1.1. PROPOSED TITLEPROPOSED TITLE:: THE IMPACT OF TIME MANAGEMENT ON THE THE IMPACT OF TIME MANAGEMENT ON THE

PERFORMANCE OF LECTURERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PERFORMANCE OF LECTURERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF

JOHANNESBURG.JOHANNESBURG.

2.2. STUDENT DETAILS:STUDENT DETAILS:

NAME:NAME: SAMBIL SAMBIL

SURNAME:SURNAME: MUKWAKUNGUMUKWAKUNGU

STUDENT NUMBER:STUDENT NUMBER: 820405672820405672

E-MAIL:E-MAIL: sambilm@uj.ac.zasambilm@uj.ac.za

3.3. SUPERVISOR: SUPERVISOR:

4.4. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUNDINTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

For long people have been trying to manage time in order to make daily or monthlyFor long people have been trying to manage time in order to make daily or monthly

tasks and projects productive. Although everybody has the same amount of timetasks and projects productive. Although everybody has the same amount of time

available in order to accomplish several tasks, one frequently hear people say thatavailable in order to accomplish several tasks, one frequently hear people say that

““there is not enough timethere is not enough time”. Time cannot be saved or stored; therefore one question”. Time cannot be saved or stored; therefore one question

strikes the mind: “strikes the mind: “is it about how much time one has or rather the way one uses it?is it about how much time one has or rather the way one uses it? “ “

Strictly speaking, time cannot be managed, because it is an inaccessible factor. OnlyStrictly speaking, time cannot be managed, because it is an inaccessible factor. Only

the way a person deals with time can be influenced with corrective actions andthe way a person deals with time can be influenced with corrective actions and

adjustment to time (Claessens, et al. 2004). This study focuses on how time is usedadjustment to time (Claessens, et al. 2004). This study focuses on how time is used

by lecturers in order to achieve set targets in terms of academic performance. Thisby lecturers in order to achieve set targets in terms of academic performance. This

study will be conducted at the University of Johannesburg, which vision clearlystudy will be conducted at the University of Johannesburg, which vision clearly

indicates that the university wants to establish itself as a premier, embracing, Africanindicates that the university wants to establish itself as a premier, embracing, African

city university offering a mix of vocational and academic programmes that advancescity university offering a mix of vocational and academic programmes that advances

freedom, democracy, equality and human dignity as high ideals of humanity throughfreedom, democracy, equality and human dignity as high ideals of humanity through

distinguished scholarship, excellence in teaching, reputable research and innovation,distinguished scholarship, excellence in teaching, reputable research and innovation,

and through putting intellectual capital to work (and through putting intellectual capital to work (https://intranet.uj.ac.za/index.asp?https://intranet.uj.ac.za/index.asp?

QUERY_STRING=lan=eQUERY_STRING=lan=e, Vision, Mission and Values of the University of, Vision, Mission and Values of the University of

Johannesburg). One item from the mission of the University of Johannesburg statesJohannesburg). One item from the mission of the University of Johannesburg states

that the university is committed to supporting access to a wide spectrum of academicthat the university is committed to supporting access to a wide spectrum of academic

and technological teaching, learning and researchand technological teaching, learning and research

((https://intranet.uj.ac.za/index.asp?QUERY_STRING=lan=ehttps://intranet.uj.ac.za/index.asp?QUERY_STRING=lan=e, Vision, Mission and, Vision, Mission and

1

Values of the University of Johannesburg). From the mission statement of theValues of the University of Johannesburg). From the mission statement of the

University of Johannesburg and its vision, one can easily understand that as part ofUniversity of Johannesburg and its vision, one can easily understand that as part of

the university’s goals, teaching and learning is an important element that thethe university’s goals, teaching and learning is an important element that the

institution will consider in order to assess its overall performance. Lecturers will haveinstitution will consider in order to assess its overall performance. Lecturers will have

to monitor and assess their performance against the performance set by theto monitor and assess their performance against the performance set by the

university, therefore key elements to be identified which are needed for the study areuniversity, therefore key elements to be identified which are needed for the study are

the university goals with their key performance indicators with amongst others thethe university goals with their key performance indicators with amongst others the

teaching and learning key performance indicators set by the University and theteaching and learning key performance indicators set by the University and the

lecturers goals, as the study will demonstrate the relationship between the two. Alecturers goals, as the study will demonstrate the relationship between the two. A

comparison of those targets should provide a clear view of the role timecomparison of those targets should provide a clear view of the role time

management plays in achieving them. An opportunity has risen which is themanagement plays in achieving them. An opportunity has risen which is the

motivation to undertake this particular study about the management of time and itsmotivation to undertake this particular study about the management of time and its

impact on the lecturers’ teaching and learning performance, particularly at theimpact on the lecturers’ teaching and learning performance, particularly at the

University of Johannesburg.University of Johannesburg.

