Propositions Concerning Animal Magnetism,

by Anton Mesmer, 1779 [1]

[Sir Thomas Browne complained in the middle of the 17th century that "Quacksalvers and charlatans deceive the people." [2] Quacks are

still among us, but sometime in the 18th century they changed their sales pitch. Anton Mesmer was among the most famous to offer a

cure that sounded like new physical science but which leading scientists investigated and rejected. When Mesmer finally closed his

elegant clinic in Paris, he was able to afford a small but comfortable estate in the country, to which he quietly retired. Potential buyers,

and sellers, too, of any sort of new therapy might wish to know how he recruited so many paying clients. -dgl]

A responsive influence exists between the heavenly bodies, the earth, and animated bodies.1.

A fluid universally diffused, so continuous as not to admit of a vacuum, incomparably subtle, and naturally

susceptible of receiving, propagating, and communicating all motor disturbances, is the means of this influence.

2.

This reciprocal action is subject to mechanical laws, with which we are not as yet acquainted.3.

Alternative effects result from this action, which may be considered to be a flux and reflux.4.

This reflux is more or less general, more or less special, more or less compound, according to the nature of the causes

which determine it.

5.

It is by this action, the most universal which occurs in nature, that the exercise of active relations takes place between

the heavenly bodies, the earth, and its constituent parts.

6.

The properties of matter and of organic substance depend on this action.7.

The animal body experiences the alternative effects of this agent, and is directly affected by its insinuation into the

substance of the nerves.

8.

Properties are displayed, analogous to those of the magnet, particularly in the human body, in which diverse and

opposite poles are likewise to be distinguished, and these may be communicated, changed, destroyed, and reinforced.

Even the phenomenon of declination [3] may be observed.

9.

This property of the human body which renders it susceptible of the influence of heavenly bodies, and of the

reciprocal action of those which environ it, manifests its analogy with the magnet, and this has decided me to adopt

the term of animal magnetism

10.

The action and virtue [4] of animal magnetism, thus characterized, may be communicated to other animate or

inanimate bodies. Both of these classes of bodies, however, vary in their susceptibility.

11.

Experiments show that there is a diffusion of matter, subtle enough to penetrate all bodies without any considerable

loss of energy. [5]

12.

This action and virtue may be strengthened and diffused by such bodies.13.

Its action takes place at a remote distance, without the aid of any intermediary substance.14.

It is, like light, increased and reflected by mirrors.15.

It is communicated, propagated, and increased by sound.16.

This magnetic virtue may be accumulated, concentrated, and transported.17.

I have said that animated bodies are not all equally susceptible; in a few instances they have such an opposite property

that their presence is enough to destroy all the effects of magnetism upon other bodies.

18.

This opposite virtue likewise penetrates all bodies: it also may be communicated, propagated, accumulated,

concentrated, and transported, reflected by mirrors, and propagated by sound. This does not merely constitute a

negative, but a positive opposite virtue.

19.

The magnet, whether natural or artificial, is like other bodies susceptible of animal magnetism, and even of the

opposite virtue: in neither case does its action on fire and the needle [of a compass] suffer any change, and this shows

that the principle of animal magnetism essentially differs from that of mineral magnetism.

20.

This system sheds new light upon the nature of fire and of light, as well as on the theory of attraction, of flux and

reflux, of the magnet and of electricity.

21.

It teaches us that the magnet and artificial electricity have, with respect to diseases, properties common to a host of

other agents presented to us by nature, and that if the use of these has been attended by some useful results, they are

due to animal magnetism.

22.

These facts show, in accordance with the practical rules I am about to establish, that this principle will cure nervous

diseases directly, and other diseases indirectly.

23.

By its aid the physician is enlightened as to the use of medicine, and may render its action more perfect, and can

provoke and direct salutary crises, [6] so as to completely control them.

24.

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In communicating my method, I shall, by a new theory of matter, demonstrate the universal utility of the principle I

seek to establish.

25.

Possessed of this knowledge, the physician may judge with certainty of the origin, nature, and progress of diseases,

however complicated they may be; he may hinder their development and accomplish their cure without exposing the

patient to dangerous and troublesome consequences, irrespective of age, temperament, and sex. Even women in a state

of pregnancy, and during parturition, may reap the same advantage.[7]

26.

This doctrine will finally enable the physician to decide upon the health of every individual, and of the presence of the

diseases to which he may be exposed. In this way the art of healing may be brought to absolute perfection.

27.

