e end o "o!ence0 demand"n+ or #$e A!"n" +oernmen# #o com'!(

)"#$ #$e"r o*!"+a#"on nder "n#erna#"ona! !a) "nc!d"n+ $man"#ar"an !a), $man r"+$#% and #o

en%re #$e ra'"d and n"m'eded 'a%%a+e o $man"#ar"an a%%"%#ance0 #$e e%#a*!"%$men# o an

In#erna#"ona! Secr"#( S''or# Force ISSF #o 'ro#ec# c""!"an% and c""!"an 'o'!a#ed area%

nder #$rea# o a##ac& "n A!"n, and #o ma"n#a"n %ecr"#(0 !a%#!(, "# a#$or"ed #$e Mem*er S#a#e%

'ar#"c"'a#"n+ "n #$e ISSF #o #a&e a!! nece%%ar( mea%re% #o !"!! "#% manda#e.18

. THEFACTUALCIRCUMSTANCESOFWHICH, GENERALAMIRWASAWAREOF

O #$e a*oe men#"oned ac#%, )$"c$ are "nd"ca#"e o an armed con!"c# no# o "n#erna#"ona!

c$arac#er, Gen. Am"r )a% a)are. =e"n+ #$e $ead o #$e ADF and a c!o%e 'o!"#"ca! a!!( o

9re%"den# o%e A!an,1


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1. Effective Control

T$e #e%# o eec#"e con#ro! "% de"ned a% #$e ma#er"a! a*"!"#( #o 'reen# or 'n"%$ cr"m"na!

condc#,1$o)eer #$a# con#ro! "% e/erc"%ed.1BT$ere "% a!%o eec#"e con#ro! )$en a %*ord"na#e

"% "mmed"a#e!( an%)era*!e #o $"% %'er"or.;T$e o"c"a! 'o%"#"on o #$e %%'ec#1 and +""n+

order%ma( *e ac#or% o de#erm"n"n+ eec#"e con#ro!.

S'er"or-%*ord"na#e re!a#"on%$"' ma( ar"%e rom #$e orma! or de jure %#a#% o a

%'er"or or rom #$e e/"%#ence o de facto'o)er% o con#ro!.8 Coro!!ar(, )$ere #$e %'er"or

e/erc"%e% de jurea#$or"#(, eec#"e con#ro! ma( *e 're%med onprima facie*a%"%.

Genera! Am"r "% $ead"n+ #$e ADF %"nce 1B;? and $e 'ro$"*"#ed #$e man"e%#a#"on

'!anned *( #$e demon%#ra#or% and "n%#rc#ed #$e ADF #o #a&e an( nece%%ar( mea%re% #o 'reen#

"#@)$"c$ )a% o!!o)ed *( #$e ADF.T$"% %$o)% eec#"e con#ro! on #$e 'ar# o Genera! Am"r

oer #$e ADF.

18 elali9, 2', A#

1 elali9, 2', T#

20 :alilo/i9, 3,T#

21 ;atana, '

22 Struar, 2', A#

23 Lima


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. Knowledge

T$ere are #)o orm% o &no)!ed+e "n %'er"or re%'on%"*"!"#( ca%e%, ac#a! &no)!ed+e and

con%#rc#"e or "m'#ed &no)!ed+e mean"n+ #$a# #$e %'er"or 'o%%e%%ed "norma#"on #$a# )o!d

a# !ea%# '# $"m on no#"ce o #$e 're%en# and rea! r"%& o %c$ oence% and a!er# $"m #o #$e need

or add"#"ona! "ne%#"+a#"on #o de#erm"ne )$e#$er %c$ cr"me% )ere a*o# #o *e comm"##ed or $ad

*een comm"##ed *( $"% %*ord"na#e%.B

no)!ed+e ma( *e 're%med " a %'er"or $ad #$e mean% #o o*#a"n #$e re!ean#

"norma#"on o a cr"me and de!"*era#e!( rera"ned rom do"n+ %o.8;A% %oon a% #$e %'er"or $a%