The aim of this study is to investigate and highlight the impact of time managementThe aim of this study is to investigate and highlight the impact of time management

on the activities performed by lecturers who are the foundation of universities. Thison the activities performed by lecturers who are the foundation of universities. This

study will also bring into consideration the relationship between time managementstudy will also bring into consideration the relationship between time management

and lecturers’ teaching and learning strategy by stressing the impact of timeand lecturers’ teaching and learning strategy by stressing the impact of time

management on the students study performance. The study will show the rapportmanagement on the students study performance. The study will show the rapport

between a well managed time and the performance of an individual. between a well managed time and the performance of an individual.

4.14.1 PROBLEM STATEMENTPROBLEM STATEMENT

The University of Johannesburg has more than 4000 staff members, fromThe University of Johannesburg has more than 4000 staff members, from

administrative to lecturing staff, including maintenance and security personnel.administrative to lecturing staff, including maintenance and security personnel.

Monitoring time utilisation of such a workforce can be quite a challenging task,Monitoring time utilisation of such a workforce can be quite a challenging task,

therefore focusing just on the lecturing staff of the university, who is the principaltherefore focusing just on the lecturing staff of the university, who is the principal

participant to the study, the following question in this study is addressed, “Does timeparticipant to the study, the following question in this study is addressed, “Does time

management impact on the lecturer’s teaching and learning performance?” Leadingmanagement impact on the lecturer’s teaching and learning performance?” Leading

to this questions are the following research issues:to this questions are the following research issues:

(1)(1) How can a lecturer manage his/her time in order to achieve his/her goals?How can a lecturer manage his/her time in order to achieve his/her goals?

(2)(2) How does time management affect the performance of a lecturer?How does time management affect the performance of a lecturer?

4.24.2 BBACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATIONSACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATIONS

2

As stated earlier, the University of Johannesburg has set clear goals which need toAs stated earlier, the University of Johannesburg has set clear goals which need to

be achieved on short term as well as long term. To monitor and assess the overallbe achieved on short term as well as long term. To monitor and assess the overall

performance of the institution on the achievement of its goals, several Keyperformance of the institution on the achievement of its goals, several Key

Performance Indicators must be considered. This study will consider goals numberPerformance Indicators must be considered. This study will consider goals number

one and two which are respectively: A Reputable Brand and Excellence In Teachingone and two which are respectively: A Reputable Brand and Excellence In Teaching

and Learning as the principal focus of the research around which the study willand Learning as the principal focus of the research around which the study will

revolve. The two goals form part of the ten strategic goals set by the University;revolve. The two goals form part of the ten strategic goals set by the University;

Table 4.1 shows the Key Performance Indicators for the two goals:Table 4.1 shows the Key Performance Indicators for the two goals:

Table 4.1 – University of Johannesburg’s Strategic Goals and Table 4.1 – University of Johannesburg’s Strategic Goals and Key Performance Indicators

Goal One: A Reputable BrandGoal One: A Reputable Brand

To promote recognition of the University ofTo promote recognition of the University of Johannesburg as a South African institutionJohannesburg as a South African institution whose brand is synonymous with:whose brand is synonymous with:

Excellence in teaching and learning;Excellence in teaching and learning; Nationally and internationally Nationally and internationally

competitive and innovative research;competitive and innovative research; Contributions to the well-being of its Contributions to the well-being of its

stakeholder communities.stakeholder communities.

Key Performance Indicators (KPI):Key Performance Indicators (KPI):Recognition of the University as evidenceRecognition of the University as evidence in:in:

1.1. Brand RecallBrand Recall2.2. Brand ResonanceBrand Resonance3.3. Brand RealityBrand Reality4.4. Brand loyaltyBrand loyalty

Goal Two: Excellence in Teaching and LearningGoal Two: Excellence in Teaching and Learning

To promote and sustain excellence in teachingTo promote and sustain excellence in teaching and learning by quality assurance practices andand learning by quality assurance practices and actively developing and implementingactively developing and implementing innovative teaching, learning and assessmentinnovative teaching, learning and assessment strategies.strategies.

