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Document 1 of 1 The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Brief Version: Factor Structure and Reliability Author: Sato, Toru ProQuest document link Abstract: The short scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQR-S; H. J. Eysenck &S. B. G.Eysenck, 1992) is a 48-item personality questionnaire primarily designed to measure an individual's level ofextraversion (vs. introversion) and neuroticism. Although L. J. Francis, L. B. Brown, and R. Philipchalk (1992)created the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated (EPQR-A), an even briefer version of theEPQR-S, the reliability coefficients of some of the measures have been less than satisfactory (S. Forrest, C. A.Lewis, &M. Shevlin, 2000). Because brevity and reliability are both extremely important, the author of thepresent study created a briefer version of the EPQR-S, more reliable than the EPQR-A, by making slightalterations in the item content as well as the response format of the EPQR-S. Two hundred and sixty eightparticipants completed the original EPQR-S and the 24-item newly revised briefer version of the EPQR-S (EPQ-BV) twice. The findings revealed that the EPQ-BV has good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, andconcurrent validity. A principal component analysis revealed a solution with factor loadings that accuratelyreflected the primary measures of the EPQR-S. These findings are discussed in relation to the psychometricproperties of the EPQR-A and the original version of the EPQR-S. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Full text: Headnote ABSTRACT. The short scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQR-S; H. J. Eysenck &S. B. G. Eysenck,1992) is a 48-item personality questionnaire primarily designed to measure an individual's level of extraversion(vs. introversion) and neuroticism. Although L. J. Francis, L. B. Brown, and R. Philipchalk (1992) created theEysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated (EPQR-A), an even briefer version of the EPQR-S, thereliability coefficients of some of the measures have been less than satisfactory (S. Forrest, C. A. Lewis, &M.Shevlin, 2000). Because brevity and reliability are both extremely important, the author of the present studycreated a briefer version of the EPQR-S, more reliable than the EPQR-A, by making slight alterations in the itemcontent as well as the response format of the EPQR-S. Two hundred and sixty eight participants completed theoriginal EPQR-S and the 24-item newly revised briefer version of the EPQR-S (EPQ-BV) twice. The findingsrevealed that the EPQ-BV has good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity. Aprincipal component analysis revealed a solution with factor loadings that accurately reflected the primarymeasures of the EPQR-S. These findings are discussed in relation to the psychometric properties of the EPQR-A and the original version of the EPQR-S. Key words: assessment, introversion-extraversion, neuroticism, personality THERE ARE THREE CENTRAL "SUPERTRAITS" essential in understanding individual differences inpersonality, according to Eysenck (1990). These personality traits are extraversion (vs. introversion),neuroticism, and psychoticism. Extraverted individuals naturally have a lower arousal level than do introverts,which causes extraverted individuals to seek stimulation to raise their arousal level. In contrast, the naturallyhigh arousal level of introverted individuals causes them to avoid stimulation as much as possible. This is whyintroverts tend to like quiet activities whereas extraverts tend to like stimulating activities (Eysenck, 1990). Individuals high in neuroticism tend to have a highly reactive autonomie nervous system, making thememotionally unstable. In contrast, the autonomie nervous systems of individuals who are low in neuroticism arenot very reactive, and they are therefore more emotionally stable (Eysenck, 1990). Individuals high inpsychoticism tend to disregard common sense and behave impulsively (Eysenck, 1990). However, althoughpsychoticism is considered to be the third trait in Eysenck's theory, most interest in this work has focused on

