ProposaltoEncodetheNewarScriptinISO/IEC10646ProposaltoEncodetheNewarScriptinISO/IEC10646 AnshumanPandey breathy’soundsofNewar. Thus,whilethebaseletterof hnais ,itmaybeparsedaseither/hna

ISOIEC JTC1SC2WG2 N4184L212-003R2012-02-29

Proposal to Encode the Newar Script in ISOIEC 10646

Anshuman PandeyDepartment of HistoryUniversity of Michigan

Ann Arbor Michigan USApandeyumichedu

February 29 2012

1 Introduction

This is a proposal to encode the Newar script in the Universal Character Set (ISOIEC 10646) Feedback isrequested from experts and the user community regarding the character repertoire the representative char-acter glyphs and other attested characters that are not yet proposed for encoding

Script Name The proposed name for the script block is lsquoNewarrsquo It is a tentative assignment and maychange based upon feedback from the user community

Allocation The block is allocated to the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP) at U+11400

Character Names Character names follow the convention used in the UCS for characters of other Brahmi-based scripts In some cases the character names differ from indigenous Newar names Where possibleNewar names have been provided as aliases in the names list

Character Repertoire The proposed repertoire consists of 91 characters (see the code chart and nameslist in figures 1 and 2) The intent is to enable the broadest representation of the Newar script from thehistorical forms of Old Newar manuscripts to the present style of lsquoPrachalitrsquo known as lsquoNepal Lipirsquo Therepertoire contains characters that may not be in current use but which are nonetheless historically attestedThe representative character glyphs are based upon the letterforms in Pracalita Lipiyā Varnamālā (NepalLipi Guthi 1992) Characters not yet proposed for encoding are identified in Section 5

Justification for Independent Encoding Although the Newar script has structural and graphical similari-ties to Devanagari it is proposed for independent encoding on account of its rendering requirements Theseinclude but are not limited to the combining and shaping behaviors of dependent vowel signs the shaping ofconsonant-letter headstrokes in certain environments and the contextual shaping of consonants in conjunctsThese are regular features of the Newar script and must be properly represented in plain text

Font The Newar glyphs used here are based upon the lsquoRabisonrsquo typeface developed by Rabison Shakyain 2002 for his Nepala Lipi Varnamala Alphabet of the Nepalese Script The present author has modifiedseveral of Shakyarsquos original designs and added several new glyphs

1

Proposal to Encode the Newar Script in ISOIEC 10646 Anshuman Pandey

2 Background

Newar is a Brahmi-based script used for writing Newar (ISO 639-3 new) a Tibeto-Burman language spo-ken by 825000 people in Nepal predominantly in the Kathmandu Valley The Newar language is knownindigenously as 70712706987070370719 70693707037069570716 नवाः भाय lsquoNewa Bhayrsquo and in the Nepali language as 70712706907070370697 70693707037070070703 नपाल भाषा lsquoNepalBhasarsquo Although it is called lsquoNepal Bhasarsquo Newar is distinct from the Indo-Aryan language Nepali (ISO639-3 nep) the official language of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal which is known also aslsquoGorkhalirsquo and lsquoKhaskurarsquo Newar is the fifth most-spoken language in Nepal It is also spoken by 14000people in the Indian state of Sikkim where it is recognized by the Government of Sikkim as an officiallanguage of the state The Newar language is currently written in Devanagari however the Newar script isbeing promoted as the written standard by various Newar organizations The script is also used for writingSanskrit and Nepali It was used historically for writing Maithili Bengali and Hindi

The Newar script is a descendent of Brahmi through the northern Gupta script It related to Devanagari andhas affinity to the Bengali and Tirhuta scripts Tables that illustrate the evolution of Newar characters fromBrahmi are shown in Figure 35 The Newar script is the modern and current form of the ldquoeven-headedrdquo orldquoflat-headedrdquo (पाचमोल pācumola) script which is one of three writing systems traditionally associated withNewar linguistic culture since the 10th century

The script is known by several names rsquoNepalrsquo rsquoNewarrsquo rsquoNewarirsquo rsquoPrachalitrsquo The first proper reference ap-pears in the 1654 inscription of Pratap Malla (r 1641ndash74) at Hanuman Dhoka in Durbar Square Kathmandu(see figure 7) where it is referred to as नवार आखर nevāra ākhara ldquoNewar Scriptrdquo The term नवारी lsquoNevarirsquo lsquoNewarirsquo is first used in the 18th century by Capuchin monks and it enters into common usage in English inthe early 19th century Both rsquoNewarrsquo and rsquoNewarirsquo are derived from the Newar self-designation नवाः nevāḥThe first use of lsquoNepalrsquo for the name of the script was by Pannāprasāda Jośī in Nepāla Deśyā Aksarabodha(1950) who called it नपाला र lsquoNepal Aksharrsquo The epigraphist Hemarāja Śākyavaṃśa identified the scriptas थ क ह चिलत िलिप lsquoThaunkanhe Prachalit Akharsquo in Nepāla Lipi Saṃgraha (1953) and in Nepāla Lipi-Prakāśa (1973) he called it चिलत नवारी िलिप lsquoPrachalit Newari Lipirsquo giving rise to lsquoPrachalit Lipirsquo or theldquoCurrent Scriptrdquo which is name by which the script is most commonly known The more indigenous name70712706987070370719 706577067170719 नवाः आखः lsquoNewa Akharsquo is also found At present the names चिलत नपाल िलिप lsquoPrachalit NepalLipirsquo and नपाल िलिप lsquoNepal Lipirsquo are promoted by Newar organizations Both lsquoNewarirsquo and lsquoNewarrsquo areused in English but the latter is the current scholarly designation for the language and script

The Newar script has been used since its emergence in the 10th century The first recorded use of the scriptis a manuscript of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra which is dated 908 (see Figure 3) The script was actively useduntil the latter half of the 18th century when Gorkha rule ended the reign of Newar dynasties in 1769 Afterthat time use of the Newar language and script began to decline In 1905 the Rana government bannedthe use of both the Newar script and language It imposed harsh discriminatory policies against the Newarlanguage including imprisonment and exile for those who studied the language and published in it The banwas lifted in 1951 when Rana rule was brought to an end However the effects of the policies against theNewar language and Newar scholarship in general linger in the present

In the latter half of the 20th century several efforts were undertaken to revive and promote Newar lin-guistic traditions Organizations were established for the preservation and study of the Newar script andmanuscripts The Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project (NGMPP) was a joint effort initiated in1970 betweenHisMajestyrsquos Government of Nepal and the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinschaft) It operated until 2002 and produced nearly 180000 manuscripts on microfilm NGMPP wassucceeded by the Nepalese-GermanManuscript Cataloguing Project (NGMCP) in 2002 and continues to op-erate at the Nepal Research Centre in Kathmandu Other efforts for the preservation of Newar manuscriptswere launched by Asa Safu Kuthi a private library in Kathmandu who goal is to digitize Newar manuscripts

2


In the 1980s Newars formed organizations to promote scholarship in the language and to revive usage of thescript Two organizations dedicated to the study preservation and promotion of the Newar script as wellas Ranjana are the Nepal Lipi Guthi (Kathmandu) and Lipi Thapu Guthi (Lalitpur) Nepal Lipi Guthi hasmost actively promoted the script It developed a standard for it in September 1989 under the advisement ofleading Newar scholars In March 2010 it convened the Nepal Lipi Encoding Committee in order to studyapproaches to encoding the Newar and Ranjana scripts in the UCS

Some of the historical and current applications of the script are

1 Inscriptions Nearly all inscriptions on stone copper plates and other materials from the 10th centuryuntil the establishment of the Shah regime in 1769 were produced in the Newar script (Kamal P Mallapersonal correspondence 2011) See figures 4 and 7 for examples of Newar inscriptions

2 Coinage The script appears on coins issued by Malla rulers until 1768 (see figures 5 and 6

3 Manuscripts Nearly 30000 manuscripts are written in the Newar script (Malla 1981 23) The ma-jority of these are manuscripts containing Sanskrit texts

4 Books The first books were published in the Newar script by the Nepal Printing Press in the 1960sPrinting was performed using metal types commissioned by Pushpa Ratna Sagar

5 Metal Fonts Printing technology for the script was first introduced in 1952 by Pushpa Ratna Sagar(Tuladhar 2009) Sagar commissioned Gyan Ratna Bajracharya to design the glyphs and sent thedrawings to the Eastern Type Foundry in Kolkata India The first Newar typewriter was producedby Sagar in 1986 The glyphs were designed by Keshav Ratna Bajracharya and taken by Sagar toAllahabad India where typebars were developed by the Characters Types foundry and fitted to aRemington typewriter

6 Literary Periodicals Several literary journals and periodicals have been published in theNewar scriptduring the past decade The Paubha is a quarterly journal published by the Nepal Lipi Guthi Kath-mandu The Lipi Pau is a monthly periodical (edited by Naresh Bir Shakya) published by ElohanPublications Kathmandu (see figure 14) The Thapu is a literary annual (edited by Rajit BahadurShrestha) published by Lipi Thapu Guthi Lalitpur

7 Government Publications The script is used in official government publications In Sikkim it is usedfor the Newar-language edition of the government bulletin titled Sikkim Herald (sub-editor MeenaPradhan) published by the Department of Information and Public Relations Government of Sikkim

8 Ephemera The script is used on cover pages of books the masts of newspapers greeting cardsinvitations banners and in signage

9 Digital Publications Activities aimed at the use and preservation of the Newar script and languageare currently conducted in digital media ldquoNepal Lipi Onlinerdquo 70712706907070370697 70704706977070470690 7065670697707037065870689 publishes an annualsupplement in the script which is distributed in Portable Document Format (PDF)

10 Digitized Typefaces Several digitized Newar typefaces are used for print and digital publications (seetables 2ndash5 for a comparison) The first was developed by Sunil Maharjan in 1994 for Navin PressSubhash Printing Press produced ldquoNewa Regularrdquo in 1999 A third font was designed in 2000 byRabindra Pachhai for Nepal Lipi Guthi Also in 2000 lsquoRabison Nepal Lipirsquo was produced by RabisonShakya These were followed by the lsquoKumarirsquo font designed by Rajendra Shrestha and lsquoSwatirsquoby Samir Karmacharya All fonts are based upon legacy encodings The most recent is lsquoAakharsquodeveloped by Suwarn Vajracharya and a team of designers

3


Although Newar users have adapted the script for use in digital platforms the solutions do not allow forthe representation of the Newar script in plain text The lack of a Unicode standard for Newar impedes itsuse in basic computing activities such as writing e-mails creating websites and in digital publishing aswell as in larger scale efforts such as localization and internationalization There are several organizationsdedicated to the preservation of Newar manuscripts and to the promotion of the Newar language and scriptsAn encoding for Newar in the UCS will provide the foundation for developing the necessary resources tosupport such efforts and to meet the needs of the Newar community in Nepal Sikkim and around the globe

3 Description of the Encoding

31 Structure

The general structure (phonetic order mātrā reordering use of virāma etc) of Newar is similar to that ofDevanagari It is written from left-to-right Certain consonant-vowel combinations are written as ligaturescertain vowel signs modify the graphical structure of the consonants with which they combine Consonantclusters are represented as conjuncts and independent ligatures

32 Virāma

The Newar 70716 is identical to the Devanagari It is used for silencing the inherent vowel of aconsonant and for producing conjuncts The default rendering of is as a visible sign

33 Vowels

There are 14 vowel letters proposed for encoding

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

Except for 70656 each vowel letter is written as a dependent sign when it is not initial

34 Vowel Signs

There are 13 dependent vowel signs proposed for encoding

70703

70704

70705

70706

70707

70708

70709

70710

70711

70712

70713

70714

70715

4


Vowel length Vowel length is typically indicated using dependent vowel signs However the sign 70719 is also used for marking vowel length (see Section 39)

Shaping behavior The 70712 70713 70714 70715 replacethe headstroke of consonants with which they combine

Contextual forms The 70703 70712 70713 70714 70715 are written using contextual forms when combined with the consonants 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699 The shaping behavior is described in Section 36

Category values General category and Indic matra category values are based upon the regular vowel signsnot the contextual forms (see Section 64)

35 Consonants

There are 33 consonant letters proposed for encoding

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

Each consonant letter bears the inherent vowel a represented by 70656 which is silenced using 70716

lsquoHeadedrsquo and lsquoheadlessrsquo letters Consonants are classified into two categories based upon their graphicalstructure those with a headstroke (70714706977068770706 moladu lsquoheadedrsquo) and those without (7071470697706947068770706 molamadu lsquoheadlessrsquo)There are 7 letters without a head-stroke 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699 When theseletters are combined with certain vowel signs the signs are written using contextual forms (see Section 36)

Consonant conjuncts Consonant clusters are written as conjuncts (see Section 37)

Contextual forms Two letters have contextual forms when they occur in certain consonant-vowel combi-nations 70693 rarr 70702 rarr (see Section 36)

Variant forms Several letters have glyphic variants which are to be managed through fonts = 70672 = 70678 =70679 = 70696 = 70699

lsquoResonant breathyrsquo consonants The glyphs are often included in script charts (seefigure 28) They are not independent letters but are conjuncts that structurally represent consonant clusterswith initial 70702 (see figure 16 and 22ndash24) In modern orthography yhey are used for writing the lsquoresonant