Footnotes:

[1] Mesmer's Propositions are included in Binet, A. & Féré, C. (1888) Animal Magnetism. New York: Appleton and Co. Alfred Binet for a time believed

that he, too, could obtain amazing Mesmeric effects, then realized that he and his subjects were deluding each other. To his credit, he published an

account of his error. [Back]

[2] Quacks and charlatans: see Brewer, E. C. (1870/1975) Brewer's dictionary of phrase and fable. Centenary edition revised by Ivor H. Evans. London:

Cassell & Company. [Back]

[3] Declination: The needle of a compass points toward the north magnetic pole declining slightly downward through the bulge of the round earth.

[Back]

[4] Virtue: The word here means "special power" or "power for good." [Back]

[5] Subtle matter: There are, in fact, particles rather like this called neutrinos. Furthermore, radiation is used to treat cancer. Some people, therefore, are

still impressed by claims that some sort of "universal" rays or particles can be "accumulated" to produce curative effects (cf. Wilhelm Reich's "orgone

energy" -- http://www.orgonomicscience.org -- accessed 11/26/1999). [Back]

[6] Crisis: Medical practitioners believed that some diseases rose to a crisis point after which "the fever broke" and the patients recovered, unless the

crisis had killed them. Under some conditions, it was thought safest to bring on the crisis early. [Back]

[7] Women: The authorities in Paris had complaints that many young single women attended Mesmer's clinic. It was generally suspected there was some

sort of sexual attraction in what went on there. The Government investigation was probably more motivated by moral concerns than by an appetite for

scientific accuracy. [Back]

This page was posted 11/ 26/1999. ©1999 D. Likely. All rights reserved.

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Franz Mesmer 1

Franz Mesmer

Franz Mesmer

Born Franz Anton MesmerMay 23, 1734Iznang, Bishopric of Constance (today Moos, Baden-Württemberg, Germany)

Died March 5, 1815 (aged 80)Meersburg, Baden

Nationality German

Known for Animal magnetism

Franz Anton Mesmer (May 23, 1734 – March 5, 1815) sometimes incorrectly[citation needed] referred to asFriedrich Anton Mesmer, was a German physician with an interest in astronomy, who theorised that there was anatural energetic transference that occurred between all animated and inanimate objects that he called animalmagnetism, sometimes later referred to as mesmerism. The theory attracted a wide following between about 1780and 1850, and continued to have some influence until the end of the century; it is now almost entirely forgotten.[1] In1843 the Scottish physician James Braid proposed the term hypnosis for a technique derived from animalmagnetism; today this is the usual meaning of mesmerism.

Early lifeMesmer was born in the village of Iznang (now part of Moos), on the shore of Lake Constance in Swabia, a son ofmaster forester Anton Mesmer (1701—after 1747) and his wife Maria/Ursula (1701—1770), née Michel.[2] Afterstudying at the Jesuit universities of Dillingen and Ingolstadt, he took up the study of medicine at the University ofVienna in 1759. In 1766 he published a doctoral dissertation with the Latin title De planetarum influxu in corpushumanum (On the Influence of the Planets on the Human Body), which discussed the influence of the Moon and theplanets on the human body and on disease. This was not medical astrology—relying largely on Newton's theory ofthe tides—Mesmer expounded on certain tides in the human body that might be accounted for by the movements ofthe sun and moon.[3] Evidence assembled by Frank A. Pattie suggests that Mesmer plagiarized[4] his dissertationfrom a work[5] by Richard Mead, an eminent English physician and Newton's friend. That said, in Mesmer's daydoctoral theses were not expected to be original.[6]

In January 1768, Mesmer married Anna Maria von Posch, a wealthy widow, and established himself as a physicianin the Austrian capital Vienna. In the summers he lived on a splendid estate and became a patron of the arts. In 1768,when court intrigue prevented the performance of La Finta Semplice (K. 51) for which a twelve-year-old WolfgangAmadeus Mozart had composed 500 pages of music, Mesmer is said to have arranged a performance in his garden ofMozart's Bastien und Bastienne (K. 50), a one-act opera,[7] though Mozart's biographer Nissen has stated that there isno proof that this performance actually took place. Mozart later immortalized his former patron by including acomedic reference to Mesmer in his opera Così fan tutte.