Key Performance Indicators:Key Performance Indicators:1.1. Learning excellenceLearning excellence2.2. Teaching excellenceTeaching excellence3.3. Relevance/impact/diversity ofRelevance/impact/diversity of

programmesprogrammes4.4. Keeping abreast of innovativeKeeping abreast of innovative

teaching and learningteaching and learning developmentsdevelopments

5.5. Lifelong learning.Lifelong learning.

This research will complement precedent research, discussed in the literatureThis research will complement precedent research, discussed in the literature

review, related to time management and its implications in the tertiary educationreview, related to time management and its implications in the tertiary education

environment. environment.

4.34.3 OBJECTIVES AND IMPACTS OF THE RESEARCHOBJECTIVES AND IMPACTS OF THE RESEARCH

The objectives of the research are as follow: The objectives of the research are as follow:

To identify factors influencing the management of time by lecturers;To identify factors influencing the management of time by lecturers;

To underline:To underline:

oo The goals set by lecturers in order to achieve the University set objectives;The goals set by lecturers in order to achieve the University set objectives;

3

oo The personal goals set by lecturers.The personal goals set by lecturers.

Emphasize on the relationship between the lecturer personal goals and the Emphasize on the relationship between the lecturer personal goals and the

university objectives.university objectives.

To understand the lecturer’s attempt to mange their time while trying to achieve To understand the lecturer’s attempt to mange their time while trying to achieve

their different goals.their different goals.

To underline the consequence of the way lecturers manage their time on the To underline the consequence of the way lecturers manage their time on the

students’ performance.students’ performance.

The study will bring clear view on the impact of how lecturers manage their time inThe study will bring clear view on the impact of how lecturers manage their time in

order to achieve their goals as well as the university’s goals on their performance.order to achieve their goals as well as the university’s goals on their performance.

The result of the study will help management of the university in developing newThe result of the study will help management of the university in developing new

policies for teaching and learning strategies. The study will put into perspective thepolicies for teaching and learning strategies. The study will put into perspective the

importance of time management at the lecturer level therefore making timeimportance of time management at the lecturer level therefore making time

management at the centre of management considerations when tackling issues ofmanagement at the centre of management considerations when tackling issues of

staff development.staff development.

55 LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW

Time management is not a new topic per say. The problem of how to manage timeTime management is not a new topic per say. The problem of how to manage time

was already discussed in the 1950s and 1960s, with several authors proposingwas already discussed in the 1950s and 1960s, with several authors proposing

methods on how to handle time issues on the job (e.g. Drucker, 1967; Lakein, 1973;methods on how to handle time issues on the job (e.g. Drucker, 1967; Lakein, 1973;

Mackenzie, 1972; McCay, 1959). They suggested simple remedies such as writingMackenzie, 1972; McCay, 1959). They suggested simple remedies such as writing

work plans down on paper (so-called “to-do lists”) in order to increase jobwork plans down on paper (so-called “to-do lists”) in order to increase job

performance. One can easily be misled by the term “time management”, simplyperformance. One can easily be misled by the term “time management”, simply

because time is an inaccessible factor which cannot be influenced or managed. Onlybecause time is an inaccessible factor which cannot be influenced or managed. Only

the way one uses time to perform jobs can be influenced. Eilam and Aharon (2003)the way one uses time to perform jobs can be influenced. Eilam and Aharon (2003)

suggested that tsuggested that time management could be viewed as a way of monitoring andime management could be viewed as a way of monitoring and

controlling time. Based on their study, one can easily associate time managementcontrolling time. Based on their study, one can easily associate time management

with self-management with self-management with regard to the performance of multiple tasks within awith regard to the performance of multiple tasks within a

certain time periodcertain time period, but further reading of the literature shows that self-management, but further reading of the literature shows that self-management

has a different meaning. It refers tohas a different meaning. It refers to monitoring and regulating oneself, but withoutmonitoring and regulating oneself, but without

any specific reference to techniques for monitoring time use (any specific reference to techniques for monitoring time use (Claessens, et al. 2004).Claessens, et al. 2004).

