Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia

1 FOREWORD | Propose for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

Proposal for

Implementation of

Ombudsman System in

Cambodia

Council for Legal and Judicial Reform

October 2009

Phnom Penh, Cambodia October 2009

Supported by

i FOREWORD | Propose for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

FOREWORD

The fundamental principle of legality, the rule of law, is attenuated, when administrative

authorities are empowered to act in vast and important areas with a considerable degree of

discretion. And the lack of legal remedies may leave the individual in a state of frustration

when confronted by administrative decisions which he considers to be unfair, unjust, or

unreasonable.

One legal remedy, the Ombudsman, was introduced in the Scandinavian countries from the

beginning of the 19th

century. Numerous types of Ombudsman institutions were created all

over the world during the following decades.

In general, any kind of Ombudsman is created with the purpose to enhancing the protection

of the individual against abuse of administrative powers and other forms of

maladministration.

So far, there is no generally accepted definition of an Ombudsman. But, practically, an

Ombudsman is a person or an institution who receives complaints from aggrieved persons

against government agencies, officials and employees, or who acts on his own motion, and

who has the power to investigate, recommend corrective action, and issue reports.

Acknowledging the importance of the Ombudsman, the Royal Government of Cambodia has

proven its commitment through the priority action 1.6.1 of the Action Plan to implement the

Legal and Judicial Reform Strategy, adopted in 2005 by the Council of Ministers.

A project has been developed by the General Secretariat of the Council for legal and Judicial

Reform, with the support of German Technical Cooperation “Administration Reform and

Development Program” implemented by GTZ, aiming to raise the understanding of the

concept and ideas of the Ombudsman system among Cambodian government officials and

other stakeholders, including Development Partners and relevant NGOs working in

Cambodia. A concrete policy and strategy on the establishment of an Ombudsman institution

in Cambodia will be drafted and submitted to the Royal Government of Cambodia for

consideration.

The report of the study is very crucial for the Council for Legal and Judicial Reform and the

development partner to identify key measures to be taken to improve the complaint

mechanism in the public sector for better public service delivery of the government agency in

order to in order to insure personal rights and freedom of the people.

H.E. SUY Mong Leang

Secretary-General

Council for Legal & Judicial Reform

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman System in

Cambodia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The General Secretariat of the Council for Legal and Judicial Reform (GS-CLJR) wishes to

acknowledge the efforts of a number of individuals, groups and organizations whose

contributions made it possible to execute a pre-assessment, a study tour, and produce this

study report.

First of all, this acknowledgement with thanks goes to officers of ministries and institutions

who contributed ideas and recommendations on the implementation of the project.

A special thank to the Task Force led by H.E. Chan Tany, Secretary of State of the Council of

Ministers Office. The very active contribution of the members of the Task Force, namely

H.E. Suy Mong Leang, H.E. Sak Setha, H.E. Mak sambath, H.E. Sar Sambath, H.E. Suong

Leang Hay, H.E. Chan Mono, H.E. Buon Somony, Ms. Ruth Gruber, and Mr. Khlok Dara,

merits a special thank from the General Secretariat.

We acknowledge with a high appreciation to GTZ-Technical (ARDP) team, in particular to

Ms. Katharina Huebner, for the very useful financial and technical support for this study.

Last, but not least, we wish to recognize the efforts of the Survey Management Team, which

is composed of H.E. Suong Leang Hay, Mr. Ching Pheng Sroy, Ms. Phan Pisey Norleak, Mr.

Khlok Dara, Ms. Ruth Gruber, and other staff of the General Secretariat, that definitely make

this study successful.

iii | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

Content

FOREWORD i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

Content iii

I. Introduction 1

II. The Concept of Ombudsman 2

2.1 Definition of an Ombudsman 2

2.2 Variety of Ombudsman Systems 2

2.3 Various Titles used for Ombudsman 3

III. Ombudsmen Models in other Countries 4

3.1 South Korea 4 3.1.1. Jurisdiction 5

3.1.2. Independence 5

3.1.3. Powers 6

3.1.4. Accountability 7

3.1.5. Accessibility 7

3.1.6. Procedural fairness 7

3.2 Australia 7 3.2.1. Jurisdiction 7


3.2.3. Powers 9




3.3 Thailand 11 3.3.1. Jurisdiction 11


3.3.3. Powers 13




iv Content | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

3.4 Indonesia 14 3.4.1. Jurisdiction 15


3.4.3. Powers 16




IV. Assessment of existing complaint offices in Cambodia 23

4.1. Methods 23

4.2. The Offices that were visited 23

4.3 Summary 24

4.4 Conclusion 27

V. Options for an Ombudsman in Cambodia 29

5.1. Features of an Ombudsman’s Office 29 5.1.1. Jurisdiction of an Ombudsman 29

5.1.2 Independence of an Ombudsman 32

5.1.3 Powers of an Ombudsman 33

5.1.4. Accountability of an Ombudsman 34

5.1.5 Accessibility of an Ombudsman 35

5.1.6 Procedural Fairness by an Ombudsman 36

5.2. Two Possible Models for an Ombudsman 36 5.2.1. National Ombudsman 36

5.2.2 Hybrid National Ombudsman and Anti Corruption Unit 37

5.3. Final Remark 38

References 42

Annex 1: pre-assessment on ombudsman and other complaint system in Cambodia 44

Annex 2: Study tour report on Ombudsman system in the republic of Korea 53

1 I. Introduction | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

I. Introduction

The efforts of the Royal Government of Cambodia to make the administration more transparent, citizen-friendly and democratic are manifold. Some of them, such as the decentralization policies, enjoy a high level of public attention, while others are less well known, but no less important. These lesser known efforts include the initiative undertaken by the Council of Ministers (CoM) to develop a system in Cambodia offering citizens the possibility to defend against administrative injustice and maladministration.

The significant increase in legislative power and administrative tasks due to the increasingly pronounced complexity of economic and social life has made the relation between citizens and their administration more difficult in Cambodia. Citizens are confronted with confusing bureaucratic administrative structures and a lack of transparency. The possibility of monitoring administrative decisions remains underdeveloped.

Starting in 2003, the CoM therefore considered establishing a so-called ombudsman system. A complaint office of this type was first created in Sweden in 1809 and has been implemented and proven effective in many of the world’s countries throughout the second half of the 20th century. The ombudsman systems vary in structure, but there is consensus that an independent complaint office is indispensable in its role of protecting citizens from administrative justice and maladministration as well as supporting democratic development. (see Chapter 2).

In 2005 the Council for Legal and Judicial Reform (CLJR) put this goal in the priority action 1.6.1 of the Plan of Action for Implementing the Legal and Judicial Reform Strategy. In June 2008, CLJR and the “Administrative Reform and Decentralization Program” (ARDP), implemented by GTZ, agreed on a project to design a conceptual framework for an ombudsman system in Cambodia. CLJR and ARDP also agreed on the following course of action:

1. Assessment of the existing complaint offices in Cambodia

2. Consultative meetings with representatives of various ministries, NGOs, and development partners

3. Study tour to an Asian country in order to learn about various ombudsman models

4. Finalizing of the framework for the Cambodian ombudsman

This final report is the result of this common project. It covers the following chapters:

1. General background information about the ombudsman

2. Examples from other countries

3. Survey results of existing public complaint offices

4. Options for Cambodia

2 II. The Concept of Ombudsman | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman System in

Cambodia

II. The Concept of Ombudsman

2.1 Definition of an Ombudsman

“The ombudsman is an independent and non-partisan officer…often provided for in the Constitution, who supervises the administration. He deals with specific complaints from the public against administrative injustice and maladministration. He has the power to investigate, report upon and make recommendations about individual cases and administrative procedures. He is not a judge or tribunal, and he has no power to make orders or to reverse administrative action. His seeks solutions to problem by a process of investigation and conciliation. His authority and influence derive from the fact that he is appointed by and reports to one of the principle organs of the state, usually either the parliament or the chief executive.”1

In summary, an Ombudsman is seen as serving several functions:

To provide an accessible complaint point for people to the increasingly complex functions exercised by government;

To protect people against wrong-doing by government2;

To supervise and make transparent the work of government3;

To improve the efficiency and quality of government; and

To protect some human rights.

2.2 Variety of Ombudsman Systems

In the beginning most countries had only one ombudsman, appointed by the national government or the national parliament. But in more recent decades it became apparent that one ombudsman office is not able to handle all complaints– not only because of the increasing number of complaints but also because of the wide range of subject areas.

Today many countries have a mixed system with national, sub-national and sector ombudsmen offices (e.g. Ombudsman for children, for equal opportunities, for handicapped people etc.) Many countries also have private sector bodies which call themselves Ombudsman – although they are not Ombudsman in the classic sense because they do not deal with complaints about government.

An Ombudsman needs to be distinguished from internal complaints bodies of government agencies. Every government body should have its own complaints process because complaints are an important part of improving procedures. However, these internal complaints bodies are not Ombudsmen. Ombudsmen are, by definition, separate from the legislature and separate from any Ministry. They are a place for people to go if a Ministry complaints procedure is unsatisfactory.

1p 791 Helen Fenwick and Gavin Phillipson, 2003 Texts, Cases and Materials on Public Law & Human Rights, quoting from GE

Caiden (ed), 1983 International Handbook of the Ombudsman 2 p 3 Marten Oosting 2000, Protecting the Integrity and Independence of the Ombudsman Institution: the Global Perspective,

paper presented at the VIIth International Conference of the International Ombudsman Institute, South Africa. 3 p 3 Marten Oosting 2000, Protecting the Integrity and Independence of the Ombudsman Institution: the Global Perspective, paper presented at the VIIth International Conference of the International Ombudsman Institute, South Africa.

3 II. The Concept of Ombudsman | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman System in

Cambodia

This ‘externality’ gives an Ombudsman a greater degree of independence in investigating complaints. ‘Externality’ means that the Ombudsman has the same perspective as the public, rather than internal complaints bodies, which can be driven from the perspective of the Ministry4.

Ayeni writes that it has increasingly become common to add extra functions to an Ombudsman office, such as “anti-corruption and/or human rights commission”5. An Ombudsman does not always have this role. To combine these two functions increases the range of matters an Ombudsman can look at as well as its possible remedies. However, adding a human rights focus removes the focus on government administration. A different skill set is required to deal with human rights and administrative breaches.

2.3 Various Titles used for Ombudsman

A variety of names have been used to represent the ombudsman office in different countries. The titles adopted by various countries connote a diversity of focus of ombudsman office.

Ombudsman and other names6

The word "ombudsman" is of Swedish origin, and means "representative". Many other names are used to represent the ombudsman office in different countries that have adopted the office.

As discussed previously, some of these bodies are Ombudsman, some of them are internal government or legislative complaints mechanisms, and some of them are hybrid Ombudsman-human rights bodies.

For example:

Defensor del Pueblois the title of the ombudsman office in a number of Spanish-speaking countries (such as in Spain, Argentina, Peru and Colombia).

Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration (Sri Lanka, United Kingdom),

Médiateur de la République (e.g. France, Gabon, Mauritania, Senegal)

Public Protector (South Africa),

Protecteur du Citoyen (Québec),

Volksanwaltschaft (Austria),

Public Complaints Commission (Nigeria),

4 Marten Oosting 2000, Protecting the Integrity and Independence of the Ombudsman Institution: the Global Perspective, paper presented at the VIIth International Conference of the International Ombudsman Institute, South Africa. 5 p 8, Victor Ayeni 2000, “Ombudsman Around the World: Essential Elements, Evolution and Contemporary Issues” in Victor

Ayeni, Hayden Thomas, Linda C. Reif 2000, Strengthening ombudsman and human rights institutions in Commonwealth small and island states: the Carribean experience; International Ombudsman Institute, viewed at

http://books.google.com/books?id=khcAd-

dbJwwC&dq=creating+an+ombudsman+developing+countries&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 on 3/6/09. 6 P 9, Bokhari SA 2004 , Ombudsman: An Introduction, Draft Research Paper, from

http://www.policy.hu/bokhari/Ombudsman_An%20Introduction.doc. Viewed on 20/5/09.

http://books.google.com/books?id=khcAd-dbJwwC&dq=creating+an+ombudsman+developing+countries&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0


http://www.policy.hu/bokhari/Ombudsman_An%20Introduction.doc

4 III. Ombudsmen Models in other Countries | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman

System in Cambodia

Provedor de Justiça (Portugal),

Difensore Civico (Italy), and

Investigator-General (Zambia).

III. Ombudsmen Models in other Countries

An Ombudsman’s office needs to be established so that its’ independence and effectiveness can be assured. The essential features of an Ombudsman are7:

Jurisdiction –the jurisdiction of the Ombudsman must be clearly defined,

Independence – an Ombudsman’s office should be free from interference with guaranteed resources to operate. The Ombudsman should be appointed for a fixed term,

Powers – to carry out its work, the Ombudsman should have clear powers, including the powers to investigate, question people, see documents, prepare a report and publish that report to the public,

Accountability – an Ombudsman should publish openly, on an annual basis, the number of complaints received and the outcome of complaints. It should be protected from defamation laws,

Accessibility – an Ombudsman investigates on the basis of complaints from the public. Its complaints procedure should be free, accessible and sufficiently private, and

Procedural fairness –The Ombudsman’s own procedures should be fair. At a minimum, the Ombudsman should listen to both sides and give its reasons for its recommendation. The Ombudsman should operate without bias or favouritism.

3.1 South Korea

Based on the information and lesson leanred from the study tour on ombudsm,an system to the republic of Korea of Cambodian delegation on 26-31 July 2009, the ombudsman system of South Korea has a multi-agency body known as the Anti-corruption and Civil Rights Commission – ACRC (see more in annex 2 on the report of study tour on ombudsman system in Korean Republic). The ACRC was established in 2008 and is underpinned by the Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights

7 John McMillan, 2008 Whats in a Name? Use of the Term ‘Ombudsman’, viewed at http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 on 30/5/09.

http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04


System in Cambodia

Commission, Act No. 94028. As well as an ombudsman division, the ACRC includes anti-corruption and administrative appeals divisions. The ACRC replaces the stand-alone Ombudsman of Korea, which was established in 19949. The merger has been criticized for weakening horizontal accountability between the integrity institutions10. The legislation also provides for the establishment of local ombudsmen in each local government area to ‘deal with complaints against each local government and institutions belonging thereto’11.

3.1.1. Jurisdiction

The Ombudsman Division of the ACRC has jurisdiction to investigate complaints relating to ‘any illegal, unjustifiable or passive action of an administrative agency etc. (including an actual act and omission) or unreasonable administrative system which violates a citizen’s right or causes inconvenience or burden to a citizen’12. The ACRC may transfer complaints to other bodies if they relate to high political decisions, state secrets, court matters, national assembly matters, the Election Commission, the Board of Audit and Inspection, a local council, the Constitutional Court, ongoing mediation/arbitration, matters between private individuals, and matters related to administration of personnel13.

3.1.2. Independence

The ACRC is headed by a Commission, which is composed of a chair, three vice-chair, three standing commissioners, and eight non-standing commissioners, who each serve a three-year term14. One person, a Vice-Chair, is in control of Ombudsman investigations. However, the Commission decides upon the recommendations to be issued by the Ombudsman Division. The ACRC’s commission structure is unique among the four Ombudsmen structures examined in this section. Multiple members may mean that it is less likely to reach consensus on the outcomes of investigations, with the result that fewer recommendations are issued.

8 Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission website, http://www.acrc.go.kr/eng_index.html, viewed on 18/10/09.

9 Page 7, Linda C Reif 2004, The Ombudsman, good governance and the international human rights system, Martinus Nijhoff

Publishers. 10

Page 18, Chong-Min Park, Jung Hyun Bae 2008, The State of Democratic Governance in South Korea: From the Perspective

of Ordinary Citizens, An Asian Barometer Conference on the State of Democratic Governance in Asia, 20-21 June 2008. 11

Art 32, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 12

Arts 2 and 39, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 13


Arts 13 and 16, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402.

http://www.acrc.go.kr/eng_index.html


System in Cambodia

The President appoints the Chair, the Vice-Chairs, and the three standing commissioners, following the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The President appoints two of the non-standing commissioners following the recommendation of the National Assembly, and two following the recommendation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The remaining four non-standing commissioners are appointed directly by the President15. Membership of the commission is drawn from the following professions16:

senior academics for eight years,

judges or lawyers for ten years,

senior public officials,

a local Ombudsman for four years, or

people of high social reputation with knowledge of administration who are recommended by the non-government organization sector.

Each member of the commission must resign from any position as member of the National Assembly, member of a local council, employee or officer of an organization having a ‘special interest … in any administrative agency’17. A member of the ACRC can be disqualified from being a member by the President or Prime Minister if: he or she is a member of a political party, stands for election, breaches Art 33 of the State Public Officials Act, is unable to perform his/her duties due to mental or physical difficulties, or violates the prohibition on holding more than one office18.

3.1.3. Powers

The Ombudsman Division of the ACRC has the power to19:

request an agency to give an explanation or submit materials,

to request an employee of the administrative agency, or any person of interest to present him/herself and express his/her opinion, and

to inspect any place or facility that is relevant to the complaint.

While the legislation states that administrative agencies should comply with ACRC requests, there are no sanctions if they do not comply20. The Ombudsman Division of the ACRC has the power to make recommendations for compromise, conciliate a complaint, submit opinions on a complaint, and make recommendations for rectification to the head of the administrative agency. If the ACRC makes recommendations for improvement

15




Arts 15 and 16, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 19


Arts 42 & 80, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402.


System in Cambodia

of the administrative system, the head of the administrative agency has to report on its progress in implementing those recommendations and the ACRC can monitor its progress21. The ACRC has the power to publish its recommendations, opinions, and the agency’s handling of its recommendations ‘provided that publication is not restricted under any other Act or will not violate an individual’s privacy’22. The ACRC is not allowed to divulge official secrets, at risk of a penalty including up to five years in prison and or up to 30 million won fine ($25,930 USD)23.

3.1.4. Accountability

The ACRC is required to provide annual status updates to the President and the National Assembly and publish such updates24.

3.1.5. Accessibility

People have the right to complain to the ACRC25.

3.1.6. Procedural fairness

The ACRC is required to notify the complainant of the result of the complaint26. The ACRC is also required not to disclose information about the complaint27.

3.2 Australia

The Australian Commonwealth Ombudsman (CO) was established in 1976 by the Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). The legislation provides for one Commonwealth Ombudsman and up to three Deputy Ombudsmen28.

3.2.1. Jurisdiction

The CO has jurisdiction over “matters of administration” relating to Commonwealth Departments29. It also has power to determine if a government official has unreasonably delayed making a decision or act30. When making an investigation, the CO examines a case to see if31:

21

Arts 44-52, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 22


Arts 30 & 87, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No. 9402. 24



Arts 40, 41, 43 & 49, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission, Act No.

9402. 27


Sec 4, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 29



Sec 15, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181).


System in Cambodia

The act was contrary to law, unreasonable, unjust, oppressive or improperly discriminatory,

was in accordance with a rule of law or practice but the rule or practice was unreasonable, unjust, oppressive or improperly discriminatory,

was based on a mistake of fact or law,

was otherwise wrong,

was a discretionary power exercised for an improper purpose or irrelevant grounds,

was a discretionary power but irrelevant considerations were taken into account or there was a failure to consider relevant considerations, or

the decision-maker was required to give reasons but did not.

Its jurisdiction is limited so that the CO can’t investigate Ministerial action, proceedings in Parliament, actions by judges, matters relating to the employment of government officials32. If there is a question over the exercise of a government power or function, either the CO or the Head of the Government Department can apply to the Federal Court for a determination of the question33.

3.2.2. Independence

The Ombudsman is appointed by the Head of State and holds office for up to seven years34. Ministers directly appoint Deputy Ombudsmen. An independent renumeration tribunal determines the pay of the Ombudsmen35. There are several methods for suspending or removing an Ombudsman on the basis of misbehaviour or physical or mental incapacity36:

The Head of State can remove the Ombudsman by presenting a statement to both Houses of Parliament in the same session,

The Head of State can suspend the Ombudsman and the Minister must give Parliament a statement of the grounds for suspension within a prescribed time. Either House of Parliament can then vote to remove the Ombudsman.

The Head of State can directly remove the Ombudsmen if he/she becomes bankrupt, or is absent, except on a leave of absence, for 14 consecutive days or 28 days in 12 months37.

32


Sec 11A, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 34

Sec 21-22, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 35





System in Cambodia

3.2.3. Powers

The CO has the power to38:

give a notice to a person requiring him/her to produce information or documents relevant to an investigation,

require a person to attend and answer questions, including under oath,

enter a place that is occupied by a government agency or its contractor and inspect documents.

On some occasions, however, the Attorney-General can issue a certificate that disclosure of a matter is not allowed because it would prejudice the security, defence or international relations of the country, it would disclose communications between Ministers, or it would disclose confidential Cabinet or Executive Council discussions, among other reasons. It can also issue a letter that entering a place is forbidden because it may ‘prejudice the security or defence of the Commonwealth’39. Officers and people who comply with a request for information are given certain protections against prosecution and civil actions40. If a person does not comply with a CO request to provide information, then the CO can apply to the Federal Court for an order compelling him/her to do so.41 A person who fails to provide information to the Ombudsman without a reasonable excuse can be given a penalty of $1 000 ($915 USD) or up to 3 months imprisonment42. If the CO forms the view that a government officer has breached his/her duty, then it must notify the head of the government agency or the relevant Minister43. A CO can make a report that recommends action. It can also ask a government agency to report to it on action taken within a particular time frame44. If the government agency does not take adequate action, the CO can report directly to the Prime Minister45. However, the CO should not issue or publish a report that is critical of the government unless it has first given the government a chance to comment on the matter46.

38

Secs 9, 13 & 14, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 39

Secs 9 & 14, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 40

Sec 7A, 8, 9 and 37, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 41




Secs 12, 15 & 16, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 45


Secs 8(5) and 35A, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181).


System in Cambodia

Once the CO reports to a Minister, the Minister is required to table the report in both Houses of Parliament within a prescribed period47. Once the report is given to Parliament, it becomes available to the public . The CO is allowed to disclose information to ‘any person or the public’ about the performance of government or a CO investigation, if its in the public interest to disclose the information48. However, there are certain restrictions on its ability to disclose information49, especially if the Australian Crime Commission or the Integrity Commissioner holds the information and disclosure would affect a person’s safety or a fair trial. The CO is protected from litigation for any acts or omissions ‘done in good faith’ in exercise of a power under the legislation50.


The CO is required to submit annual reports to Parliament on its operations during the year51. Once the report is given to Parliament, it becomes available to the public through Hansard. In 2008-2009, its annual report included information on:

the number of complaints, investigations, and inspections, and the outcome

the number of complaints that were finalized and the length of time it took to finalise them,

the number of recommendations that were accepted by government agencies,

the number of complaints about the CO, and the outcome,

analysis of the complaints for each government agency


CO investigations shall be conducted in private and there are special provisions to allow people in detention to make confidential complaints to the CO52. A complainant is protected from civil proceedings that might arise from his/her complaint, for example defamation53. There are offices of the Ombudsman in each State and Territory of Australia.

47



Sec 35A, 35B & 35C, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 50


Secs 19, 19F & 19X, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 52

Sec 7A & 8, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 53



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The CO is to notify the government department and the complainant of ‘particulars of the investigation’ and to give them an opportunity to comment54. Generally, the CO is not to divulge information about a complainant or a complaint, except as required for Ombudsman duties55. In particular, confidential details about a complainant are not to be revealed unless it is ‘fair and reasonable in all the circumstances to do so’56.

3.3 Thailand

The Thai Ombudsman (TO) was established in 2000 after the passing of legislation in 199957. Its current legal basis is Chapter XI of the Constitution of Thailand 2007 and the Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009).

3.3.1. Jurisdiction

The TO has jurisdiction to act on the basis of a complaint, or on its own motion, where there is an injury or its in the public interest58. It can59:

investigate government, local government, and State agencies; including officials’ failure to comply with the law, officials acting beyond powers and duties, performance of duties which causes injury, and omission to perform duties which causes injury,

monitor the duties of Constitutional agencies or organizations, including referring cases to the Constitutional Court or Administrative Court,

monitor the Constitution60,

investigate the ethics of officials and people in political positions (which is something that would not be possible in a system with separation of powers). If it finds a breach of ethics, it is to report to the National Assembly, the Council of Ministers and the National Counter Corruption Commission (NCCC). If it is a serious breach of ethics, it can be disclosed to the public. It also has a role in the creation of ethical standards61.

The TO is not to investigate matters filed at court, trial decisions and adjudications of judges, and it can only investigate the implementation of

54

Secs 8 & 12, Ombudsman Act 1976 (No. 181). 55



Office of the Ombudsman, Thailand, Website, viewed at http://www.ombudsman.go.th/2008/Eng/Eng3_1.html on 29/9/09. 58

Art 244 Constitution of Thailand 2007 59

Art 244 Constitution of Thailand 2007 and Sections 13 & 14, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 60

Sections 13, 14 and 40ff, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 61

Arts 244, 279, 280, Constitution of Thailand 2007 and Section 36, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009)

http://www.ombudsman.go.th/2008/Eng/Eng3_1.html


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policy of the Council of Ministers. In terms of personnel administration of public officials, it can only investigate matters of ethics62. The TO can refer serious corruption matters to the National Counter Corruption Commission (NCCC), and the NCCC must report to the Ombudsman every three months)63.

3.3.2. Independence

There can be up to three Ombudsmen. The Ombudsmen are appointed for six–year terms64. The Ombudsmen divide their duties among themselves ‘with a view to enable each Ombudsman to perform his duties independently’65. The TO is protected from civil and criminal prosecution as long as it exercises its duties ‘in good faith’66. The TO’s budget is reportedly insufficient to employ enough people to carry out its many functions. In 2007, the TO reportedly only considered 1 907 cases out of 14 762 67. The Selection Committee to choose the Ombudsman is composed of two people from the Supreme Court of Justice, one person from the President of the Constitutional Court, two people from the Supreme Administrative Court, the President of the House of Representatives, and the Leader of the Opposition from the House of Representatives. The Selection committee chooses a short-list of candidates. The Senate votes from this short-list, and the King makes the final appointment68. An Ombudsman must not be a government official, an employee of a State or local government agency, not carry out a business, not engage in an independent profession, not have been a member of a political party in the previous three years, not be a judge, not be a bankrupt, not have been sentenced to prison, except for crimes of negligence, defamation or a petty offence, not have been dismissed from the government for a serious violation, not be a drug addict, and other criteria69. A person selected as an Ombudsman must resign from his/her position before becoming Ombudsman70. An Ombudsman must be someone ‘recognised and respected by the public, with knowledge and experience in the administration of State affairs, enterprises or other activities of common interests of the public and 62

Art 244 Constitution of Thailand 2007 and Section 28, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 63

Section 34-39, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 64

Art 242, Constitution of Thailand 2007. 65

Section 12, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 66


Global Integrity 2007, Thailand: Integrity Indicators Scorecard 2007 Assessment. 68

Art 242, Constitution of Thailand 2007. 69

Arts 207, Constitution of Thailand 2007 and Section 8, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009). 70

Arts 207 and 243, Constitution of Thailand 2007


System in Cambodia

with apparent integrity’71. The qualifications for Ombudsman include having a bachelor’s degree, being older than 45, and not being a political member72. The Senate can remove the Ombudsman if he/she becomes disqualified, violates one of the prohibitions, if a Court orders that he/she has unusual wealth, or if he/she reaches 70 years of age73.