Franz Mesmer 2

De planetarum influxu in corpushumanum

The advent of animal magnetism

Hypnosis

Applications

HypnotherapyStage hypnosisSelf-hypnosis

Origins

Animal magnetismFranz MesmerHistory of hypnosisJames Braid

Key figures

Marquis of PuységurJames EsdaileJohn ElliotsonJean-Martin CharcotAmbroise-Auguste LiébeaultHippolyte BernheimJohn Milne BramwellPierre JanetSigmund FreudÉmile CouéMorton PrinceClark L. HullAndrew SalterTheodore R. SarbinMilton H. EricksonDave ElmanErnest HilgardMartin Theodore OrneAndré Muller WeitzenhofferTheodore Xenophon BarberNicholas SpanosIrving Kirsch

Related topics

Franz Mesmer 3

Hypnotic susceptibilitySuggestionAge regression in therapyNeuro-linguisticprogrammingHypnotherapy in the UKHypnotherapy in childbirth

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In 1774, Mesmer produced an "artificial tide" in a patient by having her swallow a preparation containing iron, andthen attaching magnets to various parts of her body. She reported feeling streams of a mysterious fluid runningthrough her body and was relieved of her symptoms for several hours. Mesmer did not believe that the magnets hadachieved the cure on their own. He felt that he had contributed animal magnetism, which had accumulated in hiswork, to her. He soon stopped using magnets as a part of his treatment.In July 1775, Mesmer traveled to the shores of Lake Constance, his homeland, where he performed severalsensational cures closely following in Gassner's footsteps. Gassner was a priest and healer, and also a Swabian. Thisperiod of Mesmer's life culminated in his being called to Munich by the Prince-Elector and his nomination as amember of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences.[8]

In 1775, Mesmer was invited to give his opinion before the Munich Academy of Sciences on the exorcisms carriedout by Johann Joseph Gassner. Mesmer said that while Gassner was sincere in his beliefs, his cures were because hepossessed a high degree of animal magnetism. This confrontation between Mesmer's secular ideas and Gassner'sreligious beliefs marked the end of Gassner's career as well as, according to Henri Ellenberger, the emergence ofdynamic psychiatry.The scandal that followed Mesmer's attempt to treat the blindness of an 18-year-old musician, Maria TheresiaParadis, led him to leave Vienna in 1777. Miss Paradis had been blind from the age of four. Under Mesmer's care hersight was partially restored. Her parents were at first overwhelmingly grateful; but later, they insisted that Mesmercease treating her. Bitter disputes followed, and the patient's vision again deteriorated.[9] The following year Mesmermoved to Paris, rented an apartment in a part of the city preferred by the wealthy and powerful, and established amedical practice. Paris soon divided into those who thought he was a charlatan who had been forced to flee fromVienna and those who thought he had made a great discovery.In his first years in Paris, Mesmer tried and failed to get either the Royal Academy of Sciences or the Royal Societyof Medicine to provide official approval for his doctrines. He gained at least one influential disciple in a physician ofhigh professional and social standing in Charles d'Eslon private physician to the Count d'Artois, one of the King'sbrothers.[8] In 1779, with d'Eslon's encouragement, Mesmer wrote an 88-page book Mémoire sur la découverte dumagnétisme animal, to which he appended his famous 27 Propositions. These propositions outlined his theory at thattime.According to d'Eslon, Mesmer understood health as the free flow of the process of life through thousands of channelsin our bodies. Illness was caused by obstacles to this flow. Overcoming these obstacles and restoring flow producedcrises, which restored health. When Nature failed to do this spontaneously, contact with a conductor of animalmagnetism was a necessary and sufficient remedy. Mesmer aimed to aid or provoke the efforts of Nature. To cure aninsane person, for example, involved causing a fit of madness. The advantage of magnetism involved acceleratingsuch crises without danger.

Franz Mesmer 4

ProcedureMesmer treated patients both individually and in groups. With individuals he would sit in front of his patient with hisknees touching the patient's knees, pressing the patient's thumbs in his hands, looking fixedly into the patient's eyes.Mesmer made "passes", moving his hands from patients' shoulders down along their arms. He then pressed hisfingers on the patient's hypochondrium region (the area below the diaphragm), sometimes holding his hands there forhours. Many patients felt peculiar sensations or had convulsions that were regarded as crises and supposed to bringabout the cure. Mesmer would often conclude his treatments by playing some music on a glass armonica.[10]

By 1780 Mesmer had more patients than he could treat individually and he established a collective treatment knownas the "baquet". An English physician who observed Mesmer described the treatment as follows:

In the middle of the room is placed a vessel of about a foot and a half high which is called here a"baquet". It is so large that twenty people can easily sit round it; near the edge of the lid which covers it,there are holes pierced corresponding to the number of persons who are to surround it; into these holesare introduced iron rods, bent at right angles outwards, and of different heights, so as to answer to thepart of the body to which they are to be applied. Besides these rods, there is a rope which communicatesbetween the baquet and one of the patients, and from him is carried to another, and so on the wholeround. The most sensible effects are produced on the approach of Mesmer, who is said to convey thefluid by certain motions of his hands or eyes, without touching the person. I have talked with severalwho have witnessed these effects, who have convulsions occasioned and removed by a movement of thehand...