*een '# on no#"ce o #$e r"%& o "!!e+a! ac#% *( %*ord"na#e%, $e "% e/'ec#ed #o "n7"re a*o#

add"#"ona! "norma#"on, ra#$er #$an do"n+ no#$"n+ or rema"n"n+ 2)"!!!!( *!"nd6.81

T$e 'o%"#"on o a %'er"or ma( %ere a% "nd"c"a o $"% a)arene%%8and #$e &no)!ed+e o one

e/erc"%"n+ de jurea#$or"#( "% ea%"er #o 'roe con%"der"n+ #$a# $e "% a 'ar# o an or+an"ed

%#rc#re )"#$ e%#a*!"%$ed re'or#"n+ and mon"#or"n+ %(%#em%.88

On #$e da( o!!o)"n+ #$e demon%#ra#"on, a#er #$e NTC ="!d"n+ $ae *een %earc$ed *(

#$e ADF #$e 're"o% m"dn"+$# on )$"c$ da#e #$e a!!e+ed ac#% o ra'e )ere comm"##ed, Gen.

Am"r $ad a mee#"n+ )"#$ Co!one! Adada8


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"+"!an# "n #$e "+$# a+a"n%# #error"%#% and #$a# #$e( %$o!d *e 'ro-ac#"e.8?He #$ereore $ad #$e

mean% #o o*#a"n #$e re!ean# "norma#"on o a cr"me and de!"*era#e!( rera"ned rom do"n+ %o.

8. Failure to take reasonable and necessary measures

Nece%%ar( mea%re% are #$e mea%re% a''ro'r"a#e or #$e %'er"or #o d"%c$ar+e $"%

o*!"+a#"on, %$o)"n+ #$a# $e +en"ne!( #r"ed #o 'reen# or 'n"%$. Rea%ona*!e mea%re% are #$o%e

rea%ona*!( a!!"n+ )"#$"n #$e ma#er"a! or ac#a! 'o)er% o #$e %'er"or*37

A %'er"or "% e/'ec#ed #o ado'# 'ro'or#"ona#e8 and #"me!(8Bmea%re%. =reac$ o d#(

m%# *e %c$ a% #o *e #an#amon# #o ac7"e%cence or #o!era#"on o #$e cr"me%.


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NGO, A! :aeera and ==C.


8/21

T$ere are a!%o re'or#% *( Hman R"+$#% 9ro#ec#"on, A! :aeera, and ==C #$a# "n a ra"d

condc#ed *( #$e ADF #$e )ee& o!!o)"n+ 18 :ne ;18 %eera! )omen )ere "c#"m% o %e/a!

"o!ence, "nc!d"n+ ra'e and #$rea# o.;W"#$ #$"%

mens rea, "# "% %"c"en# #$a# #$e 'er%on *e a)are #$a# #$e ma#er"a! e!emen#% o #$e cr"me% )"!! *e

#$e a!mo%# "ne"#a*!e o#come o $"% ac#% or om"%%"on%>1. O#$er)"%e %#a#ed, #$e 'er'e#ra#or

ore%ee% cer#a"n con%e7ence% o #$e cr"m"na! ac# a% a cer#a"n#( and *r"n+% a*o# #$o%e

con%e7ence% een #$o+$ #$a# "% no# )$a# $e )an#ed or de%"red #o *r"n+ a*o#. >T$e ac# #$a#

Gen. Am"r, "n $"% 'ro$"*"#"on o #$e man"e%#a#"on, "n%#rc#ed #$e ADF #o 2#a&e an( nece%%ar(

mea%re% #o 'reen# "#,6 #$e ac#% o ra'e are "nd"ca#"e o #$e "n#en#"on o #$e 'er'e#ra#or%.

III. THERE IS SU=STANTIAL GROUND TO INDICT GEN. HASSAN AMIR OF THE WAR

CRIME OF INTENTIONALL DIRECTING ATTACS AGAINST 9ERSONNEL,

INSTALLATIONS, MATERIAL, UNITS OR EHICLES INOLED IN A 9EACEEE9ING

MISSION = INDIIDUAL CRIMINAL RES9ONSI=ILIT.