3.3.3. Powers

The TO’s powers in conducting an investigation are to be carried out with regard to the ‘impact on the security of the State, public safety and international relations’74. The TO has the power:

to request oral and written information or proof from government, local government, and State agencies,

to request information or proof from the Courts,

to go into any place related to the complaint, informing people in advance ‘as necessary’.

If a person refuses to comply with a TO request, and the ‘Ombudsmen is unable to inquire into any fact’, then the investigation stops75. However, any person who fails to respond to a TO request to give a statement of fact in writing or orally, or submit any related proof can be imprisoned for up to six months or fined up to 10,000 baht ($299 USD) and any person who fails to allow the TO access to a place related to the complaint can be imprisoned for up to one year or fined up to 20,000 baht ($598 USD)76. People who comply with a TO request to provide information are protected from civil and criminal prosecution, as long as they act ‘in good faith’77. The TO sends its report to the relevant government, local government, or State agency. The government body is required to implement the recommendation and, if it does not, the Ombudsman is to urgently report that matter to the head of that government agency, the Council of Ministers and Parliament. The TO’s reports can also be disclosed to the public78.

3.3.4. Accountability The TO is required to submit annual reports to the Council of Ministers and Parliament, containing:

71






Sections 45-46, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 77


Art 244 Constitution of Thailand 2007 and Sections 32 & 33, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009)


System in Cambodia

results of all inquiries (with confidential details of the complainant removed),

progress of implementation of recommendations made to all government, local government, and State agencies,

failures to comply with TO investigations, breaches of ethics, and

other matters.

The legislation provides that this report shall also be disclosed to the public, however in practice this information has not regularly occurred79.


Any person has the right to make a complaint to the TO. Committees of Parliament also have the right to ask the TO to investigate a matter80.


The TO is to act without delay and is required to tell the complainant the results of its investigation in some detail81. Information given to the TO by a complainant is generally confidential. A person who improperly discloses confidential information can be imprisoned for up to six months or fined up to 10,000 baht ($299 USD)82.

3.4 Indonesia

Presidential Decree 44/2000 established the Indonesian National Ombudsman (INO) in 2000. Recently, the Law on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia 37/2008 substantially strengthened the legal basis for the institution. The Indonesian government is decentralized; with central, provincial, district/municipality, sub-district, and village levels of government. The majority of responsibility and budget for administering social services is concentrated at the district level of government83. As well as the INO, district governments can set up their own local ombudsman. Yogyakarta was the first to establish a Local Ombudsman’s Office and will be followed by others84. Local Ombudsmen can only investigate complaints about government officials in the local area.

79

Section 43, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009); Global Integrity 2007, Thailand: Integrity Indicators Scorecard

2007 Assessment. 80

Sections 23 & 26, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 81


Sections 21 and 45, Organic Act on Ombudsmen B.E. 2552 (2009) 83

Aspinall, Edward and Fealy, Greg 2003, “Introduction: Decentralisation, Democratisation and the Rise of the

Local”, in Aspinall, Edward and Fealy, Greg (eds) 2003, Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralisation and Democratisation, Australian National University, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. 84

Melissa Crouch, 2007, ‘Yogyakarta Local Ombudsman: Promoting Good Governance through Local Support’, Asian Journal

of Comparative Law, Volume 2, Issue 1, Article 11, Berkely Electronic Press.


System in Cambodia

3.4.1. Jurisdiction

The INO is given the broad jurisdiction to supervise the administration of public services of the central and ‘regional’ government85. It can act on the basis of complaints and conduct own-motion investigations86. For the INO, maladministration is defined as ‘the behaviour of act against the law, exceeding the authority, using power for purposes other than those which become the objective of such power, including ignorance or negligence of legal obligation in administering public services ... which affect damage to the community and/or individual, both materially and immaterially’87. The INO’s jurisdiction is limited so that it cannot ‘interfere with the independence of judiciary in delivering judgments’ and it cannot investigate where to do so would be a conflict of interest88.

3.4.2. Independence

The legislation states that the INO is independent of other State agencies and should be free from intervention89 from other authorities. The INO is protected against arrest, detention, interrogation, prosecution and civil actions90. The INO consists of one Chief Ombudsman, one Deputy Chief, seven Members, and assistants. The legislation also provides for the INO to be assisted by a Secretary-General, although the role of the Secretary-General is not defined, nor is it clear whether the Secretary-General can interfere with the independence of the INO91. The House of Representatives elects the Ombudsman, Deputy Ombudsmen, and Members based on the nomination of the President. The President nominates candidates based on the recommendation of a selection committee, which is composed of government, lawyers, academics, and community representatives. The selection committee operates on the basis of a prescribed process, which includes community involvement92. The qualifications for Ombudsman includes being religious, having a bachelors degree, 15 years of working experience, being aged between 40 and 60, having a high moral standard and good reputation, not being a member of a

85

Article 6, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 86


Article 1(3), Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 88

Articles 9 and 40, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia 89




Articles 15 and 16, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia.


System in Cambodia

political party and not having a criminal history. Once appointed, Ombudsmen cannot be concurrently employed in the government, business, political party or any profession93. The President can remove the Ombudsman on the basis of abuse of power, holding another job, getting a criminal record, or a permanent impediment94. In the past, some commentators have argued that the INO is not funded at a level to employ enough staff to meet the demand for investigations95.

3.4.3. Powers

The INO’s powers in conducting an investigation are defined and a person can be compelled by the police to cooperate96. Parties who obstruct an INO investigation can be imprisoned for up to two years and/or given a fine of up 1,000,000,000 ($108,000 USD)97:

o to request oral and written information from “parties related to the complaint” under oath,

o to examine and copy documents of the complainant and the party complained,

o to conduct on-the-spot inspections without notice, o to summon “parties related to the complaint”.

Once it has investigated, the INO can:

o make recommendations, including for compensation, o conduct mediation or conciliation o make findings and recommendations, o if the findings or recommendations are not complied with, to

give a copy the President, Parliament, and the public.


The INO is required to submit quarterly and annual reports to the Parliament and President. The annual report is to be published. The annual report is to include the numbers of grievances, which government officials have not complied with requests/recommendations, which government agencies have failed to take action against a guilty official, the government official’s defence/explanation for their conduct, and a financial report98.

93



Melissa Crouch, 2007, ‘Yogyakarta Local Ombudsman: Promoting Good Governance through Local Support’, Asian Journal

of Comparative Law, Volume 2, Issue 1, Article 11, Berkely Electronic Press. 96

Articles 8, 31, 34 & 38, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 97

Articles 39 & 44, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 98

Article 42, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia.


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The INO has a central office in Jakarta and regional offices in Yogyakarta and will establish others99. Making a complaint to the INO is free100 and confidential except when disclosure is in the public interest101.


The legislation states that the INO should act according to principles of appropriateness, justice, non-discrimination, impartiality, accountability, balance, transparency and confidentiality102.

99

Chapter IX, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia. 100



Articles 3 and 29, Law of the Republic of Indonesia, Number 37 of 2008 on Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia.


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South Korea Australia Thailand Indonesia

Jurisdiction Investigate complaints relating to illegal, unjustifiable or passive action of an administrative agency or unreasonable administrative system which violates a citizen’s right or causes inconvenience or burden.

Can transfer complaints about high political decisions, state secrets, court matters, national assembly matters, the Election Commission, matters related to administration of personnel, and other matters

Investigate matters of administration relating to Commonwealth Departments.

Can’t investigate Ministerial action, proceedings in Parliament, actions by judges, or matters relating to the employment of government officials.

Investigate government, local government, and State agencies, monitor the duties of Constitutional agencies or organizations, monitor the Constitution, investigate the ethics of officials and people in political positions.

Can’t investigate matters filed at court, can only investigate the implementation of policy of the Council of Ministers, can only investigate ethics of personnel administration of public officials, can refer serious corruption matters.

Supervise the administration of public services of the central and ‘regional’ government.

Can’t ‘interfere with the independence of judiciary in delivering judgments’ and can’t investigate where there is a conflict of interest.

Independence

The President appoints the commission members. The Prime Minister, National Assembly, and Chief Justice each get to recommend for positions. Appointed for three-year terms.

The Head of State appoints the Ombudsman. Holds office for up to seven years.

King appoints Ombudsman after Senate vote. Selection committee includes people from courts, and members of Parliament. Appointed for six–year terms.

House of Representatives elects the Ombudsman, Deputy Ombudsmen, and Members based on the nomination of the President. The President nominates candidates


System in Cambodia

based on the recommendation of a selection committee.

Independence…cont.

Members cannot also be member of the National Assembly, member of a local council, employee or officer of an organization having a ‘special interest … in any administrative agency’, or member of a political party.

Must be ‘recognised and respected by the public, with knowledge and experience in the administration of State affairs, enterprises or other activities of common interests of the public and with apparent integrity’.

Cannot also be government official, nor carry out a business, not engage in an independent profession, nor have been a member of a political party in the previous three years, nor be a judge, nor be a bankrupt, not have been sentenced to prison, nor have been dismissed from the government for a serious violation, nor be a drug addict.

Criteria includes being religious, having a bachelors degree, 15 years of working experience, being aged between 40 and 60, having a high moral standard and good reputation.

Cannot be a member of a political party or have a criminal history. Once appointed, Ombudsmen cannot be concurrently employed in the government, business, political party or any profession.

Independenc Member can be disqualified if The Head of State or The Senate can remove the President can remove the


System in Cambodia

e…cont. breaches Art 33 of the State Public Officials Act, is unable to perform his/her duties due to mental or physical difficulties, or violates the prohibition on holding more than one office.

Parliament can suspend/remove Ombudsman for misbehaviour, physical or mental incapacity, if a bankrupt.

Ombudsman if he/she becomes disqualified, violates one of the prohibitions, if a Court orders that he/she has unusual wealth, or if he/she reaches 70 years of age.

Ombudsman on the basis of abuse of power, holding another job, getting a criminal record, or a permanent impediment

Independence…cont.

Ombudsman protected from litigation for any acts or omissions ‘done in good faith’ in exercise of a power under the legislation

Ombudsman protected from civil and criminal prosecution as long as it exercises its duties ‘in good faith’.

The INO is protected against arrest, detention, interrogation, prosecution and civil actions.

Powers Power to request an agency to give an explanation or submit materials, request any person of interest to present him/herself and express his/her opinion, to inspect any place or facility that is relevant to the complaint.

Power to give a notice to a person requiring him/her to produce information or documents relevant to an investigation, require a person to attend and answer questions, including under oath, enter a place that is occupied by a government agency or its contractor and inspect documents.

Powers to be exercised considering the ‘impact on the security of the State, public safety and international relations’. Power to request oral and written information or proof from government, request information or proof from the Courts, go into any place related to the complaint.

Power to request oral and written information from “parties related to the complaint” under oath, to examine and copy documents of the complainant and the party complained, to conduct on-the-spot inspections without notice, to summon “parties related to the complaint”

Powers…cont There are no sanctions if persons do not comply with

If a person does not comply, then can apply to

Any person who fails to respond to a TO request

Person can be compelled by the police to cooperate.


System in Cambodia

ACRC.

the Federal Court for an order. Can be given a penalty of $1 000 ($915 USD) or up to 3 months imprisonment.

can be imprisoned for up to six months or fined up to 10,000 baht ($299 USD) and any person who fails to allow the TO access to a place related to the complaint can be imprisoned for up to one year or fined up to 20,000 baht ($598 USD).

Parties who obstruct an INO investigation can be imprisoned for up to two years and/or given a fine of up 1,000,000,000 ($108,000 USD).

Powers…cont Can make recommendations and monitor government’s implementation,

Limited power to publish its recommendations ‘provided that publication is not restricted under any other Act or will not violate an individual’s privacy’

Can give reports to Parliament, Ministers, and publish (with some restrictions).

Ombudsman sends its report, with recommendations to the relevant government authority. Its reports can also be disclosed to the public.

Can make recommendations, including for compensation, conduct mediation or conciliation, and make findings and recommendations. If the findings or recommendations are not complied with, to give a copy the President, Parliament, and the public.

Accountability

Required to provide annual status updates to the President and the National Assembly and publish such updates.

The CO is required to submit annual reports to Parliament on its operations during the year

Required to submit annual reports to the Council of Ministers and Parliament.

The legislation provides that this report shall also

Required to submit quarterly and annual reports to the Parliament and President. The annual report is to be published.


System in Cambodia

be disclosed to the public.

Accessibility People have the right to complain

People have the right to complain. Investigations shall be conducted in private. There are special provisions to allow people in detention to make confidential complaints.

A complainant is protected from civil proceedings.

Any person has the right to make a complaint to the TO. Committees of Parliament also have the right to ask the TO to investigate a matter

People who comply with a TO request to provide information are protected from civil and criminal prosecution, as long as they act ‘in good faith’

Making a complaint to the INO is free and confidential except when disclosure is in the public interest

Procedural fairness

The ACRC is required to notify the complainant of the result of the complaint. The ACRC is also required not to disclose information about the complaint.

The CO is to give the complainant an opportunity to comment.

Confidential details about a complainant are not to be revealed unless it is ‘fair and reasonable in all the circumstances to do so’

The TO is to act without delay and is required to tell the complainant the results of its investigation in some detail.

Information given to the TO by a complainant is generally confidential

INO should act according to principles of appropriateness, justice, non-discrimination, impartiality, accountability, balance, transparency and confidentiality

23 IV. Assessment of existing complaint offices in Cambodia | Proposal for Implementation an

Ombudsman System in Cambodia

IV. Assessment of existing complaint offices in Cambodia

4.1. Methods

The assessment of the various complaint offices in the public administration of Cambodia was made with the help of interviews. Interview partners were generally the heads or their deputies of the respective institutions.

In addition, the team interviewed representatives of non-governmental organizations, which assist Cambodians in conflicts with the administration.

The interviews took place in the time period from August to February 2009 and lasted on average between 1 and 1 ½ hours each.

4.2. The Offices that were visited

A total of 12 institutions were visited, 9 from ministries on the national level, one on sub national level and 2 from Non State Actors.

The List of the Institutions

National Level

Dispute Settlement Office in the Ministry of Commerce

General Department of General Inspectorate in the Ministry of Interior

General Inspection Department of Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy

Working Group for the Development of a Police Act for the Cambodian National Police

Ministry of National Assembly and Senate Relation and Inspection

Anti-Corruption Unit

National Authority of Land Conflict Resolution

Cambodian Human Rights Committee

New Cambodian Human Rights Commission Initiative

Sub-National Level

Ombudsman in Battambang

NGOs

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in Cambodia

Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association (Adhoc)



4.3 Summary

Most of the complaint offices for citizens, whether on the national or on the sub-national level, are still very new institutions. They were created in the past two to four years. This confirms the efforts of the Cambodian government to make the administration more transparent and to give citizens the possibility to check decisions made by the administration.

In fact these efforts are absolutely essential. Independent Organizations such as ADHOC and OHCHR report that the number of complaints about the administration is increasing and the relation between the citizens and state offices is strained. Many citizens have little trust in the administration or the judicial system. They have to pay “unofficial” fees, wait for long periods and, if the opposing party is rich, have hardly a chance of winning the case.

The relatively recent experiences with the complaint office on a national level and in the two municipalities do not allow for any final conclusions to be drawn about the level of acceptance of these institutions by the citizens. Still, the survey has led to a series of important findings, which should be incorporated into the discussion on a national complaint system. A summary of these findings follows.

The complaint offices on the national level

a) The complaint offices on the national level are not independent institutions. They are departments of the ministries and thus bound to the instructions of the ministers. Their possibility for actually making decisions as well as their financial and human resources are limited. This is true, for example, or the General Inspection Department of Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy or the Dispute Settlement Office in the Ministry of Commerce.

A visible sign of the lack of independence is the fact that these complaint offices are located in the respective ministries. This is in addition to the fact that the offices are often difficult to find, since there are no signs posted. Citizens who are looking for these offices must ask their way through the ministries to find them.

The national bodies such as the Anti-Corruption Unit, the Human Rights Commission and the National Authority for Land Conflict Solutions have their own buildings, but their competencies are also limited. For example, the Anti-Corruption unit can investigate complaints from citizens only after getting the permission of the CoM. The Committee of Human Rights accepts complaints from citizens regarding human rights abuses, investigates them, and then forwards the cases with recommendations to the relevant offices. The Committee does not, however, have the authority to solve such cases itself.

b) The process of how complaints from the citizens are addressed is largely uniform. The complaints are registered and the officials verify the incident or request a statement from the respective department. If the complaint is deemed justified, a suggested compromise is drafted. If the affected parties are in agreement then the case is closed, but if they are not in agreement,



the case is presented to the minister or CoM with a recommendation from the complaint office.

c) Most of the complaint offices in the ministries are responsible for internal and external complaints. This double responsibility weakens the profile of the complaint office. A clear profile is necessary in order to increase acceptance levels among citizens.

d) The responsibilities are not always clearly defined. Accordingly, there are three offices, which address land conflicts: the National Authority for Land Conflict Solution, the Ministry of National Assembly and Senate Relation and Inspection (MONARSI) and the General Department of General Inspectorate in the Ministry of Interior.

e) There are only a few usable statistics about the work of complaint offices. Statistics such as the number of complaints registered each year, their content, or how they were resolved either do not exist or are not publicized. So far, surveys of customer satisfaction have not been conducted.

f) The number of citizens who resort to non-governmental organizations in this case of conflict is increasing and is markedly higher than the number of complaints that are registered by official complaint offices. This can be seen based on the available statistics.

g) Only a few complaint offices do publicity work. One must therefore assume that the existence of these offices is unknown to many citizens.

h) A completely new path was opened up with the complaint hotline of the MIME, which improves the service for businesses, particularly small and mid-size businesses. They can use the hotline to verify licensing decisions quickly and in an uncomplicated manner. This hotline was established more than a year ago, but the number of registered complaints can be counted on one hand. There is no certain evidence for why this option is not used. The responsible parties suspect that there is just not enough public knowledge of the institution.



The Ombudsmen in Battambang and Siem Reap

The Ombudsmen in Battambang and Siem Reap have also been an attempt to open new possibilities to the citizens to contest decisions by the administration and protect against incorrect decisions. However, the implementation of the ombudsman system in municipalities is still facing quite big problems.

The reasons for this could be complex.

a) Many citizens don’t yet know about the ombudsman’s existence. Although leaflets were handed out, several talk-back radio programs were financed, samples of citizens questioned have shown that the level of awareness is pretty low. Less than 5 percent of the citizens know about the ombudsman office. 103

b) The citizens don’t have the courage to complain about the administration, because the ombudsman’s office is in the municipality hall and it is not possible to visit him unobserved. The possibility that this keeps the people from asking the ombudsman for help cannot be excluded.

c) The people don’t believe the ombudsman can help them with a conflict with the administration.

d) The word Ombudsman does not exist in Khmer and therefore the offices in the Battambang was named Citizen's Office. Many believe that the name has a negative impact on the public awareness of the Citizen's Office. To more clearly explain the role of the office other titles such as "complaints receiving office", "citizen's relation office" or "Office for serving citizens" have been proposed by these people.104

An internal evaluation conducted by the Ministry of Interior came to the conclusion that the ombudsman remains a worthwhile innovation. The ombudsmen have created a mechanism to strengthen transparency, to curb corruption, and to build up trust of citizens in the district administration. Further, his presence has indirectly played a big factor in ensuring the efficient and transparent running of the OWSO itself.105

The Ministry of Interior recommends:

The location of the ombudsmen offices should be stationed at independent places easily causing the citizens to come for communications

A letter box should be put in public areas where people easily see and insert letters;

The citizens should be inform deeply about the role and the tasks of the ombudsman office

103 Research of gtz on the ombudsman in Battambang and Siem Reap, 2007 104

ibid 105 Evaluation on the Pilot Project Districts of Siem Reap and Battambang on One

Window Service, May 2007



The ombudsman should get more competences 106

4.4 Conclusion

The tendency for Cambodian citizens to seek the help of non-governmental organizations in the case of conflict is a clear indication that the current services are insufficient. It is therefore necessary that the existing complaint offices be improved and supplemented by additional structures, e.g. a national complaint office of national ombudsman.

The independence of complaint offices should be strengthened and their authority expanded. Only when citizens believe that complaint offices are independently working in their interest will the offices win their trust.

An independent national complaint office should be established that all citizens can turn to regardless of which ministry their complaint effects. This office will be led by one person who is recognized by large segments of society. The office must have sufficient financial and human resources in order to carry out its responsibilities.

When the national complaint office is named, it should be taken into account the term “Ombudsman” is not familiar and the Khmer translation “Citizen Office” can be misunderstood. A name should be found, which summarizes the role of the office, e.g. "Citizen's Advocate" or "Public Complaints Commission".

The responsibilities of the different complaint offices should be clearly outlined and harmonized with one another in order to avoid overlap. This is true for the different institutions on the national level as well as those at the sub-national levels.

The complaint offices should be easily accessible and, if possible, located at “neutral” locations. This should be considered at least for the ombudsmen in the municipalities as well as for a possible national complaint office.

The complaint offices should increase their publicity work. They should inform the citizens at least once a year about their work and publicize themselves using targeted advertising. The citizens' trust can only be gained through information and transparency.

106 ibid



New forms such as the MIME complaint hotline should continue to be tested. Experiences from other countries show that such service hotlines are well received by citizens, since the hurdle of making a telephone call is more easily surmounted than personally making a statement in a complaint office – even for those who live in remote rural areas.

29 V. Options for an Ombudsman in Cambodia | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman

System in Cambodia

V. Options for an Ombudsman in Cambodia

5.1. Features of an Ombudsman’s Office

An Ombudsman’s office needs to be established so that its’ independence and effectiveness can be assured. The essential features of an Ombudsman are107:

5.1.1. Jurisdiction –the jurisdiction of the Ombudsman must be clearly defined and comply with separation of powers,

5.1.2. Independence – an Ombudsman’s office should be free from interference with guaranteed resources to operate. The Ombudsman should be appointed for a fixed term,

5.1.3. Powers – to carry out its work, the Ombudsman should have clear powers, including the powers to investigate, question people, see documents, prepare a report and publish that report to the public,

5.1.4. Accountability – an Ombudsman should publish openly, on an annual basis, the number of complaints received and the outcome of complaints. It should be protected from defamation laws,

5.1.5. Accessibility – an Ombudsman investigates on the basis of complaints from the public. Its complaints procedure should be free, accessible and sufficiently private, and

5.1.6. Procedural fairness –The Ombudsman’s own procedures should be fair. At a minimum, the Ombudsman should listen to both sides and give its reasons for its recommendation. The Ombudsman should operate without bias or favouritism.

5.1.1. Jurisdiction of an Ombudsman

It is important that the Ombudsman has a clearly defined jurisdiction to receive complaints and investigate matters on its own initiative.

Relationship with Municipal Ombudsmen

In Cambodia, some municipalities already have Municipal Ombudsman. It is suggested that these bodies continue as independent institutions, so their complaint handling and decision-making processes are able to independently mature.

People are likely to want to be able to go to a Municipal Ombudsman about a government decision made within the municipality regardless of whether the decision has been made by a commune/sangkat council, a municipal council, or the district office of a line Ministry. Given that the Municipal Ombudsmen are relatively new institutions, its important not to handicap their independence by too narrowly circumscribing the matters they can deal with. For this reason it is proposed that the Municipal Ombudsmens’ jurisdiction be expanded so that they are able to receive complaints about any government matter relating to that municipality, regardless of

107 John McMillan, 2008 Whats in a Name? Use of the Term ‘Ombudsman’, viewed at http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 on 30/5/09.



System in Cambodia

which level of government is involved.

This would mean that the Municipal Ombudsmen would overlap to some extent with a National Ombudsman, as a National Ombudsman would have jurisdiction over decisions of national Ministries, including their provincial and district offices. Therefore, it is possible that a person in a municipality with a complaint could have a choice of either going to the Municipal Ombudsman or the National Ombudsman.

Clear Government Powers

The National Ombudsman must have jurisdiction to examine and make recommendations about whether a Ministry has behaved with ‘administrative deficiency’, which is:

A decision, recommendation, act or omission which is contrary to law, was unreasonable, unjust, oppressive or discriminatory, was based on a mistake of law or fact, was wrong, involves the exercise of a discretionary power for an irrelevant purpose or irrelevant grounds, involves the failure to consider a relevant consideration, or there has been an unreasonable delay in exercising a power108.

A decision about administrative deficiency starts with an analysis of whether or not a Ministry official has acted within his or her power. Some examples are provided in the yellow box below.

The Sub-decree on Economic Land Concession No. 146 ANK/BK

The sub-decree states that an economic land concessions (ELC) can only be granted by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), or by the Provincial / Municipal Governor in the case of smaller concessions (Art 29).

It also states that ELCs can only be granted on land that has been registered and classified as state private land and where there has been an economic and social impact assessment carried out (Art 4). An ELC has to achieve one of a series of prescribed purposes (Art 3) and proposals have to be evaluated according to prescribed criteria (Art 5).

An Ombudsman could find administrative deficiency in the following circumstances:

If another Ministry granted an ELC. The Ombudsman could find that it was acting outside of power, as only the MAFF or a Provincial Governor has the power to grant an ELC.

If MAFF or a Provincial Governor granted an ELC over land that was state public land. The Ombudsman could find it was acting outside of power, because Art 4 says that the land needs to be registered as state private land before an ELC can be granted.

If a Provincial Governor gave an ELC because he was ordered to by a Minister. The Ombudsman could find that he was exercising his discretionary power for an irrelevant purpose, as Art 5 sets out the only relevant criteria for deciding whether to grant an ELC, and the wishes of a Minister is not a relevant criteria.

108

Taken from the Commonwealth Ombudsman of Australia. Sections 10 and 15, Ombudsman Act 1976 (Australia)


System in Cambodia

The above examples show that an Ombudsman needs a clear legal and policy framework in order to know if a Ministry official is administering his/her power properly. If there were unclear or overlapping law or policy, the Ombudsman would need the power to refer the matter to the Council of Ministers for speedy clarification.

Ministries need to be especially careful that they have properly delegated power to other bodies. For example, the Ministry of Public Works and Transport may delegate its power to license cars to the Municipal Council. However, if the delegation is not authorized by law, and clearly made, then the Municipal Council will be acting outside of its power. In such a case, licenses issued by the Municipal Council would not be valid.

It is also important that the power is of the sort that can properly be delegated. Policing powers, for example, can rarely be delegated to a non-policing body because of the potential for abuses of power.

The issue of delegated power also arises in relation to Municipal Ombudsmen and sub-national levels of government. Municipalities operate with powers delegated to it by Ministries109, although in the future, it is proposed that municipalities, and other sub-national levels of government, will be assigned comprehensive functions110. Given that the municipalities currently operate on the basis of delegated power, is important for those delegations to be clear and authorized by law.

Separation of Powers

Cambodia is formally a separation of powers system, where the Legislative, Executive and Judicial powers are separate111 and act as a check-and-balance upon each other. Within this system, an Ombudsman is usually part of the Executive, but operates independently from the Ministries112. It also operates separately from the Legislature, although it reports to Parliament on its activities and observations.