InvestigationIn 1784, without Mesmer requesting it, King Louis XVI appointed four members of the Faculty of Medicine ascommissioners to investigate animal magnetism as practiced by d'Eslon. At the request of these commissioners theKing appointed five additional commissioners from the Royal Academy of Sciences. These included the chemistAntoine Lavoisier, the physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly, and the Americanambassador Benjamin Franklin.In March 1784 Breteuil, minister at the Maison du Roi, set up Royal Commissions to investigate the claims ofanimal magnetism. It is likely that he was in part actuated by other motives than those which had led d'Eslon to pushthe matter.[11] Mesmer's Societies of Harmony had “a reputation for democracy:[12] persons of different ranks metthere on terms of equality”. 'The time has come for the revolution which France needs, but to operate in public couldcondemn it to failure," said Bergasse, a disciple of Mesmer - "one has to unite people under the pretext of physicalexperiments, in reality however for the purpose of the overthrow of the tyranny".[13] Mesmer himself was notpolitically active, but some feature of his doctrine could be given a political gloss, especially his frequent talk of hispatients' need to achieve “harmony” both with other individuals and with universe at large.”[14] “Thus that negativerapport of the commissions suited the government very well"(Gauld - 1995)The commission conducted a series of experiments aimed not at determining whether Mesmer's treatment worked,but whether he had discovered a new physical fluid. The commission concluded that there was no evidence for sucha fluid. Whatever benefit the treatment produced was attributed to "imagination".As said, the investigation of the commission was not conducted on Mesmer himself, but on his work according tod'Eslon. Many affirmed that d'Eslon didn't know completely the true system of Mesmer.[15]

Even Mesmer was indignant because the commissioners had not come to him with their inquiries, but had gone tothe "traitor" D'Eslon. Later, however, this circumstance proved fortunate for Mesmer: when the Public Ministry, onthe basis of the commissioners' report, decided to prohibit to physicians the practice of animal magnetism, Bergassesucceeded in his efforts to have the interdiction lifted by Parliament-the highest judicial instance-on a legaltechnicality: the commissioners' report concerned D'Eslon's, not Mesmer's practice.[16][17]

Franz Mesmer 5

The reports did not harm the development of the magnetic movement.[16] On the opposite, the reports acted as apublicity stunt for the magnetic movement.[18] This effect was enhanced by the dissenting report of Jussieu, and bythe fact that in the same year (1784) the marques of Puysegur, one of the most faithful Mesmer's disciples, had madenew discoveries. He had discovered an until then unknown state of consciousness, that he called "magnetic sleep".This phenomena grabbed new attention. Instead of settling the disputed point as to the existence or nonexistence ofanimal magnetism, the reports generated additional interest in the subject. Interest in animal magnetism wassustained in France and spread to many other countries during the ensuing decades. The cause of magnetism wasembraced by a sizeable number of new supporters.[19] The Societe de I'Harmonie developed its activities and similarsocieties were founded in various French cities. The Harmony Society boasted booming branches in Strasbourg (theMarquis of Puysegur), Chartres, Lyon (Jean-Baptise Wuillermoz), Amiens, Narbonne, Malta, San Domingo, and soon. It seems probable that the original members of the Society regarded their engagement to Mesmer at lasting onlyuntil one hundred members had each paid him hundred louis. During the course of 1784, this target was exceeded.Several influential members thought they were now totally free to teach and practice and (even worse for Mesmer) tomodify what they had learned. [9]

