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Proposed Spark-Ignition Marine
Watercraft Evaporative Emission
Control Requirements
Sacramento, CA
February 19, 2015
Overview
Section 1: Background
Section 2: Emissions Control
Section 3: Regulatory Proposal
Section 4: Staff Recommendation
2 2/19/2015
Goals of Proposed Regulation
• Harmonize with federal regulations, where
possible
• Obtain additional reductions to meet California’s
unique air quality needs
2/19/2015 3 Background
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Perc
en
t R
OG
Co
ntr
ol
Watercraft Regulatory History
Evaporative Proposal
U.S. EPA Rule
2018: Proposed
Evaporative Standards
2008: U.S. EPA
Evaporative
Emissions Standards
4 2/19/2015 Background
Rule Benefits
Types of Watercraft
Personal Watercraft Outboard
Jet Drive Inboard/Sterndrive
5 2/19/2015 Background
Need for Emission Reductions
South Coast Air Quality
Management District
• Reactive Organic Gases (ROG)
– Ozone precursor
– Reductions needed
– Toxic Air Contaminant (Benzene)
• Proposed measure meets 2007 SIP commitment
• Reduces near source exposure to benzene
6 Background 2/19/2015
Evaporative Emission Sources
from Watercraft
Fuel tank and
fuel hose
permeation
Carburetor and connector
seepage
Fuel tank venting
7 2/19/2015 Background
Evaporative Emission Processes
Diurnal
Hot Soak
Running Loss
Operating
Immediately After Operation
Storage
8 2/19/2015 Background
Overview
Section 1: Background
Section 2: Emissions Control
Section 3: Regulatory Proposal
Section 4: Staff Recommendation
9 2/19/2015
Diurnal Control
ROG Emissions
Hot Soak 8%
Running Loss
25%
Diurnal 67%
10 2/19/2015 Emissions Control
Technology Transfer Fuel
Injection
On-Road Evaporative
Emissions Control
Technology
Transferred to spark-ignition marine watercraft
11
Low
Permeation
Fuel Hoses
Low
Permeation
Fuel Tank
Carbon
Canister
2/19/2015 Emissions Control
Watercraft Technology Testing at ARB
• Watercraft tested with and without evaporative
emissions controls
• SHED tests performed in-house at ARB labs
– Tested 32 representative watercraft
– Develop emission factors
12 2/19/2015 Emissions Control
Inventory Development
• Comprehensive Update
– During recession marine watercraft sales declined by 90%
– New evaporative emissions factors
– Updated usage and storage based on surveys
• Updated forecast reflects recession and estimated recovery
– 2006-2013 DMV registration data
– Short-term sales track UCLA economic forecast
– Long-term sales based on population growth
13 2/19/2015 Emissions Control
ARB Outboard Inventory Sales Forecast
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
DMV Registration
Short-term (UCLA Economic Forecast of Housing Starts)
Long-term (CA Human Population Annual Growth)
Ou
tbo
ard
Ma
rin
e W
ate
rcra
ft A
nn
ua
l N
ew
Sa
les
Calendar Year
14 2/19/2015 Emissions Control
Emissions Benefits
• Emissions benefits will gradually increase due
to long ownership periods
• Evaporative proposal would reduce ROG from
watercraft by one ton per day
15 2/19/2015 Emissions Control
Overview
Section 1: Background
Section 2: Emissions Control
Section 3: Regulatory Proposal
Section 4: Staff Recommendation
16 2/19/2015
17
Proposed Evaporative Emission Regulation
• Harmonized test procedures
• Robust durability procedures
*Upon confirmation of commercial availability
MY2018 MY2020
≤ 30 kW Watercraft Harmonized with U.S. EPA
> 30 kW
Trailerable/
Nontrailerable
Watercraft
New fuel hose, fuel tank,
venting, and fuel
injection requirements
More stringent fuel
hose requirements*
2/19/2015 Regulatory Proposal
Anticipated ARB Control Technology
Similar to U.S. EPA controls except more stringent evaporative components
Lower Permeation Fuel Tank
Carbon Canister or
Pressure Relief Valve
Lower Permeation Fuel
Hoses
18
Incremental Cost
$0 – $43
$1 – $7
$1 – $5
2/19/2015 Regulatory Proposal
Fuel Injection
Control Component Durability
• Test procedures require
robust durability
procedures
• Durability procedures
include exposure to:
19
Ozone Vibration Dust
Carbon canisters Pressure relief valves