A. ALLTHEELEMENTSOFTHEWARCRIMEARE9RESENT

1. The ADF directed an attack to the !!F Com"ound

! 6act-, 11

'0 Rome Statute, Article 30

'1 %emba, 3'853'

'2 Fan der F>/er, #oan, Te &nternational +riminal +ourt and te +once4t of =en-Rea in &nternational +riminal La (#une 1', 200!)* Gni/er-it> of =iami &nternational@ +om4arati/e La Re/ie, Fol* 12, 4* '7, 200!$ mor> "ublic La Re-earc "a4er


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T$e)ar cr"me oa##ac&"n+ 'eace&ee'er%, doe% no# re7"re an( $arm! "m'ac# on #$e

'eace&ee'er% #ar+e#ed *( #$e a##ac&, and "% comm"##ed *( #$e mere!anc$"n+o#$ea##ac&.>8 T$e

ADF, "n 'r%"# o a##ac&"n+ ALA *a%e% !anc$ed a##ac&% "n c""!"an area% near #$e ISSF

Com'ond on #$e morn"n+ o 1> Se'#em*er, ;1>. One $ndred "den#""ed ADF %o!d"er%

a##ac&ed #$e ISSF *a%e )$"c$ re%!#ed #o #$e &"!!"n+ o e"+$# ISSF 'er%onne! and )onded

#)en#(.>@

#. The !!F is a "eacekee"ing mission in accordance to the Charter of the $nited %ations

9eace&ee'"n+ "% a #ec$n"7e de%"+ned #o 're%ere #$e 'eace, $o)eer ra+"!e, )$ere

"+$#"n+ $a% *een $a!#ed, and #o a%%"%# "n "m'!emen#"n+ a+reemen#% ac$"eed *( #$e 'eacema&er%.

Oer #$e (ear%, 'eace&ee'"n+ $a% eo!ed rom a 'r"mar"!( m"!"#ar( mode! o o*%er"n+ cea%e-

"re% and #$e %e'ara#"on o orce% a#er "n#er-%#a#e )ar%, #o "ncor'ora#e a com'!e/ mode o man(

e!emen#% J m"!"#ar(, 'o!"ce and c""!"an J )or&"n+ #o+e#$er #o $e!' !a( #$e onda#"on% or

%%#a"na*!e 'eace.>

'3 Te"rotectionof"eaceee4er-and&nternational+riminalLaH Leal+allene-and%roader"rotection 4ae '' Alice .adlertt4-HII*ermanla


10/21

T$e #$ree e!emen#%>B , con%en# o #$e 'ar#"e%, "m'ar#"a!"#( and !ac& o orce %ed,

nece%%ar( #o 'roe #$a# an or+an"a#"on "% a 'eace&ee'"n+ m"%%"on are 're%en# "n #$"% ca%e.

Consent. T$e $man"#ar"an %"#a#"on "n A!"n +arnered "n#erna#"ona! a##en#"on re%!#"n+ #o #$e

dec"%"on o #$e UN Secre#ar(- Genera! #o ca!! a!! #$e 'ar#"e% "n A!"n #o e/erc"%e #$e"r 'o)er o

re%#ra"n#% ?;. 9re%"den# A!an con%en#ed on #$e 're%ence o #$e In#erna#"ona! Secr"#( S''or#

Force )$en "# annonced #$e com'!"ance o #$e +oernmen# )"#$ #$e Re%o!#"on X "%%ed *( #$e

Secr"#( Conc"! ac#"n+ nder C$a'#er II o #$e C$ar#er o #$e Un"#ed Na#"on%. I# a!!o)% #$e

e%#a*!"%$men# o ISSF *a%e "n A%#or. ?1

m"artiality. T$e 'eace&ee'"n+ orce "% #o rema"n "m'ar#"a! "n #$e"r dea!"n+% )"#$ #$e 'ar#"e%,

)$"c$ %$o!d no# *e con%ed )"#$ a*%o!#e ne#ra!"#(. T$"% "m'ar#"a!"#( m%# "no!e #$e

2ad$erence #o #$e 'r"nc"'!e% o #$e C$ar#er and #$e o*ec#"e% o a manda#e.? T$e ISSF, a%