The separation of powers imposes limitations on the Ombudsman’s jurisdiction. In general, an Ombudsman will not examine Minister’s actions, proceedings in

109

P 31, Transparency International 2006, National Integrity Systems: Transparency International Country Study Report,

Cambodia 2006 110

Article 200 of the Organic Law 2008, provides that “the National Committee shall review the responsibilities and functions

of ministries, institutions, departments, units, and authorities at all levels to identify functions to be transferred to sub-national councils”. 111 In practice, there the Executive dominates the is considerable domination of the Judiciary and the Legislature by the

Executive, see Global Integrity 2009, Report on Cambodia, viewed at http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34 on 30 May 2009 112 There has been some debate on whether integrity agencies are getting so big that they constitute a „fourth‟ arm of government,

see John McMillan 2007, Commonwealth Ombudsman Annual Report 2006-2007, “Thirty years…thirty changes‟, viewed at http://www.ombudsman.gov.au/publications_information/annual_reports/ar2006-07/chapter_8/chapter_8a.html on 26/5/09.

http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34

http://www.ombudsman.gov.au/publications_information/annual_reports/ar2006-07/chapter_8/chapter_8a.html


System in Cambodia

Parliament, or the actions of a Judge or a magistrate113. The Ombudsman must act according to law. If it does not then its actions and decisions can be appealed to the courts. It may be difficult for courts to decide on the legality of Ombudsman’s decisions, given that they do not yet have an extensive administrative jurisprudence.

5.1.2 Independence of an Ombudsman

An Ombudsman’s office is established so that it is free from interference. It has guaranteed resources to operate, the Ombudsman is appointed for a fixed term, and the Ombudsman cannot be removed except “for misconduct or incapacity according to a clearly defined process”114. The Ombudsman always acts so that it is independent and appears independent. An Ombudsman is usually a single person, as with the Australian Commonwealth Ombudsman and the head of the Citizens Audit Ombudsman in South Korea115.

Appointing an Ombudsman

To ensure that an Ombudsman’s office is independent, it is important that the right person is chosen. An Ombudsman should be selected in a process that honours and symbolizes neutrality. Professor Hill enumerated the following characteristics that are desirable in a person who is selected as an Ombudsman116:

o A monitoring specialist,

o Administrative expert and professional,

o Non-partisan,

o Client-centered, but not anti-administration, and

o Popularly accessible and visible.

It is vital that the Ombudsman is independent of all other parts of government. It needs to have the trust of the Ministries and the trust of the people that it will carry out its investigations without any agenda other than the improving of public administration. For this reason, the Ombudsman should not be a member of a political party and should not hold any other position while he/she is an Ombudsman.

An Ombudsman needs to be someone who powerful and likely to have some influence over Ministries, but who is also someone who is non-partisan and has integrity. In the Cambodian context, it is difficult to find someone who is both

113 Taken from the Commonwealth Ombudsman of Australia. Section 5, Ombudsman Act 1976 (Australia) 114 p 6, John McMillan, 2008 Whats in a Name? Use of the Term ‘Ombudsman’, viewed at

http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 on 30/5/09. 115

Section 21, Ombudsman Act 1976 (Australia) 116

P 9, Bokhari SA 2004 , Ombudsman: An Introduction, Draft Research Paper, from

http://www.policy.hu/bokhari/Ombudsman_An%20Introduction.doc. Viewed on 20/5/09, quoting from “American Ombudsmen

and „Wannabe‟ Ombudsmen” by Larry B. Hill, Address delivered at the 1997 Spring Meeting of the American Bar Association Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice, Hotel Washington, Washington D.C.




System in Cambodia

powerful and independent, as power is often developed through connection with a political party or Ministry117.

One option is to have the Ombudsman appointed by Parliament on the recommendation of a committee. The committee could include representatives from academia and civil society. There could be minimum qualifications for the position, as there are in the South Korean ACRC model (discussed in Section IV).

Removing an Ombudsman

It is important that the Ombudsman can carry out his/her job without fear of being removed or having his/her funding cut. For this reason, the office must have guaranteed funding that is sufficient to operate. This can be expressed as a percentage of the overall budget.

Generally, legislation prescribes that an Ombudsman cannot be removed except for118:

serious misconduct, or

physical or mental incapacity.

The Head of State or the Parliament could be the ones to remove the Ombudsman in these circumstances. The parliament could be required to publish its reasons in the media for removing the Ombudsman within 14 days.

5.1.3 Powers of an Ombudsman

To carry out its work, the Ombudsman must have clear powers. These powers generally include powers to investigate, question people, see documents, prepare a report and publish that report to the public.

The primary duty of the Ombudsman is to investigate cases of poor or improper government administration. For this reason, it needs to be able to know all relevant facts and considerations underlying a Ministry official’s decision. An investigation sometimes needs to be quite wide. An example is provided below.

The Sub-decree on Economic Land Concession No. 146 ANK/BK

A person complains that a Ministry Official improperly granted an Economic Land Concession (ELC). To investigate, an Ombudsman may need to undertake the following steps:

compel the MAFF to list its reasons for granting the ELC,

question the officials who made the decision,

question officials from the company that received the ELC, and

117 Pak Kimchoeun et al 2007, Patrimonialism and Neo-patrimonialism in Cambodia: A critical Literature Review, p 58. 118

See for example Art 16 of the South Korean, Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-Corruption & Civil

Rights Commission; or Sect 28, Ombudsman Act 1976 Australia.


System in Cambodia

Inspect bank records to see if there have been any improper payments.

Of course, Ministries can be reluctant to cooperate with an investigation. In many Ombudsman systems, where a party refuses to cooperate with an investigation, the Ombudsman asks the courts to enforce a subpoena. However, this is unlikely to be a practical solution in Cambodia because of the delays and lack of independence of the judiciary119.

Rief observes that some Ombudsmen exercise repressive powers to directly impose a fine or imprison a non-cooperate official, without going to court120. However, in a Cambodian context this would be inappropriate because of separation of powers.

It would also be difficult for an Ombudsman in practice to carry out its own repressive powers unless it has support at the very highest levels. Oosting describes this as a practical culture of independence121. Unless there is a culture and practice of complying with the Ombudsman, a reluctant Ministry may refuse to comply with the fine or the order of imprisonment, along with the original request to provide information.

The Ombudsman needs to be able to operate without relying on cooperation from government, as there will always be times when Ministries do not want to cooperate. In Cambodia, it is important to consider how, in practice, the Ombudsman will enforce compliance with an investigation.

5.1.4. Accountability of an Ombudsman

An Ombudsman publishes openly, on an annual basis, its number of complaints received and the outcome of complaints. An Ombudsman can publish its recommendations to Parliament and in the media.

Ombudsmen generally try to persuade Ministries to adopt their recommendations for change. They cannot force Ministries to accept their recommendations. In theory, public pressure from Ombudsman’s reports encourages Ministries to adopt Ombudsman’s recommendations. However, for this public pressure to have an impact, there needs to be ‘a political and administrative system that is and wants to be and to remain a democracy governed by the rule of law, with all the appropriate

119See Global Integrity 2009, Report on Cambodia, viewed at http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34 on 30

May 2009; see also Centre for Advanced Study 2006, p5 Justice for the Poor: An Exploratory Study of Collective Grievances Over Land and Local Governance in Cambodia, World Bank. 120 Linda C Reif 2004, The Ombudsman, good governance and the international human rights system, Martinus Nijhoff

Publishers. Viewed at http://books.google.com/books?id=2NUPYybt90EC&dq=coercive+powers+and+the+Ombudsman&source=gbs_summary_s&ca

d=0 on 30/5/09, p19. 121 P 11 Marten Oosting, 2000, Protecting the Integrity and Independence of the Ombudsman Institution: the Global Perspective, paper presented at the VIIth International Conference of the International Ombudsman Institute, South Africa.


http://books.google.com/books?id=2NUPYybt90EC&dq=coercive+powers+and+the+Ombudsman&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0



System in Cambodia

mechanisms of external accountability this entails’ 122. In other words, Ministries need to be sensitive to public opinion, and want to improve public administration to better serve the people.

The difficulty in Cambodia is that there is not a high degree of responsiveness or sensitivity by Ministries to public opinion. Kimchouen et al., observes that in Cambodia, ‘in all three government branches, loyalty to political leaders and party networks and hierarchies overrides loyalty to constituencies’123. In other words, loyalty and responsiveness to party politics and Ministerial hierarchies is the highest priority. Power is vertical, imposed from the top down, rather than legitimacy being seen to arise from public acceptance. This is more the case with the central Ministries than it is with sub-national levels of government, which to a greater extent draw their legitimacy from public opinion124.

Given this lack of sensitivity to public opinion, it is possible that Ministries will ignore Ombudsman recommendations. They may even actively resist Ombudsman investigations, especially if they are perceived to disrupt or criticise internal hierarchies or the collection of resources125.

In the Cambodian context, an Ombudsman also needs protection from defamation and disinformation laws126.

5.1.5 Accessibility of an Ombudsman

An Ombudsman investigates on the basis of complaints from the public. Its complaints procedure is free, accessible and sufficiently private. To be accessible in Cambodia, an Ombudsman’s office may have to go to the countryside and prisons, among other places, to receive complaints.

The Municipal Ombudsmen in Battambang and Siem Reap used the name “Citizen’s Office”. An evaluation of the project found that this name was not an accurate reflection of the services offered. It suggested alternatives such as ‘Complaints Receiving Office’, ‘Citizens Relations Office’ or ‘Office for Serving Citizens’. Other options include Citizen's Aide, Citizen’s Consultant, Citizen’s Advocate, Public Complaints Commission, or the National Authority for Public Complaints.

122 P 15 Marten Oosting 2000, Protecting the Integrity and Independence of the Ombudsman Institution: the Global Perspective,

paper presented at the VIIth International Conference of the International Ombudsman Institute, South Africa. 123 Pak Kimchoeun et al 2007, Patrimonialism and Neo-patrimonialism in Cambodia: A critical Literature Review, p 59. 124P 32, Justice for the Poor: An Exploratory Study of Collective Grievances Over Land and Local Governance in Cambodia,

World Bank. 125 Conway and Hughes observe that Ministries in Cambodia have motivations, such as “institutional sustainability and

increasing the resources available…”. Page 47, Caroline Hughes and Tim Conway 2003, Understanding pro poor political

change: the policy process Cambodia, Second draft- August 2003. 126

Sections 62 and 63 of the Provisions Relating to the Judiciary and Criminal Law and Procedure Applicable in Cambodia

During the Transitional Period, 1992 (UNTAC Law)


System in Cambodia

5.1.6 Procedural Fairness by an Ombudsman

An Ombudsman encourages Ministries to develop better decision-making practices, so it is important that the Ombudsman’s own procedures are fair. At a minimum, the Ombudsman listens to both sides and gives its reasons for its recommendation. The Ombudsman operates without bias or favouritism.

5.2. Two Possible Models for an Ombudsman

5.2.1. National Ombudsman

One option is to have a National Ombudsman sitting alongside individual Municipal Ombudsmen. The National Ombudsman would be given jurisdiction over actions and omissions of Ministries in Phnom Penh and their provincial and district operations.

There is already a regime for Municipal Ombudsmen in Battambang and Siem Reap. Starting in 2009, these offices are being expanded to other municipalities. The Prakas127 already gives municipal ombudsmen jurisdiction over municipal officials. Their jurisdiction could be expanded so that they have jurisdiction over all government decisions within the municipality, regardless of whether the decision has been made by a commune council official, a municipal official, or a provincial official in a line ministry.

The National Ombudsman and the Municipal Ombudsmen would be independent of each other, although they would establish regular annual forums to compare their respective experiences and challenges, and would cooperate and assist each other where possible.

A National Ombudsman would be appointed for a fixed term of five years, on the recommendation of a committee. The committee would be composed on members of civil society and academia and would choose among candidates that met the following qualifications:

A senior academic for eight years,

a judge or lawyer for 10 years,

a local Ombudsman for four years, or

a person of high social reputation with a knowledge of administration who is recommended by a non-government organization.

The Parliament or Prime Minister would appoint the National Ombudsman and could remove the National Ombudsman for misconduct or incapacity, however, the

127

Prakas on the Structure and Management of the Ombudsman Office in Srok Siem Reap, Siem Reap Province, and Srok

Battambang, Battambang Province


System in Cambodia

Ombudsman must be given a chance to respond to allegations and the reasons for decision must be published in the media. The Director would choose the staff working in the office. The office would be given minimum guaranteed resources, expressed as a percentage of the budget.

The National Ombudsman would have extensive powers, including the right to investigate and inspect records. If a Ministry or individual did not comply with a request, the National Ombudsman could apply to the court to impose a fine or penalty of imprisonment.

The National Ombudsman would make recommendations to the Ministries, give its report to the Parliament, and publish its reports in the media, with protection from defamation and disinformation laws. The National Ombudsman would give an account of its activities at least once a year to the Parliament, including a list of complaints received and the outcome (with names removed to protect confidentiality). The report would be public and made available to all media outlets.

The National Ombudsman could receive complaints directly or start its own investigation. It would not need any permission before beginning an investigation. Ministries would be encouraged to have their own individual complaints procedures, however, if they had not yet established one, then they would forward complaints they receive directly to the Ombudsman. People could complain to the Ombudsman if they are unhappy with the way the Ministry has handled their complaint. The National Ombudsman would regularly tour countryside areas and prisons in order to take complaints.

The National Ombudsman’s office, as well as the offices of the Municipal Ombudsmen, would be located in “neutral” offices, outside of a Ministry.

5.2.2 Hybrid National Ombudsman and Anti Corruption Unit

A second option would be to establish a combination Ombudsman and Anti Corruption Unit. This is similar to the hybrid institution, the ACRC in South Korea, although it is proposed that a single person would head the Cambodian body.

The Municipal Ombudsmen could be independent of the national ombudsman and Anti Corruption Unit or become branches of the national body.

This hybrid body would have jurisdiction over allegations of corruption and complaints against Ministries and their provincial and district operations. Allegations of corruption could be made against private individuals and companies where they

38 | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

involved a Ministry or Ministry official.

However, before a hybrid body could be formed, the Anti-Corruption Unit would need to be changed so that it does not need the permission of the Council of Ministers before starting an investigation.

The Anti Corruption Unit could be given expanded powers, including the right to investigate and inspect records. Like the proposal for a National Ombudsman, if a Ministry or individual did not comply with a request, the hybrid body could apply to a court to impose a fine or penalty of imprisonment.

The head of the hybrid body would be appointed for a fixed term of five years, on the recommendation of a committee. A selection process would be similar to that proposed for the National Ombudsman, as would the procedures governing removal of the head. The head would choose the staff working in the office. The office would be given minimum guaranteed resources.

At present, the Anti-Corruption Unit’s reports are made directly to the Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister. This would need to be changed so that its reports are provided directly to the whole Parliament, and it is possible for it to publish its reports in the media, with protection from disinformation and defamation laws. Unlike now, the hybrid body would be required to give an account of its activities at least once a year to the Parliament, including a list of complaints received and the outcome (with names removed to protect confidentiality). The report would be public and available to all media outlets.

The Anti Corruption Unit can already receive complaints directly. Ministries should also be required to send complaints of corruption to the hybrid body. The Anti Corruption Unit could also regularly tour countryside areas and prisons in order to take complaints.

The Anti Corruption Unit is already located in a neutral area, but the hybrid body would need to be re-named.

5.3. Final Remark

A functioning complaint system could play an important role in increasing the trust of people in the administration and government of Cambodia. The requirements would be that this institution:

can operate free from political influence,

is really independent, and

does not treat any person better or worse than any other.

As discussed above, in creating an Ombudsman’s office in Cambodia, several things


need to be considered. Firstly, it needs to be well thought-out if there is a person who is both independent enough and powerful enough to act as an Ombudsman. Generally powerful people in Cambodia are strongly aligned with the ruling party. The Ombudsman needs to be powerful enough to influence Ministries, and yet independent enough so that he or she is willing to criticise government action.

Secondly, Ministries have to be responsive to Ombudsmen recommendations. An Ombudsman is only useful to the extent that a Ministry is willing to act in the public interest and change its practices. At times, the recommendations of an Ombudsman may directly challenge the power and practices of powerful people within a Ministry. Ministries have to be willing to change, even if a change will mean that it becomes less powerful.

Thirdly, the office of the Ombudsman needs to be strong enough so that it cannot easily be disbanded or its funding cut. There will always be occasions when the government is unwilling to face the political cost of its own wrongdoing. The government needs to commit to setting up a strong institution that continues even when it is critical of government.

Finally and most importantly, the Ombudsman needs to be able to investigate, even in the face of Ministry opposition. But the courts in Cambodia may not be independent or efficient enough to support Ombudsman investigations.

It is important that these factors are considered before an Ombudsman’s office is created in Cambodia. While an Ombudsman can be a powerful tool for improving government administration, it also needs to be created at the right time and in the right way, otherwise it can further erode people’s trust in government.


Option 1- National Ombudsman Option 2- Hybrid Ombudsman and Anti Corruption Unit

Jurisdiction National Ombudsman to have jurisdiction over Ministries in Phnom Penh and their provincial and district operations.

Municipal Ombudsmen to be independent and have jurisdiction over all actions of government within the municipality.

Sub-decree 84 ANK 22/8/2006 would need to be expanded so that it had jurisdiction over all complaints about Ministries in Phnom Penh and their provincial and district operations.

Independence Located separately, guaranteed resources, appointed for fixed term of five years.

Limited grounds for removal.

Already located separately.

At the moment, needs authority of the Council of Ministers before can begin an investigation.

Needs a fixed term appointment, limited grounds of removal and a guarantee of resources.

Powers Power to obtain documents and to question.

Power to publish and provide a report to Parliament.

Needs explicit powers to obtain documents and to question.

Needs power to publish and provide a report to Parliament.

Accountability Publish annual report of complaints

Power to publish reports, without risk of defamation or disinformation suit.

Would need to be changed so that it provided figures on number of complaints or number of cases.

Currently reports to the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister. Needs to be able to independently publish reports, without risk of defamation or disinformation suit.

Accessibility Called the “Citizen’s Complaints Office”.

Receive complaints directly or referred from Ministries. Travel to countryside and detention centres

Receive complaints directly or referred from Ministries.

Located outside of central Phnom Penh.

Has a clear sign and an ‘anonymous’ complaints box. Has tv


to receive complaints. ads to inform the public.

Needs to start to travel to countryside and detention centres to receive complaints.

Needs to be renamed.

Procedural fairness

Establish procedures for procedural fairness.

Ombudsman must be without bias or favouritism.

Needs procedures for procedural fairness.

42 References | Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

References

Ayeni, Victor 2000, “Ombudsman Around the World: Essential Elements, Evolution and Contemporary Issues” in Victor Ayeni, Hayden Thomas, Linda C. Reif 2000, Strengthening ombudsman and human rights institutions in Commonwealth small and island states: the Carribean experience; International Ombudsman Institute, viewed at http://books.google.com/books?id=khcAd-dbJwwC&dq=creating+an+ombudsman+developing+countries&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 on 3/6/09.

Bokhari SA 2004 , Ombudsman: An Introduction, Draft Research Paper, from http://www.policy.hu/bokhari/Ombudsman_An%20Introduction.doc. Viewed on 20/5/09.

Caiden.G.E. (ed.,) 1983, international handbook of the ombudsman, Westport, Connectiant; Greenwood Press

Centre for Advanced Study 2006, p5 Justice for the Poor: An Exploratory Study of Collective Grievances Over Land and Local Governance in Cambodia, World Bank.

Conway, Tim and Hughes, Caroline 2003, Understanding pro poor political change: the policy process Cambodia, Second draft- August 2003.

Council for Legal and Judicial Reform 2008, Overview of Ombudsman System

Council for Legal and Judicial Reform 2009, Report of the pre-assessment on ombudsman and other complaint system in Cambodia

Council for Legal and Judicial Reform 2009, Report of the Study Tour in the Republic of Korea

Fenwick, Helen and Phillipson, Gavin, 2003 Texts, Cases and Materials on Public Law & Human Rights, Cavendish Publishing Limited, London, quoting from Caiden GE (ed), 1983 International Handbook of the Ombudsman

Global Integrity 2009, Report on Cambodia, viewed at http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34 on 30 May 2009

Kimchoeun Pak, Vuthy Horn, Netra Eng, Sovath Ann, Sedara Kim, Knowles Jenny, Craig, David 2007, Patrimonialism and Neo-patrimonialism in Cambodia: A critical Literature Review, Cambodian Development Research Institute.

McMillan, John 2007, Commonwealth Ombudsman Annual Report 2006-2007, “Thirty years…thirty changes’, viewed at http://www.ombudsman.gov.au/publications_information/annual_reports/ar2006-07/chapter_8/chapter_8a.html on 26/5/09.

McMillan, John 2008 Whats in a Name? Use of the Term ‘Ombudsman’, viewed at http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 on 30/5/09.





http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34%20on%2030%20May%202009

http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34%20on%2030%20May%202009



http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04%20on%2030/5/09

http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04%20on%2030/5/09


Ombudsman Committee 1974, International Bar Association Resolution

Oosting, Marten 2000, Protecting the Integrity and Independence of the Ombudsman Institution: the Global Perspective, paper presented at the VIIth International Conference of the International Ombudsman Institute, South Africa.

Reif, Linda C 2004, The Ombudsman, good governance and the international human rights system, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Viewed at http://books.google.com/books?id=2NUPYybt90EC&dq=coercive+powers+and+the+Ombudsman&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 on 30/5/09.

Transparency International 2006, National Integrity Systems: Transparency International Country Study Report, Cambodia 2006




Annex 1: pre-assessment on ombudsman and other complaint system in Cambodia

Assessment on the current Situation of Complaint System against

Administration in Cambodia

1.1 National Level

Dispute Settlement Office in the Ministry of Commerce

The Dispute Settlement Office in the Department of Legal Affairs of the Ministry of Commerce was set up in 2008 and at the time of the interviews was still under construction. The goal of the ministry is to establish a complaint office for businesspeople who are not in agreement with decisions of the ministry.

The office is located in the Ministry of Commerce, but there are no signs to indicate where one can find the office.

The office has two personnel, the Office Chief and his deputy.

It is still unclear how complaints are handled, and corresponding regulations are being drafted.

Prior to the construction of the Dispute Settlement Office, complaints went directly to the Cabinet of the Ministry, which forwarded the complaints to the respective departments. The department would investigate the case and tried to find a solution in conversation with the register of the complaint. If this was not possible, the case would be presented with a report and suggestion to the Minister for a decision.

There are no exact statistics about the number of complaints, but the estimate is 10 large and 20 smaller cases since 2000. However most of the cases complaint has been received by the cabinet of the ministry.

General Department of General Inspectorate in the Ministry of Interior

The General Department of General Inspectorate in MoI often operates as an alternative dispute resolution bureau. It investigates disputes and tries to work with the parties to find an acceptable resolution through mediation and conciliation. Land dispute cases make up a significant and increasing percentage of the General Inspectorate's caseload. The Department gets support from USAID through East West Management Institute (EWMI) in order to improve the Inspectorate's ability to effectively investigate and mediate land dispute.

Besides this role, the inspectorate is in charge of solving internal problems in the ministry as well.

According to the sub-decree on organizing and functioning of the ministry of interior

General Inspection Department of Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy

45 Annex 1: pre-assessment on ombudsman and other complaint system in Cambodia |

Proposal for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

The General Inspection Department of the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy (MIME) has two main fields of responsibility: it is responsible for the annual internal auditing and is the receiving office for internal complaints.

The method of handling internal complaints is regulated in the MIME as it is in all the other ministries: the complaints are verified by the inspection department, and following a hearing with both parties, the department delivers a recommendation which the minister finally decides upon.

In difficult cases, a working group is assigned to investigate the case, and if necessary, the Disciplinary Council is convened.

There are neither numbers nor reports on the number of internal complaints each year or their content.

Complaints from Businesspeople

Businesspeople who want to complain about ministerial decisions like the distribution of licenses have two possibilities: They address their complaints to the respective department that is responsible for the licensing. The department must verify the complaints, issue a recommendation and present it to the minister for his decision. Should this process touch on multiple ministries then an inter-ministerial group is convened in order to verify the complaint.

In addition, a business licensing complaints hotline is available to businesspeople. This hotline has been unique in Cambodia for some time. Businesspeople can register their complaints through this hotline without long waiting times or administrative processes. They call the hotline and give the necessary information such as name of the business, contact person who is registering the complaint, and the reason for the complaint. If the hotline officer thinks that the complaint is justified, he forwards it to the relevant office.

Although the hotline is an initiative of the MIME, it receives complaints relating to any business licenses or inspections conducted by any ministry or government agency.

The hotline has been available for about one year. A report about the number of complaints registered on the hotline, how the cases were addressed, and the satisfaction of the customers, is not yet available.



Working Group for the Development of a Police Act for the Cambodian National Police

A new police act has been in development in the Department of National Police since June 2008, which would revise the structure and responsibilities of the National Police. In addition, a code of conduct and the definition of disciplinary offences are being developed.

In conjunction with this new police act, a process is also being developed that gives citizens the possibility to complain about the police in the cases of improper behavior. It should ensure “that the members of the public can have confidence in the honesty and integrity of the National Police128.”

The exact procedure and what offices will be responsible for which complaints will be discussed throughout 2009, but it is possible according to the statements of the international expert who is guiding this work that a police ombudsman would be established.

Ministry of National Assembly and Senate Relation and Inspection

The ministry played an important role to assist the government to conduct inspection on the performance of the other government ministries or institutions in order to ensure accountability and transparency for the government and people. According to the sub decree on the organizing and functioning of MONASRI, the government provides a full power to general department of inspection to conduct inspection and mediate the complaint against administration.

For solving complaint against administration, one department called department to receive and investigate complaints is responsible to receive compliant from all source on the issues against administration to take investigation and solve by reconciliation mechanism. Most of the case, the ministry has no power to decide but they form the file with recommendations to prime minister for decision. The procedure to solve the case is, generally, the same like other ministry or government institutions did. When the case comes, the department makes clarification and identify whether the case is in their mandate or not and then they will send to the relevant government institutions for solving and asking for report. Most of the case that the ministry received is land issue. So far there is no clear statistic of number of the compliant in the ministry.

128

Framework for Legislation of the working group for the development of a police act for the Cambodian National Police, June 2008



Concerning to the inspection, one department is responsible to make annual plan and conduct the plan to conduct inspection to the government institutions. Actually, the inspection work, MONASRI has clear procedure and plan. The will go directly to the ministry or government institution for checking irregularity of government institution performance, in particular, expenditure.

Anti Corruption Unit

The Anti Corruption Unit (ACU) was founded in 2006. It is the successor to the Entity against the Corruption Activities, which was established in 1999 and according to statements by the ACU, was largely powerless.

The legal basis for the ACU is Sub Decree Nr. 84 ANK date 22/08/2006. In this Sub Decree, the roles and responsibilities of the ACU are preventing corruption issues, enforcing laws and regulations, and encouraging the citizens to participate in the fight against corruption.

The ACU office is located somewhat outside of the center of Phnom Penh in Khan Russei Keo; the building has clear signage and in the entrance there is a large, white postbox in which letters for the ACU can be deposited.

The work of the ACU has three main focuses: 1. The development of initiatives to avoid corruption, to clear up individual and collective cases of corruption, and to encourage the citizens to participate in the fight against corruption.

The most spectacular cases since their foundation: the so-called Water Festival Case and the Hennessy Case. The Water Festival Case dealt with the illegal importing of right-hand-drive cars from Thailand, which was only possible due to corresponding bribes being paid to the respective officials. The Hennessy Case was similar: a wine importer bought the favor of several officials with bribes, and as a way of saying thanks, the officials did not bother to follow the legal regulations for the import of wine. Both cases were brought before courts by the ACU.