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extraversion and neuroticism (e.g., Fink &Neubauer, 2004; Geen, 1984; Ramirez-Maestre, Martinez,&Zarazaga, 2004). For many years, researchers have continued to carefully develop questionnaires designed to measureindividuals on these three personality traits (Eysenck, 1952, 1959; Eysenck &Eysenck, 1964, 1975, 1992;Francis, Brown, &Philipchalk, 1992). These researchers extended their efforts as far as embedding a lie Scaleinto the questionnaire. Since the creation of the original version, many efforts have been made to revise andimprove the questionnaire (Eysenck, 1952, 1959; Eysenck &Eysenck, 1964, 1975, 1992). These revisions havetypically caused the inclusion of increasingly more items, so that the questionnaire takes longer to administer. As a response to this trend, recent researchers have attempted to create briefer versions for practical purposes(Eysenck &Eysenck, 1975, 1992; Francis et al., 1992). One of the briefer versions is known as the EysenckPersonality Questionnaire-Revised Short form (EPQR-S; Eysenck &Eysenck, 1992). The EPQR-S is a 48-itempersonality questionnaire primarily designed to measure an individual's level of extraversion (vs. introversion),neuroticism, and psychoticism. Francis et al. later created the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated (EPQR-A), an even briefer version of the EPQR-S. Although the brevity of this scale makes it veryuseful, some researchers have found that the reliability coefficients of the measures (especially thePsychoticism and lie scales) have been less than satisfactory (Forrest et al., 2000; Shevlin, Bailey, &Adamson,2002). Furthermore, because the original version was created in Great Britain, some of the items in the EPQR-S aremore suitable for a British population than for an American population. Because this measure is alsoadministered in the United States, it seemed useful to reword some of these items so that the EPQR-S wouldbe suitable for both American and British populations. And because brevity, reliability, and item content are allextremely important factors in the development of a questionnaire, the goal of the present research project wasto create a briefer version of the EPQR-S that would be both suitable to an American population and morereliable than the EPQR-A. To create this new briefer version (EPQ-BV), I made a number of adjustments (Sato, 2004). First, thepsychoticism measure, which is both rarely used (e.g.. Fink &Neubauer, 2004; Geen, 1984; Ramirez-Maestre etal., 2004) and is associated with various psychometric problems (Ferrando, 2003; Forrest et al., 2000), wasremoved from the scale. Furthermore, because the lie Scale can be replaced by embedding items from otherscales measuring social desirability if necessary (e.g., Crowne &Marlowe, 1960), this scale was also eliminatedfor the sake of brevity. In addition, the response format was changed from a yes-no response to a 5-point Likert-type scale to increase the reliability of the measures. Last, because one of the items on the extraversionmeasure included an expression rarely used in the United States, it was slightly reworded. With the exception ofthis wording change, the remaining items of the EPQ-BV were identical to the Extraversion and Neuroticismscales of the original EPQR-S (Eysenck &Eysenck, 1992). The purpose of the present study was to examinethe concurrent validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the EPQ-BV. Method Participants A total of 309 (129 men, 177 women, 3 unspecified) undergraduate university students participated in this study.Of the original 309 participants, I obtained data that was complete and suitable for analysis from 268 (98 men,168 women, 2 unspecified) of them (see procedure section for details). The mean age of the 268 participantswas 19.4 years. Measures The EPQR-S form is a questionnaire that consists of three measures corresponding to the three personalitytraits in Eysenck's (1990) theory plus a lie scale (Eysenck &Eysenck, 1992). Each of the four measurescontains 12 items. There are 2 reversed items in the extraversion measure, 7 reversed items in thepsychoticism measure, and 9 reversed items in the lie Scale. There are no reversed items in the neuroticism

measure. The response format for all items is dichotomous (yes or no). With the exception of the psychoticismmeasure, all measures have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability (see Eysenck &Eysenck, 1992). The EPQ-BV is a newly revised version of the EPQR-S to measure individuals on two primary personality traitsin Eysenck's (1990) theory. It consists of two measures, one for extraversion and one for neuroticism. Thepsychoticism and lie measures are not included in the EPQ-BV. In addition to these changes, to increase internal consistency, I changed the response format of the EPQ-BVfrom a yes-no format to a 5-point Likert-type scale with responses ranging from not at all (1), slightly (2),moderately (3), very much (4), to extremely (5). Last, because one of the items for the extraversion measureincluded an expression rarely used in the United States, it was slightly reworded. The word "bustle" in the item"Do you like plenty of bustle and excitement around you?" is a term rarely used in United States. Therefore, thisitem was changed to "Do you like plenty of action and excitement around you?" With the exception of thiswording change, the remaining items are identical to the Extraversion and Neuroticism scales of the originalEPQR-S (Eysenck &Eysenck, 1992). The final version of the EPQ-BV consists of 24 items (12 extraversion and12 neuroticism). Procedure The entire data collection process continued for 5 weeks. The questionnaires were completed in three sessionsseparated by 2 weeks between each session. In the first session, participants were randomly divided into twogroups. In the first group, 153 undergraduate university students completed the EPQR-S. In the second group,156 undergraduate university students completed the EPQ-BV. Participants in both groups signed a consentform prior to completing the questionnaire in the first session. In the second session, 143 students who hadcompleted the EPQR-S in the first session completed the EPQ-BV, and 147 students who completed the EPQ-BV in the first session completed the EPQR-S. In the third and final session, 271 of the participants who hadcompleted the questionnaires in both previous sessions completed the EPQ-BV once again. All the participantswere fully debriefed after the third session. Of the 271 participants with complete data, 3 scored 6 or higher onthe lie Scale of the EPQR-S. The data of these participants were omitted in all subsequent analyses. Results An examination of the order effect of the questionnaires administered in the first two sessions (using I tests) didnot yield any significant effects. The coefficient alphas for the Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism, and liescales in the EPQR-S were .80, .78, 59, and .73, respectively. The coefficient alphas for the Extraversion andNeuroticism scales in the EPQ-BV were .92 and .90, respectively. The test-retest reliability values of the twoscales of the EPQ-BV used in the present study were .92 for both the extraversion and neuroticism measures.Consistent with most research concerning the extraversion and neuroticism measures (e.g., Eysenck, Eysenck,&Barrett, 1985; Francis, 1993), t tests revealed that there were no significant gender differences on theExtraversion Scale, but women scored higher than men on the Neuroticism Scale on both the EPQR-S, t(262) =4.08, p