4

In spite of all popular attention to managing time, relatively little research has beenIn spite of all popular attention to managing time, relatively little research has been

conducted on the processes involved in using one’s time effectively (e.g. by usingconducted on the processes involved in using one’s time effectively (e.g. by using

“prime time” to carry out important tasks) and completing work within deadlines at a“prime time” to carry out important tasks) and completing work within deadlines at a

tertiary institution with focus on its lecturing staff. A review on the topic of timetertiary institution with focus on its lecturing staff. A review on the topic of time

management provides a good understanding of previous studies conducted in thismanagement provides a good understanding of previous studies conducted in this

field (field (Claessens, et al. 2004)Claessens, et al. 2004). The review aimed at looking at past empirical studies. The review aimed at looking at past empirical studies

on time management. The review considered the way in which researchers haveon time management. The review considered the way in which researchers have

incorporated time management concepts and methods in their research and criticallyincorporated time management concepts and methods in their research and critically

discussed their research design. Important questions were addressed such as whatdiscussed their research design. Important questions were addressed such as what

is time management behaviour? What are its antecedents? What is its impact onis time management behaviour? What are its antecedents? What is its impact on

outcome variables, such as health and job performance? Table 5.1 in Annexure Aoutcome variables, such as health and job performance? Table 5.1 in Annexure A

clearly shows that previous studies on time management did not target academicclearly shows that previous studies on time management did not target academic

staff. More than 60% of the research in the literature target students from part-time tostaff. More than 60% of the research in the literature target students from part-time to

full-time students. Therefore there is an opportunity to conduct our research on thefull-time students. Therefore there is an opportunity to conduct our research on the

impact of time management on academic staff performance at a tertiary institution. impact of time management on academic staff performance at a tertiary institution.

This study is focusing on a lecturer’s performance and its relationship with how theThis study is focusing on a lecturer’s performance and its relationship with how the

time is managed. According to Patrick Forsyth (2000, p. xii) time management istime is managed. According to Patrick Forsyth (2000, p. xii) time management is

about working efficiently and effectively to ensure that both good productivity andabout working efficiently and effectively to ensure that both good productivity and

desired results are achieved. This statement will be the starting point of this study.desired results are achieved. This statement will be the starting point of this study.

Brophy (1986) made the following observation by saying student achievement isBrophy (1986) made the following observation by saying student achievement is

maximized when teachers allocate most classroom time to activities designed tomaximized when teachers allocate most classroom time to activities designed to

promote student achievement and use managerial and instructional strategies thatpromote student achievement and use managerial and instructional strategies that

support such achievement. Therefore, how much time spent for student contact issupport such achievement. Therefore, how much time spent for student contact is

not what this research mainly focuses on, rather how the time is used in order tonot what this research mainly focuses on, rather how the time is used in order to

achieve clear goals. Further readings have shown that, according to achieve clear goals. Further readings have shown that, according to David AllenDavid Allen

(2001), (2001), productivity is directly proportional to one's ability to handle tasks in a relaxedproductivity is directly proportional to one's ability to handle tasks in a relaxed

manner. These statements will be used to apply strategies for self-management inmanner. These statements will be used to apply strategies for self-management in

order to minimize stress and increase an individual focus and efficiency. One cannotorder to minimize stress and increase an individual focus and efficiency. One cannot

study the impact of time management on the performance of lecturers withoutstudy the impact of time management on the performance of lecturers without

considering the elements taken into consideration. considering the elements taken into consideration.

5

5.15.1 DEFINITIONS OF KEYWORDSDEFINITIONS OF KEYWORDS

5.1.15.1.1 Management – as defined by T. Brevis et al (2000) is the process of planning,Management – as defined by T. Brevis et al (2000) is the process of planning,

organising, leading and controlling the resources of the organisation toorganising, leading and controlling the resources of the organisation to

achieve stated organisational goals as efficiently as possible.achieve stated organisational goals as efficiently as possible.

5.1.25.1.2 Time – is a basic component of the measuring system used to sequenceTime – is a basic component of the measuring system used to sequence

events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them,events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them,

and to quantify the motions of objects.and to quantify the motions of objects.