'ro"ded *( #$e Re%o!#"on X, )a% manda#ed #o 'ro#ec# c""!"an% and c""!"an 'o'!a#ed area%

nder #$rea# o a##ac& "n A!"n, and ma"n#a"n %ecr"#(. ?8 I# con%"%#% o M"!"#ar( O*%erer% Un"#

MOU, a C""!"an 9o!"ce Force C9U, and a 9ro#ec#"on Force Un"# 9FU. ? =orri- ;allonAuu-tine .bao, #udment 22'

0 6act- 12

1 6act- 13

2 S4ecial +ourt for Sierra Leone "ro-ecutor /- &--a :a--an Se-a> =orri- ;allonAuu-tine .bao, #udment 227

3 6act- 12

! 6act- 13


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"mmed"a#e!( re7e%#ed #$e ce%%a#"on o #$e a##ac& *# "# )en# n$eeded. Fr#$ermore, *eore #$e

occrrence o #$e a##ac& on Se'#em*er 1>, ;18, #$e ISSF% 9FU $ad %eera! conron#a#"on% )"#$

ADF n"#% a% #$e m"!"#ar( +ro' )a% "r"n+ a# area% )$ere c""!"an% )ere concen#ra#ed. ?>An(

oen%e made *( ISSF )a% on!( made #o 'ro#ec# #$e c""!"an area% and #o ma"n#a"n %ecr"#(, "n

com'!"ance )"#$ #$e manda#e o #$e UN Secr"#( Conc"! a% em*od"ed "n Re%o!#"on X.

%on& use of force e'ce"t in self& defence. T$e 'eace&ee'er% are on!( a#$or"ed #o %e orce "n

%e!-deence. I# "% no) %e##!ed !a) #$a# #$e conce'# o %e!-deence or #$e%e m"%%"on% $a% eo!ed

#o "nc!de #$e 2r"+$# #o re%"%# a##em'#% *( orce! mean% #o 'reen# #$e 'eace&ee'"n+ o'era#"on

rom d"%c$ar+"n+ "#% d#"e% nder #$e manda#e o #$e Secr"#( Conc"!.??A re7e%# *( #$e ISSF

or #$e ce%%a#"on o #$e a##ac& o #$e m"!"#ar( #o #$e c""!"an area near #$e"r com'ond )en#

n$eeded )$"c$ re%!#ed #o #$e "r"n+ o #$e an#"- a"rcra# mac$"ne+n% a# #$e "+$#er e#% rom #$e

ISSF com'ond. T$"% con#er-a##ac& o #$e ISSF "% an ac# o %e!- deen%e or #$e 'ro#ec#"on o

#$e"r *a%e a% )e!! a% #$e #$e near*( c""!"an 'o'!a#"on, con%"%#en# )"#$ #$e"r UN %e# manda#e.

(. The !!F is entitled to that "rotection given to civilians or civilian ob)ects under the

international law of armed conflict.

A% ond and e%#a*!"%$ed a*oe, #$e ISSF "% on!( a!!o)ed #o %e orce nece%%ar( or %e!-

deen%e, and "n order #o 'ro#ec# #$e c""!"an 'o'!a#"on nder #$e #$rea# o a##ac& o #$e ADF. To

en%re #$e 'ro#ec#"on and %ecr"#( o #$e c""!"an%, #$e ISSF )a% d""ded "n#o %eera! +ro'%

)$"c$ eac$ $ae #$e"r d"%#"nc# d#"e%. Accord"n+!(, #$e C9U, com'o%ed o mere!( ; mem*er%

and manda#ed #o ma"n#a"n '*!"c %ecr"#( )a% #$e on!( +ro' armed )"#$ !"+$# )ea'on% ?@)$"c$

%$o)% #$a# ISSF "% )e!! a)are o #$e ac# #$a# #$e( are #$ere mere!( #o en%re %ae#( and %ecr"#(

o #$e 'o'!ace and no# #o %e $ea( )ea'onr(, and "n%#ead #rn #o !"+$# one% "n ca%e #$e

nece%%"#( aro%e.

' 6act- 1!