5


breathyrsquo sounds of Newar Thus while the base letter of hna is 70702 it may be parsed as either hnaor nha depending on its lexical environment These glyphs are to be treated as conjuncts and are to berepresented with 70702 as the initial consonant The tables below show the correct sequences for conjunctswith in initial and non-initial positions

Initial

lt70702 70716 70674 gt hṅa

lt70702 7071670679 gt hntildea

lt70702 70716 70684 gt hṇa

lt70702 70716 70689 gt hna

lt70702 70716 70694 gt hma

lt70702 70716 70696 gt hra

lt70702 70716 70697 gt hla

Non-initial

lt70674 70716 70702 gt ṅha

lt70679 70716 70702 gt ntildeha

lt70684 70716 70702 gt hṇa

lt70689 70716 70702 gt nha

lt70694 70716 70702 gt mha

lt70696 70716 70702 gt 70702 rha

lt70697 70716 70702 gt lha

The use of -initial conjuncts for writing lsquoresonant breathyrsquo consonants distorts the original meaning ofthese glyphs If users intend to write such letters using -initial conjuncts then the font must render both-initial and -non-initial clusters using identical conjunct glyphs

36 Consonant-Vowel Combinations

Consonant-vowel (CV) combinations are produced by attaching a dependent-vowel sign to a consonant letterCombinations involving certain consonants have additional rendering requirements as do those involvingcertain vowel signs The cases described below are normal behaviors for the script

lsquoWavy-headedrsquo signs The 70712 70713 70714 70715 havewavy headstrokes When they combine with a lsquoheadedrsquo consonant the consonantrsquos headstroke is removedlt70670 70712 gt rarr lt(70670rarr ) 70712gt rarr 70712 ke These signs are to be rendered in a font using a glyphsubstitution rule for the consonant glyph that specifies the following vowel as a contextual constraint

Contextual forms for lsquoheadlessrsquo consonants When a lsquowavy-headedrsquo vowel sign or iscombined with a lsquoheadlessrsquo consonant the vowel sign is written using a contextual form The contextualforms of and are two-part vowel signs

Regular Contextual Occurs with

70703 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70712 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70713 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70714 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70715 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

6


Examples lt70672 70703 gt rarr lt70672 (70703 rarr )gt rarr 70672 gā lt70672 70712 gt rarr lt70672 (70712 rarr)gt rarr 70672 ge

Contextual forms of other signs The following vowel signs change shape when they occur in CVs withparticular consonants


70706 70672 70685 70693 70699

Contextual forms of consonant letters In addition to the above the shapes of some consonant letters aremodified before combining with certain vowel signs


70693 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711

70702 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711

Ligatures The following CV combinations are written as ligatures

Ligature Encoded Representation

ju lt70677 70706 gt

jū lt70677 70707 gt

ru lt70696 70706 gt

rū lt70696 70707 gt

37 Consonant Conjuncts

Consonant clusters are written as conjuncts Conjuncts are represented using which is written aftereach consonant in a cluster Newar conjuncts are written vertically horizonally and as independent ligatures

371 Rendering Rules

Conjuncts are rendered using condensed half post-base and full forms of letters as well as independentligatures (see Table 1) Condensed forms are used for writing vertical conjuncts A condensed form is pro-duced by reducing the size of a letterrsquos body If present the right descender may also be adjusted vertically

7


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70670 mdash mdash

70671 mdash

70672 mdash

70673 mdash

70674 mdash mdash

70675 mdash

70676 mdash mdash

70677 mdash mdash

70678 mdash

70679 mdash mdash

70680 mdash mdash

70681 mdash mdash

70682 mdash mdash

70683 mdash mdash

70684 mdash 70685 mdash 70686 mdash

Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70687 mdash mdash

70688 mdash

70689 mdash

70690 mdash

70691 mdash mdash

70692 mdash

70693 mdash

70694 mdash

70695 mdash

70696 mdash mdash

70697 mdash

70698 mdash

70699 mdash

70700 mdash

70701 mdash

70702 mdash mdash

Table 1 Forms of consonant letters used in initial and non-initial positions in conjuncts lsquoCondrsquo =condensed form lsquoHalfrsquo = half-form lsquoPostrsquo = post-base form

8


depending upon the position of the letter in the cluster Half-forms are used for writing horizontal conjunctsHalf-forms are generally used only for consonants with right descenders A half-form is produced by remov-ing the right descender Post-base forms are contextual forms of letters that are used only when the letteroccurs in a non-initial position

The shape of a consonant in a conjunct is determined by its structure namely the presence of a headstrokeand the number of edges that touch the head height

General conjunct formation Below are the general rules for conjunct formation Ligatures and exceptionsare noted in the next paragraph

1 Single edge with descender This group includes the lsquoheadedrsquo letters 70670 70672 70675 70685 70689 70692 70691 70696 70697 70698 and the lsquoheadlessrsquo letters 70684 70699

bull Join at the top and bottom terminals of the descender lt70670 70716 70698 gt rarr kva lt70670 70716 70680gt rarr kta lt70672 70716 70696 gt rarr gra lt70699 70716 70675 gt rarr śca lt70697 70716 70697 gt rarr lla

bull The letters have exceptional behaviors

2 Single edge without descender This group includes the lsquoheadedrsquo letters 70674 70676 70677 70680 70682 70683 70687 70693 70702 and the lsquoheadlessrsquo letters70679 70681

bull Join to following letters at bottom center lt70676 70716 70696 gt rarr chra lt70679 70716 70675 gt rarr ntildeca

bull Join to preceding letters at the top-most edge lt70687 70716 70687 gt rarr dda

bull The letters and have exceptional behavior

3 Multiple edges This group includes the lsquoheadedrsquo letters 70671 70673 70678 70690 70694 70695 70700 70701 and the lsquoheadlessrsquo letters 70686 70688

bull Join to following letters at the bottom terminal of the right descender lt70694 70716 70692 gtrarr mbalt70694 7071670679 gt rarr mntildea lt70701 70716 70670 gt rarr ska

bull Join to preceding letters at the top edge of the lowered left descender lt70697 70716 70694 gt rarr lt70697 70716 70695 gt rarr lya lt70679 70716 70678 gt rarr ntildejha lt70694 70716 70695 gt rarr mya lt70701 70716 70690 gt rarr spa lt70701 70716 70694 gt rarr sma

bull The letter has exceptional behavior

bull When a lsquoheadlessrsquo letter is followed by a multiple-edged lsquoheadedrsquo letter (70671 70673 70678 70690 70694 70701 70700 70695 ) the head-stroke of the latter is removed and replaced by a shortdiagonal stroke (svāphuti) that connects the two letters This stroke originates at the right topedge of the lsquoheadlessrsquo letter and extends through the body of the lsquoheadedrsquo letter and connects toits right descender at 34 of the stem height For example lt70672 70716 70695 gtrarr gya lt70688 7071670694 gtrarr dhma The use of contextual forms of vowel signs with lsquoheadlessrsquo letters is discussedin Section 36 The same rules for these signs pertain to lsquoheadlessrsquo letters when they appear asthe base letter in conjuncts

Independent ligatures The clusters ksa and jntildea are rendered as distinct ligatures lt70670 70716 70700 gt rarr ksa lt70677 7071670679 gt rarr jntildea

9


Exceptions Certain consonants have other shaping behaviors when they occur in conjuncts

1 70670 When initial takes the shape When followed by a consonant with two descenders iswritten lsquoaroundrsquo the condensed form of the letter with its right lsquoarmrsquo extending through the followingletter lt70670 70716 70694 gt rarr ( 70716 ) rarr kma

2 70677 When initial is written as 70677 70716 70698 rarr jva When followed by a consonant withtwo descenders is written lsquoaroundrsquo the condensed form of the letter with its right lsquoarmrsquo extendingthrough the following letter lt70677 70716 70694 gt rarr ( 70716 ) rarr jma

3 70684 When non-initial is rendered as eg lt70700 70716 70684 gt rarr ṣṇa

4 70685 When initial is followed by 70670 or 70701 it is written as eg lt70685 70716 70701 gt = 70701 tsaWhen non-initial it is written as lt 70689 70716 70685 gt = 70689 nta When written as a geminate a is added to the glyph lt70685 70716 70685 gt rarr tta

5 70686 When is non-initial it is rendered as eg 70701 70716 70686 rarr stha

6 70696 The default shape when initial is the half form When initial in non-Newar words it iswritten as repha lt70696 70716 gt The behavior of initial is similar to Devanagariर but the rendering is opposite the default shape corresponds to the lsquoeyelash repharsquo while therepresentation with corresponds to the normal Devanagari repha Non-initial is rendered as 70690 pra 70681 ṭhra there are no vattu variants

7 70702 When initial is written as Non-initial letters are written within the lower left curveWhen followed by a consonant with two descenders the right lsquoarmrsquo of is extended through thenon-initial letter 70702 70716 70694 rarr ( 70716 ) rarr hma See also the discussion of lsquoresonant breathyrsquoletters using -initial conjuncts in Section 35

Orientation The current preference is for producing vertical conjuncts however manuscript sources showa variety of orientations such as horizontal and cascading Variations in orientation generally occur withletters that possess right descenders eg lt70689 70716 70687 gt may be written as and 70687 Conjuncts may alsobe written horizontally when clusters contain more than two consonants eg lt70689 70716 70687 70716 70696 gt iswritten as 70687 ndra These variations are a matter of rendering and are to be controlled at the font level

Explicit half forms Explicit half forms may be produced by writing +200D after eg lt70689 70716 gt rarr

Font requirements for the rendering of conjuncts It is expected that a basic Newar font will contain thenecessary glyphs for representing conjuncts A consonant cluster is depicted with the appropriate conjunctglyph only if such a glyph is available in the font If the conjunct glyph is unavailable the bare consonantsin the cluster are depicted using their full forms combined with a visible While such rendering ofconjuncts may not be typical they are necessary for the representation of the script in plain text

38 Digits

Newar has a full set of decimal digits 70736 70737 70738 70739 70740 70741 70742 70743 70744 70745 The following glyphic variants are attested divide = 70739 oslash = 70740 ugrave = 70741 Thesevariants are to be managed through fonts

10


39 Various signs

The following 6 signs proposed for encoding

1 70717 The candrabindu is used for indicating nasalization The variant form is attested

2 70718 The anusvāra is used for indicating nasalization The variant form is also attestedThe is placed at the right edge of the character with which it is combined

3 70719 This sign represents post-vocalic aspiration (h) The variant forms and are at-tested The is also used for marking vowel length (see Section 34)

4 70720 This sign is used for transcribing sounds for which distinct characters do not exist such asthose in loanwords See figure 44 for example of use

5 70721 This sign is used for marking the elision of word-initial 70656 a in Sanskrit as a result ofsandhi An example of use is given in figure 48 The Devanagari-like variant form is attested

6 70722 The sign has various uses (see figures 37 and 38) In somemanuscripts it represents nasalization it corresponds graphically to ং +0982 - In other sources it is used as a form of punctuation It has the variant forms and

310 Punctuation

The following punctuation characters are proposed for encoding See Section 5 for questions regarding theencoding of additional punctuation marks

1 70726 and 70727 The ends of sentences and larger text blocks are generally indicatedwith 70726 and 70727 There are several variant forms The distinctappearance of Newar daṇḍā-s and the existence of variant forms requires the encoding of these char-acters

2 70728 and 70729 The Newar is used as a phrase separator while the is used for marking the end of sentences

3 70730 This sign is used for marking breaks and filling gaps in a line at a margin (see figure47) It has several variant forms (see also figure 50) Examples of use of variant forms aregiven in figures 42 and 43

4 70731 This sign is used for inter-word and intra-word spacing

5 70732 This sign is used for indicating abbreviation (see figure 46)

6 70733 This sign is used for indicating abbreviation

The following punctuation character is not proposed for encoding

1 The middle dot is often used in manuscripts for marking word and other boundaties (see figure45) This character may be written using the generic middot +00B7

11


311 Invocation Signs

The following 3 invocation signs are proposed for encoding

1 70723 This sign represents the sacred syllable om It is also written literally using the sequence lt70668 70717 gt as 7066870717

2 70724 This sign represents the Sanskrit invocation िसि र त siddhirastu ldquomay there be successrdquoIt is written at the beginning of a text often with 70723 eg 7072470723 It corresponds to the sign āntildejī inrelated scripts such as Bengali

3 70725 This sign represents the Sanskrit benediction वि त svasti ldquomay it be auspiciousrdquo It hasseveral glyphic variants eg

312 Ornamental Marks

The following ornamental marks are proposed for encoding

1 70746 This sign is used for marking the end of text sections (see figures 40 and 41)

2 70747 This sign is used for marking the end of text sections

3 70748 This sign is used for filling gaps in a line and as a mark for end of text

The following space-filling character is not proposed for encoding

1 This sign is used for marking ends of sections and as a space-filling mark (see figure 41) Itcorresponds to +A8F8 It may be represented using the Devanagaricharacter