5.1.35.1.3 Time Management – past studies indicates that there is no accordance on theTime Management – past studies indicates that there is no accordance on the

definition of time management. Although definition of time management. Although Lakein (1973) suggested that timeLakein (1973) suggested that time

management involves the process of determining needs, setting goals tomanagement involves the process of determining needs, setting goals to

achieve these needs, prioritising and planning tasks required to achieve theseachieve these needs, prioritising and planning tasks required to achieve these

goals, other researchers provided various definitions. It goals, other researchers provided various definitions. It is defined by manyis defined by many

academicians as the set of principles, practices, skills, tools, and systems thatacademicians as the set of principles, practices, skills, tools, and systems that

work together to help one gets more value of one’s time with the aim ofwork together to help one gets more value of one’s time with the aim of

improving the quality of one’s life, or simply techniques for managing time (Jeximproving the quality of one’s life, or simply techniques for managing time (Jex

and Elacqua, 1999; Davis, 2000; Macan, 1994, 1996; Macan et al., 1990;and Elacqua, 1999; Davis, 2000; Macan, 1994, 1996; Macan et al., 1990;

Mudrack, 1997); a technique for effective time use, especially having enoughMudrack, 1997); a technique for effective time use, especially having enough

time to accomplish the many tasks required (Orpen, 1994; Slaven andtime to accomplish the many tasks required (Orpen, 1994; Slaven and

Totterdell, 1993; Woolfolk and Woolfolk, 1986); planning and allocating timeTotterdell, 1993; Woolfolk and Woolfolk, 1986); planning and allocating time

(Burt and Kemp, 1994; Francis-Smythe and Robertson, 1999a); the degree to(Burt and Kemp, 1994; Francis-Smythe and Robertson, 1999a); the degree to

which individuals perceive their use of time to be structured and purposivewhich individuals perceive their use of time to be structured and purposive

(Bond and Feather, 1988; Strongman and Burt, 2000; Sabelis, 2001;(Bond and Feather, 1988; Strongman and Burt, 2000; Sabelis, 2001;

Vodanovich and Seib, 1997); a way of getting insight into time use (KoolhaasVodanovich and Seib, 1997); a way of getting insight into time use (Koolhaas

et al., 1992); a technique to increase the time available to pursue activitieset al., 1992); a technique to increase the time available to pursue activities

(King et al., 1986); practices intended to maximize intellectual productivity(King et al., 1986); practices intended to maximize intellectual productivity

(Britton and Tesser, 1991); an application of self-regulation processes in the(Britton and Tesser, 1991); an application of self-regulation processes in the

temporal domain (Griffiths, 2003); coping behaviour in at-risk populationstemporal domain (Griffiths, 2003); coping behaviour in at-risk populations

(King et al., 1986); self-regulation strategies aimed at discussing plans, and(King et al., 1986); self-regulation strategies aimed at discussing plans, and

their efficiency (Eilam and Aharon, 2003); the use of procedures that aretheir efficiency (Eilam and Aharon, 2003); the use of procedures that are

designed to help the individual to achieve his or her desired goals (Hall anddesigned to help the individual to achieve his or her desired goals (Hall and

Hursch, 1982); ways to assess the relative importance of activities through theHursch, 1982); ways to assess the relative importance of activities through the

development of a prioritisation plan (Kaufman-Scarborough and Lindquist,development of a prioritisation plan (Kaufman-Scarborough and Lindquist,

1999); clusters of behaviour that are deemed to facilitate productivity and1999); clusters of behaviour that are deemed to facilitate productivity and

6

alleviate stress (Lay and Schouwenburg, 1993). Some authors gave noalleviate stress (Lay and Schouwenburg, 1993). Some authors gave no

definition at all (Barling et al., 1996; Simons and Galotti, 1992; Trueman anddefinition at all (Barling et al., 1996; Simons and Galotti, 1992; Trueman and

Hartley, 1996). A clear and simple definition is provided by Claessens, et al.Hartley, 1996). A clear and simple definition is provided by Claessens, et al.

(2004) as (2004) as behaviours that aim at achieving an effective use of time whilebehaviours that aim at achieving an effective use of time while

performing certain goal-directed activities. performing certain goal-directed activities. Those behaviours comprise: (1)Those behaviours comprise: (1)

Time assessment behaviours, which aim at awareness of here and now orTime assessment behaviours, which aim at awareness of here and now or

past, present, and future (Kaufman et al., 1991) and self-awareness of one’spast, present, and future (Kaufman et al., 1991) and self-awareness of one’s

time use (attitudes, cognitions, e.g. Wratcher and Jones, 1988), which help totime use (attitudes, cognitions, e.g. Wratcher and Jones, 1988), which help to

accept tasks and responsibilities that fit within the limit of one’s capabilities.accept tasks and responsibilities that fit within the limit of one’s capabilities.