S4ecial +ourt for Sierra Leone "ro-ecutor /- &--a :a--an Se-a> =orri- ;allonAuu-tine .bao, #udment 228

7 6act-, 13


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No e"dence )a% 're%en#ed #o %$o) #$a# ISSF d"rec#!( 'ar#"c"'a#ed "n #$e $o%#"!"#"e% or

%ed orce *e(ond or #$a# o %e!-deence. On #$e con#rar(, e"dence "nd"ca#e% #$a#, )$en aced

)"#$ $o%#"!"#(, ISSF 'er%onne! )"!! re#a!"a#e on!( a#er a##ac&% )ere made a+a"n%# #$e c""!"an

'o'!a#"on. Neer d"d #$e( "n"#"a#e an( a##ac& a+a"n%# #$e ADF. A+a"n, a )"#ne%% rom #$e ISF

#e%#""ed "n 're%% #$a# #$e( )ere %# 're'ar"n+ or d"nner )$en #$e "r%# roc&e# $"# #$em %$o)"n+

!ac& o "n"#"a#"e #o "+$# rom #$e"r cam'. ?

*. The necessaryMens Reais "resent

Mens reaor 'r'o%e% o 'ro%ec#"on% "n #$e ICC "% *a%ed on #$e c""! !a) d"%#"nc#"on

*e#)een dolus directus , dolus indirectusand dolus eventualis. Dolus directus"% 're%en# )$en #$e

'er'e#ra#or ore%ee% #$e $arm! con%e7ence% o #$e cr"m"na! ac# and )an#% #o *r"n+ a*o# #$o%e

con%e7ence%.?BIn #$e Lubanga ca%e, 9TC I a%%er#ed #$a# reerence #o #$e "n#en#"on and

&no)!ed+e "n a connc#"e )a( re7"re% #$e e/"%#ence o a o!"#"ona! e!emen# on #$e 'ar# o #$e

%%'ec#. T$e o!"#"ona! e!emen# reer% "r%# #o %"#a#"on% "n )$"c$ #$e %%'ec# " &no)% #$a# $"%

ac#% or om"%%"on% )"!! ma#er"a!"e #$e ma#er"a! e!emen#% o #$e cr"me a# "%%e0 and "" nder#a&e%

#$e%e ac#% or om"%%"on% )"#$ #$e concre#e "n#en#"on #o *r"n+ a*o# #$e ma#er"a! e!emen#% o #$e

cr"me.@;

T$e 'er'e#ra#or% nder #$e a#$or"#( o Gen. Am"r 'on #$e a##ac& #o #$e c""!"an area

%%'ec#ed #o *e ALA *a%e% ore%ee% #$e $arm! con%e7ence o dama+"n+ and a##ac&"n+ #$e

ISSF Com'ond. T$e a##ac& "% an ac# o re#a!"a#"on *( #$e 'er'e#ra#or% a+a"n%# ISSF )$en #$e

!a##er "red *ac& a#er #$e ADF% a##ac& on #$e c""!"an area #$ere*( e%#a*!"%$"n+ #$e "n#en# #o ma&e

%c$.@1

8 6act-, 1', 21

#oan Fan er F>/er Te &nternational +riminal +ourt And Te +once4t f =en- Rea &n&nternational +riminal La

70 %adar, =oamed lea, -he Mens )ea .nima in the Jurisprudence ofInternational Criminal Court$ inLari--a /an den :eri, +ar-ten Stan, (ed-) -heDiersi/cation and 0ramentation of International Criminal %a(=artinu- Di


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+. ,E%E-A /A!!A% A0- !/$D +E %DCTED % T/E +A!! F

%D2D$A C-0%A A+T3

Under Ar#. > 8a o #$e ICC S#a##e, #$e 2'er'e#ra#or *e$"nd #$e 'er'e#ra#or !"a*"!"#(6

"% *a%ed on con#ro! on $"erarc$a! or+an"a#"on@com'r"%"n+ %"c"en# n+"*!e %*ord"na#e%

en%r"n+ a#oma#"c com'!"ance )"#$ #$e !eader% )"!!.@8T$e com*"na#"on o co- 'er'e#ra#"on

*a%ed on o"n# con#ro! and "nd"rec# 'er'e#ra#"on #$ro+$ o#$er 'er%on% "% a mode o !"a*"!"#( #$a# "%