313 Collation

The primary sort order for Newar is as follows

70656 lt 70657 lt 70658 lt 70659 lt 70660 lt 70661 lt 70662 lt

70663 lt 70664 lt 70665 lt 70666 lt 70667 lt 70668 lt

70669 lt 70670 lt 70671 lt 70672 lt 70673 lt 70674 lt 70675 lt 70676 lt

70677 lt 70678 lt 70679 lt 70680 lt 70681 lt 70682 lt 70683 lt



70700 lt 70701 lt 70702 lt 70703 lt 70704 lt 70705 lt 70706 lt

70707 lt 70708 lt 70709 lt 70710 lt

70711 lt 70712 lt 70713 lt 70714 lt 70715 lt 70716

The following have secondary weights 70717 70718 70719 70720

12


4 Other Details

Kūṭākṣara Kūṭākṣara-s or monograms are calligraphic presentations of words or consonant sequencesthat written as a single ligature (see figures 9 and 10) These are presentation forms of text sequences Theyare out of scope for character encoding and representation in plain text

Headstrokes and Headlines The headstrokes of Newar letters do not connect to preceding or followingletters Connection of headstrokes of characters that form a syllable may occur such as in the combinationof a consonant letter and a dependent vowel sign The majority of Newar manuscripts attest this behav-ior However there is no particular rule that describes the joining properties of headstrokes Variationsin the writing of headstrokes are to be attributed to scribal preferences In modern digitized typefaces theheadstrokes of glyphs connect but this feature may be an influence of modern Devanagari typography

5 Characters Not Proposed

Several characters attested in Newarmanuscripts are not yet proposed for encoding Some of these charactersare described below along with the rationale for excluding them from the proposed encoding

1 Punctuation The characters and are used in some manuscripts for marking the ends of passagesection or larger blocks of text They are used alongside 70727 (see figure 39) Theyare also used at the end of section in conjunction with the70746 as 70746 (see figure 40) Theselsquoarrowrsquo daṇḍā-s have the glyphic variants and

2 lsquoLetter-Numeralsrsquo A numeration system using letter-like characters instead of regular digits is usedin several Old Newar manuscripts (see figure Figure 52) There are at least 27 such Newar lsquoletter-numeralsrsquo units (1ndash9) tens (10ndash90) and the hundreds up to 400 In many cases the number formsare used alongside digits see the Kāraṇḍavyūha published by Lokesh Chandra (1981) There areseveral variant forms and many letter-numbers resemble those of other scripts such as Brahmi It maybe possible to unify Newar letter-numbers with corresponding Brahmi characters

3 Editorial Marks Various editorial marks are used in manuscripts for indicating the addition ( )and deletion () of text as well as omissions eg kākapada Several such characters are shown inFigure 50 Should editorial marks be encoded on a per script basis or would be it reasonable to unifysuch marks in a pan-Indic block

4 Additional Ornaments There are several characters similar to the proposed 70746 (see figure51) Should these be encoded separately or unified with where applicable

5 Musical Symbols Several symbols are used in Bajanbol manuscripts for music notation (see figure11) Marks used for indicating rests of various lengths for drums include (Lienhard 1988 142ndash143) Other symbols are Additional research is required in order todetermine the number of such marks their meanings and the status of their usage

6 Newly-Created Vowel Signs The sign has been promoted by some Newar users as a new additionfor representing the vowel aelig (see Figure 53) The vowel exists in the Newar language but it is notdistinctly represented in the script or in Devanagari orthography for the language

13


6 Character Data

61 Character Properties

The properties for Newar in the Unicode Character Database format are

11400NEWAR LETTER ALo0LN11401NEWAR LETTER AALo0LN11402NEWAR LETTER ILo0LN11403NEWAR LETTER IILo0LN11404NEWAR LETTER ULo0LN11405NEWAR LETTER UULo0LN11406NEWAR LETTER VOCALIC RLo0LN11407NEWAR LETTER VOCALIC RRLo0LN11408NEWAR LETTER VOCALIC LLo0LN11409NEWAR LETTER VOCALIC LLLo0LN1140ANEWAR LETTER ELo0LN1140BNEWAR LETTER AILo0LN1140CNEWAR LETTER OLo0LN1140DNEWAR LETTER AULo0LN1140ENEWAR LETTER KALo0LN1140FNEWAR LETTER KHALo0LN11410NEWAR LETTER GALo0LN11411NEWAR LETTER GHALo0LN11412NEWAR LETTER NGALo0LN11413NEWAR LETTER CALo0LN11414NEWAR LETTER CHALo0LN11415NEWAR LETTER JALo0LN11416NEWAR LETTER JHALo0LN11417NEWAR LETTER NYALo0LN11418NEWAR LETTER TTALo0LN11419NEWAR LETTER TTHALo0LN1141ANEWAR LETTER DDALo0LN1141BNEWAR LETTER DDHALo0LN1141CNEWAR LETTER NNALo0LN1141DNEWAR LETTER TALo0LN1141ENEWAR LETTER THALo0LN1141FNEWAR LETTER DALo0LN11420NEWAR LETTER DHALo0LN11421NEWAR LETTER NALo0LN11422NEWAR LETTER PALo0LN11423NEWAR LETTER PHALo0LN11424NEWAR LETTER BALo0LN11425NEWAR LETTER BHALo0LN11426NEWAR LETTER MALo0LN11427NEWAR LETTER YALo0LN11428NEWAR LETTER RALo0LN11429NEWAR LETTER LALo0LN1142ANEWAR LETTER VALo0LN1142BNEWAR LETTER SHALo0LN1142CNEWAR LETTER SSALo0LN1142DNEWAR LETTER SALo0LN1142ENEWAR LETTER HALo0LN1142FNEWAR VOWEL SIGN AAMc0LN11430NEWAR VOWEL SIGN IMc0LN11431NEWAR VOWEL SIGN IIMc0LN11432NEWAR VOWEL SIGN UMn0NSMN11433NEWAR VOWEL SIGN UUMn0NSMN11434NEWAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RMn0NSMN11435NEWAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RRMn0NSMN

14


11436NEWAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LMn0NSMN11437NEWAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LLMn0NSMN11438NEWAR VOWEL SIGN EMn0NSMN11439NEWAR VOWEL SIGN AIMn0NSMN1143ANEWAR VOWEL SIGN OMc0LN1143BNEWAR VOWEL SIGN AUMc0LN1143CNEWAR SIGN VIRAMAMn9NSMN1143DNEWAR SIGN CANDRABINDUMn0NSMN1143ENEWAR SIGN ANUSVARAMn0NSMN1143FNEWAR SIGN VISARGAMc0LN11440NEWAR SIGN NUKTAMn7NSMN11441NEWAR SIGN AVAGRAHALo0LN11442NEWAR SIGN FINAL ANUSVARALo0LN11443NEWAR OMLo0LN11444NEWAR SIDDHISo0LN11445NEWAR SVASTISo0LN11446NEWAR DANDAPo0LN11447NEWAR DOUBLE DANDAPo0LN11448NEWAR COMMAPo0LN11449NEWAR DOUBLE COMMAPo0LN1144ANEWAR GAP FILLERPo0LN1144BNEWAR HIGH SPACING DOTPo0LN1144CNEWAR ABBREVIATION SIGN CIRCLEPo0LN1144DNEWAR ABBREVIATION SIGN CROSSPo0LN1144Eltreservedgt1144Fltreservedgt11450NEWAR DIGIT ZERONd0L000N11451NEWAR DIGIT ONENd0L111N11452NEWAR DIGIT TWONd0L222N11453NEWAR DIGIT THREENd0L333N11454NEWAR DIGIT FOURNd0L444N11455NEWAR DIGIT FIVENd0L555N11456NEWAR DIGIT SIXNd0L666N11457NEWAR DIGIT SEVENNd0L777N11458NEWAR DIGIT EIGHTNd0L888N11459NEWAR DIGIT NINENd0L999N1145ANEWAR FLOWERSo0LN1145BNEWAR VAJRASo0LN1145CNEWAR PLACEHOLDER MARKSo0LN

62 Linebreaking

Linebreaking properties given in the data format of LineBreaktxt

114001142E AL LETTER A LETTER HA1142F11440 CM SIGN AA SIGN NUKTA1144111445 AL SIGN AVAGRAHA SVASTI114461144D BA DANDA ABBREVIATION SIGN CROSS1145011459 NU DIGIT ZERO DIGIT NINE1145A1145C AL FLOWER PLACEHOLDER MARK

63 Syllabic Categories

Syllabic categories given in the data format of IndicSyllabicCategorytxt

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Bindu1143D1143E Bindu Mn [2] SIGN CANDRABINDU SIGN ANUSVARA

15


Indic_Syllabic_Category=Visarga1143F Visarga Mc SIGN VISARGA

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Avagraha11441 Avagraha Lo SIGN AVAGRAHA

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Nukta11440 Nukta Mn SIGN NUKTA

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Virama1143F Virama Mn SIGN VIRAMA

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Vowel_Independent114001140D Vowel_Independent Lo [14] LETTER A LETTER AU

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Vowel_Dependent1142F11431 Vowel_Dependent Mc [3] VOWEL SIGN AA VOWEL SIGN II1143211439 Vowel_Dependent Mn [8] VOWEL SIGN U VOWEL SIGN AI1143A1143B Vowel_Dependent Mc [2] VOWEL SIGN O VOWEL SIGN AU

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Consonant1140E1142E Consonant Lo [33] LETTER KA LETTER HA

64 Matra Categories

Matra categories given in the data format of IndicMatraCategorytxt

Indic_Matra_Category=Right1142F Right Mc VOWEL SIGN AA11431 Right Mc VOWEL SIGN II

Indic_Matra_Category=Left11430 Left Mc VOWEL SIGN I

Indic_Matra_Category=Top1143811439 Top Mn [2] VOWEL SIGN E VOWEL SIGN AI

Indic_Matra_Category=Top_And_Right1143A1143B Top_And_Right Mc [2] VOWEL SIGN 0 VOWEL SIGN AU

Indic_Matra_Category=Bottom1143211437 Bottom Mn [6] VOWEL SIGN U VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL1143C Bottom Mn SIGN VIRAMA

65 lsquoConfusablersquo Characters

Several Newar characters are similar to those of Devanagari Bengali and other modern Indic scripts lsquoCon-fusionrsquo data for these similarities are provided below

11400 NEWAR LETTER A 0985 BENGALI LETTER A11401 NEWAR LETTER AA 0986 BENGALI LETTER AA11404 NEWAR LETTER U 0909 DEVANAGARI LETTER U11405 NEWAR LETTER UU 090A DEVANAGARI LETTER UU1140E NEWAR LETTER KA 0915 DEVANAGARI LETTER KA1140F NEWAR LETTER KHA 0916 DEVANAGARI LETTER KHA11410 NEWAR LETTER GA 0997 BENGALI LETTER GA11411 NEWAR LETTER GHA 0918 DEVANAGARI LETTER GHA11415 NEWAR LETTER JA 099C BENGALI LETTER JA

16


11416 NEWAR LETTER JHA 11497 TIRHUTA LETTER JHA11417 NEWAR LETTER NYA 099E BENGALI LETTER NYA11419 NEWAR LETTER TTHA 1119C SHARADA LETTER TTHA1141C NEWAR LETTER NNA 1149D TIRHUTA LETTER NNA1141E NEWAR LETTER THA 0925 DEVANAGARI LETTER THA1141F NEWAR LETTER DA 0926 DEVANAGARI LETTER DA11420 NEWAR LETTER DHA 0927 DEVANAGARI LETTER DHA11421 NEWAR LETTER NA 0928 DEVANAGARI LETTER NA11422 NEWAR LETTER PA 092A DEVANAGARI LETTER PA11424 NEWAR LETTER BA 0935 DEVANAGARI LETTER VA11426 NEWAR LETTER MA 092E DEVANAGARI LETTER MA11427 NEWAR LETTER YA 092F DEVANAGARI LETTER YA11429 NEWAR LETTER LA 0932 DEVANAGARI LETTER LA1142A NEWAR LETTER VA 0935 DEVANAGARI LETTER VA1142C NEWAR LETTER SSA 0937 DEVANAGARI LETTER SSA1142D NEWAR LETTER SA 0938 DEVANAGARI LETTER SA1142E NEWAR LETTER HA 0939 DEVANAGARI LETTER HA1142F NEWAR VOWEL SIGN AA 093E DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN AA11430 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN I 093F DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN I11431 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN II 0940 DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN II11432 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN U 09C1 BENGALI VOWEL SIGN U11433 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN UU 09C2 BENGALI VOWEL SIGN UU11434 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R 0943 DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R11435 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR 0944 DEVANAGARI VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR1143C NEWAR SIGN VIRAMA 094D DEVANAGARI SIGN VIRAMA1143D NEWAR SIGN CANDRABINDU 0F82 TIBETAN SIGN NYI ZLA NAA DA1143E NEWAR SIGN ANUSVARA 114C0 TIRHUTA SIGN ANUSVARA11441 NEWAR SIGN FINAL ANUSVARA 0982 BENGALI SIGN ANUSVARA1144C NEWAR ABBREVIATION SIGN CIRCLE 0970 DEVANAGARI ABBREVIATION SIGN1144D NEWAR ABBREVIATION SIGN CROSS 0058 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X

7 References

Everson Michael 2009 ldquoRoadmapping the scripts of Nepalrdquo ISOIEC JTC1SC2WG2N3692 L209-325September 28 2009 httpstddkuugdkjtc1sc2wg2docsn3692pdf

Genetti Carol 2007 A Grammar of Dolakha Newar Mouton Grammar Library vol 40 Berlin Moutonde Gruyter