It was mostly due to these internecine struggles of an economic nature which plagued the Harmony Society, thatMesmer, feeling that the figures recorded in its accounting books were being intentionally tampered with, decided tosettle for 20000 francs and leave the country. He made this decision in 1785, boosted by a hefty sum he was able tocarry along.[20] Once he was gone, his opponents went on a rampage, causing Mesmer to spend a lot of time writingretorting libels[21] which targeted their accusations. In 1785 Mesmer left Paris. In 1790 he was in Vienna again tosettle the estate of his deceased wife Maria Anna. When he sold his house in Vienna in 1801 he was in Paris. Thecreator of mesmerism sympathized with many of the ideas the revolution had highlighted. The consequence thereofis that he had to forego the plan of settling back in Wien, since he was viewed as politically suspect, and he retracedhis steps to Paris several times. In 1802, while in that city again, he asked for and was awarded a yearly allowance of3000 florins as compensation for the money he had lost in the Revolution. In 1803, some of his friends solicited himto open up a new establishment devoted to the implementation of magnetic treatments, but Mesmer turned downtheir request. The war had consigned him to inaction; several friends of his had died, and he decided instead to takeup residence in Switzerland. In 1809, he penned a letter to one of his friends, wherein he mentioned to him that hewas spending a happy life of quiet and anonymity, untroubled by problems or by neighbours and people who couldrecognize him. He added in that missive, though, that he was still practicing his Art, and was always visited byplentiful patients, many of whom he would treat free of charge.In the meantime, the Academy of Berlin formally acknowledged the validity of Mesmer’s ideas and dispatched Prof.Wolfart to invite him to move to Berlin. However, Mesmer, who was by then an old man, was no longer keen totravel. Prof. Wolfart accordingly collected his memories, until Mesmer died in Meersburg, Germany, on 5 March1815.[9]

After MesmerThe rapid spread of Animal Magnetism through Europe gave rise to further intense discussions on the origin of thephenomena. In France three different schools of thought emerged. They received different names: the fluidic one, thespiritualistic one (Chevalier de Barberin), and the experimentalist one (De Puysegur).[22] Beside them, one of thebranches of Animal Magnetism that rose after Mesmer was called the branch of the "Imaginationists" that putimportance on the power of the "imagination". Abbe Faria, an Indo-Portuguese monk in Paris, emphasized that“nothing comes from the magnetizer; everything comes from the subject and takes place in his imagination i.e.,autosuggestion generated from within the mind”. Perceived dangers of mesmerism, through the powers of themesmeriser over the patient, were explored in a sensational English novel, Sturmer: a Tale of Mesmerism (1841) byIsabella Frances Romer.

Franz Mesmer 6

Mesmer's grave.

Works

• De planetarum influxu in corpus humanum (Über den Einfluss derGestirne auf den menschlichen Körper; "The Influence of thePlanets on the Human Body" / original language: Latin) (1766).

• Sendschreiben an einen auswärtigen Arzt über die Magnetkur("Circulatory letter to a foreign physician about the magnetic cure" /original language: German) (1775).

• Mesmerismus oder System der Wechsel-beziehungen. Theorie undAndwendungen des tierischen Magnetismus ("Mesmerism or thesystem of inter-relations. Theory and applications of animalmagnetism" / original language: German) (1814).

Cultural references and other• Among Mesmer's followers was Armand-Marc-Jacques Chastenet, Marquis de Puységur (1751–1825), who

discovered induced or artificial somnambulism.• Mesmer is mentioned in Edgar Allan Poe's short story A Tale of the Ragged Mountains.• Mesmer and his technique are key elements in Kiyoshi Kurosawa's film Cure.• In his early writings, F. Anton Mesmer used a way of exposing his ideas very similar to the way of writing of the

ancient alchemists. His way of thinking shows clearly the influence of the alchemists' ideas. He sees three basicelements: God, Energy (movement), Matter (on the top left in the guide [23]), analog to Sulphur, Mercury andSalt, (Soul, spirit and body) of the alchemists. Some of his writings therefore used symbols to represent these andother meaningful concepts. He used over 100 symbols in a text sometimes, making it difficult, if not impossible,to read without a guide [24] to the symbols. The idea behind it is that images are the basis for a true understandingwhile instead words can lead to many different and opposite meanings.

• The multiplayer online role-playing game series Guild Wars features a profession called the Mesmer [25], whichfocuses on illusion and hypnotic spells.

• A magical ability in the Artemis Fowl series of novels is named after Mesmer.• George R. R. Martin's Fevre Dream, a vampire novel set in the 1800s, contains repeated references to Mesmer's

work by a protagonist interested in understanding vampires from a scientific perspective, particularly theirsupernatural ability to impose their will upon others.

• Mesmer's attempts to cure the musician Maria Theresia von Paradis of blindness in 1776–7, with the use ofmagnets, is fictionalised in a short story called "Harmony" by Julian Barnes, in his 2011 collection Pulse.

• Mesmer magnets are shown in the popular show Warehouse 13.