2/19/2015 Regulatory Proposal
Cost-Effectiveness
• Control measure is cost-effective
• Averages less than $5 per pound of ROG
• Based on industry reported costs
• Includes reporting costs
20 2/19/2015 Regulatory Proposal
Overview
Section 1: Background
Section 2: Emissions Control
Section 3: Regulatory Proposal
Section 4: Staff Recommendation
21 2/19/2015
Stakeholder Participation
• Received extensive input from stakeholders
• Held five workshops and participated in over
40 stakeholder meetings
• Addressed numerous stakeholder concerns
• Worked collaboratively on the regulatory
proposal
22 2/19/2015 Staff Recommendation
ARB Responses
to Stakeholder Concerns
• Harmonized with U.S. EPA test procedures
• Delayed implementation
• Reduced scope of proposal
2/19/2015 23 Staff Recommendation
Proposed 15-Day Change
• Staff proposes minor changes to improve clarity
in the regulation
• Would provide for clarification of test procedure
applicability and design requirements
24 2/19/2015 Staff Recommendation
Staff Recommendation
• Emissions reductions needed for air quality goals
• Rule is implemented beginning in 2018
• Controls are technologically feasible
• Proposal is cost-effective
• Staff recommends adoption with a 15-day change
25 2/19/2015 Staff Recommendation
Proposed Spark-Ignition Marine
Watercraft (SIMW) Evaporative
Emission Control Requirements
Sacramento, CA
February 19, 2015
27
Design-Based Standards: ≤ 30 kW (40 HP)
• All evaporative emission standards (including fuel cap,
fitting, and carbon requirements) and test procedures
will be harmonized with U.S. EPA
Model Year
(MY) Effective
Date
Fuel Hose
Permeation (grams/m2/day ROG)
Fuel Tank
Permeation (grams/m2/
day ROG )
Diurnal
Requirement (grams/gallon/
day HC)
Fuel
Injection or
Equivalent
(grams/hour)
2018 and later 15.0 1.5 0.4 None
Test Procedure 40 CFR §1060.515 40 CFR
§1060.5201 40 CFR §1060.525 None
1 As an alternative, fuel tanks can be certified to 2.5 grams/m2/day at 40°C
2/19/2015
• Applicable to marine watercraft ≤ 26 ft. in length and ≤ 8.5 ft.in width
Trailerable Boats
Model Year
Effective
Date
Fuel Hose
Permeation (grams ROG/m2/day)
Fuel Tank
Permeation (grams ROG/m2/day)
Diurnal Tank Venting Loss
Requirement (grams HC/gallon/day)
Meet Fuel Injection
Definition or Equivalent
Performance Standard (grams HC/hour)
Canister Non-Canister
2018 and
2019 10.0 0.70 0.25
65% reduction from
uncontrolled
HC emissions
0.4
2020 and
later 5.01 0.70 0.25
65% reduction from
uncontrolled
HC emissions
0.4
Test
Procedure
TP-1504 or
SAE J1737 TP-15042 TP-1503 TP-1502
1 Must be performed at 40°C 2 As an alternative, fuel tanks can be certified to 1.4 grams/m2/day at 40°C
Design-Based Standards:
> 30 kW (40 HP) Trailerable
28 2/19/2015
Design-Based Standards:
> 30 kW (40 HP) Non-Trailerable • Applicable to marine watercraft ˃ 26 ft. in length or ˃ 8.5 ft. in width
Non-Trailerable Boats
Model Year
Effective Date
Fuel Hose
Permeation (grams ROG/m2/day)
Fuel Tank Permeation (grams ROG/m2/day)
Diurnal Tank Venting
Loss Requirement (grams HC/gallon/day)
Meet Fuel Injection
Definition or Equivalent
Performance Standard (grams HC/hour)
2018 and 2019 10.0 0.70 0.16 0.4
2020 and later 5.01 0.70 0.16 0.4
Test Procedure TP-1504 or
SAE J1737 TP-15042 TP-1503 TP-1502
1 Must be performed at 40°C 2 As an alternative, fuel tanks can be certified to 1.4 grams/m2/day at 40°C
29 2/19/2015
30
y = 6066.3x + 73.69 R² = 0.9171
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Housing Starts (million unit)
Ou
tbo
ard
Ve
ss
el A
nn
ua
l S
ale
s
Outboard Annual Sales and Nationwide
Housing Starts
Data: 2014 UCLA Economic Forecast
2/19/2015
SIMW Population %
2/19/2015 31
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
SIMW Population
AuxiliarySail
PWC
Jet
Inboard
Outboard
Sterndrive
Po
pu
lati
on
by S
IMW
Typ
e
Calendar Year
SIMW Population
32
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
500000
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
AuxiliarySailPWC
Jet
Inboard
Outboard
Sterndrive
Po
p b
y B
oat
Typ
e
Calendar Year
2/19/2015