(2) Planning behaviours, such as setting goals, planning tasks, prioritising,(2) Planning behaviours, such as setting goals, planning tasks, prioritising,

making to-do lists, grouping tasks (e.g. Britton and Tesser, 1991; Macan,making to-do lists, grouping tasks (e.g. Britton and Tesser, 1991; Macan,

1994, 1996) which aim at an effective use of time.1994, 1996) which aim at an effective use of time.

5.1.45.1.4 Productivity – as defined by T.J. hill (1993) is the measure which relates theProductivity – as defined by T.J. hill (1993) is the measure which relates the

output of the process to the value or volume of input which has been made tooutput of the process to the value or volume of input which has been made to

achieve that particular output. achieve that particular output. Sunity Shrestha (2005) defines Sunity Shrestha (2005) defines productivity asproductivity as

the efficient use of resources - labour, capital, materials, energy, the efficient use of resources - labour, capital, materials, energy, informationinformation

…… in the production of goods and services. in the production of goods and services. The author stresses that t The author stresses that thehe

specification and measurement of the output is very difficult in thespecification and measurement of the output is very difficult in the

measurement of the productivity in service sector and specially, the educationmeasurement of the productivity in service sector and specially, the education

sector. sector. It is imperative to understand the educational system in order to placeIt is imperative to understand the educational system in order to place

into perspective the definition of productivity. into perspective the definition of productivity. The educational system The educational system can becan be

seen as a seen as a set of interrelated parts aimed at improving the knowledge and skillset of interrelated parts aimed at improving the knowledge and skill

of students and producing graduates with certain defined level of capabilityof students and producing graduates with certain defined level of capability

((Sunity ShresthaSunity Shrestha 2005)2005); ;

66 MATERIALS AND METHODSMATERIALS AND METHODS

As mentioned earlier, the purpose of this research is to investigate and highlight theAs mentioned earlier, the purpose of this research is to investigate and highlight the

impact of time management on the performance of lecturers. The focus is on timeimpact of time management on the performance of lecturers. The focus is on time

management issue while regarded as reasonable motivation for undertaking anmanagement issue while regarded as reasonable motivation for undertaking an

explanatory study. explanatory study.

The study will take place at the University of Johannesburg, where participants willThe study will take place at the University of Johannesburg, where participants will

be selected among the nine faculties of the University of Johannesburg. Thebe selected among the nine faculties of the University of Johannesburg. The

7

University of Johannesburg comprises of four campuses, namely Kingsway CampusUniversity of Johannesburg comprises of four campuses, namely Kingsway Campus

(Main Campus), Bunting Road Campus, Doornfontein Campus and Soweto Campus.(Main Campus), Bunting Road Campus, Doornfontein Campus and Soweto Campus.

Therefore for the purpose of the research, preference is placed on the faculties ofTherefore for the purpose of the research, preference is placed on the faculties of

Management and Art, Design, and Architecture located at the Bunting Road CampusManagement and Art, Design, and Architecture located at the Bunting Road Campus

in order to take advantage of the closeness of their locations. in order to take advantage of the closeness of their locations.

6.16.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGYRESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research process will be conducted as follows:The research process will be conducted as follows:

(1)(1) Literature review will be conducted on time management and the impact Literature review will be conducted on time management and the impact

on individual performance, with a particular interest placed on previous on individual performance, with a particular interest placed on previous

studies related to tertiary institutions conducted in South Africa as well as studies related to tertiary institutions conducted in South Africa as well as

internationally.internationally.

(2)(2) The Head of Faculty Administration of each faculty will be approached toThe Head of Faculty Administration of each faculty will be approached to

obtain necessary authorization for conducting the study on campus.obtain necessary authorization for conducting the study on campus.