Grierson George A 1909 Linguistic Survey of India Volume III Tibeto-Burman Languages Part IHimalayan Dialects Calcutta Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing India

Government of Nepal 1962 ldquoTable of Evolution of Scriptsrdquo Prepared by His Majestyrsquos Governmentof Nepal Ministry of Education Dept of Archaeology National History Research Division Epi-graphic Sub-Division Prepared by Rāmesh Jang Thāpā Janaklāl Sharmā Hemarāj Shākya Editedby Epigraphist Hemaraj Shakya Simhadarbār Kāthmāndu

Hodgson B H 1822 ldquoNotices of the Languages Literature and Religion of the Bauddhas of Nepal andBhotrdquo Asiatick Researches vol XVI pp 409ndash449

Jhā Govinda [ed] 1999 क याणी-कोश [= Kalyānī-kośa (Maithilī-Amgrejī Śabda Kośa)] Kāmeśvara SimhaBihāra Heriteja Sirīja 4 1st ed Darbhamgā Mahārājādhirāja Kāmeśvara Simha Kalyānī Phāundeśana

जोशी प ा साद [Jośī Pannāprasāda] 1950 [ 1070] 70712706907070370697 707127069570703 7065670696 7071470688 [= Nepāla Deśayā Aksara Bodha]काि तपर ी वाग र छापाखाना झोछ लायकसाः

17


Lienhard Siegfried 1988 NepaleseManuscripts Part 1 Nevārī and Sanskrit Described by Siegfried Lien-hard with the collaboration of Thakur Lal Manandhar Verzeichnis der Orientalischen Handschriften inDeutschland Band XXXIII 1 Stuttgart Franz Steiner Verlag

िलिप थप गिथ [Lipi Thapū Guthi] 1995 [ 1115] चिलत नपाल िलिप वणमाला ldquoPracalita Nepāla LipiVarnamālārdquo in र ना िलिप वणमाला ldquoRantildejanā Lipi Varnamālārdquo यल िलिप थप गिथ

Lokesh Chandra 1977 Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra Sanskrit Manuscript from Nepal Śata-Piṭaka Series v 234Tripiṭaka Sūtrapiṭaka Laṅkāvatārasūtra Reproduced by Lokesh Chandra from the collection ofRaghuvira New Delhi Sharda Rani

mdashmdashmdash 1981 Kāraṇḍavyūha and Other Texts Sanskrit Manuscripts from Nepal Reproduced by LokeshChandra from the collection of Prof Raghuvira Śata-Piṭaka Series Indo-Asian Literatures vol 268New Delhi Sharda Rani

Malla Kamal P 1981 Classical Newari Literature A Sketch Kathmandu Nepal Study Center

ldquoThe Newahrdquo 2009 ldquoNepal Script 1 (Prachalit Lipi Lesson 1)rdquo httpthenewahgooglegroupscomwebPrachalit+Nepal+Script-1pdf

Pandey Anshuman 2011 ldquoPreliminary Proposal to Encode the Prachalit Nepal Script in ISOIEC 10646rdquoISOIEC JTC1SC2WG2 N4038 L211-152 May 3 2011 httpstddkuugdkjtc1sc2wg2

docsn4038pdf

राजवशी श करमान [Rajavanshi Shankarman] 2010 [1953] ाचीन िलिप वणमाला [Prācīna lipi varnamālā]परात व काशन माला mdash ३ काठमा डौ परात व र स कित िवभाग ी ५ को सरकार

mdashmdashmdash 2017 [1960] ाचीन िलिप िवकास [Prācīna lipi vikāsa] परात व काशन माला mdash ४ काठमा डौपरात व र स कित िवभाग ी ५ को सरकार

mdashmdashmdash 1974 ldquoनपाली िलिपिवकासmdash अ र तथा िलिपवणनrdquo [ldquoThe Evolution of Devanagari Scriptrdquo] Kailashndash A Journal of Himalayan Studies vol 2 nos 1 and 2 pp 23ndash120 httphimalayasocanthcamacukcollectionsjournalskailashpdfkailash_02_0102_03pdf

र मी दनशच [Regmi Dineshcandra] 2060 [2003] परालखन र अिभलख (Palaeography and Epigraphy)Kathmandu Himalaya Book Stall

शा यवश हमराज [Shakyavansha Hemraj] 2031 [1974] नपाल िलिप- काश [Lipi-Prakāśa Nepala] काठमाडौनपाल राजक य ा- ित ान

mdashmdashmdash 2042 [1985] नपाल िलिप स ह [Nepāla Lipi Saṃgraha] ndash Nepalese Alphabet 7th ed of 1953original printed by Mānadāsa Sugatadāsa Kathmandu Vasantarāja Tulādhara

Schoslashyen Collection Guhyasamāja Tantra Mss 2096 httpwwwschoyencollectioncombuddhismhtml2096

Shaw Miranda 2006 Buddhist Goddesses of India Princeton Princeton University Press

Tuladhar Kamal Ratna 2009 ldquoA man of lettersrdquo The Kathmandu Post March 22 2009 httpwwwekantipurcomthe-kathmandu-post20090322expressiona-man-of-letters185728html

Vajracharya Suwarn 2010 ldquoTowards Encoding Nepal Scripts A Report and Preliminary ProposalrdquoPaper Presented on 20th March 2010 at the Consultative Meeting of Encoding Nepal Scripts Hotel

18


Harati Kathmandu Nepal httpwwwnepal-lipi-onlinecomTowards20Encoding20Nepal

20Scripts20-20A20Report20and20Preliminary20Proposalpdf

van Driem George 2001 Languages of the Himalayas An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the GreaterHimalayan Region Vol 2 Handbook of Oriental Studies Section 2 (India) Vol 10 Leiden Brill

8 Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Kamal P Malla (Professor Emeritus Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Nepal) for kindlyoverlooking my ignorance of the Newar writing systems and language and for patiently enduring my ques-tions about the script He has provided numerous detailed comments on previous versions of this proposalI have attempted to rectify as much as possible however any shortcomings in the present document areentirely my responsibility I am thankful to Iain Sinclair (Monash University Melbourne) for engaging innumerous valuable discussions about the character repertoire and representative glyph shapes and for pro-viding manuscript specimens as well as constructive critiques on general aspects of the encoding SuwarnVajracharya (University of Tsukuba Japan and Nepal Study Center Japan) conveyed the necessity of en-coding Newar in the UCS a few years ago and has continuously offered feedback on the character repertoireand various aspects of the encoding Patrick Hall (Language Technology Kendra Patan Nepal) has shedmuch light on the sociolinguistic conditions of the Newar language in Nepal and has engaged in severalinsightful discussions regarding the technical requirements for representing the Newar language KashinathTamot (Tribhuvan University Kathmandu) offered useful comments regarding the background of the scriptwhich have helped to improve the proposal Alexander von Rospatt (University of California Berkeley)has offered encouragement for my effort in developing this proposal and put me into contact with expertsand users of the script This proposal would not be possible without their invaluable insights and generousassistance

Adam Holloway permitted use of his photograph (figure 4) of a plaque at Sunko Dhoka Durbar SquareBhaktapur inscribed with the Newar script Stephanie Holloway provided details about the current usage ofthe Newar script

This project was made possible in part by a grant from the United States National Endowment for the Hu-manities which funded the Universal Scripts Project (part of the Script Encoding Initiative at the Universityof California Berkeley) Any views findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publicationdo not necessarily reflect those of the National Endowment of the Humanities

19


Printed using UniBooktrade(httpwwwunicodeorgunibook)

Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

Figure 1 Proposed code chart for Newar

20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400

Various signs1143C $ 70716 NEWAR SIGN VIRAMA

= tutipala halant1143D $ 70717 NEWAR SIGN CANDRABINDU

= milaphuti1143E $ 70718 NEWAR SIGN ANUSVARA

= sinhaphuti1143F $70719 NEWAR SIGN VISARGA

= lyuphutibull Also used for marking vowel length

11440 $ 70720 NEWAR SIGN NUKTA11441 70721 NEWAR SIGN AVAGRAHA11442 70722 NEWAR SIGN FINAL ANUSVARA

bull Used for nasalization= small mbull Also used for punctuation

Invocation signs11443 70723 NEWAR OM11444 70724 NEWAR SIDDHI

bull Written at the beginning of a text= bhin chin

11445 70725 NEWAR SVASTIbull Written at the beginning of a text

Punctuation11446 70726 NEWAR DANDA

= dipu chin11447 70727 NEWAR DOUBLE DANDA

= nidhvah dipu chin11448 70728 NEWAR COMMA

bull Phrase separator11449 70729 NEWAR DOUBLE COMMA

bull Phrase separator1144A 70730 NEWAR GAP FILLER

bull Used for filling gaps at end of line= thay jayke chinbull Also used for hyphenation= khangva svapu chin

1144B 70731 NEWAR HIGH SPACING DOT1144C 70732 NEWAR ABBREVIATION SIGN CIRCLE1144D 70733 NEWAR ABBREVIATION SIGN CROSS

Digits11450 70736 NEWAR DIGIT ZERO11451 70737 NEWAR DIGIT ONE11452 70738 NEWAR DIGIT TWO11453 70739 NEWAR DIGIT THREE11454 70740 NEWAR DIGIT FOUR11455 70741 NEWAR DIGIT FIVE11456 70742 NEWAR DIGIT SIX11457 70743 NEWAR DIGIT SEVEN11458 70744 NEWAR DIGIT EIGHT11459 70745 NEWAR DIGIT NINE

Various signs1145A 70746 NEWAR FLOWER

= pushpika1145B 70747 NEWAR VAJRA1145C 70748 NEWAR PLACEHOLDER MARK

The script is also known as Nepal Lipi Nepalakshar NewahAkhah Newari Pachumol and Prachalit

Independent vowels11400 70656 NEWAR LETTER A11401 70657 NEWAR LETTER AA11402 70658 NEWAR LETTER I11403 70659 NEWAR LETTER II11404 70660 NEWAR LETTER U11405 70661 NEWAR LETTER UU11406 70662 NEWAR LETTER VOCALIC R11407 70663 NEWAR LETTER VOCALIC RR11408 70664 NEWAR LETTER VOCALIC L11409 70665 NEWAR LETTER VOCALIC LL1140A 70666 NEWAR LETTER E1140B 70667 NEWAR LETTER AI1140C 70668 NEWAR LETTER O1140D 70669 NEWAR LETTER AU

Consonants1140E 70670 NEWAR LETTER KA1140F 70671 NEWAR LETTER KHA11410 70672 NEWAR LETTER GA11411 70673 NEWAR LETTER GHA11412 70674 NEWAR LETTER NGA11413 70675 NEWAR LETTER CA11414 70676 NEWAR LETTER CHA11415 70677 NEWAR LETTER JA11416 70678 NEWAR LETTER JHA11417 70679 NEWAR LETTER NYA11418 70680 NEWAR LETTER TTA11419 70681 NEWAR LETTER TTHA1141A 70682 NEWAR LETTER DDA1141B 70683 NEWAR LETTER DDHA1141C 70684 NEWAR LETTER NNA1141D 70685 NEWAR LETTER TA1141E 70686 NEWAR LETTER THA1141F 70687 NEWAR LETTER DA11420 70688 NEWAR LETTER DHA11421 70689 NEWAR LETTER NA11422 70690 NEWAR LETTER PA11423 70691 NEWAR LETTER PHA11424 70692 NEWAR LETTER BA11425 70693 NEWAR LETTER BHA11426 70694 NEWAR LETTER MA11427 70695 NEWAR LETTER YA11428 70696 NEWAR LETTER RA11429 70697 NEWAR LETTER LA1142A 70698 NEWAR LETTER VA1142B 70699 NEWAR LETTER SHA1142C 70700 NEWAR LETTER SSA1142D 70701 NEWAR LETTER SA1142E 70702 NEWAR LETTER HA

Dependent vowel signs1142F $70703 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN AA11430 $ 70704 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN I11431 $ 70705 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN II11432 $ 70706 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN U11433 $ 70707 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN UU11434 $ 70708 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R11435 $ 70709 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR11436 $ 70710 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC L11437 $ 70711 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC LL11438 $ 70712 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN E11439 $ 70713 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN AI1143A $ 70714 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN O1143B $ 70715 NEWAR VOWEL SIGN AU

Figure 2 Proposed names list for Newar

21


A Sample Newar Documents

22


Figure3Thefirstfolio

oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23


Figure 4 An 18th century Newar inscription at Sunko Dhoka at Durbar Square Bhaktapur Photocourtesy of Adam Holloway

24


Obverse Reverse

Figure 5 A silver quarter tanka of Bhupatindra Malla from 1696 ( 816) The reverse reads 70705 707057067770695 70707706907068570705 70718 70694 7071270698 It bears the date 707447073770742 816

Obverse Reverse

Figure 6 A silver half mohar of Jaya Prakash Malla from 1753 ( 873) The observe reads fromclockwise 7070570738 7067770695 706707070370699 70694 It continues on the reverse 7071270698 It bears the date 707447074370739 873

25


Figure7Aninscriptionby

king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT

heinscriptionhastextin15

scriptsItisthe

firstattested

usageofthenamenevāra

ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from

Nepaldated1801TheNew

arscriptiswritteningoldinkon

indigo

paper

(fromTheSchoslashyenCollectionMss2096)