In the case that they receive complaints from citizens, the ACU proceeds in the following fashion: first they check whether they are responsible for the case. If so, they verify the documentation and ascertain whether there is enough evidence of corruption. If the evidence is sufficient, the ACU obtains authorization from the Council of Ministers to investigate the case. As soon as they receive this authorization, the investigation begins. When the investigation has been completed, the resulting report is delivered either to the Prime Minister or the Deputy Prime Minister. The Prime Minister or Deputy Prime Minister then makes the final decision as to which measures should be taken.



The ACU employs a total of 15 lawyers, who are responsible for investigating cases of corruption. The ACU took at a number of ads on TV in order to inform citizens about the institution. The exact numbers are not available as to how many cases the ACU has investigated and how many cases resulted in corruption charges. There are also no publicly released figures in regards to the use of the White Box in the ACU office.

National Authority of Land Conflict Resolution

The National Authority of Land Conflict Resolution (NALCR) was established by Royal Decree No. NS/RD/0206/067, dated from February 26, 2006. Within just six months of its opening, the NALCR registered 116 complaints from citizens and institutions of which 79 were forwarded to the Secretariat of the National Cadastral Committee for examination. At the end of 2008, the number of registered complaints had reached 1500.

The job of the NALCR is to check the complaints of citizens or institutions make suggestions and forward these to the respective offices and ministries. According to article 3 and 5 of the sub-decree on the organization and functioning of the secretariat of national authority for land disputes resolution the role and function of the NALCR are to solve and coordinate all land disputes; the general secretary of NALCR has the power to conduct investigation and inspection after received complaints and to issue instruction to block the place where there has conflict after received complaints.

The sub-decree N. 65 A.N.K/BK mentioned as well on the process of the case registration and the case solution. The processes are:

1. Receive and register cases according to the place of the complaints

2. Prepare cases

3. Input in land conflict case database

4. Ask the two parties for clarification

5. Classify and prioritize case

6. Collect evidences

7. Cooperate with relevant government stakeholders to investigate in the place of conflict

8. First report to the General Secretary for decision

9. Make summary of explainary note of both matter of law and matter of fact with first recommendations to superior for decision

10. Send the decision of NALCR to MLMUPC for implementation

But the question of whether the suggestions of the NALCR are adopted and how the cases are solved individually cannot be determined from the reports. It is also not apparent in whose favor the cases were decided or how long the process took.



Excerpts from the 2007 Report

Participated in resolving the environment land grabbing issue in Kompong Seila, Koh Kong Province, and peacefully confiscated 90 hectares of land to retain as government property.

Prepared notices to the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction and the Ministry of Environment to take action, transfer and remove from the public functions in the cases of the Director of Koh Kong Provincial Department of Land Management, Urban Planning, Construction and Cadastre and the Director of Koh Kong Provincial Department of Environment in relation to the irregularity of requesting certificates for ownership of fixed property in the Peam Krosaob wildlife sanctuary in Stung Veng village, Stung Veng commune, Smach Meanchey district, Koh Kong Province.

Took legal action against Oknha Tan Seng Hak - Oknha Te Haing and Oknha May Vuthy in relation to the case of land grabbing and illegal clearing of forest land, which is currently under court procedures.

Prepared a notice letter to the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and the Forest Administration to take strict administrative action against 15 government officials because those officials had violated the guidelines of land law, forestry law, the fisheries law and the law on environmental protection and natural resource management, and especially had disregarded the highest order of Samdech the Prime Minister.

Resolved the land dispute case between 92 families and the Chamroeun Cheat Company in village No. 4, O Tres commune, Stung Hao district, Sihanoukville, by requiring the municipality to:

o Establish a working group to collect data on the truly landless people living on the disputed land.

o Arrange and distribute social concession land to those people who have or no land.

o Investigate to find the ringleaders who provoked the people to go and live on the disputed land.

Resolved the case involving 600 families, the Sam Phannarith Company and the Seng Hong Heng Company by requesting for the return of the farming land and development land, which the province issued an order to confiscate, by recommending:

o The provincial sub-committee to prevent, eradicate and suppress the clearing, burning and fencing of forestland for ownership, and to practically review the case of the 600 families whose land was confiscated through an issuance by the province order.

o As for the request by the Sam Phannarith Company and the Seng Hong Heng Company in relation to the Government's public land, the NLA will provide its



views and opinions including its proposed measures for the highest decision by Samdech the Prime Minister.

Cambodian Human Rights Committee

The committee has been established since 1998 by the government of Cambodia. It works in the area of promotion of human rights and assists the government in the area of human rights reviewing and clarification. The main function of the committee is to protect human rights, enforce human rights improvement, and to provide training on human rights. The committee is a government human rights body where it works is to assist government in the area of human rights.

The committee is responsible to as well to receive human rights violation cases from the public. But the committee is not a body to solve the human rights violation case. The committee just does their coordination and orientation work to assist the public complaint to line institutions who has the competence to deal the problem. The process of the dealing human rights cases is quiet similar to other government institution. After receiving the case, the committee will study and identify the competent authority who is responsible to deal that problem by sending them report with some recommendations on the how to deal the case.

Beside the receiving the cases from the public, the committee has the rights to study and review other human rights violation published in the newspaper or others mass media and make the report with recommendation to the competent authority to deal the case. The committee will make intervention directly to the responsible ministry or institution to take action for solution. So far there is no clear information on the human rights violation case that the committee has been received.

New Cambodian Human Rights Commission initiative

There is a new initiative from both government and civil society organization to establish a new National Cambodian Human Rights Commission which is an independent body for the national body to deal with the human rights aspect in the country. Actually this initiative has been influenced by the ASEAN human rights body who want to have an independent human rights institution in Cambodia working in protection human rights of the citizens.

The idea has been initiated since 2005 and the draft legal framework for the commission has been drafted and reviewed many time by both government and civil society organizations. So far the draft legal framework is in the hand of the civil society to review. There is no clear information on when the legal framework for establishment of the commission will be finalized since both government and civil society is compliant each other on the delay of the development of the legal framework.

The commission will be an independent human rights body for Cambodia in the future to deal with the human rights issues. The commission will work like other independent human rights commission of other country in the world in the



framework of promotion and improvement of human rights as required by the United Nation human rights committee.

1.2 Sub-National Level

Ombudsman in Battambang

The Ombudsman in Battambang was elected in summer 2005 for a period of three years, based on the Prakas 790 on the Structure and Management of the Ombudsman's Office in Srok Battambang, Battambang Province of the Ministry of Interior.

The ombudsman is part of the new administrative structure at district level in Battambang. He has the task to oversee the One Window Service Office (OWSO) and the other offices of the district administration. He has to be present in the OWSO for at least 12 hours each week.

The ombudsman is “a neutral representative of citizen” who must seek an acceptable resolution for citizens and enterprises. To achieve this goal the ombudsman has the following powers to conciliate: He has the right to insight all relevant documents of the related staff and; if the normal intend to conciliate between citizens and administrative staff is not successful, he is asked to send a dossier with recommendations to the District Governor. Complaints on the District Governors performance shall be sent to the Provincial Governor to settle.129

The citizen's Office in Battambang is located within the district administration in the first floor. It is neither easy accessible nor visible, a clear signposting is missing.

This monitoring from the ombudsman of the OWSO has proven successful by the local authorities but the number of citizens who have come to the ombudsman to complain about the administration is vanishing small. In the course of three years, exactly 2 cases were registered and solved. However there were a number of cases has been complained by the people as well but the complaints are out the competency of the office.

1.3 NGOs

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in Cambodia

According to the OHCHR, it is being flooded with inquiries and complaints. Cambodian citizens as well as NGOs turn to the OHCHR requesting legal guidance and assistance in matters of dispute. According to the OHCHR, the number is only increasing. The number one category for some time has been land conflicts. The OHCHR also receives complaints in regard to domestic violence, the situation in prisons, and from citizens who have had their basic human rights abused (freedom to demonstrate, freedom of opinion, etc.).

The OHCHR is not a complaint office, which advises or represents individual citizens. It does however give individuals information about which NGOs they could turn to 129

Prakas 790 of Ministry of Interior



with their concerns. Still, the actual mandate of the OHCHR is, in conjunction with the administration and government agencies, to improve the legal security of the citizens and to reduce abuses of human rights. The OHCHR aims to work truthfully with the administration, but it also supports NGOs, which address the previously mentioned issues. In interviews, representatives of the OHCHR stressed repeatedly that the citizens’ trust in official government complaint offices is very low. Based on their experience, the citizens therefore are more likely to turn to independent NGOs or institutes with their complaints.

Cambodian Human Rights and Development Association (Adhoc)

On average, 300 citizens from across Cambodia look for help from ADHOC each month. At the top of the list are domestic violence (about 100 per month), human rights abuses (40-50 each month) and land disputes (30-40 each month). According to ADHOC, the numbers are tending to increase.

ADHOC has no mandate as an NGO to deal with official offices in regard to the complaints they register. It can, however, advise the affected parties. In larger conflicts such as land conflicts with local authorities, the ADHOC supports citizens through offering legal advice, conducting targeted publicity work, and other measures.

53 Annex 2: Study tour report on Ombudsman system in the republic of Korea | Proposal for

Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

Annex 2: Study tour report on Ombudsman system in the republic of Korea

Study Tour Report on

Ombudsman System in the Republic of Korea

Seoul, 26-31 July 2009

Background

In the framework of development a suitable ombudsman system for Cambodia in the

future, the study tour to Korean Republic has been organized by the Secretary General

of the Council for Legal and Judicial Reform under the sponsorship from GTZ

“Administration Reform and Decentralization Program” from 26 to 31 July 2009 in

Seoul in Korean Republic. The objectives are to find out how the ombudsman system

works in Korea and if the system is applicable to the situation of Cambodia (see

annex 1 on agenda of the study tour). The project to develop a suitable ombudsman system for Cambodia has been agreed in the MOU between the Council of Legal and Judicial Reform (CLJR) and the “Administrative Reform and Decentralization Program” (ARDP) implemented by GTZ in June 2008. The project objective is to study and develop a suitable system of ombudsman for Cambodia in order to monitor the responsibility, accountability and transparency of public administration in the framework of public service delivery to the citizen whereas the public service delivery is a core priority of the fourth legislative mandate of the Royal Government of Cambodia. The project composes of four stages which are (1) conducting pre-assessment on ombudsman and other complaint system in Cambodia, (2) conducting deepen understanding on other ombudsman system implementation from other country, (3) conducting consultative meetings to develop suitable ombudsman system for Cambodia, (4) finalizing report of suitable ombudsman system for Cambodia. The first stage of the project implementation on conducting pre-assessment of ombudsman and other complaint systems in Cambodia has been conducted and presented in the seminar on Introduction of Ombudsman in Cambodia”.

Participant

The study tour has been participated from different high level government officials from relevant government institutions which are:

1. H.E Chan Tany, Secretary of State, Office of the Council of Ministers 2. H.E Suy Mong Leang, Secretary General, Council for Legal and Judicial Reform 3. H.E Sak Setha, Secretary of State of Ministry of Interior 4. H.E Mak Sambath, Member of Cambodian Human Rights Committee 5. H.E Sar Sambath, Permanent Member of Anti Corruption Unit 6. H.E Suong Leang Hay, Deputy Secretary General of the Council for Legal and

Judicial Reform 7. H.E Chan Mono, General Director of Administration of Ministry of Justice 8. H.E Buon Somony, Deputy Secretary General of the Council for Legal and Judicial

Reform 9. Mr. Liem Soda, MOI 10. Mr. Yous Virak, MOI 11. Mr. Khlok Dara, Coordinator with GTZ


12. Mrs. Ruth Gruber, Consultant GTZ

Republic of Korea

The Republic of Korea government was established on August 15, 1948. The President is the head of state and represents the state in international affairs. The Prime Minister is the principal executive assistant to the President. The executive branch, headed by the President, consists of the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, 15 executive ministries, and 16 independent agencies including the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. The President performs his executive functions through the Cabinet made up of 15 to 30 members. The Cabinet is presided over by the President, who is solely responsible for deciding all important government policies. In addition to the Cabinet, the President has several agencies under his direct control to formulate and carry out national policies: the Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea, the National Intelligence Service, and the Broadcasting and Communications Commission. The heads of these organizations are appointed by the President, but the presidential appointment of the Chairman of the Board of Audit and Inspection is subject to the approval of the National Assembly (see annex 2 on organization chart of Republic of Korea).

Visits/Meetings

The delegation visited five government institutions of the Korean Republic and one

civil society organization. The delegation has been welcomed by high level officials

of the Korean government institutions. They gain a lot of information and

experiences from all institutions. Among them, three main government institutions

related to establishment and implementation of the ombudsman system in Korea such

as Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission, Korean Human Rights

Commission, and Seoul‟s Audit Ombudsman is the main government institution

which is very much linked to the purpose of the study tour.

a. Meeting with Governmental Agencies

Cambodian Embassy in Korean Republic

The delegation visited the

Cambodian embassy in

Korea. In that time, the

delegation was warmly

welcomed by H.E Lim

Samkol, ambassador of

Cambodia in Korea. He

presented the situation of

the relationship between

Cambodian and Korea

where it has been increased

more and more cooperation

within this recent year and

especially after the official

visit of the Prime Minister


of Cambodia to Korean Republic last month.

He was very appreciated very much the delegation to come here to get more

understanding the ombudsman system in Korea where it was established since quiet

long time since 1994 and it has been recognized by many country in the world. It is a

good time for Cambodian delegation to study more from Korea for the development.

He accepted to assist the delegation to coordinate and facilitate with Korean

government side for more cooperation in the framework of development new

institution of ombudsman system for Cambodia in the future.

Information center outside Seoul Metropolitan

The delegation visited to the information center of one community where is located

outside Seoul. The information Center is a single place for all citizens in the

community to gather to get all relevant information on from both local authority and

national level authority. The information Center is a place that the citizen can access

information like their farming knowledge. The Center has been provided training on

computers, internet use and other skill for community.

The information provided and brought information on market and product price for

the citizen in the

community. Actually the

Program to set up the

information center is an

initiative of the Ministry

of Public Administration

and Security in the

framework of

administration reform and

decentralization program

in order to make

information and services

close to the people in

community.

National Human Rights Commission of Korea (NHRCK)

The Commission was established in 2001 as a national advocacy institution for

human rights protection. It is committed to the fulfillment of human rights in a

broader sense, including dignity, value and freedom of every human being, as

signified in international human rights conventions and treaties to which Korea is a

signatory. The commission is an independent government institution which received

direct financial support from the government. The body is composed by a mixture

commission from different institution.

The Commission is comprised of 11 commissioners, chairperson, 3 standing

commissioners and 7 non-standing commissioners. Among them, 4 will be elected by

the National Assembly, 4 will be nominated by the President of Korea, and 3 will be


nominated by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and then approved by the

President of Korea.

The Commissioners has 3 year terms and can serve for up to 2 terms. It is compulsory

for the commission to have at least 4 female commissioners. The commission is

assisted by a secretariat which is comprised of 3 departments, 11 teams and 3

subsidiaries. The Secretariat executes the Commission's decisions and policies, and is

responsible for all of the NHRCK's administrative duties.

The roles of the commission are:

- Analysis and research of human rights statutes (including bills pending at

the National Assembly), legal and judicial systems, policies and practices

as well as issuance of opinions and improvement recommendations

thereon;

- Investigation of human rights violations and discriminatory practices and

remedy recommendations;

- Review of human rights issues and environments;


- Proposal for and recommendation of guidelines for various categories of

human rights violations, determination standards, and preventive measures

thereof;

- Research and issuance of recommendations or opinions with respect to the

ratification

and/or implementation of international human rights treaties to which

Korea is a party;

- Exchanges and cooperation with international human rights organizations

and human

rights institutions of foreign countries; and

In summary, the Commission will be responsible to request for the submission of

relevant information and materials to concerned entities and professionals subject to

investigation; visit to and investigation of detention or protective facilities, if

necessary; filing of Commission‟s opinions on human rights issues with the courts

and the Constitutional Court; and submission of annual reports on Commission‟s

activities and human rights situations to the President of the Republic of Korea and

the National Assembly. For this instant, all citizens have the rights to file a complaint

against human rights violation and unlawful discrimination through three channels of

calling/faxing, mailing/visiting, and email to the Commission. The process of

compliant solution is:

1. Complaint receipt: all citizens can file their complaint against human rights

violation by visiting to the Commission, by phone call, by faxing, and by

internet then the complaint will be registered in the counseling center for

checking before going to investigate.

2. Investigation process: KNHRC can conduct investigation to government

agency for more clarification. One KNHRC can conduct on site investigation

and another KNHRC conduct document/materials reviewing. KNHRC can ask

government agency to provided concerned documents/materials for more

verification.

3. Conciliation: The first step of the solution is that the Commission tries to

conciliate both parties before the case is going to deliberation and decision.

4. Deliberation and decision after both party does not agreed the conciliation.

5. Conclusion: Within fourteen days after such decision, the Commission should

forward to the complainant a written guide and written notice of case handling

results.

Complaint Resolution Process


Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission (ACRC)

The Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission was launched on February 29, 2008

by the integration of the Ombudsman of Korea, the Korea Independent Commission

against Corruption and the Administrative Appeals Commission. With the

consolidation of these three organizations, citizens can be provided with one-stop

service of addressing public complaints, filing administrative appeals and fighting

corruption by a single organization in a speedier and more convenient manner. ACRC

will overhaul a legal and institutional framework to offer more convenient and

efficient public service to the people, resolve people's grievances and as swiftly as

possible, and spread a culture of integrity throughout the society to create a more

advanced country where civil rights are fully respected and rule of law is abided by

(see more in annex 3 on Act on Anti-Corruption and the Foundation of the Anti-

Corruption & Civil Rights Commission).

ACRC consists of a total of 15 commissioners including 1 Chairman (minister-level), 3 Vice-Chairmen (vice minister-level), 3 Standing Commissioners and 8 Non-standing Commissioners. To deal with administrative tasks, the secretariat is set up, divided into three bureaus of Ombudsman, Anti-Corruption and Administrative Appeals. They are headed by each vice-chairman. The Anti-Corruption & Civil Rights Commission (ACRC) performs the following three functions;

- Handle and address public complaints and improve related unreasonable systems

- Build a clean society by preventing and deterring corruption in the public sector - Protect people’s rights from illegal and unfair administrative practices through

the administrative appeals system In the framework of Ombudsman activities, ombudsman is devoted to discovering systems to be improved through a variety of channels like investigation and handling of civil complaints, analysis of repeatedly filed complaints, review of suggestions made by citizens and civic groups, media monitoring, etc. Furthermore, in order to make sure that recommendations are immediately incorporated into the active system and then promote civil rights, ACRC takes appropriate follow-up measures. These include an implementation


check for accepted measures on a regular basis and a coordination meeting on unaccepted measures. Korean Ombudsman system has been established since 1994 and integrated with the Korea Independent Commission against Corruption and the Administrative Appeals Commission in 2008. The ombudsman bureau provided has been divided into 10 divisions according to the type of the complaint. Ombudsman bureau has the role to:

investigate and handling complaints and grievances, recommending rectification or submitting options

provide recommendations for improvement on administration system

investigate actual condition and evaluate the result of complaint

provide counseling on the complaints

arbitrate and settling matters related to conflict of a majority of people and investigate and handle business complaint

fine for negligence

In the investigation process, Ombudsman Bureau can request relevant materials and documents from involved public institution for explanation. All citizens can file their complaint against any illegal, unjustifiable or passive action of an administrative agency or unreasonable administrative system which violates their rights or causes inconvenience

or burden to their rights through: 1. visiting to ACRC 2. Phone calling or fax 3. Posting 4. Operating E-portal (www.epeople.go.kr): It is the Online Citizen Participation Plaza

where the system can handle civil complaints online at the pan-governmental level to provide people easier access to public administrative service.

ACRC Secretary General In-je Park on 29 July met H.E. Chan Thani,

Secretary of State of the Cambodian Office the Council of Ministers

http://www.epeople.go.kr/


5. Integrated government call center which is connected to a single number of 110 from anywhere in the country. Those who want to be provided information on civil complaint services of all administrative agencies can call 110, the phone number of the Integrated Government Call Center, anywhere in the country. The public organizations connected to this call center include 56 central administrative agencies and 16 upper-level and 234 lower-level local governments. This center provides counseling and guidance service to citizens about civil complaints with the single number of 110.

Process of integrated government call center

There are four main processes of complaint receipt and solution which are:

1. Complaint receipt

where anyone can file

a complaint via his or

her representative,

written document,

mail, internet, fax or

by coming to the

ACRC in person

2. Investigation process: ACRC can request an administrative agency concerned

to provide an explanation, documents, by asking complainants, interested

parties, references, and employees concerned to show themselves in the

Commission or by demanding their opinion statement. It can be going directly

to the administrative agencies where the complaint happened to verify the fact.

3. Recommendations: while the investigation is completed, ACRC decides based

on the fact and rules and provide recommendations for correction,


recommendation for institutional improvement after a deliberation in the

plenary session or small committee.

4. Notification or decision: ACRC will notify both parties of the result within 3

days of resolution. The head of agency received the result have to respect and

follow within 30 days and inform back to ACRC on their implementation.

Since 2008, there are 27,509 complaints among 29,433 has been solved. It means

93% of complaints have been handled by Ombudsman Bureau. Of 29,433 complaints,

2,061 were carried over from 2007 and 27,373 were received in 2008. Of them, 93%

or 27,509 were already taken care of and 1,926 is being dealt with currently.

Compared to 2007, the year 2008 witnessed 15.7% increase in complaints received

and 17.7% increase in complaints handled.

Citizen’s Audit Ombudsman (CAO)

Citizen’s audit ombudsman has been introduced since 1997 and it has been integrated with Transparent-Contract Ombudsman in 2007 in order to make administration small and more effective in public services delivery. CAO has been set up to protect citizens against violation of rights, abuses of powers, negligence, unfair decision, malpractices and maladministration. It tries to improve public administrative procedure through audit. The institution is based in Seoul and other 16 metropolitan cities across Korea. CAO plays an very important role to protect rights and improve transparency through auditing and monitoring according to citizen’s perspective. CAO comprises of 5 ombudsmen which are selected from the appointment from the Mayer of Seoul after screening of candidates who freely applies from the public. The 5 ombudsmen will be supported by 10 advisors who are appointed from the academic and legal field. Eight assistants will assist the institution as a secretariat of the institution. The five ombudsmen will be selected based on professional ethics, experiences officer bearer with a minimum of two years services, and not permitted to hold additional appointment and office.

The jurisdiction of the institution is covered on local government and autonomous district within Seoul to protect citizens against violation of rights, abuses of powers, negligence, unfair decision, malpractices and maladministration. It tries to improve public administrative procedure. There are three main functions of the institution which are:

1. Citizen’s audit request system

The delegation in the Seoul Metropolitan


The body allows citizen to request for auditing against discriminatory practices violation of rights, abuses of power negligence, unfair decisions, malpractices and maladministration of the public administration. There are two kinds of requests: (1) for residents’ audit, the request should be jointly singed by more than 200 people in the autonomous district; and (2) for Citizens’ audit, the request should be jointly signed by more than 100 people in the city or corporation. When the request has been accepted, then the deliberation process is starting by the Audit Advisory Committee which composes of 12 people who got appointed from the municipal government from academic and legal field. After deliberation process, the audit process will start by Ombudsman Operation Committee to investigate petition, invest for data and call for correction. The result the audit will then start to measure implementation by publicly dissemination through internet and report to Mayer and city assemblymen.

2. Monitoring contract implementation

It conducts monitoring contract implementation to all public agencies and relevant corporation who get the contract from the public administration to construct or provide services or supply materials. The monitoring will start from the beginning of the contract to the end of the implementation of the contract in order to make all contract implementation transparent, accountable and fair.

3. Civil Petition Jury System

It is a place where the petitioner/citizens can request to the system for solution. The case will then be studied and investigated by Petition Juries which composes of ombudsman and outsourced experts to draw a reasonable solution.

The implementation of the three functions has been noted high satisfaction from the citizens in Seoul Metropolitan. It is a good mechanism to monitor the implementation or performance of the public administration accountably and transparently and closed to the citizens.

Ministry of Public Administration and Security (MOPAS)

The delegation got a very warm welcome from vice minister of MOPAS and other

officers in the ministry. After the welcome remark from the vice minister, the

presentation on the public services and ethics in the Korean civil services has been

presented to our

delegation.

MOPAS has been

integrated with four

institutions together in

June 2008 in order to

make public sector small

and effective. MOPAS

endeavors to effectively

improve the government

organization and

personnel as part of the

total cost management

process. Within a


framework of decentralization, we provide administrative and financial support to the

local government to achieve greater local autonomy. Furthermore, in preparation for

the future, MOPAS actively pursues the low-carbon green growth strategy focusing

efforts on bike riding campaigns and green informatization, creating a new

development paradigm to raise the quality of life. There are two important roles of

MOPAS which are National administration by improving government reform,

deregulation and public participation; and public personnel policy by improving fair

recruitment and human resource development.

One successful work of MOPAS is to provide efficient management of government

organization and human resource for the Korean civil servant by

Restructuring the organization from 22 national government bodies to 17 bodies and eliminating 25 bureaus, 219 divisions, 81 agencies, and 119 administrations units at local level

Reshuffling officer from 604,783 to 601,356 at national level and from 282,476 to 272,090 at local level, and

Abolishing advisory committee from 530 to 273 in both national and sub-national levels.

Besides that, MOPAS played a very important role to make a global impression on

the digital Korea where MOPAS provided extended support to the citizens without

online access. MOPAS provided greater local government autonomy through

communication and coordination by using high IT throughout the country.

The civil service system in Korea has been said clearly the Korean constitution and

civil servants serve the public and are accountable to the public. The Korean civil

servant divided into 7 categories according to the characteristic of job. Civil servant

is under a strict rule of civil servant act and code of conduct for civil servant where all

should respect all the rules of the government otherwise they will be punished by the

Central Disciplinary Committee.

The anti-corruption system has been said clearly in the Code of conduct of the Civil

Servant where all should be followed:

The Code of Conduct for Public Servants which is:

Reporting Corruption where anyone can report the case of corruption to the ACRC

and ACRC transfers the case to the relevant organization (BAI, Prosecutor’s Office)

when it needs further investigation

Performance of Duties with Impartiality Prohibition of Receiving Excessive Profits

Prohibition of Solicitation with reference to Personal Benefits

Prohibition of Preferential Treatment

Restriction on Conflict of Interest and etc.

Restriction on receiving money and articles

for congratulations and condolences

Prohibition of taking bribes for favor given

Prohibition of private utilization of the

objects for public use and etc.

The delegation in the Ministry of Public Administration and Security


“Clean Card” where the credit card used by government and public corporations

should be the “clean card” and the “clean card” is not accepted at some restricted

category of business

Registration and Disclosure of Personal Assets

Declaration of Gifts Given and Received: Gifts given and received from foreign

government or foreign officials should be equivalent to $100 or below

b. Civil Society Organization

Korean Human Rights Organization People’s Solidarity for Participatory Democracy (PSPD)

PSPD was founded in 1994 by more than 200 members, the People‟s Solidarity for

Participatory Democracy (PSPD) is a civil organization dedicated to promoting

justice and human rights in Korean society through the participation of the people.

PSPD has been serving as a watchdog against the abuse of power. It has developed

various activities to bring justice and democracy to many areas in our society: the

PSPD evokes public awareness through campaigns, questioning social and political

activities, filing administrative and public litigations, and petitioning legislation. The

Civil Actions for 2000 General Election (the CAGE) and the Minority Shareholders‟

Campaign might be said to be the most successful activities. PSPD has developed and

coordinated a wide range of activities to bring about a systematic reform and to

suggest counterproposals to various government policies and agendas. In this

process, the PSPD has regarded independence and consistency as the most important

principles of being a watchdog of power.