I conducted a principal components analysis on all items in the EPQ-BV administered in the third session. Anexamination of the scree plot of eigenvalues revealed that the curve leveled off after the first two factors. Thesetwo factors (both with eigenvalues above 4) were retained, and I then conducted an oblique rotation factoranalysis restricted to two factors. The two factors combined accounted for approximately 51.8% of the totalvariance. Factor loadings generated by these analyses are presented in Table 2. All of the 24 items loadedabove .48 on one of the two factors. The first factor accounted for approximately 31.4% of the variance. All 12 items loading on this factor were theitems intended to measure extraversion. The factor loadings for all of the items in this factor were .60 or above(see Table 2). As expected, all items for the neuroticism measure loaded lower than .30 on this first factor.Furthermore, the reworded extraversion item, "Do you like plenty of action and excitement around you?" alsoloaded highly on this factor (factor loading of .73). The second factor accounted for approximately 20.4% of thevariance. It consisted of all 12 items intended to measure neuroticism. Item loadings for all the items in thisfactor were .48 or above (see Table 2). As expected, all items for the extraversion measure loaded lower than.30 on this second factor. Discussion In the present study, the coefficient alphas for the Extraversion and Neuroticism scales in the EPQ-BV werehigher than those of the original EPQR-S. These values were also higher than values reported for the EPQR-Sand the EPQR-A in the past (Eysenck &Eysenck, 1992; Francis et al., 1992). The coefficient alphas for theExtraversion and Neuroticism scales of the EPQR-S are typically in the .78 to .87 and .79 to .83 range,respectively (Eysenck &Eysenck, 1992; Francis et al., 1992). Depending on the population sampled, thecoefficient alphas for the extraversion and neuroticism measures of the EPQR-A are .74 to .84 and .73 to .77,respectively (Francis et al., 1992). The test-retest reliability values of the two scales of the EPQ-BV (.92) arecomparable to other measures of extraversion and neuroticism such as the EPQR-S (Eysenck &Eysenck,1992).

The Extraversion Scale of the EPQ-BV was correlated highly with the extraversion measure in the originalEPQR-S. Likewise, the Neuroticism Scale of the EPQ-BV was correlated highly with the neuroticism measure inthe original EPQR-S. These correlations are comparable to the correlations reported with the measures in theEPQR-A by Francis et al. (1992). in which the correlations between the EPQR-S and the EPQR-A forextraversion and neuroticism ranged between .92 and .95 and between .92 and .94, respectively. Perhaps the2- to 4-week time lag in between the two questionnaires contributed to the slightly lower correlations in mypresent study. In the present study, the EPQ-BV correlations between extraversion and neuroticism were comparable to thecorrelations typically reported with the measures in the EPQR-S and the EPQR-A. Although there has beenmuch variability, the correlations between extraversion and neuroticism typically range between -.01 and -.37(Aluja, Garcia, &Garcia, 2003; Eysenck &Eysenck, 1992; Francis et al., 1992; Shevlin et al., 2002). To examine its factor structure, I conducted a principal components analysis on the EPQ-BV The resultsrevealed a solution with factor loadings accurately reflecting the primary measures of the EPQR-S (extraversionand neuroticism). Although further replication using wider populations is necessary, the EPQ-BV, which takesless than 5 minutes to complete, seems to have high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and a relativelyrobust factor structure. The next step for these new measures is to examine their convergent and divergentvalidity. For instance, examining individuals who score high and low on the extraversion measure in response tovarying levels of sensory stimulation may be useful in examining the convergent validity of that measure. Overall, despite the fact the further examination of the EPQ-BV is necessary, this briefer version consisting ofthe most commonly used measures of the original EPQR-S (extraversion &neuroticism) with only half of thenumber of items may serve as a suitable alternative for use in elaborate research that consists of additionalexperimental and time-consuming procedures. References