27


Figure 9 Examples of kūṭākṣara ldquomonogramrdquo in the Newar script (from Rajbanshi 1974 Plate80) These examples show two forms of

28


Figure 10 Folios of a manuscript showing the use of kūṭākṣara-s in running text (from Lienhard1988 Plate IX) 29


Figure 11 Folios of a bājanabol manuscript written in Newar (from Lienhard 1988 Plate X) Themusical notation symbols shown in the folios are discussed in Section 5 item 5

30


Figure 12 Rendering of an inscription in the Newar script (from Shakyavansha 1973 44)

31


Figure 13 Specimen of lsquoNewarirsquo from the Linguistic Survey of India (from Grierson 1909 221)

32


- notg]znotaLnot zFnotS - g]notkf notof dtradelnotnnots not+notjnott g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotofnott notnotnotsfnot+ cflwnotsfnotLnots notdfnotGnottf notaLnotdfmacrursquo notdfu notIgravenotaAnotof notrA+ursquo cfnotkfnotnotn+ OL notbo]wlsquo+notsnotnzFnotx notAacutenotAacutenottnotoursquo noturdquo notefnotif noturdquo not+not lnottnotof notgLlnottnotof notsfnot)+ g]notkfmacrnotof dtradelnotnnots not+notjnott notIgravefnotan]+ x] notpnottnotkLnotnotnotgnoto notnfnotgfnotrA+ursquo notblsquonoturdquo Onotnnotnoto g]notkf notof cflwnotsfnotLnots not+notjnottnotof notdfnotGnottf notbo]wlsquo+notsbullursquo g]notkfnotn not+notjnott notf)Fnottnotoursquo nothnotxfnotgLnotof zFnotnotgo] notnottnotgf x] notjg] wlsquo+notsbullursquo notvmacrg]notjfmacr notefnot+ notgAnotjfOlnotknot h]notn g]notnnotof not=nothfnoto lnotn_+ g]notkfnotn not+notjnott lnottly notpermilnotnfnottmacrursquo g]notkfnotnnotefnotif+ notrAnotofnottmacrursquo notndash+ notg+ notnotEA+notofnott cnotbfnotnnott+ notdfnotnotGnottf notdnotaLursquo lnotg)noto notfnotnotanothlnotgnots notAcirc_lnotn+ g]notkfnotnnotefnotif notj g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof notpermilnotnfnotalsquonotnf cflwnotsfnotLnots notrdquonotk+ cnotˆ x] notAcircursquo notvmacrnottnot cordfy notnotv notf+ g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof lnottlylnotdlnott

g]notkfmacrlnotdnottnotoursquo nothLnotjnotnotgnoto clnotenotcentnotrdquonotk+ notpermilnotnfnotalsquonotnfnoto notnotjo]wlsquo+notsbullursquo notsfnot)+ ylsquolnotsnotof notkorsaquounotofnott notnotnotsfnotL cfb]z+ nothnots notkg] notdnot$lsquonottg]notkfmacrlnotdnottnotoursquo notfnotdflnothnots wFlnotdnots lnotlnottlylnott notj not+not fnot yAx] lnottlynotof lnotnw+notnotfnoto notnfursquo notAacuteOursquo notsfnot)+ notlsquonotlsquonotCcedil notrdquonotk+ g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof lnottly notpermilnotnfnotalsquonotnfnotnoto notjnotof x] notrAnotg notdlsquonotnlsquonotsnoto notjmacrursquo cg]nots notfnothglnottnots notklnotnotjnottnotg+ g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof notdfnotGnottfnotofnott lnotjordfznoti lnotiquestlnottO Y+notsfnotrA+ursquo notblsquonotk+notrfnotonott notsfnotnLnotg Onotnnoto g]notkfnotnotnnotefnotif notd+notsf notvnotn notof uampnotg notj notNtildebullnotb= lnote+nottrsquonotgf cfEcircrsaquonotnnotg+ g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof notaf] notregfnotknots notrnotrfnoto notxo]nott notnot$notn notAacutenotng]notkf notof dtradelnotnnots not+notjnott g]notkfnotn not+notjnott x] notbo]nots notbo]nots+ lnotjb]zL not+notjnott lnotanotAtildenotd not+notnotjnottnotof notpermilnotnfnotalsquonotnfnotof cfnotjZnotsnottf notdnotblsquo wnotofursquo clnotenotofnotg+ lnottnotanotnottf notsfmacrursquo notvmacr

g]notkfnotn not+notjnott 1110 notof notfnothglnottnots notklnotnotjnotnottnotg+ notdlsquonotnlsquonotnotsnoto notanotxlsquonotblnotnnoto notregnotjnotiquestf notiquestfnotknotgf notofnottyA notklnotnotjnottnotg+ g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof cfEcircrsaquonotnnotgnotofnott lnottnotamacr notregrdquoursquo notvg]notblsquog]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof notNtildebullnotb= notsndashnotNtildendash g]notkfnotnnotefnotif notd+notsfmacr notvnotnnots+ notb=notonotbnot+ notofnotgfnotjnotnotof notrA+ursquo notNtildebullnotb= lnote+nottrsquonotnotgf notf+not lnottnots notAacutenotnlsquonotnoto notfnothglnottnots g]nottf notnuFnotonott notkwFnotgnotdnot L x] notdrdquonotkfnotxf= notAacutenotofmacr g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof cfEcircrsaquonotnnotgnotofnott lnotgnotacircnotinoto Y+s_nott lnottnotamacr notregrdquoursquo notvg]notblsquo g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof notaf] notbnotofnotrA+ursquo cg]nots lnotjnotafnotb notj ylsquoursquo not+notjnottnotof notkordf)nottf z+notvwnot notfnotvAf notof notaf] cnotglsquonotuacuteFnotg notj

cWnotonotg notAacuteOnotdfmacrursquo notv=noto notnotnotsfnot+ cf nottnots notknotnfmacr notIgravefnotsfnotnotxmacrursquo notvg]notdnotblsquonotvnotonottnotnf g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof notkordf)nottf z+notvwnot notfnotvAf notofnott notnotnotsfnot+ notflnotnotlsaquo|noto lnotnotanotnotErdquolnott rsaquonoti)F notofnotgfmacr g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotofnott ynotk notdfnotGnottf notaLnott notA ursquo notvg]notblsquonottnot yA lnotjnotinoto unotxnotg cWnotonotgnotof notHf notnotnotsnotfnot notkfv_+ notIgravefnotsbullursquo notvg]notdnotblsquo g]notkf notof not$lsquonotpound+ x] notfnothglnottnots notkfnotnot L notj ylsquolnotd g]nottfnottnotonot+ g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof notNtildebullnotb=notsndashnotNtildendash lnote+nottrsquonotgf notEcirc_z notaLursquo notofmacrcn] notpursquo notnotEcirc_znoto g]notkfmacrnotof dtradelnotnnots not+notjnott g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof cflwnotsfnotLnots notpermilnotnnotfnotalsquonotnf g]notkfmacr notnotnotsfnot+ notofo]notdfmacr wnotofursquo notdfu notg+ notIgravenotaAo]ursquo notofmacrnottnot ylsquolnotk+ x] notfnothglnottnots notkfnot Lnott notnot$notnotn notAacutenotnotnwF notf ymacrlnotklnotgursquo wFnotkrdquo notj notdfnotGnottfnotofnott notIgravefnotan]+

notnA notd+s_ursquo notofnotgfnotjnotof notrA+ursquo notblsquo g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof cflwnotsfnotLnots notpermilnotnfnotalsquonotnfnotofnott notsnotofmacr notNtildefnotkfnotof notkwFnotgnotdnotˆL lulnotnothf notknotfnotb srsaquoOnotfnotnf+ ymacr notkwFnotgnotdnot Lnotof notHfnotsbull notblsquog] g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof lnottly lnotglnotnoth notsy+

yA notregnotanotxflnotnotsnottfnotofnott lnotxn]notdnot$lsquonotnottg]notkfmacr notnotnotsfnot+ g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof cWnotonotg notsfnotonotbnotn lnotgnotAg]ursquo rsaquonoti)F notg+ notofmacrursquo notvmacrnottnot notfnothglnottnots lnotvnotrfnottfnotgLnotof notsfnot)+ ulnotnottnotnfmacrursquo notsfnotonotbnotn lnotgnotAg]nott notnot$notn notAacuteOnotdnot$lsquonotnottnoturdquo Onotnnoto notAnotnfnotof

notDfnotb nottnotofmacr noturdquo notsfnotonotbnotn lnotgnotAg]nott notHf notAcircursquo notnotv notf+ ylsquoursquo notsfnotonotbnotn+ aampnotsnoto nothnots lnotlnotdnott notAacutenotnOL not$lsquoOwlsquo+notsfmacr notnotnotsfnot+ yA notnotsfnotonotnotbnotnnotof notDfnotb nottg]ursquo notj notHf notIgravefs_ursquo ordfzFnotnotr nottnots+ lnotknottnotdnotnotxnotn g]notkfnotn not+notjnott g]notkf notof dtradelnotnnots not+notjnott notvmacryA notnotecirc notfwFnot) notdnotvlsquonotv+ cfnotnotd nothnotgnottfnotof notenotnfOnotof lnotglnott+ lnotgnotA+ursquo not+notjnott notvmacr wnotnotofursquo notv=noto not$lsquonotpound+ x] lnotanot notdnotgrdquonottnotoursquo noturdquo x] wFnotkrdquo notblsquonottnot cordfy notv notf+ ylsquolnotsnotof notcflwnotsfnotLnots notj notnotnotsfnotL notrdquonotk+ notpermilnotnfnotalsquonotnfnoto notjo]not$notof notrA+ursquo notdnotblsquonotf)F notkwFnotgnotdnotnot L notrnotEcirc znotdordfznot+ ymacrursquo notkzFnotlnotgnots notnotxnotnothnottfnotof lnotglnott+ notefnotnottnotof noturdquo notkfnot notnoto notrn] notAacutenotofnotrA+ursquo lnotnotnotjnotAtildenotd not+notjnottnotofnott notkzFnotlnotgnots notrdquonotk+ notpermilnotnfnotalsquonotnfnoto notxmacrursquo notvmacrnottnot notdlsquonotnlsquonotsnoto notnotf)F zFnotnotgnotof

notknotrlnotnnott g]notkfnotn lnotnlnotknotof notnnotoktrade LIPI PAUPrachalit Nepal Script Month-

- k]noth 8

notf notLu$]not notnLnotgnotxfnotnotof

g]notjfnotLuLnottLnotdŸnotL- k]noth 5

Olnotxnotkf lnotnnotkf nrsaquonots+notyenfmacrlnotk+ lnotxrsaquonotnotgLnott

notNtildebullnotb= notj lnotsnothfnotklsquonothfnotof lnotg+lnott+ notfnotjnothlnotgnots lnotanotbfnotof notdfu notof_+ notkwFnotgnotdnotˆL notdfwnotjnotsndashnotdfnot g]notkfnotnnotofyFnoto notj+ursquo _lnotnordfuznotg notklsquonotrmacr