*e%# %"#ed or #$e ca%e% o K%en"or !eader%@

T$e o*ec#"e re7"remen#% common #o *o#$ co-'er'e#ra#"on or d"rec# co-'er'e#ra#"on

and "nd"rec# co-'er'e#ra#"on *a%ed on #$e no#"on o o"n# con#ro! oer #$e cr"me are a #$e

e/"%#ence o an a+reemen# or common '!an *e#)een #)o or more 'er%on%0 and * #$e co-

ord"na#ed e%%en#"a! con#r"*#"on *( eac$ co-'er'e#ra#or re%!#"n+ "n #$e rea!"a#"on o #$e

o*ec#"e e!emen# o #$e cr"me.

1. E'istence of an agreement of a common "lan can be inferred from the alleged co&

ordinated essential contribution of ,eneral Amir resulting in the reali4ation of the

ob)ective elements of the crime.

T$e e/"%#ence o an a+reemen# or common '!an need no# #o *e e/'!"c"# ar"d can *e

"nerred rom #$e %*%e7en# concer#ed ac#"on o #$e co-'er'e#ra#or%.@?

72 Antonio +a--e--e, +a--e--eM- &nternational +riminal La (3 rdedn, G" 2008)178$ ;ai Ambo-, Treati-e on &nternational +riminal La Folume 1$ 6oundation- and.eneral "art (G" 2013) 4ae 1'

73 ;atana (n1'), '11

7! &bid, !2

7' .erard Kerle,"rinci4le- of &nternational +riminal La (T=, A--er "re-- 200')123

7Situation &n arfur, Sudan &n Te +a-e f Te "ro-ecutor F* %aar &dri-- Abu .arda "reTrial +amber & 6ebruar> 8, 2010180


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A#er #$e "n%#rc#"on o Gen. Am"r #o Co!one! Adada on 1< :ne ;18 #o a!)a(% %#a(

"+"!an# "n #$e "+$# a+a"n%# #error"%#% and a!)a(% *e 'ro-ac#"e, #$ere )ere %eera! ra"d%

comm"##ed *( ADF %o!d"er% "n #$e"r 'r%"# o ALA mem*er%.@@S*%e7en# ac#"on% *( #$e #roo'%

and Gen. Am"r #o+e#$er )"#$ Co!one! Adada %$o) #$e common '!an o ma&"n+ #$e e!"m"na#"on%

o #error"%#% and ISSF "n #$e con#r(. A#er #$e encon#er "n #$e morn"n+ )$ere c""!"an area%

%%'ec#ed #o *e ALA *a%e% )$ere d"rec#!( a##ac&ed "n %earc$ o ALA mem*er%, one $ndred

"den#""ed ADF %o!d"er% a##ac&ed #$e ISSF *a%e "#%e!, de%'"#e #$e 're"o% re7e%# o ISSF #o

Gen. Am"r #o cede #$e a##ac&%@

Hence, Am"r )a% a)are o #$e ac# #$a# )$a# #$e( )ere a##ac&"n+ )ere c""!"an re%"dence%

and #$e ISSF *a%e *# #$e( %#"!! con#"ne on #$e"r a##ac&. A#er #$e a##ac&, #$e 're%ence o #$e%e

$"+$ ran&"n+ o"c"a!% )ere %'o##ed, Co!one! Adada o#%"de #$e com'ond )$"!e #$e a##ac& "%

+o"n+ on,@Band Gen. Am"r )a% %'er"%"n+ ADF o'era#"on% dr"n+ or a#er #$e %a"d a##ac&. ;T$e

%*%e7en# dec!ara#"on o 9re%"den# A!an o #$e re%en#men#1)"#$ #$e "n#erna#"ona! orce

%#ren+#$ened #$e conc!%"on #$a# #$e( )an# #o remoe ISSF "n #$e con#r(. Hence, Am"r% )ord%

and %*%e7en# ac#"on% and %'er"%"on re%!#ed #o #$e o*ec#"e o a##ac&"n+ ISSF com'ond.