PSPD is comprised of 11 departments/centers where each center is responsible

according to field of monitoring of the performance of government. Each department

is composed of executive committee members, of whom some are progressive

scholars, attorneys, accountants, etc. There are 11 centers who are responsible to

monitor the performance of government. Among them the main centers are:

Center for Judiciary Watch monitors power abuse in the judiciary and provides reform plans,

Center for National Assembly Watch contributes to participatory democracy through continuous watch of and civil participation in national politics,

Center for Tax Reform aims to promote fairness and equality in taxation,

Center for Government Administration Watch works on making the society and the government transparent and accountable while stamping out corruption and frauds,

PSPD is an active Korean Non-Governmental Organization in monitoring the

performance of the public sector officers in many fields, especially in the legal and

judicial reform and performance. PSPD is independent NGOs where the financial

support is from their own member contribution.


Lesson learned

The organization of the study tour is a good opportunity for all relevant government stakeholders to have chance to discuss and share information, knowledge and challenges where their institutions has been done and faced. Information sharing is a key for all state reform where each actor in the reform sector should understand each other and try to go together for challenging the reform process. It is a best experience where the high level governmental officials met, talked, and shared information to each other. Such a good organization should be considered to prepare more in the future in order to provide more opportunities to all relevant reform actors sharing information since they are sometime very busy with their own agenda and they don’t have such a best time for sharing. From the study tour, many information and knowledge had been gained by the delegation as follow: Korean Human Rights Commission is an independent government body which

received direct financial support from the government to be responsible to request for the submission of relevant information and materials to concerned entities and professionals subject to investigation; visit to and investigation of detention or protective facilities, if necessary; filing of Commission’s opinions on human rights issues with the courts and the Constitutional Court; and submission of annual reports on Commission’s activities and human rights situations to the President of the Republic of Korea and the National Assembly. The body is lead by mixture commission from different institution which is comprised of 11 commissioners (a Chairperson, 3 Standing Commissioners and 7 Non-Standing Commissioners). Among the 11 commissioners, 4 shall be elected by the National Assembly, 4 shall be nominated by the President of Korea, and 3 shall be nominated by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and then approved by the President of Korea. The term of the Commissioners is for 3 years and can serve for up to 2 terms. The Commission compulsorily consists of at least 4 female commissioners.

The ombudsman system has been introduced quiet long time since 1994 in Korea. It took around five year to introduce the ombudsman system more understanding among citizens. For instant, in order to make easier to understand from citizens, the ombudsman system in Seoul metropolitan added “Audit” term in front of ombudsman system. Then it becomes to “Citizens’ Audit Ombudsman”. It would be good al well for the Cambodian context to consider.

Korean Ombudsman is an independent government institution who has full power to bring citizen’s voice for consideration even they get the financial support from the government.

Composition of the member of the ombudsman has been selected from different voice of citizen which is from government, civil society, and parliament in the majority selection.

The Citizens’ audit ombudsman in Seoul is a part of Citizen Satisfaction Bureau of Seoul metropolitan. However the office is independent from the both the bureau and Seoul metropolitan. The office plays a very important role to monitor and check the performance of public administration in order to make public services more transparency, accountability, and closed to citizens.


The composition of the Citizens’ Audit Ombudsman is come from academic profession which is selected from all public with high qualified persons. The ombudsman will be then selected by the committee in the Seoul metropolitan and appointed by the Mayer of Seoul. 15 experts from high academic professions have been selected to assist the ombudsman.

The result of the ombudsman decision has been published wisely in the public through many channels of mass media, especially internet and even reporting to the Seoul assemblymen. All decision has been made to be heart by all high level of politician in order to make the decision more strong enough for enforcement.

Korean Ombudsman System is trying to integrated government institution that has similar functions together in order to have a single place for citizens to access their rights. Among them we can see that the institution working in fighting corruption, civil rights violation, and maladministration has been integrated together into one national institution from national level to sub-national level.

1 អារមភកថា | Propose for Implementation an Ombudsman System in Cambodia

សំណណ្ើក្របខណ្ឌ នៃការអៃវុត្ដ

ក្រពៃ័ធអបំ ៊ូស្មា ៃណ់ៅរម្ពុជា

ក្រុមក្បឹរារំណែទក្មង់ច្បាប់ និងក្បព័នធយុត្ដិធម៌

តុលា ២០០៩ r 200

i អារមភកថា |

អារម្ភកថា

តសរ ៍ ១៩ តសរ ៍

គ្គ

១.៦.១ - ២០០៥

តថិ GIZ (ARDP)

ii |

ភ្នប

iii សេចកតីថ្ថលងអំណរគុណ |

សេចកត ីថ្លែងអំណរគុណ

អគ្គលលខាធិការដ្ឋឌ នននររុមរបឹរារំណែទរមង់ច្បាប់ និងរបព័ននយុតថិធម៌សូមណលលង

អំែរគុ្ែនូវរិច្បចខិតខំរបឹងណរបង ឯរតថជន ររុម និងអងគការទំងឡាយណដលបានចូ្បលរមួចំ្បណែរឱយរលរើតល ើងនូវការសិរាជាបឋម ការលរៀបចំ្បទសសនរិច្បចសិរា និងការលរៀបចំ្បរបាយការែ៍ចុ្បងលរកាយននការសិរាលនេះ។

ជាបឋម សូមណលលងអំែរគុ្ែចំ្បល េះមន្រនថីរបស់ររសួង/ស្ថទ ប័នលផសងៗ ណដលបានចូ្បលរមួចំ្បណែរជាគំ្និតលោបល់ និងអនុស្ថសន៍ជាលរច្បើនរបុងការអនុវតថគ្លរោងលនេះឱយបានលជាគ្ជ័យ។

សូមណលលងអំែរគុ្ែោងងរជាលលរៅ ជាពិលសសចំ្បល េះររុមការងារណដលដឹរនំលដ្ឋយឯរឧតថម ចាៃ ់ តាៃើ រដឌលលខាធិការទីសថីការគ្ែៈរដឌមន្រនថី ល ើយអគ្គ- លលខាធិការដ្ឋឌ ន សូមសំណដងនូវការអរគុ្ែជាពិលសសផងណដរ ចំ្បល េះការចូ្បលរមួោងងសរមមពីសោជិរដូច្បជា ឯរឧតថម ស យុ ម្ ងុលាង ឯរឧតថម សរ ់ណសដ្ឋា ឯរឧតថម ម្ រ ់សម្បត្តិ ឯរឧតថម សរ សម្បត្តិ ឯរឧតថម សងួ លាងនៃ ឯរឧតថម ចាៃ ់ ម្ណោ ឯរឧតថម បៃួ សមុ្ៃុើ លលារស្សី Ruth Grueber និងលលារ ណលោ រ ដ្ឋរ ។

សូមណលលងនូវលសច្បរថីលកាតសរលសើរោងងរជាលលរៅ ចំ្បល េះអងគការ GIZ ជា ពិលសសគ្លរោងរំណែទរមង់រដឌបាល និងវមិជឈការ (ARDP) ណដលបានគំរទទំង ិរញ្ដវតទុ និងបលច្បចរលទសលលើការសិរាលនេះ។

ជាចុ្បងបញ្ច ប់ លយើងរ៏សូមណលលងនូវការទទួលស្ថគ ល់នូវរិច្បចខិតខំរបឹងណរបងរបស់ររុមរគ្ប់រគ្ងការសិរាណដលោនឯរឧតថម សងួ លាងនៃ លលារ ជឹង ណេងក្សយូ រញ្ញដ ផាៃ ពិសើៃលរខណ្ ៍ លលារ ណលោ រ ដ្ឋរ លលារស្សី Ruth Grueber និងមន្រនថីរបស់អគ្គលលខាធិកាដ្ឋឌ នទំងអស់ ណដលបានចូ្បលរមួចំ្បណែរជំរញុការសិរាលនេះ ឱយបាន ទទួលលជាគ្ជ័យ។

iv |

អារម្ភកថា ................................................................................................................................................................ i

សេចកត ីថ្លែងអំណរគុណ .......................................................................................................................................... iii

១. ................................................................................................................................................ 1

២. .................................................................................................................................. 2

២.១ .................................................................................................................................. 2

២.២ ............................................................................................................ 3

២.៣ ................................................................................................................... 4

៣.១ ................................................................................................................................ 6

៣.២ ................................................................................................................................... 10

៣.៣ ............................................................................................................................................. 14

៣.៤ .............................................................................................................................. 17

៤. .................................. 26

២.១ ................................................................................................................................ 26

៤.២ ប ........................................................................................................ 26

៤.៣ ........................................................................................................................................ 27

៤.៤ ...................................................................................................................................... 30

៥. ជណក្ម្ើស ................................................................................ 32

៥.១ .................................................................................................. 32

៥.២ ២ .......................................................................... 41

៥.៣ ..................................................................................................................... 44

....................................................................................................................................................... 47

ឧបេមព័នធទី ១៖ ការេិកាវាយតម្មលជាបឋមពីអប ូស្មម ន់ និងរបព័នធបណដឹ ងសផេងសទៀតសៅកមពុជា ....................... 49

ឧបេមព័នធទី ២៖ របាយការណ៍ ទេេនកិចចេិកាពីរបព័នធអំប ូស្មម ន់សៅស្មធារណរដឋកូសរ ៉េ .................................. 62

1 ១. សេចកដីសផដើម |

១.

ម៌ យុ ម៌ ោគ ដ៏

២០០៣

១៨០៩ ២០ នធ ម៌ រ៏ (

2 ២. ទេេនាទានអំប ូស្មម ន់ | សំលែើ ររបខែឍ ននការអនុវតឋរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់លៅរមពុជា

២) ២០០៥ ម៌ (CLJR) ភ្នព ១.៦.១ រោ ២០០៨ ម៌ (ARDP) GTZ CLJR ARDP/GTZ ម៖

១. ២. រ់ ឌណន៍

៣. ៤.

២០០៨ ៖

១. ២. ៣. ៤. លរមើស

២.

២.១ " រខ ...

-


ម៌ រ៏ រដឌ "1

៖ - - 2 - 3 - -

២.២ - រដឌ ( . , , )

1 ទំព័រ ៧៩១, Helen Fenwick and Gavin Phillipson, ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៣, អតថបទករណីេិកា និងេម្ភភ រៈចាប់ស្មធារណៈ និងេិទធិមនុេេ,

ដកស្េង់សចញពី GE Caiden (ed), ឆ្ន ំ ១៩៨៣ សេៀវសៅថ្ណនំាអនតរជាតិពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ 2 ទំព័រ៣ សោក Marten Oosting, ឆ្ន ំ២០០០, ការការពារភាពសស្មម ោះរតង់ និងឯករាជយភាពរបេ់ស្មថ ប័នអំប ូស្មម ន់៖ ទេេនាទានជាេកល ឯកស្មរបង្ហា ញសៅេននិេីទអនតរជាតិសលើកទី ៧ េតីពីស្មថ ប័នអំប ូស្មម ន់អនតរជាតិ សៅអាហ្រ្វិកខាងតបូង

3 ទំព័រ៣ សោក Marten Oosting, ឆ្ន ំ២០០០, ការការពារភាពសស្មម ោះរតង់ និងឯករាជយភាពរបេ់ស្មថ ប័នអំប ូស្មម ន់៖ ទេេនាទានជាេកល ឯកស្មរបង្ហា ញសៅេននិេីទអនតរជាតិសលើកទី ៧ េតីពីស្មថ ប័នអំប ូស្មម ន់អនតរជាតិ សៅអាហ្រ្វិកខាង


រ៏ (Classic Ombudsman) រ ដ៏ រ៏ ពួរ “ ” រមិត “ ” 4 Ayeni

២.៣ ោគ

4 សោក Marten Oosting, ឆ្ន ំ២០០០, ការការពារភាពសស្មម ោះរតង់ និងឯករាជយភាពរបេ់ស្មថ ប័នអំប ូស្មម ន់៖ ទេេនាទានជាេកល ឯកស្មរបង្ហា ញសៅេននិេីទអនតរជាតិសលើកទី ៧ េតីពីស្មថ ប័នអំប ូស្មម ន់អនតរជាតិ សៅអាហ្រ្វិកខាងតបូង


៣

“ ” (Ombudsman “ ” ោគ ល័យ ជា៖

Defensor del Pueblo សាង សាង ទីន ំុ

Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration ( រោ

Médiateur de la République ( ល់)

Public Protector ( Protecteur du Citoyen ( Volksanwaltschaft ( Public Complaints Commission

( Provedor de Justiça ( Difensore Civico ( Investigator-General ( Citizen's Aide ( Wafaqi Mohtasib ( Lok Ayukta (


- ៖5

ត្តថ ៖ , ៖

៖

៖ មព

៖

៖

៣.១

២៦-៣១ ២០០៩ ( ( ទី ២

5 ទំព័រ ៦, John McMillan, ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៨ សថីពី លតើល ម្ េះអវី? ការលរបើរបាស់ រយ អំប ូស្ថម ន់ សូមលមើល

http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 លមើលលៅនលៃ 30/5/09.



២០០៨ ៩៤០២6 ១៩៩៤7 8 9 ៣.១.១

( 10 ោៃ ច្បច

6 Chong-Min Park, Jung Hyun Bae ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៨, រដឌននអភិបាលរិច្បចណបបរបជាធិបលតយយ លៅរូលរ ងខាងតផូង៖ ទសសនទនពីរបជាពលរដឌ ស្ថមញ្ដ, សនបិសីទននការស្ថធ បសធង់លៅអាសីុ សថីពីអភិបាលរិច្បចណបបរបជាធិបលតយយលៅអាសីុ ពីនលៃទី ២០ លៅ ២១ មិលុន ២០០៨, ទំព័រ ៨

7 Linda C Reif ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៤, អំប ូស្ថម ន់ អភិបាលរិច្បចលអ និងរបព័ននសិទនិមនុសសអនថរជាតិ, ទំព័រ ៧, លបាេះពុមពលដ្ឋយ Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

8 Chong-Min Park, Jung Hyun Bae ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៨, រដឌននអភិបាលរិច្បចណបបរបជាធិបលតយយ លៅរូលរ ងខាងតផូង៖ ទសសនទនពីរបជាពលរដឌ ស្ថមញ្ដ, សនបិសីទននការស្ថធ បសធង់លៅអាសីុ សថីពីអភិបាលរិច្បចណបបរបជាធិបលតយយលៅអាសីុ ពីនលៃទី ២០ លៅ ២១ មិលុន ២០០៨, ទំព័រ ១៨

9 ោរត្ត ៣២ ននច្បាប់របឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ និងការបលងកើតគ្ែៈរោម ធិការសិទនិពលរដឌ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ លលខ ៩៤០២ 10 ោរត្ត ២ និង៣៩ ននច្បាប់របឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ និងការបលងកើតគ្ែៈរោម ធិការសិទនិពលរដឌ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ លលខ ៩៤០២


រ 11 ៣.១.២

៣ ៣ ៨ ៣ 12។ ក៏ ម្រេច ច ច ។

ច ACRC ច ច ៤ ។ ច ច ច (Concensus) ច ច ច ។

ច ៣ ។ ច ២ ២ ។ ច ៤ 13។

ច ច 14

៨ ១០ ៤ ច ម្ េះ

,

/ ... 15។

11

ម្ភរា ៤៣ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ ៩៤០២ 12 ម្ភរា ១៣ និង១៦ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ

សលខ ៩៤០២ 13 ម្ភរា ១៣ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ

៩៤០២ 14 ម្ភរា ១៣ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ

៩៤០២


ACRC ច ៣៣

ច ច 16។ ៣.១.៣

ACRC ច៖17

ញ្ជូ /

ច ។

ច ក៏ ក៏ 18។ ច ច

។ ACRC 19។ ACRC ច េព ច ច ច (... េព ច )20។

ACRC ច ៥ ៣០ 21 (២៥.៩៣០

)។

15 ម្ភរា ១៧ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ

៩៤០២ 16

ម្ភរា ១៥ និង១៦ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ ៩៤០២

17 ម្ភរា ៤២ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ ៩៤០២

18 ម្ភរា ៤២ និង ៨០ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ ៩៤០២

19 ម្ភរា ៤៤ សៅ ៥២ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ ៩៤០២

20 ម្ភរា ៥៣ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ ៩៤០២

21 ម្ភរា ៣០ និង៨៧ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ ៩៤០២


៣.១.៤

ACRC ច - េព 22។

៣.១.៥

ACRC 23។

៣.១.៦ ACRC 24

25។

៣ ២ (Australian Commonwealth Ombudsman-CO)

១៩៧៦ ច ១៩៧៦ ( ១៨១)។ ៣ 26។

៣.២.១

(Commonwealth) ក៏ ច ច ច ច 27។

៖28

ច

ច ច

ច

22 ម្ភរា ២៦ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ ៩៤០២ 23

ម្ភរា ៣៩ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ ៩៤០២ 24

ម្ភរា ៤០, ៤១, ៤៣, និង ៤៩ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ ៩៤០២

25 ម្ភរា ៧៨ ម្នចាប់របឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកម្ភម ធិការេិទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ សលខ ៩៤០២

26 ថ្ផនកទី ៤ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១)

27 ថ្ផនកទី ១០ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១)

28 ថ្ផនកទី ១៥ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១)


ច

ច ច

ច ច ។

ត្តា ធិ រេិត ច ច 29។ ច ច 30។

៣.២.២

៧ ។

31។ 32។ ច រា 33។

ច ច

ច ច ។ ច ។

ដ្ឋ ច ១៤ ២៨ ១២ ច រា ។

៣.២.៣ ច

ច៖34

ច 29

ថ្ផនកទី ៥ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 30

ថ្ផនកទី ១១A ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 31

ថ្ផនកទី២១,២២ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 32

ថ្ផនកទី ២៤ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 33

ថ្ផនកទី ២៨ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 34

ថ្ផនកទី ៩,១៣ និង១៤ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១)


ច ច ច ។

ច ច ចប េះ ច ច ច ាា ច ។ ក៏ ច ច ចប េះ

(Commonwealth) 35។

36។ ច 37។

ច ១០០០ (៩១៥ ) ៣ 38។

39។ ច ។ ច 40។ ច 41។ ក៏ ច ច េព 42។

43។

ច ។ 35

ថ្ផនកទី ៩និង១៤ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 36

ថ្ផនកទី ៧A, ៨, ៩ និង៣៧ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 37

ថ្ផនកទី ៧A, ៨, ៩ និង៣៧ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 38

ថ្ផនកទី៣៦ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 39

ថ្ផនកទី ៨ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 40

ថ្ផនកទី ១២, ១៥ និង១៦ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 41

ថ្ផនកទី ១៦ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 42 ថ្ផនកទី ៨(៥) និង ៣៥ A ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 43 ថ្ផនកទី ១៩ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១)


44។ ក៏

45 ច ច ច េ៌ ។ ច " ច ច " ច ច 46។

៣.២.៤ ម្េ

១ 47។

ច Hansard។ ២០០៨-២០០៩

ច ៖

ច ច

ច ប់

ច េ៍

ច

។

៣.២.៥

ាា 48។ ច ច ច 49។

។

៣.២.៦

50។

44

ថ្ផនកទី ៣៥ A ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 45

ថ្ផនកទី ៣៥ A ៣៥B និង១៩ X ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 46

ថ្ផនកទី ៣៣ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 47 ថ្ផនកទី ១៩, ១៩ F និង១៩ X ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 48

ថ្ផនកទី ៧ A និង៨ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 49

ថ្ផនកទី ៧ A និង៨ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 50

ថ្ផនកទី ៨ និង១២ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១)


ព័ 51។

ាា 52។

៣ ៣ ២០០០ ច

១៩៩៩53។ ច ១១ ២០០៧ ច ម្ ៀបចំ ២០០៩ (B.C ២៥៥២)។

៣.៣.១

ច ។

ច៖54

, , ច ច

ស់ ច េម

55

េ៌

( ច ច ច)។ េ៌ ។ ច ។

េ៌56។

ច

ច ។

51

ថ្ផនកទី ៣៥ ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 52

ថ្ផនកទី ៣៥ A ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ១៩៧៦ (សលខ ១៨១) 53

ការយិាល័យអំប ូស្មម ន់ របសទេម្ថ េូមសមើល http://www.ombudsman.go.th/2008/Eng/Eng3_1.html ចូលសមើលសៅម្ថៃ 29/9/09 54

ម្ភរា ២៤៤ ម្នរដឋធមមនុញ្ញរបសទេម្ថ ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧ និងថ្ផនក ១៣ និង១៤ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009)

55

ថ្ផនកទី ១៣ និង១៤ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 56

ម្ភរា ២៤៤, ២៧៩,២៨០ ម្នរដឋធមមនុញ្ញរបសទេម្ថ ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧ និងថ្ផនក ៣៦ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552

(2009)

http://www.ombudsman.go.th/2008/Eng/Eng3_1.html


ច េ៌ 57។ ច ៣ 58។

៣.៣.២

ច ៣ ៦ 59។

ច

60។ ច ច (Good faith)

61។ ម្រេើ ដ៏្ ច ។ ២០០៧ ១.៩០៧ ច ១៤.៧៦២62។

ច ២ ១ ២

២ ។ ច កខ ។ ច

រត ច 63។ ច

៣

ដដ្លកស ័ ាិ៍ ច ច ច

64។

ច 65។

ច ម្រេើ

57

ម្ភរា ២៤៤ ម្នរដឋធមមនុញ្ញរបសទេម្ថ ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧ និងថ្ផនក ២៨ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 58

ថ្ផនកទី ៣៤ សៅ ៣៩ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 59ម្ភរា ២៤២ ម្នរដឋធមមនុញ្ញរបសទេម្ថ ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧ 60

ថ្ផនកទី១២ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 61 ថ្ផនកទី ១៨ ម្នចាប់សរៀបចំអងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 62

េុចរតិជាេកល ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧, កាវាយតម្មលេូចនាករេុចរតិភាពរបេ់របសទេម្ថាម Scorecard 63 ម្ភរា ២៤២ ម្នរដឋធមមនុញ្ញរបសទេម្ថ ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧ 64

ម្ភរា ២០៧ ម្នរដឋធមមនុញ្ញរបសទេម្ថ ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧ និងថ្ផនក ៨ ម្នចាប់សរៀបចំអងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 65 ម្ភរា ២០៧ និង២៤៣ ម្នរដឋធមមនុញ្ញរបសទេម្ថ ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧


ច 66។ រេិត ៤៥ ។

ច

ច ៧០ 67។

៣.៣.៣ ច

ច

" "68។ ច៖

ច ។

ច 69។ ក៏

ច ៦ ២០.០០០ (៥៩៨ )70។ ច ច 71។

។

។ ច 72។

៣.៣.៤ ម្េ

៖

66 ថ្ផនកទី ៨ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 67

ថ្ផនកទី ៩ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 68

ថ្ផនកទី ១៥ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 69

ថ្ផនកទី ១៦ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 70

ថ្ផនកទី ៤៥ និង៤៦ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 71 ថ្ផនកទី ១៩ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 72

ម្ភរា ២៤៤ ម្នរដឋធមមនុញ្ញរបសទេម្ថ ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧ និង ថ្ផនកទី ៣២ និង៣៣ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552

(2009)


( ាា )

ច

េ៌

។

ច ច ក៏ 73។

៣.៣.៥

។ 74។

៣.៣.៦

75។ ាា ។ ច ៦ ១០.០០០ (២៩៩ )76។

៣ ៤ ៤៤/២០០០ (INO)

២០០០។ ច ៣៧/២០០៨

ច ។ / ។ ច 77។ ច ។ Yogyakata

73

ថ្ផនកទី ៤៣ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009); េុចរតិជាេកល ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧, កាវាយតម្មលេូចនាករេុចរតិភាពរបេ់របសទេម្ថាម Scorecard 74

ថ្ផនកទី ២៣ និង២៦ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 75 ថ្ផនកទី ៣១ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 76 ថ្ផនកទី ២១ និង ៤៥ ម្នចាប់អងគការេតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់ សលខ B.E. 2552 (2009) 77

Aspinall, Edward and Fealy, Greg ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៣, សេចកតីសផតើមៈ វមិជឈការ របជាធិបសតយយ និងការសកើតស ើងថាន ក់មូលដ្ឋឋ ន, កនុង

Aspinall, Ed ម្ភរា១/៣, ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណៈរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨។ សោក ward and

Fealy, Greg (eds) ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៣, នសយាបាយ និងអំណាចមូលដ្ឋឋ នសៅឥណឌូ ថ្នេីុៈ វមិជឈការ និងរបជាធិបសតយយ, ស្មកលវទិាល័យជាតិអូស្រ្ស្មត លី, វទិាស្មថ នេិកាអាេីុអសគនយ៍ របសទេេិងាបុរ ី


78។ ច ។

៣.៤.១

79។ ច 80។

“ ច ” ច ច ច ឮ ច ច / 81។ រេិ ច ច ច ច ច 82។

៣.៤.២

ច ច 83។

84។

ច ៧ ច ។ ច 85។

។ 78

Melissa Crouch, ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧, អំប ូស្មម ន់មូលដ្ឋឋ នរបេ់‘Yogyakarta, ការសលើកកមពេ់អភិបាលកិចចលអាមរយៈការគំរទមូលដ្ឋា ន, ទេេនាវដដីការសរបៀបសធៀបចាប់អាេីុ សលខ ២ សបាោះពុមភផាយសលខ ១ អតថបទសលខ ១១ សបាោះពុមភសដ្ឋយ Berkely Electronic Press.

79 ម្ភរា៦, ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណៈរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨

80 ម្ភរា៧, ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណៈរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ 81

ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ 82

ម្ភរា ៩ និង ៤០ ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ 83

ម្ភរា ២ ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ 84

ម្ភរា ២ ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ 85

ម្ភរា ១៣ ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨


។ ច 86។ ច ១៥ ៤០-៦០ ។ ច ច ម្រេើ 87។ ច ច ច ច 88។

ច ច 89។

៣.៤.៣ ច

ច ច 90។ ច ២ / ច ១.០០០.០០០.០០០

(១០៨ ០០០ ) 91

៖

ចេល

។

ច ច៖

ច

ច

ច ។

86 ម្ភរា ១៥ និង ១៦ ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ 87

ម្ភរា ២០ ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ 88

ម្ភរា ៣៧ ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ 89

Melissa Crouch, ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧, អំប ូស្មម ន់មូលដ្ឋឋ នរបេ់‘Yogyakarta, ការសលើកកមពេ់អភិបាលកិចចលអាមរយៈការគំរទមូលដ្ឋា ន, ទេេនាវដដីការសរបៀបសធៀបចាប់អាេីុ សលខ ២ សបាោះពុមភផាយសលខ ១ អតថបទសលខ ១១ សបាោះពុមភសដ្ឋយ Berkely Electronic Press. 90

ម្ភរា ៨, ៣១, ៣៤ និង ៣៨ ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណៈរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ 91

ម្ភរា ៣៩ និង ៤៤ ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណៈរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨


៣.៤.៤ ម្េ

ញ្ជូ ។

ច 92។

៣.៤.៥ ច

Jakata Yogyakarta 93។ ាា ។

៣.៤.៦

ច

ាា 94។

92 ម្ភរា ៤២ ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណៈរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ 93 ម្ភរា ៣០ ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណៈរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ 94

ម្ភរា ៣ និង ២៩ ចាប់េតីពី អំប ូស្មម ន់របេ់ស្មធារណៈរដឋឥណឌូ សណេីុ សលខ ៣៧ ចុោះឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨


- ច ច ច ច ច ាា -

- ច

េ៌

ច ច ច - េ៌ ច - ំ

ច ច ច ច ច

។

អា ៣ ។

រា អា ៧ ។

- កា - ។

។


រា ៦ ។

។

( )

ច

-

-ងា ច - ជ ច ។ ច ច ចច

៣ ច -

ច ១៥ ៤០-៦០ េ៌ ។ ។ ច ម្រេើ

។

ច

ច

ច ច

ច ច


( )

៣៣ ច ៈ ច ត់

ពយ ៧០

ច ច

( )

ច ច ច ច

ច ច

ច

ច ច ព័

ច ច ចម្េលើ ច - ច េឹ - ច

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26 ៤. ការេិកាវាយតម្មលបឋមពីការយិាល័យបណដឹ ងថ្ដលម្ភនស្ស្មប់សៅកមពុជា |

សំលែើ ររបខែឍ ននការអនុវតឋរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់លៅរមពុជា

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ការវាយតម្មលពីការអនុវតតគសរម្ភងស្មកលបងការយិាល័យរចកសចញចូលថ្តមួយរបេ់ស្េកុបាត់ដំបង សខតតបាត់ដំបង និងស្េកុសេៀមរាប សខតតសេៀមរាប ឩេភា ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧



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32 ៥. ជសរមើេសផេងៗម្នរបព័នធអំប ូស្មម ន់េរម្ភប់កមពុជា |


៥ ជណក្ម្ើស

៥ ១ ច ច ។ ៖97

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97 ទំព័រ ៦, John McMillan, ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ េតពី សតើស ម្ ោះអវី? ការសរបើរបាេ់ពាកយ អំប ូស្មម ន់ េូមសមើល

http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 សមើលសៅម្ថៃ 30/5/09.