g]notkfnotn not+notjnott notnotj notnotnotnotsfnot cnotˆ zFnotx notAacutenotAacutenotof cnotˆlnotn]+ notdlsquonotnlsquonots not+notLnoto nrsaquonotsnottflnotˆnots u)nottnotˆ wnotsfmacr rsaquonoti)F notAacuteO wlsquo+notsfmacr notg+ g]notkfmacrnotof dtradelnotnnots not+notjnottnotofnott notfnotH+ cflwnotsflnotnots not+notjnott wnotsfmacr notgfnotnfnotsnotofmacr notpermilnotnfnotalsquonotnfnoto notdnotnotxmacrursquonotofnott notfnotlsaquo|not notklnottnotof u+noteLnot cfwFnot notofnotgfnotrA+ursquo notv=noto z+notsf notdnotblsquo g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotof cfEcircrsaquonotgnotofnott b]notonotof notknotdlsquonotv notfnothglnottnots notkfnot Lnottnotonot+ yA cfEcircrsaquonotnnotonotnotgnoto not+notnotnunotg notAacutenotofnotrA+lnotk+ notdnotgrdquonottnotoursquo notdfnotglnotnots notj notefnotjnotgfnotoslashnots ordfzFnoti) notofo]ursquo notHf notg+ notofnotgfnotrA+ursquo notvg]notblsquog]notkfnotn not+notjnotnott notfnotlsaquo|notof x] not+notjnott notv notf+ ylsquolnotsnotof cflwnotsfnotLnots notdfnotGnottf notkfnotCcedilLnotof lnotglnott+ g]notjf nott notnotanotxlsquonot+notVnots notrdquonotk+ notIgravelnotrnotnotnf notrA+ursquo notblsquog]notkfmacr notblsquog] g]notjf nottnotoursquo notdnotxnotOumlnotkrdquo) notErdquolnotdnotsf notx]nots notVnotnnoto notbnotofnotrA+ursquo notblsquocflynots notfnotdflnothnots notrdquonotk+ g]notkfmacr b]znoto g]notjf nottnotoursquo notErdquolnotdnotsf cunotrdquonotk+ notbnotofnotrA+ursquo notblsquoyA g]notjf nottnotnotnotonott notknoteflnotjnott notofo]ursquo lnotglnott+ notg+ notfnothnotgLlnottnot nottnotnotonot+ notErdquonotlnotdnotsf lnotecircnottfnotrA+ursquo cnotfnotefnotnoti cfmacr nothfx]not notAacutenotAacute+ notjnotnotofnotrA+ursquo notblsquo notj+ursquo g]notkfnotn not+notnotjnottnotnotof notNtildebullnotb= notsndashnotnotNtildendash g]notkf notof notkwFnotgnotdnot L notklsquonotinotknotsnotdnotn notbfnotxfnotn+ g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotofnott notflnotlsaquo|noto not+notnotjnott wnotsfmacr cflwnotsfnotLnots notrdquonotk+ rsaquonotnoti)F notofmacrursquo notblsquonottnot yA s_notjnotn rsaquonoti)Fnoto nothnots lnotlnotdnott notAacutenotof ylsquolnots+ notndash+ notHf notIgravefnotsfnotxmacrursquo notvg]notnotdnotblsquonotnotnotsfnotL notEumlnot+ notnotnotIgravefnotsfnotjnotof notrA+ursquo lnotanotAtildenotd not+notjnottnotof notaf] notndash lnotg)noto notofo]notnott notnot$notn notAacuteO notdnot$lsquonotnottcn] g]notkfnotn not+notjnottnotofnott notflnotlsaquo|noto not+notjnotnott wnotsfmacr rsaquonoti)F notofnotowlsquo+notsfmacr cfmacr ylsquolnotsnotof notEumlnot notj notdfnotnotGnottf notpermilnotnfnotalsquonotnfnotof notaf] notg+ notndash+ lnotg)noto notAcircursquo notvg]notdnot yA cfEcircrsaquonotnnotgnoto notnotIgravefnotgfnotrA+lnotk+ notdnotgrdquonottnotoursquo notefnotjnotgfnotofnott nothnots notxfnotsnotg+ notnotnotsmacr notaf+notdnotnfnots lnotecirct]ursquo notsndashnottmacr notAcircursquo notvg]notbnott g]notkfnotn not+notjnott g]notkfmacrnotof dtradelnotnnots not+notjnott ynotg x] notklnottnotkfnotbnotg notAcircursquo not+notjnott g]notkf notof cflwnotsfnotLnots not+notjnott notsy+ notpermilnotnfnotalsquonotnfnoto notjOursquo notv=noto unotg+ z+notsf notdnotblsquonotenotrf notIgrave notjf notnotenotrf notlnotnnotkfnotof OLnotof notv= nothnots notvmacrnotfnotlsaquo|notof notAflnotenotdfnotnotgnottfnoto notaAnotnnotgf notrA+lnotk+ g]notkfmacrlnotdnottnotonot+ lnotjb]znoto notpermilnotnfnotalsquonotnf notAacutenotofnotrA+ursquo lnotjb]z+ cfnotoflnottnott not+notjnottnotofnott notIgravefnotan]+ lzrsaquonotknot notofnotgfnotdnottOursquo notv=noto z+notsf notdnotblsquonotNtildebull g]notkfmacr lnotgnotdf)notof not~Anotnnoto notpnottnotkLnotnotgnoto notnfnotgfnotrA+lnotk+ notnotsnotn cflnotbnotjfnotL nothnotgnothflnott notefnotifnoteflnotinott ymacrymacrursquo notecircnotLnotsf notj notfnotlsaquo| notefnotjnotgf+ notpynotn notklsquoynotn notAacutenotofnotrA+ursquo Onotnnoto g]notkfnotn not+notjnott ymacrursquo lznotinotiquestfnotg notsfOursquo notv=noto z+notsf notdnotblsquoylsquolnots notnotsnotn notfnotlsaquo|k]notdL g]notkfmacrlnotd notnotsn]+ notnotknotk+ notwL notAacutenotofmacr notIgravefs_notdfmacrursquo notv=noto notg+ z+notsf notnotdnotblsquo

notb= 3 notigravefmacr 5 g]notkfnotn notnot+notanott 1129 stradenotnf 2066 crsaquonoth October 2009 notk[ 12 notdlsquo 5dividemdash

Figure 14 Cover of Lipi Pau magazine

33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ

रlsquoNepalAksharrsquovowelsand

consonants(fromJośī195012)

35


Figure 16 Tables of conjuncts (from Jośī 1950 5 6 8) Note in particular the 70702 initial conjunctsand their Devanagari correspondences

36


Figure 17 Chart of the Newar script (from Rajavanshi 1953 1)

37


Figure 18 Chart comparing various scripts used in Nepal (from Rajavanshi 1960 1) Note the useof the name पाचमोल pācumola for the Newar script

38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत

आखlsquoThaunkahnePrachalitAkharsquo(fromShakyavansha

198536ndash37)

39


Figure 20 Chart of चिलत नवारी lsquoPrachalit Nevarirsquo (from Shakyavansha 1973 39)

40


Figure 21 Chart of CV combinations for through (from Shakyavansha 1973 40)

41


Figure 22 Formation of conjuncts with (from Shakyavansha 1973 41)

42


Figure 23 Formation of conjuncts with and (from Shakyavansha 1973 42)

43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow

ellettersanddigits(fromLipiThapuGuthi)

45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47


Figure 28 Basic letters and signs of Prachalit Nepal from an online script tutorial (from ldquoTheNewahrdquo 2009)

48


C Comparative Charts

49


Figure 29 Comparison of letters to of Newari Ranjana Bhujimol etc (from Governmentof Nepal 1962)

50


Figure 30 Comparison of letters to of Newari Ranjana Bhujimol etc (fromGovernmentof Nepal 1962)

51



52


Figure 32 Comparison of letters and some ligatures of Newari Ranjana Bhujimol etc (fromGovernment of Nepal 1962)

53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54


Figure 34 Comparison of Maithili Newari and Devanagari (from Jha 1999 xxxindashxxxii)

55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56


Newa Pachhai Rabison Kumari Swati Aakha

c c c c अ cf cf cf cfi आ iquest O O C इ iquestL OL OL CL ई p shyp p curreni उ p shyp pm curreniaacute ऊ mdash mdash q mdash ऋ mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash ॠ mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash ऍ mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash ऎ P P P P ए P+ P+ P+ P[ ऐ C C C currenf] ओ C+ C+ C+ currenf][ औ

Table 2 Comparison of vowel letters and signs of various digitized Newar typefaces

57



mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash

f f f fi ा l l l l ि L L L L ी Ocirc Ocirc [ š [ agrave mdash mdash mdash mdash mdash _ _ ] ] ][ Ntilde rsaquo ]f f] ो Ntilde+ trade f f][ ौ


58



s shys s si क v notv v vi ख u u u u ग 3 shy 3 zi घ raquo shylt ordf i ङ r shyr r ri च 5 shy 5 qi छ h shyh h hi ज laquo shy~ E mi झ ` ` ` ञ 6 shy^ 6 ^i ट 7 amp 7 amp ठ 8 shy 8 i ड 9 shy( 9 (i ढ 0f ) 0f ) ण t shyt t ti त y y y y थ

Table 4 Comparison of consonant letters of various digitized Newar typefaces

59



() () b bi द w w w w ध g shyg g gi न k shyk k ki प middot shy$ W i फ a shya a ai ब e note e ei भ d shyd d di म o shyo o oi य shy i र n shyn n ni ल j shyj j ji व gt gt gt ` श if noti if $i ष shy i स x shyx x xi ह


60


D Usage of Characters in Manuscripts

61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam

alainamanuscript(UTokyoMSMatsunami419f238r)O

riginalimageprovided

byIainSinclair

62


Figure 37 Use of 70722 and dandas (from Lokesh Chandra 1981 317)

Figure 38 Use of 70722 after 70718 (from Lokesh Chandra 1981 317)

Figure 39 Use of and used alongside70727 (from Lokesh Chandra 1981 319) Note the sequence in the last line whichare written without the accompanying 70726

Figure 40 Use of and written with 70746 (from Lokesh Chandra 1981 357)

63


Figure 41 Variant of70746 in the form of a flower with stem and a (from LokeshChandra 1981 231)

Figure 42 Variant of 70730 at a mid-line break (from Lokesh Chandra 1981 348)

Figure 43 Variant of 70730 at end of line (from Lokesh Chandra 1981 323)

64


Figure 44 Text showing 70720 combined with 70698 (Asha Archives Mss 3327 folio 5v)Original image provided by Iain Sinclair

Figure 45 Text showing the use of the middle dot as a word and phrase separator (Asha ArchivesMss 3327 folio 5v) Original image provided by Iain Sinclair

Figure 46 Text showing the use of 70732 (Asha Archives Mss 3314 folio5v) Original image provided by Iain Sinclair

65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66


E Various Signs and Numerals

67


Figure 50 Various signs found in Newar manuscripts (from Shakyavansha 1973 84)

68


Figure 51 Various symbols and flourishes found in Newar manuscripts (from Shakyavansha 197385)

69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim

anuscripts(fromRanbanshi1974P

late85

and86)

70


Figure 53 Excerpt from Vajracharya (2010 7) showing various symbols used in the Newar scriptas well as a description of a newly-created vowel sign beikoh chin This vowel sign is not a candidatefor encoding

71

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 2WG 2 PROPOSAL SUMMARY FORM TO ACCOMPANY SUBMISSIONS

FOR ADDITIONS TO THE REPERTOIRE OF ISOIEC 106461

Please fill all the sections A B and C below Please read Principles and Procedures Document (P amp P) from httpwwwdkuugdkJTC1SC2WG2docsprincipleshtml for

guidelines and details before filling this form Please ensure you are using the latest Form from httpwwwdkuugdkJTC1SC2WG2docssummaryformhtml

See also httpwwwdkuugdkJTC1SC2WG2docsroadmapshtml for latest Roadmaps A Administrative 1 Title Proposal to Encode the Newar Script in ISOIEC 10646 2 Requesters name Script Encoding Initiative (SEI) Anshuman Pandey ltpandeyumichedugt 3 Requester type (Member bodyLiaisonIndividual contribution) Liaison contribution 4 Submission date 2012-02-29 5 Requesters reference (if applicable) 6 Choose one of the following This is a complete proposal Yes (or) More information will be provided later B Technical ndash General 1 Choose one of the following a This proposal is for a new script (set of characters) Yes Proposed name of script Newar b The proposal is for addition of character(s) to an existing block Name of the existing block 2 Number of characters in proposal 91 3 Proposed category (select one from below - see section 22 of PampP document) A-Contemporary X B1-Specialized (small collection) B2-Specialized (large collection) C-Major extinct D-Attested extinct E-Minor extinct F-Archaic Hieroglyphic or Ideographic G-Obscure or questionable usage symbols 4 Is a repertoire including character names provided Yes a If YES are the names in accordance with the ldquocharacter naming guidelinesrdquo in Annex L of PampP document Yes b Are the character shapes attached in a legible form suitable for review Yes 5 Fonts related a Who will provide the appropriate computerized font to the Project Editor of 10646 for publishing the

standard

The chart font will be provided by Anshuman Pandey pending the authorization for use by Rabison Shakya the original developer of the lsquoRabisonrsquo font from which the glyphs are derived

b Identify the party granting a license for use of the font by the editors (include address e-mail ftp-site etc) Anshuman Pandey (pandeyumichedu) and Rabison Shakya 6 References a Are references (to other character sets dictionaries descriptive texts etc) provided Yes b Are published examples of use (such as samples from newspapers magazines or other sources) of proposed characters attached Yes 7 Special encoding issues Does the proposal address other aspects of character data processing (if applicable) such as input presentation sorting searching indexing transliteration etc (if yes please enclose information) Yes 8 Additional Information Submitters are invited to provide any additional information about Properties of the proposed Character(s) or Script that will assist in correct understanding of and correct linguistic processing of the proposed character(s) or script Examples of such properties are Casing information Numeric information Currency information Display behaviour information such as line breaks widths etc Combining behaviour Spacing behaviour Directional behaviour Default Collation behaviour relevance in Mark Up contexts Compatibility equivalence and other Unicode normalization related information See the Unicode standard at httpwwwunicodeorg for such information on other scripts Also see Unicode Character Database ( httpwwwunicodeorgreportstr44 ) and associated Unicode Technical Reports for information needed for consideration by the Unicode Technical Committee for inclusion in the Unicode Standard

1 Form number N3902-F (Original 1994-10-14 Revised 1995-01 1995-04 1996-04 1996-08 1999-03 2001-05 2001-09 2003-11 2005-01 2005-09 2005-10 2007-03 2008-05 2009-11 2011-03)

C Technical - Justification 1 Has this proposal for addition of character(s) been submitted before No If YES explain 2 Has contact been made to members of the user community (for example National Body user groups of the script or characters other experts etc) Yes If YES with whom Kamal P Malla ltkamalmallagmailcomgt

Kashinath Tamot ltkashinathtamotnepalmandalorggt Suwarn Vajracharya ltsuwan_vjhotmailcomgt

Iain Sinclair ltrisinchotmailcomgt Alexander von Rospatt ltrospattberkeleyedugt

Patrick Hall ltpavhallbtinternetcomgt

If YES available relevant documents See text of proposal 3 Information on the user community for the proposed characters (for example size demographics information technology use or publishing use) is included Yes Reference Size of user community is unknown Script is used for print and digital publications 4 The context of use for the proposed characters (type of use common or rare) Common Reference The Newar script is used for writing Newar (Nepal Bhasa) Sanskrit and other languages