Franz Mesmer 7

Notes[1][1] Crabtree, introduction[2][2] Prinz[3][3] Bloch, xiii[4][4] Pattie, 13ff.[5] De Imperio Solis ac Lunae in Corpora Humana et Morbis inde Oriundis On the Influence of the Sun and Moon upon Human Bodies and the

Diseases Arising Therefrom.(1704). See Pattie, 16.[6][6] Pattie, 13[7][7] Pattie, 30[8][8] Ellenberg - The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry - 1970[9][9] Gauld - History of Hypnotism[10] Bakken glass harmonica (http:/ / www. thebakken. org/ exhibits/ mesmer/ glass-harmonica. htm)[11][11] Gauld - History of Hypnotism - 1995[12][12] The society of harmony soon split into at least two fractions. One of them was headed by Bergasse. Nearly all pamphlets written against the

state administration in the years 1787 and 1788 were issued by this group, financed by the banker Kornmann who sacrificed a large amount ofhis fortune - Ernst Florey, Ph.D. - Hypnos Vol, XIX 2-1992

[13][13] This remark of Bergasse is quoted in Darnlon (1968, p. 75)[14][14] Mesmer clearly explains his political view in the second part of the book "Mesmerismus: Oder, system der wechselwirkungen, theorie und

anwendung des thierischen magnetismus als die allgemeine heilkunde". That Mesmer was still welcome in post-revolutionary France isevident from the fact that he briefly returned to Paris in 1792 to sell his house. See also Darnton - Mesmerism and the end of theEnlightenment in France at Page 148 cites the mesmerist manifesto of 1848 "Rejoice mesmerists! Here is the dawning of a great and beautifulnew day..O Mesmer You who loved the republic...you foresaw this time, but...you were not understood".

[15] Many declared that what was ascertained by the Royal Commission was not the true work of Mesmer. See Nouvelle Découverte sur lemagnètisme animal ou lettre adressé à un Ami de Province par un partisan zélé de la vérité (disponible on the site of National French Library(ftp:/ / ftp. bnf. fr/ 008/ N0084149_PDF_1_-1DM. pdf) In this small booklet pag. 33-34 the author says explicitly that Deslon (on which theacademic Commission investigated) didn't know the Mesmer's system. "the true theory of the magnetic system has been revealed to very fewstudents, and we defy Deslon to accomplish what we do"

[16][16] Henri F. Ellenberger - The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry - 1970[17][17] Judith Pintar - Hypnosis a brief history - pag.21[18][18] Jules du Potet - Introduction to the study of animalm magnetism[19][19] Jules Du Potet - Introduction to the study of animal magnetism[20][20] Richard Harte - Hypnotism and the doctors - 1902[21] For example Mesmer, Franz Anton.Lettre d’un médecin de Paris à un médecin de province. (Paris): n.p., 1784, 16 pp.[22] Jules Du Potet - Introduction to the Study of Animal Magnetism[23] http:/ / www. thebakken. org/ exhibits/ index. php?pid=browse& category=1[24] http:/ / www. thebakken. org/ exhibits/ mesmer/ Theorie-key. htm[25] http:/ / www. guildwars. com/ gameplay/ professions/ mesmer/

Mesmer's treatment is mentioned in Mozart's Cosi Fan Tutte. Act I, sc 4

References• "Report of the Commissioners charged by the King in the examination of Animal Magnetism" (originally

published 1784), English translation in Skeptic magazine of the Skeptic society, vol 4 no 3 1996.• "Classics: memoir on the discovery of animal magnetism (Franz A. Mesmer)" [Classics: memoir on the discovery

of animal magnetism (Franz A. Mesmer)]. Actas luso-españolas de neurología, psiquiatría y ciencias afines (inSpanish) 1 (5): 733–9. Sep 1973. ISSN  0300-5062 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0300-5062). PMID 4593210 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 4593210).

• Akstein D (April 1967). "Mesmer, the precursor of spiritual medicine (I)" [Mesmer, the precursor of spiritualmedicine (I)]. Revista Brasileira de Medicina (in Portuguese) 24 (4): 253–7. ISSN  0034-7264 (http:/ / www.worldcat. org/ issn/ 0034-7264). PMID  4881184 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 4881184).

• Crabtree, Adam (1988). Animal Magnetism, Early Hypnotism, and Psychical Research, 1766–1925 – AnAnnotated Bibliography. White Plains, NY: Kraus International. ISBN 0-527-20006-9

• Darnton, Robert (1968). Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France. Cambridge: Harvard UniversityPress. ISBN 0-674-56951-2.

Franz Mesmer 8

• Eckert H (1955). "An unknown portrait of Franz Anton Mesmer" [An unknown portrait of Franz Anton Mesmer].Gesnerus (in German) 12 (1–2): 44–6. ISSN  0016-9161 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0016-9161). PMID 13305809 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 13305809).