ច ច ។

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98 យកសចញពីអំប ូស្មម ន់កំមិនថ្វ ៉េល របេ់របសទេអូស្រ្ស្មត លី ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ឆ្ន ំ ១៩៧៦ កនុងថ្ផនក ១០ និង១៥



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99

៣១, តម្ភល ភាពអនតរជាតិ ២០០៦ េតីពីរបព័នធេុចរតឹភាពជាតិៈ របាយការេិកាេរម្ភប់របសទេកមពុជារបេ់តម្ភល ភាពអនតរជាតិឆ្ន ំ ២០០៦

100 ម្ភរា ២០០ ម្នចាប់អងគការ ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ បានបង្ហា ញថា « គណៈកម្ភម ធិការជាតិ រតូវពិនិតយមុខង្ហរ និងការទទួលខុេរតូវរបេ់រកេួង/ស្មថ ប័ន នាយកដ្ឋឋ ន អងគភាព និងអាជាា ធររគប់កំរតិសដើមបីកំណត់មុខង្ហរ កនុងការសផទរសៅថាន ក់សរកាមជាតិ»

101 កនុងការអនុវតត នីតិរបតិបតតជាអនករគបដណត ប់គួរកកត់េម្ភគ ល់សលើនីតិប ញ្ តិ និងអំណាចតុោការ េូមសមើល របាយការណ៍ពីកមពុជា របេ់េុចរតឹជាេកល ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៩ េូមសមើល http://report.globalintegrity.org/Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34

សមើលសៅម្ថៃទី ៣០ឩេភា ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៩ 102 ម្ភនការជថ្ជកពិភាកាគន ថាសតើភាន ក់ង្ហរសស្មម ោះរតង់ម្ភនការកីចសរមើន ីងៗ ថ្ដលកាល យជាម្ដទីបួនរបេ់រដ្ឋឋ ភិបាលថ្ដរសទ។ េូមសមើល

John McMillan ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៧, របាយការណ៍របចំឆ្ន ំរបេ់ខំមិនថ្វ ៉េល ២០០៦ និង ២០០៧។ « ៣០ ឆ្ន ំ... ការផ្លល េ់បតូរ ៣០ ដង» េូមសមើល http://www.ombudsman.gov.au/publications_information/annual_reports/ar2006-07/chapter_8/chapter_8a.html

សមើលសៅម្ថៃទី 26/5/09. 103

យកសចញពីអំប ូស្មម ន់កំមិនថ្វ ៉េល របេ់របសទេអូស្រ្ស្មត លី ចាប់េតីពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ ឆ្ន ំ ១៩៧៦





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៥.១.២ ច

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104 ទំព័រ ៦, John McMillan, ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៨ េតីពី សតើស ម្ ោះអវី? ការសរបើរបាេ់ពាកយ អំប ូស្មម ន់ េូមសមើល

http://ombudsman.gov.au/commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 សមើលសៅម្ថៃ 30/5/09. 105 ថ្ផនកទី ២១ ចាប់អំប ូស្មម ន់អូស្រ្ស្មត លី ឆ្ន ំ ១៩៧៦ 106

ទំព័រ ៩, Bokhari SA ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៤ សេចកតីរពាងការស្ស្មវរជាវ ពីអំប ូស្មម ន់ៈ ការថ្ណនំាដំបូង េូមសមើលhttp://www.policy.hu/bokhari/Ombudsman_An%20Introduction.doc. សមើលសៅម្ថៃទី ២០/៥/០៩ ដកស្េង់សចញពី អំប ូស្មម ន់អាសមរកិ និងអំប ូស្មម ន់ ‘Wannabe’ សដ្ឋយ Larry B. Hill, បានបកស្ស្មយកនុងកិចចរបជំុ គណៈសមធាវអីាសមរកិ េតីពីការអនុវតតចាប់សផេងៗ និងចាប់រដឋបាល នារដូវរង្ហរឆ្ន ំ ១៩៩៧ សៅេណាឋ គរ វា៉េេិនតុន, Washington D.C.





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៥.១.៣ ច ចច ។ ច ច ច ។

107 Pak Kimchoeun et al ឆ្ន ំ២០០៧, សបតិកភ័ណឌ និយម និងសបតិកភ័ណឌ និយមេម័យថមី សៅកមពុជាៈ ការេិកាអតថបទេំខាន់ៗ,ទំព័រ ៥៨ 108 េូមសមើល ឩទា្រណ៍ម្ភរា ១៦ ថ្នចាប់េតីពីការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ និងការបសងកើតគណៈកមមការេិទទធិពលរដឋ និងការរបឆំ្ងអំសពើពុករលួយ របេ់របសទេកូសរ ៉េខាងតបូង ឬ ចាប់អំប ូស្មម ន់របសទេអូស្រ្ស្មត លី ឆ្ន ំ ១៩៧៦



ច ។ ច ច ច ។ ច ៖

ច ១៤៦ / .

ច ។

ច ៖

ច ច

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ច ដី្ ។ ក៏ ច 109។

Rief សម្ងេ ច ច ច 110។ ក៏ ច ច ច ច។

ច ច ។ Oosting 111។ េ៌

109

េូមសមើល Global Integrity ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៩, របាយការណ៍ពីកមពុជា អាចថ្េវងរកបានាម http://report.globalintegrity.org/ Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34 សៅម្ថៃទី៣០ ថ្ខឧេភា ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៩។ េូមសមើលផងថ្ដរ មជឈមណឌុ លការេិកាជាន់ខពេ់ ឆ្ន ំ២០០៦ សៅទំព័រ ៥ យុតតិធម៌េរម្ភប់រកីរក៖ ការេិកាថ្បបពនយល់ពីអភិបាលកិចចមូលដ្ឋឋ ន និងការឈឺចប់ជារមួសលើប ា្ ដីធលី សដ្ឋយធនាគរពិភពសោក

110 Linda C Reif ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៤, អំប ូស្មម ន់ អភិបាលកិចចលអ និងរបព័នធស្មថ ប័នេិទធិមនុេេ អនកសបាោះពុមព Martinus Nijhoff អាចថ្េវងរកបាន ាមhttp://books.google.com/books?id=2NUPYybt90EC&dq=coercive+powers+and+the+Ombudsman&source=gbs_summary_s&cad

=0 on 30/5/09, p19. 111 ទំព័រ១១ សោក Marten Oosting, ឆ្ន ំ២០០០ ការការពារភាពសស្មម ោះរតង់ និងឯករាជយភាពរបេ់ស្មថ ប័នអំប ូស្មម ន់៖ ទេេនទានជាេកល

ឯកស្មរបង្ហា ញសៅេននិេីទអនតរជាតិសលើកទី ៧ េតីពីស្មថ ប័នអំប ូស្មម ន់អនតរជាតិ សៅអាហ្រ្វិកខាងតបូង

http://report.globalintegrity.org/%20Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34






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( ) រេិត ។ Kimchouen et al “ ” ច ច ច 113។ ច ។ ច ច ច ច ច ច ។

112

ទំព័រ ១៥ Marten Oosting ឆ្ន ំ២០០០ ការការពារភាពសស្មម ោះរតង់ និងឯករាជយភាពរបេ់ស្មថ ប័នអំប ូស្មម ន់៖ ទេេនាទានជាេកល ឯកស្មរបង្ហា ញសៅេននិេីទអនតរជាតិសលើកទី ៧ េតីពីស្មថ ប័នអំប ូស្មម ន់អនតរជាតិ សៅអាហ្រ្វិកខាងតបូង

113 Pak Kimchoeun et al ឆ្ន ំ២០០៧, សបតិកភ័ណឌ និយម និងសបតិកភ័ណឌ និយមេម័យថមី សៅកមពុជា៖ ការេិកាអតថបទេំខាន់ៗ ទំព័រ ៥៩



ច ច ច ច 114។

ច ។ ច

115។

ច ច 116។

៥.១.៥ ។ ចច ។ ច ។

« - »។ ។ ល័

« » « »។ ។

៥.១.៦

ច ច ច ចច ច េ៌។

114

ទំព័រ ៣២ យុតតិធម៌េរម្ភប់អនករក៖ ការេិកាថ្បបពនយល់ ពីអភិបាលកិចចមូលដ្ឋឋ ន និងការឈឺចប់ជារមួសលើប ា្ ដីធលី សដ្ឋយធនាគរពិភពសោក

115 សោក Conway and Hughes បានពិនិតយសឃើញថា រកេួងជាសរចើនសៅកមពុជាម្ភនឆនទៈ ដូចជានីរនតរភាពស្មថ ប័ន និងការសកើនស ើងនូវធនធានថ្ដលម្ភន…”។ ទំព័រ ៤៧ សោក Caroline Hughes and Tim Conway ឆ្ន ំ ២០០៣ ការយល់ដឹង ពីការផ្លល េ់បតូររកីរក៖ ដំសណើ រការសគលនសយាបាយសៅកមពុជា សេចកតីរពាងសោកទីពីរ ថ្ខេីហា ២០០៣

116 ថ្ផនកទី ៦២ និង៦៣ ម្នបទបញ្ញតតិទាក់ទងនឹងចាប់ និងនីតិវធីិតុោការ និងរព្មទណឌ ថ្ដលអនុវតតសៅកមពុជាកនុងកំ ុងអនតរកាល

១៩៩២ ចាប់ UNTAC



ច ច ។ ។

៥ ២ ២ ៥.២.១

ម្រេើស ។

។

ច ។ ២០០៩

។ ច ច 117។ ច ច ច ច - ច ។

ច ច ច ច ច។

ច ៥ ។ ច

ច ច

១០ ១០ ៤ ច

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របកាេ េតីពីរចនាេមព័ន និងការរគប់រគងការយិាល័យរបជាពលរដឋសៅស្េុកសេៀមរាប សខតតសេៀមរាប និងសៅស្េុក បាត់ដំបង និងសខតតបាត់ដំបង



ក៏ ច ច ច ។ ម្រេើ ។

។

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ច ច ច ព័ ។ ច ១ ( ច ាា )។

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ច

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៥.២.២

ម្រេើស ។

(ACRC) ក៏ ។

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ក៏ ច ។

។



ច ។

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ច ។ ភា ច េព ច ច ។ ច ១ ( ច ាា )។ - ច ។

ច ច ។

។ ច ។

ច ។ ច ។



៥ ៣ ច ។ ម្េេះ៖

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ច ច ។ ច ។ ច ច។ ច - ច ។

។ េទៈ ាល ។ ច ច ាល ។ េទៈ ចក៏ ។

ច

។ ច ។ េទៈ ដ៏្ ងក៏ ។

ច ច ក៏ ។ ច ។ ច ។ ដ៏្ ច ច ច ។



ទី្ ១៖

២:

។

៨៤ ច ២២/០៨/២០០៦

ច ។

ច ៥

ច

ច

ច ច

ច ច

ច ច

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-

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។ ច ជនបទ

ស្លល ច

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។

47 ឯស្មរសយាង | សំលែើ ររបខែឍ ននការអនុវតឋរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់លៅរមពុជា

Ayeni, Victor, ២០០៨, «អំប ូស្ថម ន់ជំុវញិពិភពលលារៈ ធាតុសំខាន់ៗ សោសធាតុសំខាន់ៗ និង

បញ្ញា ការវវិតថន៍ និងស សម័យ», លៅរបុង Bokhari SA ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៤ លសច្បរថីរ ងការស្ស្ថវរជាវ ពីអំប ូស្ថម ន់៖ ការណែនំដំបូង សូមលមើលhttp://www.policy.hu/bokhari/Ombudsman_An%20Introduction.doc. លមើលលៅនលៃទី ២០/៥/០៩ ដរស្សង់លច្បញពី អំប ូស្ថម ន់អាលមររិ និងអំប ូស្ថម ន់ „Wannabe‟ លដ្ឋយ Larry B. Hill, បានបរស្ស្ថយរបុងរិច្បចរបជំុគ្ែៈលមធាវអីាលមររិ សថីពីការអនុវតថច្បាប់លផសងៗ និងច្បាប់ រដឌបាលនរដូវរងារឆ្ប ំ ១៩៩៧ លៅសណ្ឋឌ គរ វងសិនតុន, Washington D.C.

Caiden.G.E. (ed.,) ១៩៨៣, លសៀវលៅណែនំអនថរជាតិពីអំប ូស្ថម ន់

Caroline Hughes and Tim Conway ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៣, ការយល់ដឹងពីការផ្លល ស់បថូរររីររ៖ ដំលែើ រការលគលនលោបាយលៅរមពុជា លសច្បរថីរ ងលលារទីពីរ ណខសីហា ២០០៣

Caroline Hughes and Tim Conway, ២០០៣, ការយល់ដឹងពីការផ្លល ស់បថូរររីររ៖ ដំលែើ រការលគលនលោបាយលៅរមពុជា លសច្បរថីរ ងលលារទីពីរ ណខសីហា ២០០៣

Global Integrity ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៩, របាយការែ៍ពីរមពុជា អាច្បណសវងររបានត្តម http://report.globalintegrity.org/ Cambodia/2008/scorecard/34 លៅនលៃទី៣០ ឩសភ្ន ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៩

Helen Fenwick and Gavin Phillipson, ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៣, អតទបទការែីសិរា និងសោា រៈច្បាប់ស្ថធារែៈ និង សិទនិមនុសស, ដរស្សង់លច្បញពី GE Caiden (ed), ឆ្ប ំ ១៩៨៣ លសៀវលៅណែនំអនថរជាតិពីអំប ូស្ថម ន់

John McMillan ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៧, របាយការែ៍របចំឆ្ប ំរបស់ខំមិនណវ ងល ២០០៦ និង ២០០៧។ « ៣០ ឆ្ប ំ... ការផ្លល ស់បថូរ ៣០ ដង» សូមលមើល http://www.ombudsman.gov.au/publications_information/annual_ reports/ar2006-07/chapter_8/chapter_8a.html លមើលលៅនលៃទី 26/5/09.

John McMillan, ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៨ សថីពី លតើល ម្ េះអវី? ការលរបើរបាស់ រយ អំប ូស្ថម ន់ សូមលមើល http://ombudsman.gov.au/ commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04 លមើលលៅនលៃ 30/5/09..

Linda C Reif, ២០០៤, អំប ូស្ថម ន់ អភិបាលរិច្បចលអ និងរបព័ននសិទនិមនុសសអនថរជាតិ, លបាេះពុមពលដ្ឋយ Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.



http://www.ombudsman.gov.au/publications_information/annual_%20reports/ar2006-07/chapter_8/chapter_8a.html

http://www.ombudsman.gov.au/publications_information/annual_%20reports/ar2006-07/chapter_8/chapter_8a.html

http://ombudsman.gov.au/%20commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04

http://ombudsman.gov.au/%20commonwealth/publish.nsf/Content/speeches_2008_04

48 ឯស្មរសយាង | សំលែើ ររបខែឍ ននការអនុវតឋរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់លៅរមពុជា

Marten Oosting ឆ្ប ំ២០០០, ការការ រភ្នពលស្ថម េះរតង់ និងឯររាជយភ្នពរបស់ស្ថទ ប័នអំប ូស្ថម ន់៖ ទសសនទនជាសរល ឯរស្ថរបងាា ញលៅសនបិសីទអនថរជាតិលលើរទី ៧ សថីពីស្ថទ ប័នអំប ូស្ថម ន់អនថរជាតិ លៅ អាន្រ វិរខាងតផូង

Pak Kimchoeun et al, ២០០៧, លបតិរភ័ែឍ និយម និងលបតិរភ័ែឍ និយមសម័យលមី លៅរមពុជា៖ ការសិរាអតទបទសំខាន់ៗ, វទិាស្ថទ នស្ស្ថវរជាវអភិវឌណន៍រមពុជា

Victor Ayeni, Hayden Thomas, Linda C Reif, ២០០៤, អំប ូស្ថម ន់ អភិបាលរិច្បចលអ និងរបព័ននសិទនិមនុសសអនថរជាតិ, លបាេះពុមពលដ្ឋយ Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. សូមលមើល http://books.google.com/books?id=khcAd-dbJwwC&dq=creating+an+ombudsman+developing+countries&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 លមើលលៅនលៃ 3/6/09.

ររុមរបឹរារំណែទរមង់ច្បាប់ និងរបព័ននយុតថិធម៌, ២០០៨, ទសានទនននរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់ជាទូលៅ

ររុមរបឹរារំណែទរមង់ច្បាប់ និងរបព័ននយុតថិធម៌, ២០០៩, របាយការែ៍ការសិរាជាបឋមសថីពីរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់ និងការទទួល រយបែថឹ ងលផសងៗលៅរមពុជា

ររុមរបឹរារំណែទរមង់ច្បាប់ និងរបព័ននយុតថិធម៌, ២០០៩, របាយការែ៍ទសសនរិច្បចសិរាលៅស្ថធារែរដឌរូលរ ង

គ្ែៈរោម ធិការអំប ូសោម ន់, ១៩៧៤, លសច្បរថីសលរមច្បរបស់សោគ្មគ្ែៈលមធាវអីនថរជាតិ

តោល ភ្នពអនថរជាតិ, ២០០៦, របព័ននសុច្បរតិភ្នពជាតិ៖ របាយការែ៍ននការសិរារបចំរបលទសរបស់តោល ភ្នពអនថរជាតិ, រមពុជា ២០០៦

មជឈមែឍុ លការសិរាជាន់ខពស់, ២០០៦, យុតថិធម៌សរោប់អបរររ៖ Centre for Advanced Study 2006, p5 Justice for the Poor: An Exploratory Study of Collective Grievances Over Land and Local Governance in Cambodia, World Bank.




49 ឧបេមព័នធទី ១៖ ការេិកាវាយតម្មលជាបឋមពីអប ូស្មម ន់ និងរបព័នធបណដឹ ងសផេងសទៀតសៅកមពុជា | សំលែើ ររបខែឍ ននការអនុវតឋរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់លៅរមពុជា

ឧបេមព័នធទី ១៖ ការេិកាវាយតម្មលជាបឋមពីអប ូស្មម ន់

និងរបព័នធបណដឹ ងសផេងសទៀតសៅកមពុជា

១.១ ថ្នា រជ់ាត្ត ការោិល័យលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយវវិទលៅររសួង ែិជជរមម

ការោិល័យលនេះ សទិតលៅរបុងនយរដ្ឋឌ ននីតិរមមរបស់ររសួង ែិជជរមម ល ើយណដលបាន បលងកើតល ើងលៅឆ្ប ំ២០០៨។ នយរដ្ឋឌ នលនេះ រំពុងណតលធវើការលរៀបចំ្ប រច្បនសមព័ននរបុងលពល ណដលររមុ ការងារអនុវតឋគ្លរោងចុ្បេះជួប។ ការោិល័យលនេះបានលរៀបចំ្បល ើងត្តមអនុររឹតយសឋីពីការលរៀបចំ្ប និងការ របរពឹតឋលៅរបស់ររសួង ែិជជរមម។ លគលលររបស់ររសួង គឺ្បលងកើតការោិល័យទទួល រយបែឋឹ ង ពី ែិជជររ ណដលមិនលពញចិ្បតឋ និងលសច្បរឋីសលរមច្បរបស់ររសួង។

ការោិល័យលនេះ សទិតលៅរបុងររសួង ែិជជរមម ណតមិនោនផ្លល រសញ្ញដ ណ្ឋមួយបងាា ញ ពី រណនលង ណដលអាច្បណសវងររការោិល័យលនេះលទ។ ការោិល័យលនេះ ោនបុគ្គលិរចំ្បនួន២នរ់ របធាន ការោិល័យ និងអនុរបធានការោិល័យ។ ការោិល័យលនេះមិនបានរំែត់ច្បាស់លាស់ពី ថាលតើ បែឋឹ ងរតូវបានលគ្លដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយណបបណ្ឋលទ ណតបទបញ្ដតឋិទរ់ទង នឹងការងារលនេះរំពុងណតលរៀបចំ្ប។

មុនលពលណដលណដលោនការបលងកើតការោិល័យលនេះ បែឋឹ ងមួយចំ្បនួនបានបញ្ជូ ន

លដ្ឋយផ្លធ ល់ លៅខុទនកាល័យរដឌមន្រនឋី ល ើយបនធ ប់មរបញ្ជូ នលៅនយរដ្ឋឌ នជំនញលដើមផីលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ។ នយរដ្ឋឌ ន អាច្បស្ស្ថវរជាវលរឿងរឋី និងណសវងររដំលណ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយលដ្ឋយលធវើការទរ់ទងជាមួយអបរបឋឹង។ លបើសិនជាមិន អាច្បលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបានលរឿងរឋីនឹងរតូវលរៀបចំ្បជារបាយការែ៍ អមលដ្ឋយអនុស្ថសន៍ លៅរដឌមន្រនឋីលដើមផី ពិនិតយ និងសលរមច្ប។ មរទល់លពល


លនេះ មិនោនសទិតិច្បាស់លាស់ពីចំ្បនួនបែឋឹ ងលនេះលទ បងុណនឋចំ្បនួន បែឋឹ ងណដលបាង ន់ស្ថម នោនរបោែ ១០ ររែីធំៗ និង ២០ លរឿងរឋីតូច្បត្តច្ប។

អគគ ធិការដ្ឋឌ នអធិការរិច្បច ររសួងមហានផធ

អគគ ធិការដ្ឋឌ នអធិការរិច្បចររសួងមហានផធ ជាទូលៅបានរបតិបតឋិរិច្បចការរបស់ខលួនជាការោិល័យ លដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយវវិទលរៅរបព័ននតុលាការ។ អងគភ្នពលនេះលធវើការស្ស្ថវរជាវ និងលធវើការជាមួយភ្នគី្ រ់ព័នន លដើមផីលសវងររដំលណ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយណដលអាច្បទទួលយរបាន។ ររែីលរឿងរឋីដីធលី ជាលរឿងរឋីគួ្រឱយរត់សោគ ល់ ល ើយភ្នគ្រយននលរឿងរឋីលនេះរំពុងលរើនល ើង និងសធេះលៅរបុងអគគ ធិការដ្ឋឌ នលនេះ។ អងគភ្នពលនេះបាន ទទួលជំនួយពី USAID ត្តមរយៈវទិាស្ថទ ន EWMI លដើមផីណរលមអសមតទភ្នព អគគ ធិការដ្ឋឌ នរបុងការ ស្ស្ថវរជាវ និងសរមុេះសរមួលររែីដីធលីរបរបលដ្ឋយរបសិទនភ្នព។ លរៅពីតួនទីលនេះ អគគ ធិការដ្ឋឌ នលៅោនទទួលបនធុរលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយវវិទនផធរបុង លៅរបុងររសួងផងណដរ។ អគ្គលលខាដ្ឋឌ នអធិការរិច្បច ររសួងឧសា រមម ណរ ង និងថាមពល

អគ្គលលខាដ្ឋឌ នអធិការរិច្បច ររសួងឧសា រមម ណរ ង និងថាមពល ោនតួនទីពីរ៖ ទទួលបនធុរលធវើ អធិការរិច្បចនផធរបុងរបចំឆ្ប ំ និងជាការោិល័យទទួល រយបែឋឹ ងនផធរបុង។

នីតិវធីិននការលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបែឋឹ ងនផធរបុង

គឺ្រតូវបានបញ្ដតឋិលៅរបុងររសួងដូច្បគប នឹងបទបញ្ដតឋិ នន ការលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបែឋឹ ងលផសងលទៀតរបស់ររសួងលផសងៗណដរ។ បែឋឹ ងរតូវបាន លរៀបចំ្បលដ្ឋយនយរដ្ឋឌ ន អធិការរិច្បច ល ើយបនធ ប់មរពីការសរមុេះសរមួលរវងគូ្ភ្នគី្ទំងពីរ ល ើយនយរដ្ឋឌ នលរៀបចំ្បរំែត់ បងាា ញអមលដ្ឋយលោបល់ជំនញណដលចុ្បងលរកាយ សលរមច្បលដ្ឋយរដឌមន្រនឋី។ លបើសិនជាលរឿងរឋីលនេះ ជា លរឿងរឋីសមុរស្ថម ញ ររុមការងារនឹងរតូវលរៀបចំ្បល ើង លដើមផសី្ស្ថវរជាវលរឿងរឋី ល ើយលបើសិនជាចំបាច់្ប ររមុ- របឹរាវន័ិយរតូវលរៀបចំ្បរបជំុលដើមផីសលរមច្ប។ នយរដ្ឋឌ នលនេះ មិនោនរបាយការែ៍ ឬចំ្បនួនបែឋឹ ងច្បាស់ លាស់លទ។ បែឋឹ ងរបស់ ែិជជររ


ោនលទនភ្នពចំ្បនួនពីរចំ្បល េះ ែិជជររ ណដលោនបំែងបឋឹងពីលសច្បរីសលរមច្ប របស់ររសួង ដូច្បជា ការផឋល់លិខិតអនុញ្ញដ តជាលដើម។ ែិជជររអាច្បលរៀបចំ្បបែឋឹ ងរបស់ខលួនលៅនយរដ្ឋឌ នជំនញ ណដលទទួលបនធុរផឋល់លិខិតអនុញ្ញដ ត។ នយរដ្ឋឌ នរតូវសិរាលរឿងរឋី លលើរអនុស្ថសន៍ និងដ្ឋរ់ ជូន រដឌមន្រនឋីលដើមផីពិនិតយ និងសលរមច្ប។ លបើសិនលរឿងរឋី រ់ព័ននជាមួយររសួងលរច្បើន ររុមការងារអនឋរររសួង នឹងលរៀបចំ្បល ើង លដើមផីសិរាលលើលរឿងរឋីលនេះ។