The script is also known as lsquoPrachalitrsquo lsquoNepal Lipirsquo lsquoNewarirsquo etc

5 Are the proposed characters in current use by the user community Yes If YES where Reference By speakers of Newar in Nepal Sikkim (India) and the diaspora 6 After giving due considerations to the principles in the PampP document must the proposed characters be entirely in the BMP No If YES is a rationale provided If YES reference 7 Should the proposed characters be kept together in a contiguous range (rather than being scattered) Yes 8 Can any of the proposed characters be considered a presentation form of an existing character or character sequence No If YES is a rationale for its inclusion provided If YES reference 9 Can any of the proposed characters be encoded using a composed character sequence of either existing characters or other proposed characters No If YES is a rationale for its inclusion provided If YES reference 10 Can any of the proposed character(s) be considered to be similar (in appearance or function) to an existing character Yes If YES is a rationale for its inclusion provided Yes If YES reference See text of proposal for similarities between Newar Devanagari etc 11 Does the proposal include use of combining characters andor use of composite sequences Yes If YES is a rationale for such use provided Yes If YES reference Combining vowel signs Is a list of composite sequences and their corresponding glyph images (graphic symbols) provided If YES reference 12 Does the proposal contain characters with any special properties such as control function or similar semantics Yes If YES describe in detail (include attachment if necessary) Virama See text of proposal 13 Does the proposal contain any Ideographic compatibility characters No If YES are the equivalent corresponding unified ideographic characters identified If YES reference


2 Background

Newar is a Brahmi-based script used for writing Newar (ISO 639-3 new) a Tibeto-Burman language spo-ken by 825000 people in Nepal predominantly in the Kathmandu Valley The Newar language is knownindigenously as 70712706987070370719 70693707037069570716 नवाः भाय lsquoNewa Bhayrsquo and in the Nepali language as 70712706907070370697 70693707037070070703 नपाल भाषा lsquoNepalBhasarsquo Although it is called lsquoNepal Bhasarsquo Newar is distinct from the Indo-Aryan language Nepali (ISO639-3 nep) the official language of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal which is known also aslsquoGorkhalirsquo and lsquoKhaskurarsquo Newar is the fifth most-spoken language in Nepal It is also spoken by 14000people in the Indian state of Sikkim where it is recognized by the Government of Sikkim as an officiallanguage of the state The Newar language is currently written in Devanagari however the Newar script isbeing promoted as the written standard by various Newar organizations The script is also used for writingSanskrit and Nepali It was used historically for writing Maithili Bengali and Hindi

The Newar script is a descendent of Brahmi through the northern Gupta script It related to Devanagari andhas affinity to the Bengali and Tirhuta scripts Tables that illustrate the evolution of Newar characters fromBrahmi are shown in Figure 35 The Newar script is the modern and current form of the ldquoeven-headedrdquo orldquoflat-headedrdquo (पाचमोल pācumola) script which is one of three writing systems traditionally associated withNewar linguistic culture since the 10th century

The script is known by several names rsquoNepalrsquo rsquoNewarrsquo rsquoNewarirsquo rsquoPrachalitrsquo The first proper reference ap-pears in the 1654 inscription of Pratap Malla (r 1641ndash74) at Hanuman Dhoka in Durbar Square Kathmandu(see figure 7) where it is referred to as नवार आखर nevāra ākhara ldquoNewar Scriptrdquo The term नवारी lsquoNevarirsquo lsquoNewarirsquo is first used in the 18th century by Capuchin monks and it enters into common usage in English inthe early 19th century Both rsquoNewarrsquo and rsquoNewarirsquo are derived from the Newar self-designation नवाः nevāḥThe first use of lsquoNepalrsquo for the name of the script was by Pannāprasāda Jośī in Nepāla Deśyā Aksarabodha(1950) who called it नपाला र lsquoNepal Aksharrsquo The epigraphist Hemarāja Śākyavaṃśa identified the scriptas थ क ह चिलत िलिप lsquoThaunkanhe Prachalit Akharsquo in Nepāla Lipi Saṃgraha (1953) and in Nepāla Lipi-Prakāśa (1973) he called it चिलत नवारी िलिप lsquoPrachalit Newari Lipirsquo giving rise to lsquoPrachalit Lipirsquo or theldquoCurrent Scriptrdquo which is name by which the script is most commonly known The more indigenous name70712706987070370719 706577067170719 नवाः आखः lsquoNewa Akharsquo is also found At present the names चिलत नपाल िलिप lsquoPrachalit NepalLipirsquo and नपाल िलिप lsquoNepal Lipirsquo are promoted by Newar organizations Both lsquoNewarirsquo and lsquoNewarrsquo areused in English but the latter is the current scholarly designation for the language and script

The Newar script has been used since its emergence in the 10th century The first recorded use of the scriptis a manuscript of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra which is dated 908 (see Figure 3) The script was actively useduntil the latter half of the 18th century when Gorkha rule ended the reign of Newar dynasties in 1769 Afterthat time use of the Newar language and script began to decline In 1905 the Rana government bannedthe use of both the Newar script and language It imposed harsh discriminatory policies against the Newarlanguage including imprisonment and exile for those who studied the language and published in it The banwas lifted in 1951 when Rana rule was brought to an end However the effects of the policies against theNewar language and Newar scholarship in general linger in the present

In the latter half of the 20th century several efforts were undertaken to revive and promote Newar lin-guistic traditions Organizations were established for the preservation and study of the Newar script andmanuscripts The Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project (NGMPP) was a joint effort initiated in1970 betweenHisMajestyrsquos Government of Nepal and the German Research Council (Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinschaft) It operated until 2002 and produced nearly 180000 manuscripts on microfilm NGMPP wassucceeded by the Nepalese-GermanManuscript Cataloguing Project (NGMCP) in 2002 and continues to op-erate at the Nepal Research Centre in Kathmandu Other efforts for the preservation of Newar manuscriptswere launched by Asa Safu Kuthi a private library in Kathmandu who goal is to digitize Newar manuscripts

2














3




31 Structure


32 Virāma


33 Vowels


70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669


34 Vowel Signs


70703

70704

70705

70706

70707

70708

70709

70710

70711

70712

70713

70714

70715

4






35 Consonants


70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702







5



Initial

lt70702 70716 70674 gt hṅa


lt70702 70716 70684 gt hṇa

lt70702 70716 70689 gt hna

lt70702 70716 70694 gt hma

lt70702 70716 70696 gt hra

lt70702 70716 70697 gt hla

Non-initial

lt70674 70716 70702 gt ṅha

lt70679 70716 70702 gt ntildeha

lt70684 70716 70702 gt hṇa

lt70689 70716 70702 gt nha

lt70694 70716 70702 gt mha

lt70696 70716 70702 gt 70702 rha

lt70697 70716 70702 gt lha







70703 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70712 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70713 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70714 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70715 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

6





70706 70672 70685 70693 70699



70693 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711

70702 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711



ju lt70677 70706 gt

jū lt70677 70707 gt

ru lt70696 70706 gt

rū lt70696 70707 gt



371 Rendering Rules


7


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70670 mdash mdash

70671 mdash

70672 mdash

70673 mdash

70674 mdash mdash

70675 mdash

70676 mdash mdash

70677 mdash mdash

70678 mdash

70679 mdash mdash

70680 mdash mdash

70681 mdash mdash

70682 mdash mdash

70683 mdash mdash


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70687 mdash mdash

70688 mdash

70689 mdash

70690 mdash

70691 mdash mdash

70692 mdash

70693 mdash

70694 mdash

70695 mdash

70696 mdash mdash

70697 mdash

70698 mdash

70699 mdash

70700 mdash

70701 mdash

70702 mdash mdash


8


















9













38 Digits


10


39 Various signs








310 Punctuation










11














313 Collation


70656 lt 70657 lt 70658 lt 70659 lt 70660 lt 70661 lt 70662 lt

70663 lt 70664 lt 70665 lt 70666 lt 70667 lt 70668 lt


70677 lt 70678 lt 70679 lt 70680 lt 70681 lt 70682 lt 70683 lt



70700 lt 70701 lt 70702 lt 70703 lt 70704 lt 70705 lt 70706 lt

70707 lt 70708 lt 70709 lt 70710 lt

70711 lt 70712 lt 70713 lt 70714 lt 70715 lt 70716


12


4 Other Details











13


6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard
























3




31 Structure


32 Virāma


33 Vowels


70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669


34 Vowel Signs


70703

70704

70705

70706

70707

70708

70709

70710

70711

70712

70713

70714

70715

4






35 Consonants


70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702







5



Initial

lt70702 70716 70674 gt hṅa


lt70702 70716 70684 gt hṇa

lt70702 70716 70689 gt hna

lt70702 70716 70694 gt hma

lt70702 70716 70696 gt hra

lt70702 70716 70697 gt hla

Non-initial

lt70674 70716 70702 gt ṅha

lt70679 70716 70702 gt ntildeha

lt70684 70716 70702 gt hṇa

lt70689 70716 70702 gt nha

lt70694 70716 70702 gt mha

lt70696 70716 70702 gt 70702 rha

lt70697 70716 70702 gt lha







70703 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70712 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70713 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70714 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70715 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

6





70706 70672 70685 70693 70699



70693 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711

70702 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711



ju lt70677 70706 gt

jū lt70677 70707 gt

ru lt70696 70706 gt

rū lt70696 70707 gt



371 Rendering Rules


7


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70670 mdash mdash

70671 mdash

70672 mdash

70673 mdash

70674 mdash mdash

70675 mdash

70676 mdash mdash

70677 mdash mdash

70678 mdash

70679 mdash mdash

70680 mdash mdash

70681 mdash mdash

70682 mdash mdash

70683 mdash mdash


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70687 mdash mdash

70688 mdash

70689 mdash

70690 mdash

70691 mdash mdash

70692 mdash

70693 mdash

70694 mdash

70695 mdash

70696 mdash mdash

70697 mdash

70698 mdash

70699 mdash

70700 mdash

70701 mdash

70702 mdash mdash


8


















9













38 Digits


10


39 Various signs








310 Punctuation










11














313 Collation


70656 lt 70657 lt 70658 lt 70659 lt 70660 lt 70661 lt 70662 lt

70663 lt 70664 lt 70665 lt 70666 lt 70667 lt 70668 lt


70677 lt 70678 lt 70679 lt 70680 lt 70681 lt 70682 lt 70683 lt



70700 lt 70701 lt 70702 lt 70703 lt 70704 lt 70705 lt 70706 lt

70707 lt 70708 lt 70709 lt 70710 lt

70711 lt 70712 lt 70713 lt 70714 lt 70715 lt 70716


12


4 Other Details











13


6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard














31 Structure


32 Virāma


33 Vowels


70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669


34 Vowel Signs


70703

70704

70705

70706

70707

70708

70709

70710

70711

70712

70713

70714

70715

4






35 Consonants


70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702







5



Initial

lt70702 70716 70674 gt hṅa


lt70702 70716 70684 gt hṇa

lt70702 70716 70689 gt hna

lt70702 70716 70694 gt hma

lt70702 70716 70696 gt hra

lt70702 70716 70697 gt hla

Non-initial

lt70674 70716 70702 gt ṅha

lt70679 70716 70702 gt ntildeha

lt70684 70716 70702 gt hṇa

lt70689 70716 70702 gt nha

lt70694 70716 70702 gt mha

lt70696 70716 70702 gt 70702 rha

lt70697 70716 70702 gt lha







70703 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70712 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70713 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70714 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70715 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

6





70706 70672 70685 70693 70699



70693 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711

70702 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711



ju lt70677 70706 gt

jū lt70677 70707 gt

ru lt70696 70706 gt

rū lt70696 70707 gt



371 Rendering Rules


7


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70670 mdash mdash

70671 mdash

70672 mdash

70673 mdash

70674 mdash mdash

70675 mdash

70676 mdash mdash

70677 mdash mdash

70678 mdash

70679 mdash mdash

70680 mdash mdash

70681 mdash mdash

70682 mdash mdash

70683 mdash mdash


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70687 mdash mdash

70688 mdash

70689 mdash

70690 mdash

70691 mdash mdash

70692 mdash

70693 mdash

70694 mdash

70695 mdash

70696 mdash mdash

70697 mdash

70698 mdash

70699 mdash

70700 mdash

70701 mdash

70702 mdash mdash


8


















9













38 Digits


10


39 Various signs








310 Punctuation










11














313 Collation


70656 lt 70657 lt 70658 lt 70659 lt 70660 lt 70661 lt 70662 lt

70663 lt 70664 lt 70665 lt 70666 lt 70667 lt 70668 lt


70677 lt 70678 lt 70679 lt 70680 lt 70681 lt 70682 lt 70683 lt



70700 lt 70701 lt 70702 lt 70703 lt 70704 lt 70705 lt 70706 lt

70707 lt 70708 lt 70709 lt 70710 lt

70711 lt 70712 lt 70713 lt 70714 lt 70715 lt 70716


12


4 Other Details











13


6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard
















35 Consonants


70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702







5



Initial

lt70702 70716 70674 gt hṅa


lt70702 70716 70684 gt hṇa

lt70702 70716 70689 gt hna

lt70702 70716 70694 gt hma

lt70702 70716 70696 gt hra

lt70702 70716 70697 gt hla

Non-initial

lt70674 70716 70702 gt ṅha

lt70679 70716 70702 gt ntildeha

lt70684 70716 70702 gt hṇa

lt70689 70716 70702 gt nha

lt70694 70716 70702 gt mha

lt70696 70716 70702 gt 70702 rha

lt70697 70716 70702 gt lha







70703 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70712 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70713 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70714 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70715 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