• Ellenberger, Henri (1970). The Discovery of the Unconscious. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-01672-3.• Forrest D (October 2002). "Mesmer". The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 50 (4):

295–308. doi: 10.1080/00207140208410106 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 00207140208410106). ISSN 0020-7144 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0020-7144). PMID  12362948 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/ 12362948).

• Gallo DA, Finger S (November 2000). "The power of a musical instrument: Franklin, the Mozarts, Mesmer, andthe glass armonica". History of Psychology 3 (4): 326–43. doi: 10.1037/1093-4510.3.4.326 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/10. 1037/ 1093-4510. 3. 4. 326). ISSN  1093-4510 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 1093-4510). PMID 11855437 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 11855437).

• Gould, Stephen (1991). Bully for Brontosaurus. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-30857-X.• Gravitz MA (July 1994). "The first use of self-hypnosis: Mesmer mesmerizes Mesmer". The American Journal of

Clinical Hypnosis 37 (1): 49–52. doi: 10.1080/00029157.1994.10403109 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1080/00029157. 1994. 10403109). ISSN  0002-9157 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0002-9157). PMID  8085546(http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 8085546).

• Iannini R (1992). "Mesmer and mesmerism" [Mesmer and mesmerism]. Medicina nei Secoli (in Italian) 4 (3):71–83. ISSN  0394-9001 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0394-9001). PMID  11640137 (http:/ / www. ncbi.nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 11640137).

• Kihlstrom JF (October 2002). "Mesmer, the Franklin Commission, and hypnosis: a counterfactual essay". TheInternational Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 50 (4): 407–19. doi: 10.1080/00207140208410114(http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 00207140208410114). ISSN  0020-7144 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/0020-7144). PMID  12362956 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 12362956).

• Lopez CA (Jul 1993). "Franklin and Mesmer: an encounter" (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/PMC2588895). Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 66 (4): 325–31. ISSN  0044-0086 (http:/ / www. worldcat.org/ issn/ 0044-0086). PMC  2588895 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pmc/ articles/ PMC2588895). PMID 8209564 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 8209564).

• Makari GJ (February 1994). "Franz Anton Mesmer and the case of the blind pianist" (http:/ / ps. psychiatryonline.org/ cgi/ pmidlookup?view=long& pmid=8168786). Hospital & Community Psychiatry 45 (2): 106–10. ISSN 0022-1597 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0022-1597). PMID  8168786 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/ 8168786).

• Mesmer, Franz (1980). Mesmerism. Los Altos: W. Kaufman. ISBN 0-913232-88-2.• Miodoński L (2001). "Romantic medicine in Germany as the philosophical explication for understanding the

world and man - Mesmer and mesmerism" [Romantic medicine in Germany as the philosophical explication forunderstanding the world and man - Mesmer and mesmerism]. Medycyna Nowozytna (in Polish) 8 (2): 5–32. ISSN 1231-1960 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 1231-1960). PMID  12568094 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/ 12568094).

• Parish D (February 1990). "Mesmer and his critics". New Jersey Medicine : the Journal of the Medical Society ofNew Jersey 87 (2): 108–10. ISSN  0885-842X (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0885-842X). PMID  2407974(http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 2407974).

• Pattie, Frank (1994). Mesmer and Animal Magnetism. Hamilton: Edmonston Pub. ISBN 0-9622393-5-6.• Pattie FA (July 1979). "A Mesmer-Paradis myth dispelled". The American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 22 (1):

29–31. doi: 10.1080/00029157.1979.10403997 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 00029157. 1979. 10403997). ISSN 0002-9157 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0002-9157). PMID  386774 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/ 386774).

Franz Mesmer 9

• Prinz, Armin (1994). Mesmer, Franz Anton in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 17. http:/ / www. deutsche-biographie.de/ pnd118581309. html

• Schott H (1982). "Die Mitteilung des Lebensfeuers. Zum therapeutischen Konzept von Franz Anton Mesmer(1734-1815)". Medizinhistorisches Journal 17 (3): 195–214. ISSN  0025-8431 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/0025-8431). PMID  11615917 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 11615917).

• Schott H (1984). "Mesmer, Braid and Bernheim: on the history of the development of hypnotism" [Mesmer, Braidand Bernheim: on the history of the development of hypnotism]. Gesnerus (in German) 41 (1–2): 33–48. ISSN 0016-9161 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0016-9161). PMID  6378725 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/ 6378725).