ជាងលនេះលទៀត ែិជជររអាច្បលរៀបចំ្បបែឋឹ ង ត្តមរយៈបណ្ឋឋ ញទទួល រយបែឋឹ ងបនធ ន់ លលើ បែឋឹ ងទរ់ទងនឹងលិខិតអនុញ្ញដ ត ែិជជរមម (hotline complaint office)។ បណ្ឋឋ ញទទួល រយ បែឋឹ ងបនធ ន់លនេះ គឺ្ោនណតមួយគ្ត់លៅរមពុជា។ ែិជជររអាច្បចុ្បេះបែឋឹ ងរបស់ខលួន ត្តមរយៈបណ្ឋឋ ញ ទូរស័ពធលនេះ លដ្ឋយមិនចំបាច់្បរងចំលពលលវលាយូរ ឬដំលែើ រការរដឌបាលលទ។ ែិជជររអាច្បទូរស័ពធ ល ើយផឋល់ព័ត៌ោនចំបាច់្បមួយចំ្បនួន ដូច្បជាល ម្ េះ ែិជជរមម អបរទំនរ់ទំនង ណដលមរបឋឹង និង មូលល តុននបែឋឹ ងជាលដើម។ លបើសិនជាមន្រនឋីណដលទទួលបនធុរលនេះយល់ល ើញថា រតឹមរតូវល ើយ លរឿងរឋីលនេះនឹងរតូវបញ្ចូ នលៅការោិល័យជំនញលដើមផីលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ។

បណ្ឋឋ ញទទួល រយបែឋឹ ងបនធ ន់ ចប់លផឋើមដំលែើ រការរបណ ល ១ឆ្ប ំ មរល ើយ។ មរទល់ លពលលនេះ មិនទន់ោនរបាយការែ៍ ពីចំ្បនួនននបែឋឹ ងនីតិវធីិននដំលែើ រលរឿងរឋី និងភ្នពលពញចិ្បតឋរបស់ អបរបឋឹងលៅល ើយលទ។ ររមុការងារសរោប់លរៀបចំ្បលសច្បរឋីរ ងច្បាប់នគ្របាល សរោប់នគ្របាលជាតិរមពុជា

លសច្បរឋីរ ងច្បាប់នគ្របាលមួយបាន និងរំពុងលរៀបចំ្បល ើងលៅអគ្គសបងការដ្ឋឌ ននគ្របាលជាតិ ចប់ពីណខមិលុន ឆ្ប ំ២០០៨ មរ ណដលនឹងពិនិតយលមើលល ើងវញិនូវរច្បនសមព័នន និងការទទួលខុសរតូវ របស់នគ្របាលជាតិរមពុជា។ ជាងលនេះលទៀត ររមសីលធម៌ និងវន័ិយលលើការការ រ រ៏នឹងរតូវលរៀបចំ្ប ជាមួយគប លនេះណដរ។

ភ្នជ ប់ជាមួយនឹងការលរៀបចំ្បលសច្បរឋីរ ងច្បាប់លនេះ ដំលែើ រការមួយរតូវបានលរៀបចំ្ប

លដើមផបីញ្ចូ លនូវ យនឋការណដលផឋល់លទនភ្នពឱយរបជាពលរដឌបឋឹងពីនគ្របាល របុងររែីការបំលពញការងារមិនសម- ស្សប។ ទំងលនេះនឹងធានថា ស្ថធារែជនទំងអស់អាច្បលជឿទុរចិ្បតឋ ចំ្បល េះភ្នពលស្ថម េះរតង់ និងភ្នព សុច្បរតិរបស់នគ្របាលជាតិបាន។


នីតិវធីិ និងអវីណដលការោិល័យលនេះ នឹងទទួលបនធុរសរោប់ការបឋឹងណបបលនេះ និង

លរៀបចំ្ប ពិភ្នរាលៅរបុងអំទផុងឆ្ប ំ២០០៩ លនេះ។ បងុណនឋការលរៀបចំ្បអំប ូស្ថម ន់សរោប់នគ្របាល អាច្បោនលទនភ្នព បលងកើតបាន លនេះលបើត្តមការអេះអាងរបស់ជំនញការអនឋរជាតិណដលទទួលបនធុរការងារលនេះ។

ររសួងទំនរ់ទំនងសភ្ន រពឹទនស្ថភ្ន និងអធិការរិច្បច

ររសួងបានលដើរតួនទីោងងសំខាន់ ជួយរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលលរៀបចំ្បអនុវតឋលធវើអធិការរិច្បច លលើការបំលពញ ការងាររបស់ររសួង និងភ្នប រ់ងាររដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល លដើមផធានបាននូវការទទួលខុសរតូវ និងតោល ភ្នពសរោប់ រាជរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល រ៏ដូច្បជារបជាពលរដឌ។ លោងត្តមអនុររឹតយសឋីពីការលរៀបចំ្ប និងការរបពឹតឋលៅរបស់ ររសួង រាជរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល បានផឋល់អំណ្ឋច្បលពញលលញដល់អគ្គនយរដ្ឋឌ នអធិការរិច្បច លដើមផីលធវើអធិការរិច្បច និងលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយលដ្ឋយឈរលលើការសរមុេះសរមួលទំនស់របឆំ្ងនឹងរដឌបាល។

ទរ់ទិននឹងការលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយទំនស់របឆំ្ងនឹងរដឌបាល នយរដ្ឋឌ នទទួល រយ

បែឋឹ ងនឹង លសុើបអលងកតទទួលខុសរតូវទទួល រយបែឋឹ ង ពីរគ្ប់មជណដ្ឋឌ នទរ់ទិននឹងបែឋឹ ងចំ្បល េះរដឌបាល ល ើយលធវើការលសុើបអលងកត និងលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយលដ្ឋយយនឋការសរមុេះសរមួល។ លរឿងរឋីភ្នគ្លរច្បើន ររសួងមិន ោនអំណ្ឋច្បលដើមផីសលរមច្បលទ ណតររសួងបានលរៀបចំ្បសំុែំុណបបបទជាមួយ និងអនុស្ថសន៍ លៅនយរ រដឌមន្រនឋីលដើមផីសលរមច្ប។ នីតិវធីិននការលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយទំនស់ ជាទូលៅដូច្បជាដំលែើ រការននការលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយទំនស់របស់ររសួងស្ថទ ប័នលផសងលទៀតណដរ។ លពលណដលទទួលបានលរឿងរឋី នយរដ្ឋឌ នបានលរៀបចំ្ប ពិនិតយ និងរំែត់ថាលតើលរឿងរឋីលនេះសទិតលៅរបុងសមតឋរិច្បចរបស់ខលួនឬលទ ល ើយលបើមិនសទិតលៅរបុងសមតទរិច្បចរបស់ខលួន ររសួង នឹងលរៀបចំ្បបញ្ជូ នលៅររសួងស្ថទ ប័ន រ់ព័ននលដើមផីលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ និងលសបើសំុរបាយការែ៍។ លរឿងរឋីភ្នគ្លរច្បើនណដលររសួងបានទទួល គឺ្ជាលរឿងរឋីដីធលី។ មរទល់លពលលនេះមិនទន់ោនសទិតិច្បាស់លាស់ណ្ឋមួយ របស់ររសួងទរ់ទិននឹងលរឿងរឋីលៅល ើយលទ។

ទរ់ទិននឹងការលធវើអធិការរិច្បច នយរដ្ឋឌ នអធិការរិច្បច ទទួលខុសរតូវលរឿបចំ្បណផនការ

អធិការរិច្បច របចំឆ្ប ំ លដើមផីអនុវតឋការលធវើអធិការរិច្បចលលើបណ្ឋឋ ររសួងស្ថទ ប័នរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល


លផសងៗ។ បច្បចុបផនបលនេះការ- ងារ អធិការរិច្បចររសួងោននីតិវធីិ និងណផនការរតឹមរតូវ និងច្បាស់លាស់។ នយរដ្ឋឌ នបានចុ្បេះលធវើ អធិការិច្បចលដ្ឋយផ្លធ ល់ លដើមផីពិនិតយលមើលភ្នពមិនរតឹមរតូវ ននការបំលពញការងាររបស់ររសួង ស្ថទ ប័ន រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល ជាពិលសសលផ្លឋ តលលើការចំ្បណ្ឋយរបស់ររសួងស្ថទ ប័ននីមួយៗ។

អងគភ្នពរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ

អងគភ្នពរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ បានបលងកើតល ើងលៅឆ្ប ំ២០០៦។ វជាអបរសបងអងគភ្នពរបឆំ្ង អលពើពុររលួយ ណដលបានបលងកើតល ើងលៅឆំ្១៩៩៩ ល ើយណដលមិនោនអំណ្ឋច្បរគ្ប់រគន់។ អងគភ្នព របឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយលមី បានបលងកើតល ើងជាមួយនឹងអនុររឹតយសឋីពីការលរៀបចំ្ប និងការរបរពឹតឋលៅរបស់ ខលួន លលខ ៨៤ អនររ.បរ ចុ្បេះនលៃទី២២ ណខសីហា ឆ្ប ំ២០០៦ ណដលោនតួនទីច្បមផង គឺ្ការ បងាក រទប់ស្ថក ត់ជាមុនការពរងឹងការអនុវតឋច្បាប់ និងការគំរទពីមហាជនរបុងការរបយុទនរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុរ រលួយ។

អងគភ្នពលនេះ សទិតលៅលរៅទីរបជំុជនរបុងររុងភបំលពញ។ អាគរោនដ្ឋរ់ស្ថល រសញ្ញដ

ច្បាស់លាស់ ល ើយណដលោនផលូវចូ្បលធំទូលាយជាមួយនឹងរបអប់ពែ៌ស ណដលសំបុរតបែឋឹ ងសរោប់អងគភ្នពលនេះ អាច្បរតូវបានលគ្ដ្ឋរ់បានលដ្ឋយលសរ។ី

ការងាររបស់អងគភ្នពលនេះ លផ្លឋ តលលើសរមមភ្នពបីជាសំខាន់៖ គឺ្ការបងាក រទប់ស្ថក ត់ជា

មុនការពរងឹង ការអនុវតឋច្បាប់ និងការគំរទពីមហាជនរបុងការរបយុទនរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ។ សរមមភ្នពណដលោន របជារបិយភ្នពចប់តំ្តងពីការបលងកើត គឺ្យុទននការបុែយអ ុ ៊ុំទូរ និងយុទននការល ននីលរន។ យុទននការ បុែយអ ុ ៊ុំទូរ គឺ្ការរបតិបតឋិការលលើការនំចូ្បលឡានច្បងកូតស្ថឋ ំខុសច្បាប់ពីនល ណដលោនទំនរ់ទំនង និង អំលពើពុររលួយចំ្បល េះមន្រនថីរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល។ លរឿងរឋីល ននីលរន រ៏ដូច្បគប លនេះណដរ។ លរឿងរឋីទំងពីរបានបញ្ជូ ន ដល់តុលាការ លដើមផីលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ។

របុងររែីលពលណដលទទួលបានលរឿងរឋី អងគភ្នពបានលរៀបចំ្បដំលែើ រការដូច្បជា ទីមួយ

លរៀបចំ្ប ពិនិតយ ថាលតើជាសមតទរិច្បចរបស់ខលួនឬលទ លបើសិនជាសមតទរិច្បចអងគភ្នពនឹងលរៀបចំ្បពិនិតយ និងរំែត់ថា លតើភសឋុត្តង លនេះោនលរខែៈរគន់រគន់ល ើយឬលៅ។ លបើសិនភសឋុត្តងរគ្ប់រគន់ល ើយ អងគភ្នពនឹង ទទួលសិទនិពីរបធានអងគភ្នពលធវើការលសុើបអលងកត។ លពលណដលការលសុើបអលងកតបានបញ្ច ប់ របាយការែ៍ រតូវបញ្ចូ នលៅនយរដឌមន្រនឋី


ឬឧបនយររដឌមន្រនឋី។ នយរដឌមន្រនឋី ឬឧបនយររដឌមន្រនឋី លធវើលសច្បរឋី សលរមច្បជាមួយនឹងវធិានការលដើមផអីនុវតឋ។

អងគភ្នពលនេះ ោនលមធាវចំី្បនួន ១៥ របូ បលរមើការងារ

ណដលទទួលបនធុរលសុើបអលងកតអំលពើពុរ រលួយ។ អងគភ្នពលនេះ បានលរៀបចំ្បការផសពវផាយមួយចំ្បនួនត្តមរយៈទូរទសសន៍ លដើមផីបងាា ញពីអងគភ្នព ដល់របជាពលរដឌ។ មិនទន់ោនសទិតិពី ចំ្បនួនលរឿងរឋីណដលរំពុងលសុើបអលងកត និងបានលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយឱយ បានច្បាស់លាស់លៅល ើយលទ ល ើយរ៏មិនោនចំ្បនួនននការបឋឹងត្តមរយៈរបអប់សំបុរតសបងុនម នលៅ ល ើយរតូវបានលច្បញផាយលនេះលទ។

អាជាញ ធរជាតិលដើមផលីដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយវវិទដីធលី

អាជាញ ធរជាតិ លដើមផីលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយវវិទដីធលី បានបលងកើតល ើងលដ្ឋយរពេះរាជររឹតយលលខ ន.ស/រដ/ ០២០៦/ ០៦៧ ចុ្បេះនលៃទី២៦ ណខរមាៈ ឆ្ប ំ២០០៦។ របុងរយលពលណត៦ណខបងុលណ្ឋត េះចប់តំ្តងពីការបលងកើត អាជាញ ធរលនេះ ទទួលបានបែឋឹ ងណដលចុ្បេះបញ្ជ ីចំ្បនួន១១៦ ររែី ពីរបជាពលរដឌ និងស្ថទ ប័នលផសងៗ ណដល របុងលនេះ៧៩ររែី រតូវបានបញ្ជូ នលៅលលខាធិការដ្ឋឌ ន គ្ែៈរមមការសុរលិោដីលដើមផពិីនិតយ។ លៅ ដំណ្ឋច់្បឆ្ប ំ ២០០៨ ចំ្បនួនបែឋឹ ងបានលរើនល ើងរ ូតដល់ ១.៥០០ ររែី។

ការងាររបស់អាជាញ ធរ គឺ្លដើមផីពិនិតយស្ស្ថវរជាវបែឋឹ ងរបស់របជាពលរដឌ ឬស្ថទ ប័ន

ល ើយលរៀបចំ្ប ជាលោបល់បញ្ជូ នលៅការោិល័យ ឬររសួងណដល រ់ព័នន។ លោងត្តមអនុររឹតយសឋីពីការលរៀបចំ្ប និង ការរបរពឹតឋលៅ របស់លលខាធិការដ្ឋឌ នននអាជាញ ធរលនេះ ោរត្ត ៣ និង ោរត្ត ៥ បានរំែត់ថា លលខាធិការដ្ឋឌ នននអាជាញ ធរលនេះោនតួនទី និងមុខងារលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ និងសរមបសរមួលរាល់វវិទដីធលី ល ើយអគ្គលលខាធិការននអាជាញ ធរលនេះ ោនអំណ្ឋច្បលច្បញការណែនំ លដើមផបីញ្ឈប់លៅរណនលងណ្ឋ ណដលោនវវិទបនធ ប់ពីទទួលបានបែឋឹ ង។

អាជាញ ធរលនេះោនអំណ្ឋច្បរបុងការចុ្បេះលសុើបអលងកត និងលធវើអធិការរិច្បច បនធ ប់ពីទទួល

បានបែឋឹ ង។ អនុររឹតយលនេះ រ៏បានលលើរល ើងពីដំលែើ ការននការចុ្បេះបញ្ជ ី និងការលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយលរឿងរឋីផងណដរ។ ដំលែើ រ- ការលនេះោន៖

១. ទទួល និងចុ្បេះបញ្ជ ីលរឿងរឋីត្តមទីរណនលងបែឋឹ ង


២. លរៀបចំ្បសំែំុលរឿង ៣. បញ្ចូ លរបុងមូលដ្ឋឌ នទិនបន័យលរឿងរឋីដីធលី ៤. លកាេះអលញ្ជ ើញភ្នគី្លដើមផបីញ្ញជ រ់ ៥. បញ្ញជ រ់ និងរំែត់អាទិភ្នពននលរឿងរឋី ៦. របមូលភសឋុត្តង ៧. ស ការជាមួយស្ថទ ប័នរដឌ រ់ព័នន លដើមផីស្ស្ថវរជាវដល់ទីរណនលងវវិទ ៨. លរៀបចំ្បរបាយការែ៍ជូនអគ្គលលខាធិការលដើមផីសលរមច្ប ៩. លរៀបចំ្បរំែត់បងាា ញទំងអងគល តុ និងអងគច្បាប់ រមួនិងអនុស្ថសន៍លផសងៗ

ជូនថាប រ់ដឹរនំ លដើមផីសលរមច្ប ១០. បញ្ជូ នលសច្បរឋីសលរមច្បលៅអាជាញ ធរជាតិ លដើមផលីដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយវវិទដីធលី និងររសួង

លរៀបចំ្បណដនដី នគ្ររបូនីយរមម និងសំែង់ លដើមផអីនុវតឋសំែួរលចទល ើងថា លតើមតិលោបល់របស់អាជាញ ធរជាតិលនេះ រតូវបានអនុវតឋឬលទ ល ើយថាលតើលរឿងរឋីនីមួយៗ រតូវបានលដ្ឋយលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយោងងដូច្បលមឋច្បលនេះ មិនរតូវ បានបងាា ញឱយបានច្បាស់ លៅរបុងរបាយការែ៍លនេះលទ។ បណនទមពីលនេះរ៏មិនបានបងាា ញថា លតើ របជាពលរដឌ លពញចិ្បតឋនិងការលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយលនេះណដរលទ ល ើយលតើការលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយលនេះ ោនរយៈលពល បងុណ្ឋត លនេះ រ៏មិនបានបងាា ញណដរ។

លសច្បរឋីដរស្សង់ពីរបាយការែ៍ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៧ ៖ បានចូ្បលរមួលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបញ្ញា រលំលាភបំ នយរដីបរសិ្ថទ នលៅស្សុររំពង់សីលា

លខតឋលកាេះរុង ល ើយរបមូល ដីមរទុរជាសមផតឋិរដឌវញិបានចំ្បនួន៩០ ិរត្ត លដ្ឋយសនឋិវធីិ

បានលរៀបចំ្បលសច្បរឋីជូនដំែឹងឱយររសួងលរៀបចំ្បណដនដី នគ្របូនីយរមម និងសំែង់ និងររសួងបរសិ្ថទ ន ោនវធិានការលផធរភ្នររិច្បចដរមុខតំណែង និងបលែឋ ញលច្បញពីររបខែឍ មន្រនឋីរាជការ ចំ្បល េះរបធានមនធីរលរៀបចំ្បណដនដី នគ្របូនីយ រមមសំែង់ និងសុរលិោដី លខតឋលកាេះរុង និង របធានមនធីរបរសិ្ថទ នលខតឋលកាេះរុង រ់ព័នននឹងភ្នពមិនរបររតី ននការលធវើប័រតសោគ ល់រមមសិទនិ កាន់កាប់អច្បលនវតទុ របុងតំបន់ណដនជរមរសតវ នរព មររស្ថប លិតរបុងភូមិសធឹងណវង ំុ សធឹងណវង ស្សុរស្ថម ច្បោនជ័យ លខតឋលកាេះរុង


បានចត់វធិានការត្តមផលូវច្បាប់ ចំ្បល េះឧរញង ត្តន់ លសងហារ់ និង ឧរញង ណត ហំាង ណដល រ់ព័នននឹងររែីរលំលាភដីធលី និងកាប់ទន្រនធ នដីនរពលឈើលដ្ឋយខុសច្បាប់ ណតបច្បចុបផនប តុលាការរំពុងដំលែើ រការ ត្តមនីតិវធីិច្បាប់

បានលរៀបចំ្បលិខិតជូនដំែឹងដល់ររសួងលរៀបចំ្បណដនដី នគ្របូនីយរមម និងសំែង់ររសួង បរសិ្ថទ ន និងររសួង រសិរមម រកុាខ របោញ់ និងលនស្ថទ និងរដឌបាលនរពលឈើឱយោនវធិានការរដឌបាល តឹងរងឹចំ្បល េះមន្រនឋីចំ្បនួន១៥របូ លរ េះមន្រនឋីទំងលនេះបានរលំលាភលលើលគលការែ៍ច្បាប់ ភូមិបាល ច្បាប់សឋីពីនរពលឈើ ច្បាប់សឋីពីជលផល ច្បាប់សឋីពីរិច្បចការ របរសិ្ថទ ន និងការ រគ្ប់រគ្ងធនធានធមមជាតិ ជាពិលសសលផគើននឹងបទបញ្ញជ ដ៏ខពង់ខពស់បំផុត របស់សលមឋច្បអគ្គមហា លសនបតីលតលជា នយររដឌមន្រនឋី

បានចុ្បេះលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយររែីដីទំនស់ រវងរបជាពលរដឌចំ្បនួន ៩២ រគ្ួស្ថរជាមួយររុម ុន ចំ្បលរ ើនជាតិ និងលលារ សរ សឹុង លៅភូមិ៤ សងាក ត់អូលរតេះ ខែឍ សធឹងហាវ ររងុរពេះសី នុ លដ្ឋយតំរវូឱយស្ថលាររុង៖ -បលងកើតររុមការងារ លដើមផីចុ្បេះស្សង់សទិតិអបរណដលខវេះដីពិតរបារដ

ណដលបានរស់លៅលលើ ដីទំនស់ លរៀបចំ្ប និងណបងណច្បរដីសមផទនសងគមរិច្បច ចំ្បល េះអបរណដលខវេះដី និងគម នដី សិរាស្ស្ថវរជាវ ររលមលកាល ងបំផុសបំផុលរបជាពលរដឌ

ឱយលៅរស់លៅលលើដីទំនស់ បានចុ្បេះលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយររែី របជាពលរដឌ ៦០០ រគ្សួ្ថរ ររុម ុន សំ ផ្លន់ណ្ឋរទិន

និងររមុ ុន លសង ុងល ង ណដលបានលសបើសំុមរវញិនូវនផធដីបងកបលងកើនផល និងដីអភិវឌណន៍ ណដលលខតឋបាន លច្បញដីការដរ ូតរនលងមរលដ្ឋយបាន ផឋល់អនុស្ថសន៍ឱយ៖

អនុគ្ែៈរោម ធិការលខតឋ លដើមផទីប់ស្ថក ត់លុបបំបាត់ និងបន្រងាក បការកាប់រាន ដុតឈូស ឆ្យ និង ុមព័ទនដីនរពលឈើ លដើមផវីតយរដីលធវើជារមមសិទនី


លធវើការពិនិតយជារ់ណសឋង ចំ្បល េះ របជាពលរដឌ ៦០០រគ្សួ្ថរ ណដល លខតឋបានលច្បញដីកាដរ ូតដី

ចំ្បល េះសំលែើ របស់ររមុ ុន សំ ផ្លន់ណ្ឋរទិន និងររុម ុន លសង ល ង ុង ណដល រ់ព័នន នឹងដីស្ថធារែៈ របស់រដឌអាជាញ ធរជាតិលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយទំនស់ដីធលី នឹងលលើរលោបល់ លសបើសំុ ការសលរមច្បដ៏ខពង់ខពស់បំផុតពីសលមឋច្បនយររដឌមន្រនឋី។

គ្ែៈរោម ធិការជាតិសិទនិមនុសសរមពុជា

គ្ែៈរមមការលនេះ រតវូបានបលងកើតលៅឆ្ប ំ១៩៩៨ លដ្ឋយរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលរមពុជា។ គ្ែៈរោម ធិការលធវើ ការងាររបុងវស័ិយលលើរដំលរើនសិទនិមនុសស និងជួយរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល របុងការពិនិតយ និងបញ្ញជ រ់បញ្ញា សិទនិ មនុសស។ ការងារសំខាន់របស់គ្ែៈរោម ធិការគឺ្ ការ រសិទនិមនុសស អនុវតឋការណរលមអសិទនិមនុសស និង ផឋល់ការបែឋុ េះបណ្ឋឋ លសិទនិមនុសស ។ ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ ជាណផបរមួយរបស់រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល។

គ្ែៈរោម ធិការ ទទួលបនធុរទទួលលរឿងរឋីណដលទរ់ទង នឹងការរលំលាភសិទនិមនុសស

ពី ស្ថធារែជន។ ណតស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ មិនណមនជាស្ថទ ប័នលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយលទ។ គ្ែៈរោម ធិការលនេះ លធវើការសរមប- សរមួល និងណែនំស្ថធារែជនពីបែថឹ ងលនេះ លៅស្ថទ ប័ន រ់ព័នន លដើមផីលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ។ ដំលែើ រការ ននការលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយោនភ្នពរបហារ់របណ ល និងស្ថទ ប័រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលលផសងលទៀត។

លរៅពីទទួលបែឋឹ ងពីស្ថធារែជន គ្ែៈរោម ធិការោនសិទនិសិរា និងពិនិតយការរ ំ

លលាភសិទនិមនុសសលផសងលទៀត ណដលោនចុ្បេះផាយលៅរបុងស្ថរព័ត៌ោន ឬរបព័ននផសពវផាយលផសងលទៀត ល ើយលធវើបាយការែ៍ជាមួយអនុស្ថសន៍លផសងៗ លៅអាជាញ ធរោនសមតឋរិច្បចលដើមផលីដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ។ ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ នឹងចត់វធិានការែ៍លដ្ឋយផ្លធ ល់ លៅររសួងស្ថទ ប័នទទួលបនធុរលដើមផចីត់វធិានការអនុវតឋ។ មរដល់ លពលលនេះ មិនទន់ោនព័ត៌ោនជារ់លារ់ណ្ឋមួយពីចំ្បនួនបែថឹ ង ណដលគ្ែៈរោម ធិការបានទទួល លនេះលទ។

គំ្និតផឋួច្បលផឋើមបលងកើតគ្ែៈរមមការជាតិសិទនិមនុសសលមី


ោនគំ្និតផឋួច្បលផឋើមលមីពីរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល និងសងគមសីុវលិលដើមផីបលងកើតគ្ែៈរមមការជាតិសិទនិមនុសសមួយលមី ណដលជាស្ថទ ប័នឯររាជយ របស់ជាតិលដើមផលីដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបញ្ញា សិទនិមនុសស។ ជាការពិតគំ្និត ផឋួច្បលផឋើមលនេះ ោនឥទនិពលពីស្ថទ ប័នអាស្ថ នសិទនិមនុសស ណដលោនបំែងឱយោនស្ថទ ប័នសិទនិមនុសស ឯររាជយមួយលៅរមពុជា របុងការការ រសិទនិមនុសសសរោប់របជាពលរដឌ។

គំ្និតលនេះ បានផឋួច្បលផឋើមតំ្តងពីឆ្ប ំ២០០៥ ល ើយលសច្បរឋីរ ងររបខែឍ ច្បាប់សរោប់

គ្ែៈ-រមមការលនេះបានលធវើ និងពិនិតយលរច្បើនដងលដ្ឋយស្ថទ ប័នរដឌ និងសងគមសីុវលិ។ លសច្បរឋីរ ងលនេះលពលលនេះរំពុងសទិតលៅរបុងការពិនិតយលដ្ឋយសងគមសីុវលិ។ មិនទន់ោនព័ត៌ោនជារ់លារ់ថា លតើររបខែឍ ច្បាប់លនេះនឹងរតូវបញ្ច ប់លៅលពលណ្ឋលទ លដ្ឋយស្ថរណតទំងរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល និងសងគមសីុវលិរំពុងលចទគប លៅវញិ លៅមរពីការពនយលពលលនេះ។