6





70706 70672 70685 70693 70699



70693 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711

70702 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711



ju lt70677 70706 gt

jū lt70677 70707 gt

ru lt70696 70706 gt

rū lt70696 70707 gt



371 Rendering Rules


7


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70670 mdash mdash

70671 mdash

70672 mdash

70673 mdash

70674 mdash mdash

70675 mdash

70676 mdash mdash

70677 mdash mdash

70678 mdash

70679 mdash mdash

70680 mdash mdash

70681 mdash mdash

70682 mdash mdash

70683 mdash mdash


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70687 mdash mdash

70688 mdash

70689 mdash

70690 mdash

70691 mdash mdash

70692 mdash

70693 mdash

70694 mdash

70695 mdash

70696 mdash mdash

70697 mdash

70698 mdash

70699 mdash

70700 mdash

70701 mdash

70702 mdash mdash


8


















9













38 Digits


10


39 Various signs








310 Punctuation










11














313 Collation


70656 lt 70657 lt 70658 lt 70659 lt 70660 lt 70661 lt 70662 lt

70663 lt 70664 lt 70665 lt 70666 lt 70667 lt 70668 lt


70677 lt 70678 lt 70679 lt 70680 lt 70681 lt 70682 lt 70683 lt



70700 lt 70701 lt 70702 lt 70703 lt 70704 lt 70705 lt 70706 lt

70707 lt 70708 lt 70709 lt 70710 lt

70711 lt 70712 lt 70713 lt 70714 lt 70715 lt 70716


12


4 Other Details











13


6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













Initial

lt70702 70716 70674 gt hṅa


lt70702 70716 70684 gt hṇa

lt70702 70716 70689 gt hna

lt70702 70716 70694 gt hma

lt70702 70716 70696 gt hra

lt70702 70716 70697 gt hla

Non-initial

lt70674 70716 70702 gt ṅha

lt70679 70716 70702 gt ntildeha

lt70684 70716 70702 gt hṇa

lt70689 70716 70702 gt nha

lt70694 70716 70702 gt mha

lt70696 70716 70702 gt 70702 rha

lt70697 70716 70702 gt lha







70703 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70712 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70713 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70714 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

70715 70672 70679 70681 70684 70686 70688 70699

6





70706 70672 70685 70693 70699



70693 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711

70702 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711



ju lt70677 70706 gt

jū lt70677 70707 gt

ru lt70696 70706 gt

rū lt70696 70707 gt



371 Rendering Rules


7


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70670 mdash mdash

70671 mdash

70672 mdash

70673 mdash

70674 mdash mdash

70675 mdash

70676 mdash mdash

70677 mdash mdash

70678 mdash

70679 mdash mdash

70680 mdash mdash

70681 mdash mdash

70682 mdash mdash

70683 mdash mdash


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70687 mdash mdash

70688 mdash

70689 mdash

70690 mdash

70691 mdash mdash

70692 mdash

70693 mdash

70694 mdash

70695 mdash

70696 mdash mdash

70697 mdash

70698 mdash

70699 mdash

70700 mdash

70701 mdash

70702 mdash mdash


8


















9













38 Digits


10


39 Various signs








310 Punctuation










11














313 Collation


70656 lt 70657 lt 70658 lt 70659 lt 70660 lt 70661 lt 70662 lt

70663 lt 70664 lt 70665 lt 70666 lt 70667 lt 70668 lt


70677 lt 70678 lt 70679 lt 70680 lt 70681 lt 70682 lt 70683 lt



70700 lt 70701 lt 70702 lt 70703 lt 70704 lt 70705 lt 70706 lt

70707 lt 70708 lt 70709 lt 70710 lt

70711 lt 70712 lt 70713 lt 70714 lt 70715 lt 70716


12


4 Other Details











13


6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard















70706 70672 70685 70693 70699



70693 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711

70702 70706 70707 70708

70709 70710

70711



ju lt70677 70706 gt

jū lt70677 70707 gt

ru lt70696 70706 gt

rū lt70696 70707 gt



371 Rendering Rules


7


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70670 mdash mdash

70671 mdash

70672 mdash

70673 mdash

70674 mdash mdash

70675 mdash

70676 mdash mdash

70677 mdash mdash

70678 mdash

70679 mdash mdash

70680 mdash mdash

70681 mdash mdash

70682 mdash mdash

70683 mdash mdash


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70687 mdash mdash

70688 mdash

70689 mdash

70690 mdash

70691 mdash mdash

70692 mdash

70693 mdash

70694 mdash

70695 mdash

70696 mdash mdash

70697 mdash

70698 mdash

70699 mdash

70700 mdash

70701 mdash

70702 mdash mdash


8


















9













38 Digits


10


39 Various signs








310 Punctuation










11














313 Collation


70656 lt 70657 lt 70658 lt 70659 lt 70660 lt 70661 lt 70662 lt

70663 lt 70664 lt 70665 lt 70666 lt 70667 lt 70668 lt


70677 lt 70678 lt 70679 lt 70680 lt 70681 lt 70682 lt 70683 lt



70700 lt 70701 lt 70702 lt 70703 lt 70704 lt 70705 lt 70706 lt

70707 lt 70708 lt 70709 lt 70710 lt

70711 lt 70712 lt 70713 lt 70714 lt 70715 lt 70716


12


4 Other Details











13


6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70670 mdash mdash

70671 mdash

70672 mdash

70673 mdash

70674 mdash mdash

70675 mdash

70676 mdash mdash

70677 mdash mdash

70678 mdash

70679 mdash mdash

70680 mdash mdash

70681 mdash mdash

70682 mdash mdash

70683 mdash mdash


Initial Non-initial

Cond Half Cond Post

70687 mdash mdash

70688 mdash

70689 mdash

70690 mdash

70691 mdash mdash

70692 mdash

70693 mdash

70694 mdash

70695 mdash

70696 mdash mdash

70697 mdash

70698 mdash

70699 mdash

70700 mdash

70701 mdash

70702 mdash mdash


8


















9













38 Digits


10


39 Various signs








310 Punctuation










11














313 Collation


70656 lt 70657 lt 70658 lt 70659 lt 70660 lt 70661 lt 70662 lt

70663 lt 70664 lt 70665 lt 70666 lt 70667 lt 70668 lt


70677 lt 70678 lt 70679 lt 70680 lt 70681 lt 70682 lt 70683 lt



70700 lt 70701 lt 70702 lt 70703 lt 70704 lt 70705 lt 70706 lt

70707 lt 70708 lt 70709 lt 70710 lt

70711 lt 70712 lt 70713 lt 70714 lt 70715 lt 70716


12


4 Other Details











13


6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard




























9













38 Digits


10


39 Various signs








310 Punctuation










11














313 Collation


70656 lt 70657 lt 70658 lt 70659 lt 70660 lt 70661 lt 70662 lt

70663 lt 70664 lt 70665 lt 70666 lt 70667 lt 70668 lt


70677 lt 70678 lt 70679 lt 70680 lt 70681 lt 70682 lt 70683 lt



70700 lt 70701 lt 70702 lt 70703 lt 70704 lt 70705 lt 70706 lt

70707 lt 70708 lt 70709 lt 70710 lt

70711 lt 70712 lt 70713 lt 70714 lt 70715 lt 70716


12


4 Other Details











13


6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard























38 Digits


10


39 Various signs








310 Punctuation










11














313 Collation


70656 lt 70657 lt 70658 lt 70659 lt 70660 lt 70661 lt 70662 lt

70663 lt 70664 lt 70665 lt 70666 lt 70667 lt 70668 lt


70677 lt 70678 lt 70679 lt 70680 lt 70681 lt 70682 lt 70683 lt



70700 lt 70701 lt 70702 lt 70703 lt 70704 lt 70705 lt 70706 lt

70707 lt 70708 lt 70709 lt 70710 lt

70711 lt 70712 lt 70713 lt 70714 lt 70715 lt 70716


12


4 Other Details











13


6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












39 Various signs








310 Punctuation










11














313 Collation


70656 lt 70657 lt 70658 lt 70659 lt 70660 lt 70661 lt 70662 lt

70663 lt 70664 lt 70665 lt 70666 lt 70667 lt 70668 lt


70677 lt 70678 lt 70679 lt 70680 lt 70681 lt 70682 lt 70683 lt



70700 lt 70701 lt 70702 lt 70703 lt 70704 lt 70705 lt 70706 lt

70707 lt 70708 lt 70709 lt 70710 lt

70711 lt 70712 lt 70713 lt 70714 lt 70715 lt 70716


12


4 Other Details











13


6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard
























313 Collation


70656 lt 70657 lt 70658 lt 70659 lt 70660 lt 70661 lt 70662 lt

70663 lt 70664 lt 70665 lt 70666 lt 70667 lt 70668 lt


70677 lt 70678 lt 70679 lt 70680 lt 70681 lt 70682 lt 70683 lt



70700 lt 70701 lt 70702 lt 70703 lt 70704 lt 70705 lt 70706 lt

70707 lt 70708 lt 70709 lt 70710 lt

70711 lt 70712 lt 70713 lt 70714 lt 70715 lt 70716


12


4 Other Details











13


6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












4 Other Details











13


6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












6 Character Data




14



62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













62 Linebreaking






15









64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard



















64 Matra Categories










16



7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













7 References








17









docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard



















docsn4038pdf











18





8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard















8 Acknowledgments




19



Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













Date 02-Mar-2012 1

1147FNewar11400

1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147

70656

70657

70658

70659

70660

70661

70662

70663

70664

70665

70666

70667

70668

70669

70670

70671

70672

70673

70674

70675

70676

70677

70678

70679

70680

70681

70682

70683

70684

70685

70686

70687

70688

70689

70690

70691

70692

70693

70694

70695

70696

70697

70698

70699

70700

70701

70702

$70703

$ 70704

$ 70705

$ 70706

$ 70707

$ 70708

$ 70709

$ 70710

$ 70711

$ 70712

$ 70713

$ 70714

$ 70715

$ 70716

$ 70717

$ 70718

$70719

$ 70720

70721

70722

70723

70724

70725

70726

70727

70728

70729

70730

70731

70732

70733

70736

70737

70738

70739

70740

70741

70742

70743

70744

70745

70746

70747

70748

11400

11401

11402

11403

11404

11405

11406

11407

11408

11409

1140A

1140B

1140C

1140D

1140E

1140F

11410

11411

11412

11413

11414

11415

11416

11417

11418

11419

1141A

1141B

1141C

1141D

1141E

1141F

11420

11421

11422

11423

11424

11425

11426

11427

11428

11429

1142A

1142B

1142C

1142D

1142E

1142F

11430

11431

11432

11433

11434

11435

11436

11437

11438

11439

1143A

1143B

1143C

1143D

1143E

1143F

11440

11441

11442

11443

11444

11445

11446

11447

11448

11449

1144A

1144B

1144C

1144D

11450

11451

11452

11453

11454

11455

11456

11457

11458

11459

1145A

1145B

1145C

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


20



Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













Date 02-Mar-2012 2

1145CNewar11400


























21



22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













22



oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













oftheLa

ṅkāvatāraSū

traintheNew

arscript(from

Lokesh

Chandra19771)

23



24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













24


Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












Obverse Reverse


Obverse Reverse


25



king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













king

Pratap

Mallaproduced

in1654

atHanum

anDhoka

inKathm

anduT


scriptsItisthe

firstattested


ākha

raldquoN

ewarScriptrdquo

26


Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












Figure8

Foliosfrom

amanuscriptofthe

Guh

yasamājaTa

ntra

from



indigo

paper


27



28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













28





30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard















30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













30



31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













31



32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













32










- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard




















- k]noth 8








33


B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












B Script Charts

34


Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












Figure15C

hartofनप

ालअ



35



36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













36



37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













37



38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













38


Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












Figure19C

hartofथकह

चिलत


198536ndash37)

39



40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













40



41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













41



42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













42



43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













43



44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













44


Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












Figure25V

ariantformso

fvow


45


Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












Figure26C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

46


Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












Figure27C

hartofNew

arscript(from

RegmiFigure27)

47



48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













48



49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













49



50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













50



51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













51



52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













52



53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













53


Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












Figure33C

omparison

ofdigitsofNew

ariRanjanaB

hujim

oletc(from

Governm

entofN

epal1962)

54



55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard













55


Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard












Figure35E

volutionofNew

arfrom

Brahm

i(from

Rajbanshi1974P

lates7

47576)

56





57






58





59





60



61


Figure36T

heNew

arvarnam



byIainSinclair

62






63





64





65


Figure47T

he70730

used

atends

ofline(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure48U

seof

70721

(fromLokesh

Chandra198141)

Figure49V

arious

punctuationmarks

(fromLokesh

Chandra198198)

66



67



68



69


Figure52L

etter-numeralsu

sedinoldNew

arim


late85

and86)

70



71






standard