• Shultheisz E (July 1965). "MESMER AND MESMERISM" [Mesmer and Mesmerism]. Orvosi Hetilap (inHungarian) 106: 1427–30. ISSN  0030-6002 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0030-6002). PMID  14347842(http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 14347842).

• Spiegel D (October 2002). "Mesmer minus magic: hypnosis and modern medicine". The International Journal ofClinical and Experimental Hypnosis 50 (4): 397–406. doi: 10.1080/00207140208410113 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10.1080/ 00207140208410113). ISSN  0020-7144 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0020-7144). PMID  12362955(http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 12362955).

• Stone MH (Spring 1974). "Mesmer and his followers: the beginnings of sympathetic treatment of childhoodemotional disorders" (http:/ / www. nlm. nih. gov/ medlineplus/ childrenshealth. html) (Free full text). History ofChildhood Quarterly 1 (4): 659–79. ISSN  0091-4266 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0091-4266). PMID 11614567 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 11614567).

• Voegele GE (April 1956). "The relation of Mesmer to Mozart" (http:/ / ajp. psychiatryonline. org/ cgi/pmidlookup?view=long& pmid=13302494). The American Journal of Psychiatry 112 (10): 848–9. ISSN 0002-953X (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0002-953X). PMID  13302494 (http:/ / www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/ 13302494).

• Watkins D (May 1976). "Franz Anton Mesmer; founder of psychotherapy". Nursing Mirror and MidwivesJournal 142 (22): 66–7. ISSN  0143-2524 (http:/ / www. worldcat. org/ issn/ 0143-2524). PMID  778805 (http:/ /www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ pubmed/ 778805).

External links• Mesmer's 27 Propositions (Via archive.org) (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20040710162753/ http:/ / www. unbf.

ca/ psychology/ likely/ readings/ mesmer. htm)• Memoires de Mesmer (http:/ / pnl-nlp. org/ dn/ download. php?id=149& lang=en& lcode=& mcat=) digitalized

copy of Mesmer's memoirs written by himself (original version, in French)• Deleuze's account of Mesmer's experiments (http:/ / www. hypnosisschool. org/ 3. php)•  "Mesmer, Friedrich Anton". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.

Article Sources and Contributors 10

Article Sources and ContributorsFranz Mesmer  Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=566342725  Contributors: $yD!, AZLEY, Alegreen, Alex756, All Hallow's Wraith, Allan1954, Anouymous, Arcticuno,Arthena, Atavi, Attilios, Avjoska, AxelBoldt, Badagnani, Beans, BeatlesJPGR1964, Bender235, Bmcln1, Bn, Bob Burkhardt, Bogdanno, Bovineboy2008, Brianyoumans, Bsadowski1, Calvin1998, Camembert, CharlieRCD, Chris Capoccia, ChrisGualtieri, Clarityfiend, Colt .55, Conversion script, Corvus, Creol, D6, DRosenbach, Daggerstab, Dahn, DanDawson, Danpaklstan,Davidbspalding, Davshul, Dimadick, Discospinster, Dreadnought9, Eldamorie, Emijrp, Eric Sandholm, Fastfactchecker, Fastfission, Ferhengvan, Fonzy, Frecklefoot, Gary King,Gesellschaftsspiel, Harrypotterfanfreak, Hephaestos, Herbert1962, Hrisantius, Hypno1964, HypnoSynthesis, Hypnotradition, IRWolfie-, Igoldste, J JMesserly, Jlawniczak, John, John Carter, JohnVandenberg, John of Reading, JuJube, Jumbuck, Justlettersandnumbers, Kaustuv, Kelisi, Kelson, Kilom691, Knowledge Seeker, Laptopdude, Leon..., Lev, Liberal Freemason, LilHelpa, LindenSalter, Lindsay658, Logan, Magioladitis, Magnus Manske, Matthew Fennell, Mav, Mddake, Mogism, Monegasque, Nicke L, Nihil novi, Nilmerg, Nuberger13, Odros, Olivier, Omnipaedista,OrenBochman, Paret, Pataki Márta, Pedant17, Plindenbaum, Popefauvexxiii, Quartertone, RainbowOfLight, Random Task, Rich Farmbrough, Rlarocco, RogDel, Roygbiv666, SGBailey, Scipius,Seraphita, Shadetreader, Shneusk, SmartGuy Old, Spencerk, Spril4, Staffelde, Stefan-Xp, Suessmayr, Taketa, Tanner Swett, Thehypnoman, Toaster917, Tristanb, Tysto, Usenoname, VickiRosenzweig, Waka, Ward3001, WebAuthor, WouterVH, Wwzeitler, Xaosflux, 164 anonymous edits

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