Here"n, Genera! Ha%%an Am"r "% #$e $ead o #$e A!"n" Deen%e Force ADF %"nce1B;,

and #$% $e $ad con#ro! oer #$e cr"me% comm"##ed *( $"% #roo'% a% a re%!# o $"% a#$or"#( oer

$"% m"!"#ar( or+an"a#"on8.

77 6act-, 11

78 6act-, 1'

7 6act-, 17

80 6act-,1

81 6acta, 20

82 6act-, 1

83 "ro-ecutor /- %emba (eci-ion on te "ro-ecutorM- A44lication for a Karrant ofArre-t) &++5 015 I0'501I08, "5T + &&& (10 #une 2008) 78


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T$e 'er'e#ra#"on *( mean% 're%''o%e% #$a# #$e 'er%on )$o comm"#% #$e cr"me

intermediary can *e %ed a% an "n%#rmen# or #oo! *( #$e "nd"rec# 'er'e#ra#or a% #$e ma%#er-m"nd

or "nd""da! "n #$e *ac&+rond


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#$e !a) o )ar. Re*e!% m%# no# e"+n c""!"an %#a#% )$"!e en+a+"n+ "n m"!"#ar( o'era#"on%.B

T)en#( 'a%%en+er%, )$o )ere !a#er ond #o *e m"!"#an#% coord"na#"n+ )"#$ ADF, c!a"med #o *e

c""!"an% d"%'!aced *( #$e "+$#"n+ near ISSF o#'o%# "n Or&an. B;T$e e$"c!e% %ed "n #$e a##ac&

)ere !oaded )"#$ 'er%ona! *e!on+"n+%B1#o %#ren+#$en #$e 're%m'#"on o c""!"an %#a#%. C""!"an%

are 'er%on% #a&"n+ no ac#"e 'ar# "n $o%#"!"#"e%B and are aorded 'ro#ec#"on nder Common

Ar#"c!e 8 and Add"#"ona! 9ro#oco! II.B8

. T$e 'er'e#ra#or "n#ended #o *e#ra( #$a# con"dence or *e!"e.

A#er c!a"m"n+ c""!"an %#a#%, #$e re*e!% "n7"red " #$e( co!d %$e!#er "n #$e ISSF %#a#"onB


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#$e re*e!% %#ormed o# o #$e %#a#"on once #$e a##ac& )a% doneB@, "m'!("n+ #$a# #$e ma"n and on!(

'r'o%e or #$e"r con#ac# "n #$e ISSF %#a#"on )a% #o carr( o# #$e %r'r"%e a++re%%"on.

8. T$e 'er'e#ra#or &"!!ed or "nred %c$ 'er%on or 'er%on%.

Treac$er( "% 'erec#ed )$en #$e acc%ed, a#er e"+n"n+ "nca'ac"#a#"on *( )ond% or

%"c&ne%%B, eec#"e!( a##ac&% #$e o-+arded 'er%on%. T$e %r'r"%e a##ac& *( #$e m"!"#an#%

re%!#ed #o 1; dea#$% and 1> "nred 'er%on% o ISSF %o!d"er%. BB


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>. Sc$ 'er%on or 'er%on% *e!on+ed #o an ader%e 'ar#(.

9re%"den# A!an $a% %#a#ed #$a# #$e ISSF $a% *een de'!o(ed "n A!"n #o a%%"%# #$e ALA "n

ac"!"#a#"n+ a re+"me c$an+e and dec!ared #$a# #$e ISSF )a% no !on+er )e!come "n A!"n and

%$o!d !eae "mmed"a#e!(.1;


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T$e 'er%on "% "n a K'o%"#"on o a#$or"#( Genera! Ha%%an Am"r "% $ead"n+ #$e A!"n" Deence

Force% %"nce 1B;.111He $"m%e! #a%&ed Adada #o #a&e mea%re% #o *e #a&en #o end #$e "!!e+a!

occ'a#"on o ISSF "n #$e Re'*!"c o A!"n11. H"% a#$or"#( can *e "nerred rom #$e ac# #$a#

9re%"den# A!an con%"dered $"% o'"n"on *eore !anc$"n+ an oen%"e a+a"n%# ALA118.