REFERENCES Aluja, A., Garcia, O., &Garcia, L. (2003). A psychometric analysis of the revised Eysenck PersonalityQuestionnaire short scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 449-460. Crowne, D. P., &Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journalof Consulting Psychology, 24, 355-360. Eysenck, H. J. (1952). The scientific study of personality. London: Routledge. Eysenck, H. J. (1959). Manual of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. London: University of London Press. Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Biological dimensions of personality. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality:Theory and research (pp. 244-276). New York: Guilford Press. Eysenck, H. J., &Eysenck, S. B. G. (1964). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. London:University of London Press. Eysenck, H. J., &Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. London: Hodder&Stoughton. Eysenck, H. J., &Eysenck. S. B. G. (1992). Manual for the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised. SanDiego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service. Eysenck, S. B. G., Eysenck, H. J., &Barrett, P. (1985). A revised version of the Psychoticism Scale. Personalityand Individual Differences, 6, 21-29. Ferrando, P. J. (2003). The accuracy of the E, N, and P trait estimates: An empirical study using the EPQ-R.Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 665-679. Fink, A., &Neubauer, A. C. (2004). Extraversion and cortical activation: Effects of task complexity. Personalityand Individual Differences, 36, 333-347. Forrest, S., Lewis. C. A., &Shevlin, M. (2000). Examining the factor structure and differential functioning of theEysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 579-588. Francis, L. J. (1993). The dual nature of the Eysenckian neuroticism scales: A question of sex differences.Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 43-59. Francis, L. J., Brown, L. B., &Philipchalk, R. (1992). The development of an abbreviated form of the revisedEysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQR-A): Its use among students in England, Canada, the USA, andAustralia. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 443-449. Geen, R. G. (1984). Preferred stimulation levels in introverts and extraverts: Effects on arousal andperformance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1303-1312. Ramirez-Maestre, C., Martinez, A. E. L., &Zarazaga, R. E. (2004). Personality characteristics as differentialvariables of the pain experience. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27, 147-165. Sato, T. (2004). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: A briefer and more reliable version. Paper presentedat the 2004 annual convention of the Canadian Psychological Association, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. Shevlin, M., Bailey, F., &Adamson, G. (2002). Examining the factor structure and sources of differentialfunctioning of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated. Personality and IndividualDifferences, 32, 479-487. Original manuscript received July 8, 2004 Final revision accepted December 28, 2004 AuthorAffiliation TORU SATO Department of Psychology Shippensburg University AuthorAffiliation Address correspondence to Toru Sato, Department of Psychology, 213 Franklin Science Center, ShippensburgUniversity, Shippensburg, PA 17257-2299; tosato@ship.edu (e-mail).

Subject: Self evaluation; Psychology; Personality traits; Mental disorders; Questionnaires; MeSH: Adult, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results,United States, Personality Inventory (major) Publication title: The Journal of Psychology Volume: 139 Issue: 6 Pages: 545-52 Number of pages: 8 Publication year: 2005 Publication date: Nov 2005 Year: 2005 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Inc. Place of publication: Provincetown Country of publication: United States Publication subject: Psychology ISSN: 00223980 CODEN: JOPSAM Source type: Scholarly Journals Language of publication: English Document type: PERIODICAL Document feature: Tables References Accession number: 16419443 ProQuest document ID: 213831522 Document URL: http://search.proquest.com/docview/213831522?accountid=15859 Copyright: Copyright HELDREF PUBLICATIONS Nov 2005 Last updated: 2011-08-31 Database: ProQuest Central

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http://search.proquest.com/docview/213831522?accountid=15859http://www.proquest.com/go/contactsupporthttp://search.proquest.com/info/termsAndConditionsThe Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Brief Version: Factor Structure and Reliability