(3)(3) Observation of participants in their working environment for two hours perObservation of participants in their working environment for two hours per

day for twenty two weeks will take place, focusing mostly on the way theyday for twenty two weeks will take place, focusing mostly on the way they

handle tasks between classes, meetings and personal activities. The studyhandle tasks between classes, meetings and personal activities. The study

will focus on two lecturers per week. On-site observations are importantwill focus on two lecturers per week. On-site observations are important

because…because…

(4)(4) Questionnaires will be e-mailed to the participants (See Appendix 1 for theQuestionnaires will be e-mailed to the participants (See Appendix 1 for the

sample of the questionnaire) who are full-time lecturers and will besample of the questionnaire) who are full-time lecturers and will be

expected to be e-mailed back within two weeks. The questionnaireexpected to be e-mailed back within two weeks. The questionnaire

consists of four questions. The first question is covering elements of dailyconsists of four questions. The first question is covering elements of daily

planning that the participants would like improve, the second question isplanning that the participants would like improve, the second question is

about the knowledge as well as application of daily planning and long-termabout the knowledge as well as application of daily planning and long-term

planning. The third question regards the ability to control the time aspectsplanning. The third question regards the ability to control the time aspects

of implementation of the planning. Lastly, the fourth question covers dailyof implementation of the planning. Lastly, the fourth question covers daily

activities and the ability to keep them under a certain level of control. Thisactivities and the ability to keep them under a certain level of control. This

particular question is scaled on the 5 point Likert Scale.particular question is scaled on the 5 point Likert Scale.

(5)(5) Interviews will be conducted with each lecturer to clarify and provideInterviews will be conducted with each lecturer to clarify and provide

insight into their daily work, the goals that the university has set theirinsight into their daily work, the goals that the university has set their

personal objectives. These interviews will be conducted twice a day, onpersonal objectives. These interviews will be conducted twice a day, on

arrival at the work place and at the end of the daily observation period.arrival at the work place and at the end of the daily observation period.

Refer to interview guide in Appendix 2Refer to interview guide in Appendix 2

8

(6)(6) Undertake a situational analysis of the field notes and interview notes, Undertake a situational analysis of the field notes and interview notes,

guided by The Pickle Jar Theory.guided by The Pickle Jar Theory.

(7)(7) Write a research report that combines our understanding of the relevant Write a research report that combines our understanding of the relevant

theory and previous research with the results of our empirical research.theory and previous research with the results of our empirical research.

(8)(8) Demarcation of the study and units of analysisDemarcation of the study and units of analysis

The study will take place at the University of Johannesburg. For the The study will take place at the University of Johannesburg. For the

purpose of the study, all the lecturers from all faculties will be considered purpose of the study, all the lecturers from all faculties will be considered

as participants to the study.as participants to the study.

6.26.2 RESEARCH METHODS/TOOLS TO BE USEDRESEARCH METHODS/TOOLS TO BE USED

E-mails with attached self-administered questionnaire will be sent to participants.E-mails with attached self-administered questionnaire will be sent to participants.

6.2.16.2.1 FOR COLLECTING THE DATAFOR COLLECTING THE DATA

An investigation using structured questionnaire and one on one interview with An investigation using structured questionnaire and one on one interview with

participants will be used to collect data. The questionnaire will combine participants will be used to collect data. The questionnaire will combine

numerical ranking, yes – no and open-ended questions.numerical ranking, yes – no and open-ended questions.

6.2.26.2.2 FOR ANALYSING THE DATAFOR ANALYSING THE DATA

Statistical methods and formula will be applied on the answers from numericalStatistical methods and formula will be applied on the answers from numerical

ranking and yes – no questions. Histograms as well as pie charts will be usedranking and yes – no questions. Histograms as well as pie charts will be used

to represent the data. Open – ended question will be analysed guided by Theto represent the data. Open – ended question will be analysed guided by The

Pickle Jar TheoryPickle Jar Theory

77 TIMETABLE OF ACTIVITIESTIMETABLE OF ACTIVITIES

The following is a provisional schedule of research activities:The following is a provisional schedule of research activities:

1.1. Literature review, research proposalLiterature review, research proposal – 2 months – 2 months

2.2. Survey design, field work and data collection Survey design, field work and data collection – 1 months– 1 months

3.3. Data collection, data analysis and interpretationData collection, data analysis and interpretation – 5 months– 5 months

4.4. Review project with supervisorReview project with supervisor – 1 month– 1 month

5.5. Writing up of final reportWriting up of final report – 2 months– 2 months

9

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