T$e 'er%on "n%#rc#% ano#$er 'er%on "n an( orm #o comm"# a cr"me )$"c$ "n ac# occr% or "%

a##em'#ed T$ere "% no re7"remen# #$a# an order *e +"en "n an( 'ar#"c!ar orm. 11 Order% can *e #$o+$ an "n#ermed"ar(,

and need no# +"e #$e order d"rec#!( #o #$e '$(%"ca! 'er'e#ra#or.11?

T$e order $ad a d"rec# eec# on #$e comm"%%"on o #$e cr"me D"rec# eec# )o!d "nc!de " #$e

order% are ac#ed 'on.11@T$e %r'r"%e a##ac& on #$e ISSF o#'o%# )a% carr"ed on "n con%onance

)"#$ #$e order% o Am"r on Oc#o*er 1>, ;18.11T$ree "nred a##ac&er% )$o a"!ed #o e%ca'e and

)ere !a#er on ca'#red *( ISSF reea!ed #$a# #$e( )ere mem*er% o #$e ADF.11B Imad Mo%%e,

#$e !eader o #$e +ro' #$a# carr"ed o# #$e a##ac&, a"rmed #$a# #$e %a"d a##ac& )a% coord"na#ed

111acts, 01

112acts, 021

113acts,0 ;

11!Prosecutor v %ylvestre &udacumura, '()

11'Prosecutor v &ilosevic"$udgment# IC)@/9%/29>1/A, A Ch "12 (ovem3er 29#, 029

11Prosecutor v *ordevic"$udgment# IC)@/&/%!>1/), ) Ch II "2 e3ruar- 211#, 01%!1

117Prosecutor v Nta$anda"+ecision Pursuant to Article ;1"!#"a# and "3# of the Rome *tatute on the Charges of the Prosecutor#ICC/1>4/2>;, P/) Ch II "9 $une 214#, 0149

118acts, 021


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and '!anned *( #$e ADF1; )$"c$ "% $eaded *( Am"r11. A!%o, Adada )a% an "mmed"a#e

%*ord"na#e #o Am"r, a% "nerred "n #$e ac# #$a# Adada re'or#% #o Am"r and #oo& "n%#rc#"on% rom

$"m d"rec#!(1, $ence, Am"r0% 'roen a#$or"#( oer #$e d"rec# 'er'e#ra#or% %''or#% #$e

conc!%"on. T$esuperior-subordinate re!a#"on%$"' *e#)een #$e 'er%on +""n+ #$e order and #$e

'er%on e/ec#"n+ "#18 "% d"%#"nc# rom #$e %'er"or-%*ord"na#e re!a#"on%$"' c$arac#er"ed *(

eec#"e con#ro!1

T$e 'er%on "% a# !ea%# a)are #$a# #$e cr"me )"!! *e comm"##ed "n #$e ord"nar( cor%e o een#% a%

a con%e7ence o #$e e/ec#"on o or "m'!emen#a#"on o #$e order Am"r *e"n+ "normed o #$e

a!!e+a#"on o cr"me% "% an "nd"ca#or #o #$e !"!!men# o #$"% e!emen#.1?Re'or#% *( ar"o% NGO%

and o#$er "n#erna#"ona! or+an"a#"on% #o #$e acc%a#"on% #o)ard% orce% nder $"% a#$or"#(

concern"n+ #$e comm"%%"on o cr"me% )o!d %ere a% an "nd"ca#or.1@ A% #$e +enera! and

commander-"n-c$"e o #$e ADF, Am"r )a% a)are o #$e cr"me% )$"c$ $e $"m%e! ordered and

"n#ended #$e re%!#an# con%e7ence%.

11acts, 02

120acts, 024

121acts, 01

122acts, 0;

123Prosecutor v +laskic"$udgment# IC)@/9&/14/), ) Ch " arch 2#, 04!4

12!Prosecutor v #acumbitsi"$udgment# IC)R/21/;4/A, A Ch "! $ul- 2;#, 01%2

12'Prosecutor vs ordic"$udgment# IC)@/9&/14.2/), ) Ch "2; e3urar- 21#, 044&B/44;B

12udacumura "n %4#, 0;!

127i3id


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Prosecution v.1