គ្ែៈរមមការលនេះ នឹងកាល យជាស្ថទ ប័នឯររាជយសរោបលរមពុជាលៅលពលអនគ្ត

លដើមផលីដ្ឋេះ ស្ស្ថយបញ្ញា សិទនិមនុសស ល ើយនឹងលធវើការដូច្បជាបណ្ឋឋ ស្ថទ ប័នឯររាជយសិទនិមនុសសលផសងៗលទៀត លៅលលើពិភពលលារ របុងការលលើរដំលរើង និងណរលមអសិទនិមនុសសណដលតរមវូលដ្ឋយគ្ែៈរោម ធិការសិទនិមនុសស អងគការស របជាជាតិ។

១.២ ថ្នា រណ់ក្កាម្ជាត្ត អំប ូស្ថម ន់លៅបាត់ដំបង

ការោិល័យរបជាពលរដឌ លៅស្សុរបាត់ដំបង រតូវបានលបាេះលឆ្ប តលរជើសលរ ើសលៅរដូវលៅឋ ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៥ សរោប់អាែតឋិ៣ឆ្ប ំ ណដលណផអរលលើរបកាសលលខ៧៩០ សឋីពីរច្បនសមព័នន និងការរគ្ប់រគ្ង ការោិល័យរបជាពលរដឌលៅស្សុរបាត់ដំបង លខតឋបាត់ដំបង របស់ររសួងមហានផធ។

ការោិល័យរបជាពលរដឌលនេះ ជាណផបរមួយននរច្បនសមព័ននរដឌបាលលមីថាប រ់ស្សុរ លៅ

លខតឋបាត់- ដំបង។ ការោិល័យរបជាពលរដឌ លដើរតួនទីពិនិតយលមើលការោិល័យរច្បរលច្បញចូ្បលណតមួយ និងការ-ិ ោល័យលផសងលទៀត លៅរបុងរដឌបាលស្សុរបាត់ដំបង។ ការោិល័យ


របជាពលរដឌ រតូវោនវតឋោនលៅ របុងការោិល័យ រច្បរលច្បញចូ្បលណតមួយោងងតិច្បចំ្បនួន១២លោងងរបុងមួយសបាឋ ៍។

ការោិល័យរបជាពលរដឌ គឺ្ជាអបរតំណ្ឋងអពាររឹតយរបស់របជាពលរដឌ ណដលោន

តួនទីណសវងររដំលណ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ ណដលអាច្បទទួលយរបានសរោប់របជាពលរដឌ និងស រគិ្ន។ លដើមផីសលរមច្បបាននូវលគលលរលនេះ ការោិល័យរបជាពលរដឌោនអំណ្ឋច្បដូច្បខាងលរកាម៖ ការោិល័យរបជាពលរដឌ ោនសិទនិពិនិតយរាល់លិខិតស្ថប មណដល រ់ព័នន លបើសិនជាការសរមុេះសរមលួរវងរបជាពលរដឌ

និងមន្រនឋីរដឌបាលមិនបានលជាគ្ជ័យលទការោិ- ល័យរបជាពលរដឌ ោនសិទនិបញ្ចូ នឯរស្ថររមួទំងអនុស្ថសន៍លផសងៗលៅអភិបាលស្សុរ លដើមផី ពិនិតយ និងសលរមច្ប

បែឋឹ ង រ់ព័ននការបំលពញការងាររបស់អភិបាលស្សរុ រតូវបញ្ចូ នលៅថាប រ់អភិបាលលខតឋ លដើមផ ីលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ

ការោិល័យរបជាពលរដឌ សទិតលៅជាន់ទីមួយននរដឌបាលស្សុរបាត់ដំបង។ ទីតំ្តងលនេះ លធវើឱយ ោនភ្នពមិនងាយស្សួលរបុងការទរ់ទង និងមិនសូវលមើលល ើញ។ ស្ថល រសញ្ញដ ននការោិល័យលនេះ រ៏មិនបានដ្ឋរ់ឱយលមើលល ើញច្បាស់ណដរ។

ការវយតនមល និងត្តមដ្ឋនពីអាជាញ ធរមូលដ្ឋឌ នលលើការងាររបស់ការោិល័យរបជាពលរដឌ

ននការោិល័យរច្បរលច្បញចូ្បលណតមួយលនេះ រតវូបានបញ្ញជ រ់ថា ទទួលបានលជាគ្ជ័យ បងុណនឋោនរបជាពល-រដឌមួយចំ្បនួនតិច្បបងុលណ្ឋត េះ ណដលបាលចូ្បលមរការោិល័លនេះ លដើមផបីឋឹងពីការបំលពញការងាររបស់រដឌបាល។ របុងរយៈលពល៣ឆ្ប ំមរលនេះ ោនបែឋឹ ងចំ្បនួនណត ២ បងុលណ្ឋត េះ ណដលបានចុ្បេះរបុងបញ្ជ ី និងបានលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ។ លទេះបីជាោងងណ្ឋរ៏លដ្ឋយ រ៏ោនបែឋឹ ងមួយចំ្បនួនលទៀតណដលបឋឹងលដ្ឋយរបជាពលរដឌ ណដរ បងុណនឋជាបែឋឹ ងណដលមិនសទិតលៅរបុងសមតឋរិច្បច របស់ការោិល័យលនេះ។

១.៣ អងគការណក្ៅរដ្ឋា ភិបាល ការោិល័យននឧតឋមសបងការជាន់ខពស់ទទួលបនធុរសិទនិមនុសសលៅរមពុជា


ត្តមរយៈការោិល័យលនេះ ោនររែីននការលសុើបសួរ និងបែឋឹ ងជាលរច្បើនរំពុងលរើត

ោនលទផើង។ របជាពលរដឌរមពុជា រ៏ដូច្បជាអងគការលរៅរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល បានលសបើសំុការោិល័យលនេះលដើមផីជួយ និងណែនំ។ ត្តមរយៈការោិល័យលនេះ ចំ្បនួនននបែឋឹ ងទរ់ទងនឹងសិទនិមនុសស បានលរើនល ើងជាលំដ្ឋប់។ បែឋឹ ង ណដលសទិតលៅចំ្បណ្ឋត់ថាប រ់ទីមួយ គឺ្បែឋឹ ងទរ់ទងនឹងវវិទដីធលី។ ការោិល័យលនេះ បានទទួលបែឋឹ ង ទរ់ទងនឹងអំលពើ ិងារបុងរគ្ួស្ថរ ស្ថទ នភ្នពពនននគរពីរបជាពលរដឌ ណដលទទួលរងនូវការរលំលាភសិទនិមនុសស (លសរភី្នពបលញ្ចញមតិ លសរភី្នពលធវើបាតុរមម)។

ការោិល័យលនេះ មិនណមនជាការោិល័យទទួល រយបែឋឹ ង ណដលផឋល់លោបល់

និងតំណ្ឋង របជាពលរដឌលទ។ ការោិល័យលនេះ រគន់ណតផឋល់ព័ត៌ោនពីអងគការលរៅរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល និងការោិល័យរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលណ្ឋ ណដលអាច្បជួយលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបញ្ញា ណដលជាការបារមារបស់របជាពលរដឌ។ លទេះបីជាោងងណ្ឋរ៏លដ្ឋយតួនទីរបស់ការោិល័យលនេះ ទរ់ទងនឹងរដឌបាល និងភ្នប រ់ងាររាជរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល គឺ្លដើមផី លលើរដំលរើងសនឋិសុខផលូវច្បាប់សរោប់របជាពលរដឌ និងជួយកាត់បនទយការរលំលាភសិទនិមនុសស។ ការោិ- ល័យលនេះ ោនលគលបំែងលធវើការលដ្ឋយលជឿទុរចិ្បតឋគប ជាមួយរដឌបាលរមពុជា ល ើយរ៏លធវើការគំរទដល់ អងគការលរៅរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលផងណដរ លដើមផលីលើរល ើងនូវបញ្ញា ណដលបានលលើរល ើងខាងលលើ។ របុងលពលរិច្បចសោា សលនេះ តំណ្ឋងការោិល័យលនេះ បានលលើរល ើងមឋងល ើយមឋងលទៀតថា ការលជឿទុរចិ្បតឋលលើ ការោិល័យទទួល រយបែឋឹ ងរបស់មន្រនឋីរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល គឺ្លៅររមិតទប។ ត្តមរយៈបទពិលស្ថធន៍ របស់ខលួនរបជាពលរដឌ ជាទូលៅហារ់ដូច្បជាទុរចិ្បតឋអងគការលរៅរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល ឬស្ថទ ប័ន ឯររាជយ លដើមផ ីលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបែឋឹ ងរបស់ខលួនលរច្បើនជាង។ សោគ្មអភិវឌណន៍ និងសិទនិមនុសសរមពុជា អាដ ុរ

ជាមធយម របជាពលរដឌរបោែ ៣០០ របុងរបលទសរមពុជា ណសវងររការគំរទពីអងគការលនេះ ជាលរៀងរាល់ណខ។ បញ្ញា ណដលសទិតលៅលំដ្ឋប់ខពស់ជាងលគ្ គឺ្អំលពើ ិងារបុងរគ្ួស្ថរ ណដលោនរបណ ល ១០០ ររែីរបុងមួយណខ ការរលំលាភសិទនិមនុសស ចំ្បនួន ៤០-៥០ ររែីរបុងមួយណខ វវិទដីធលី ៣០-៤០ ររែីរបុងមួយណខ។ ត្តមរយៈអងគការលនេះ ចំ្បនួនលនេះោនការលរើនល ើងជានិច្បច។


អងគការលនេះ រ៏ដូច្បជាអងគការលរៅរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលលផសងលទៀតណដរ មិនោនអាែតឋិ លដើមផីលដ្ឋេះ- ស្ស្ថយបែឋឹ ង ណដលបានទទួលជាមួយមន្រនឋីរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលលទ។ អងគការលនេះអាច្បផឋល់លោបល់ដល់ភ្នគី្ រងលរគេះ។ វវិទជាលរច្បើនដូច្បជាដីធលី ជាមួយអាជាញ ធរមូលដ្ឋឌ ន អងគការលនេះបានជួយរបជាពលរដឌត្តមរយៈ ការផឋល់លោបល់ណផបរច្បាប់ លរៀបចំ្ប ផសពវផាយ និងចត់វធិានការលផសងៗ។

62 ឧបេមព័នធទី ២៖ របាយការណ៍ ទេេនកិចចេិកាពីរបព័នធអំប ូស្មម ន់សៅស្មធារណរដឋកូសរ ៉េ | សំលែើ ររបខែឍ ននការអនុវតឋរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់លៅរមពុជា

ឧបេមព័នធទី ២៖ របាយការណ៍ ទេេនកិចចេិកាពីរបព័នធអំប ូស្មម ន់សៅស្មធារណរដឋកូសរ ៉េ

របុងររបខែឍ ននការលរៀបចំ្បរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់សមស្សបមួយសរោប់រមពុជា ទសសនរិច្បចសិរាលៅស្ថធារែរដឌរូលរ ង បានលរៀបចំ្បល ើងលដ្ឋយអគ្គលលខាធិកាដ្ឋឌ ន ននររមុរបឹរារំណែទរមង់ច្បាប់ និង របព័ននយុតឋិធម៌ លរកាមរិច្បចគំរទពីអងគការស របតិបតឋិការ GTZ រមមវធីិរំណែទរមង់រដឌបាល និង វមិជឈការ ពីនលៃទី២៦-៣១ ររកដ្ឋ ឆ្ប ំ២០០៩ លៅទីររុងលសអ ូល របលទសរូលរ ងខាងតផូង។ លគលបំែងននទសសនរិច្បចសិរាលនេះ គឺ្លដើមផណីសវងររព័ត៌ោនថា លតើរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់លធវើការោងងដូច្បលមឋច្ប លៅរបលទសរូលរ ង ល ើយថាលតើរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់លនេះ អាច្បរតូវបានយរមរអនុវតឋលៅរមពុជាណដរឬលទ។

គ្លរោងននការលរៀបចំ្បរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់សមស្សបមួយសរោប់រមពុជា រតវូបានយល់

រពមអនុវតឋត្តមអនុសសរែៈរពមលរពៀងគប រវងររុមរបឹរារំណែទរមង់ច្បាប់ និងរបព័ននយុតឋិធ៌ម និងអងគការស របតិបតឋិការ GTZ រមមវធីិរំណែទរមង់រដឌបាល និងវមិជឈការ លៅណខមិលុន ឆ្ប ំ២០០៨។ លគលបំែងននគ្លរោងគឺ្ លដើមផីលធវើការសិរា និងលរៀបចំ្បរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់សមស្សបមួយសរោប់រមពុជា លដើមផលីធវើការពិនិតយត្តមដ្ឋនការទទួលខុសរតូវ គ្ែលនយយភ្នព និងតោល ភ្នពននរដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈ របុងររបខែឍ ននលសវស្ថធារែៈសរោប់របជាពលរដឌ លដ្ឋយស្ថរណតការផឋល់លសវស្ថធារែៈ គឺ្ជា អាទិភ្នពគ្នលឹេះរបស់រាជរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល នីតិកាលទី ៤ ននរដឌសភ្នលនេះ។

ការអនុវតឋគ្លរោងោន៤ដំណ្ឋរ់កាល៖ (១) ការសិរាវយតនមលជាបឋមននរបព័ននអំបូស្ថម ន់ និង បែឋឹ ងលៅរមពុជា (២) ផឋល់ការយល់ដឹងកាន់ណតសីុជលរៅ ពីការអនុវតឋរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់លៅបណ្ឋឋ របលទស លផសងៗ (៣) ការលរៀបចំ្បរិច្បចរបជំុពិលរគេះលោបល់លផសងៗ លដើមផីលរៀបចំ្បរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់សមស្សបមួយ សរោប់រមពុជា និង (៤) ការលរៀបចំ្បបញ្ច ប់របព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់សមស្សបមួយសរោប់រមពុជា។ ដំណ្ឋរ់កាល ទី១ រតវូបានបញ្ច ប់រចួ្បរាល់ ល ើយបានបងាា ញពីលទនផលននការររល ើញរបុងសិកាខ ស្ថលាការណែនំ របព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់លៅរមពុជារចួ្បរាល់ផងណដរ។ អបរចូ្បលរមួ


១. ឯរឧតឋម ចន់ ត្តនី រដឌលលខាធិការទីសឋីការគ្ែៈរដឌមន្រនឋី ជារបធានគ្ែៈរបតិភូ

២. ឯរឧតឋម ស យុ មងុងលាង អគ្គលលខាធិការររុមរបឹរារំណែទរមង់ច្បាប់ និងរបព័នន យុតឋិធម៌

៣. ឯរឧតឋម សរ់ លសដ្ឋឌ រដឌលលខាធិការររសួងមហានផធ ៤. ឯរឧតឋម មងរ់ សមផតឋិ អនុរបធានគ្ែៈរោម ធិការសិទនិមនុសសរមពុជា ៥. ឯរឧតឋម សរ សមផតឋិ សោជិរអចិ្បនន្រនឋយ៍ ននអងគភ្នពរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ ៦. ឯរឧតឋម សួង លាងន អគ្គលលខាធិការរងររមុរបឹរារំណែទរមង់ច្បាប់

និងរបព័នន យុតឋិធម៌ ៧. ឯរឧតឋម ច័្បនធ មលន អគ្គនយរ អគ្គនយរដ្ឋឌ នរដឌបាល ររសួងយុតឋិធម៌ ៨. ឯរឧតឋម បួន សុមុនី អគ្គលលខាធិការរងររុមរបឹរារំណែទរមង់ច្បាប់ និង

របព័នន យុតឋិធម៌ ៩. លលារ លលល រ ដ្ឋរាង របធានណផបរសិទនិមនុសស និងមជឈតឋរមម រ.រ.ច្ប.យ ១០. លលារ Ruth Grueber តំណ្ឋងអងគ GTZ

ស្ថធារែរដឌរូលរ ង

រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលននស្ថធារែរដឌរូលរ ង រតវូបានបលងកើតល ើងលៅ នលៃទី១៥ ណខសីហា ឆ្ប ំ ១៩៤៨។ របធានធិបតី គឺ្ជារបមុនរដឌ និងជាអបរតំណ្ឋងរិច្បចការបរលទសរបស់រដឌ។ នយររដឌមន្រនឋី គឺ្ជា ជំនួយការរបតិបតឋិសរោប់នយររដឌមន្រនឋី។ នីតិរបតិបតឋិ ដឹរនំលដ្ឋយរបធានធិបតី ណដលោន នយររដឌមន្រនឋី ខុទនកាល័យរដឌមន្រនឋីរបតិបតឋិ ១៥ របូ និងភ្នប រ់ងារឯររាជយ ១៦ រមួទំងលខតឋសវយ័ត Jeju

របធានធិបតីអនុវតឋការងាររបតិបតឋិ ត្តមរយៈខុទនកាល័យ ណដលោនសោជិរ

របោែ ១៥-៣០របូ។ ខុទនកាល័យ ដឹរនំលដ្ឋយរបធានធិបតី ណដលោនតួនទីណតោប រ់ឯងរបុងការសលរមច្បនូវរាល់ លគលនលោបាយរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល។ ជាងលនេះលទៀត លៅរបុងខុទនកាល័យ របធានធិបតី ោនភ្នប រ់ងារជាលរច្បើន លៅលរកាមឱវទលដើមផលីរៀបចំ្ប និងអនុវតឋលគលនលោបាយោនដូច្បជា៖ គ្ែៈអភិបាលសវនរមម និង អធិការរិច្បចរូលរ ង ភ្នប រ់ងារសោៃ ត់ជាតិ,


និងគ្ែៈរមមការទំនរ់ទំនង និងផសពវផាយ។ របធានភ្នប រ់ងារ ទំងលនេះណតងតំ្តងលដ្ឋយរបធានធិបតី បងុណនឋការណតងតំ្តងរបស់របធានធិបតី រតូវោនការយល់រពមពី សភ្នជាតិជាមុន។

ទសសនរិច្បចនិងរិច្បចរបជំុ

គ្ែៈរបតិភូបានទសសនរិច្បចស្ថទ ប័ន រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលចំ្បនួន៥ និងអងគការសងគមសីុវលិចំ្បនួន១។ គ្ែៈរបតិភូ រតូវបានទទួល ស្ថវ គ្មន៍ោងងររ់លៅឋ ពី lwm sMkul សំណ្ឋរ់ មន្រនឋីជាន់ខពស់របស់រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលរូលរ ង។ គ្ែៈ- របតិភូទទួលបាននូវព័ត៌ោនចំ្បលែេះដឹង និងបទពិលស្ថធន៍ោងងលរច្បើនពីទសសនរិច្បច សិរាលនេះ។ របុងចំ្បលណ្ឋមលនេះ ស្ថទ ប័ន រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលរូលរ ងចំ្បនួន៣ ណដលទរ់ទង និង ការបលងកើត និងអនុវតឋរបព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់ លៅរូលរ ងោនដូច្បជា គ្ែៈរមមការរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ និង សិទនិជនសីុវលិ គ្ែៈរមមការជាតិសិទនិមនុសសរូលរ ង និងអំប ូស្ថម ន់សវនរមមលសអ ូល ជាស្ថទ ប័នសំខាន់ របស់រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលរូលរ ងណដលលធវើការងារលនេះ។

a. ជួបរបជំុជាមួយភ្នប រ់ងាររដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល ស្ថទ នទូតរមពុជាលៅស្ថធារែរដឌរូលរ ង គ្ែៈរបតិភូបានលធវើទសសនរិច្បចស្ថទ នទូតរមពុជាលៅរូលរ ង លដ្ឋយបានទទួលស្ថវ គ្មន៍ោងងររ់លៅឋ ពីឯរឧតឋម លឹម សំរុល ឯរអគ្គរាជទូតរមពុជារបចំរបលទសរូលរ ង។ ឯរឧតឋមបានបងាា ញពីស្ថទ នភ្នព ននទំនរ់ទំនងរមពុជា និងរបលទសរូលរ ងណដលរំពុងណតោនរិច្បចស របតិបតឋិការ កាន់ណត


លអល ើងរបុង រយៈលពលបងុនម នឆ្ប ំចុ្បងលរកាយលនេះ បនធ ប់ពីោនទសសរិច្បចផលូវការរបស់នយររដឌមន្រនឋីរមពុជា លៅរបលទស រូលរ ងកាលពីណខមុន។

ឯរឧតឋម បានអបអរស្ថទរោងងររ់លៅឋ ចំ្បល េះគ្ែៈរបតិភូ ណដលបានមរបំលពញការងារណសវងយល់ព័ត៌ោន និងរបព័ននអំប ុស្ថម ន់របលទសរូលរ ង ណដលរតូវបានបលងកើតល ើងរយៈលពលយូរមរល ើយតំ្តងពីឆ្ប ំ១៩៩៤ ល ើយរតូវបានទទួលស្ថគ ល់លដ្ឋយបណ្ឋថរបលទសជាលរច្បើន លៅលលើពិភពលលារ។ វជាលពល ដ៏លអសរោប់គ្ែៈរបតិភូរមពុជា លដើមផីសិរាណសវងយល់កាន់ណតសីុជលរៅពីការអភិវឌណន៍ របស់របលទស រូលរ ង។ ឯរឧតឋមគំរទ និងជួយគ្ែៈរបតិភូរបុងការសរមបសរមួលជាមួយរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលរូលរ ង លដើមផីស ការជួយលរៀបចំ្បបលងកើតស្ថទ ប័ន អំប ូស្ថម ន់លនេះសរោប់របលទសរមពុជានលពលអនគ្ត។ មជឈមែឍុ លព័ត៌ោនលរៅររងុលសអ ូល

គ្ែៈរបតិភូបានទសសនមជឈមែឍុ លព័ត៌ោន លៅរបុងស គ្មន៍មួយណដលសទិតលៅលរៅររងុ លសអ ូល។ មជឈមែឍុ លលនេះ ជារណនលងណតមួយគ្ត់សរោប់របជាពលរដឌលៅរបុងស គ្មន៍ លដើមផជួីបជំុគប ផ្លល ស់បឋូរព័ត៌ោនពីអាជញធរមូលដ្ឋឌ ន និងថាប រ់ជាតិ។ មជឈមែឍ លជារណនលងណដលរបជាពលរដឌអាច្ប ណសវងររព័ត៌ោនដូច្បជាចំ្បលែេះដឹងពីការលធវើណស្សជាលដើម។ មជឈមែឍ លផឋល់ការបែឋុ េះបណ្ឋថ លរំពយូទ័រ អិុនធឺណែត និងជំនញលផសងៗសរោប់ស គ្មន៍។ ព័ត៌ោនណដលផឋល់ោន ព័ត៌ោនពីទីផារ និងនមល ផលិតផល។ បច្បចុបផនបលនេះ រមមវធីិបលងកើតមជឈមែឍុ លព័ត៌ោនលនេះ គឺ្ជាគំ្និតផឋួច្បលផឋើមរបស់ររសួងរដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈ និងសនឋិសុខលៅរបុងររបខែឍ រំណែទរមង់រដឌបាល និងរមមវធីិវមិជឈការ លដើមផផីឋល់ព័ត៌ោន និងលសវស្ថធារែៈខិតជិតរបជាពលរដឌលៅត្តមស គ្មន៍។

គ្ែៈរមមការជាតិសិទនិមនុសសរូលរ ង (NHRCK)


គ្ែៈរមមការបានបលងកើតល ើងលៅឆ្ប ំ២០០១ ជាស្ថទ ប័នតស ូមតិជាតិ លដើមផីការ រសិទនិមនុសស។ គ្ែៈរមមការលបឋជាញ សលរមច្បឱយបានការការ រសិទនិមនុសសជាទូលៅលដ្ឋយរមួោន លសច្បរឋីនលលលបូរ តនមល លសរភី្នព របស់ជនរគ្ប់របូ និងសននិសញ្ញដ ណដលបានចុ្បេះ តទលលខាយល់រពម លដ្ឋយដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលរូលរ ង។ គ្ែៈរមមការជា ស្ថទ ប័នឯររាជយ ពីស្ថទ ប័នរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល ណដលទទួល ិរញ្ដវតទុលដ្ឋយផ្លធ ល់ ពីរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល។ ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះោនសោសភ្នពចំ្បរេុះ ពី ស្ថទ ប័នលផសងៗ។

គ្ែៈរមមការោនសបងការចំ្បនួន ១១ របូ របធាន ១ របូ សបងការ អចិ្បនន្រនឋយ៍ ៣ របូ

និងសបងការមិន អចិ្បនន្រនឋយ៍ ៧ របូ។ របុងចំ្បលណ្ឋមលនេះ ៤ របូ រតូវបានលរជើសលរ ើស លដ្ឋយ របធានធិបតី ៤ របូលទៀត លដ្ឋយសភ្ន និង ៣ របូលរជើស តំ្តងលដ្ឋយរបធានតុលាការរំពូល ល ើយបនធ ប់មរយល់រពមលដ្ឋយ របធានធិបតី។

សបងការទំងលនេះ ោនអាែតឋិ៣ឆ្ប ំ ល ើយអាច្បបនឋរ ូត ២ អែតឋិបាន។ វជាការរំ ិត លដ្ឋយមិនអាច្បណរណរបបាន ណដលោងងលហាច្បណ្ឋស់រតូវោនសបងការជាស្ដសឋីចំ្បនួន៤របូ។ គ្ែៈរមមការ ជួយការងារលដ្ឋយលលខាធិការដ្ឋឌ នមួយណដលោន ៣ នយរដ្ឋឌ ន ១១ ររុម និង ៣ ណផបរបនធ ប់បនសលំទៀត។ លលខាធិការដ្ឋឌ នអនុវតឋលសច្បរឋីសលរមច្ប និងលគលនលោបាយរបស់សបងការ និងការងាររដឌបាល ទំងអស់របស់គ្ែៈរមមការ។


តួនទីរបស់ គ្ែៈរមមការ៖

- វភិ្នគ្ និងស្ស្ថវរជាវស្ថទ នភ្នពសិទនិមនុសស (ដូច្បជា ច្បាប់ណដលរំពុងសទិតលៅរដឌសភ្ន), ច្បាប់ និងរបព័ននយុតឋិធ៌ម, លគលនលោបាយ និងការអនុវតឋ រ៏ដូច្បជាការបលញ្ចញលោបល់ និងអនុស្ថសន៍លដើមផីណរលមអ

- លសុើបអលងកតការរលំលាភសិទនិមនុសស និងការអនុវតឋការលរ ើសលអើង និងអនុស្ថសន៍លដើមផី ផឋល់សំែង

- ពិនិតយល ើងវញិបញ្ញា និងបិស្ថទ នសិទនិមនុសស - លលើរសំលែើ និងផឋល់អនុស្ថសន៍ណែនំ ពីការរលំលាភសិទនិមនុសសលផសងៗ

សឋង់ដ្ឋរការរំែត់វធិានការការ រ


- ស្ស្ថវរជាវ និងលច្បញអនុស្ថសន៍ ឬមតិលោបល់ លដ្ឋយលគរពត្តមការផឋល់សចច ប័ន ឬការអនុវតឋរិច្បចរពមលរពៀងអនឋរជាតិ ណដលរបលទសរូលរ ងជាសោជិរ

- ផ្លល ស់បឋូរ និងស ការជាមួយស្ថទ ប័នសិទនិមនុសសអនឋរជាតិ

ជាសលងខប គ្ែៈរមមការទទួលបនធុរលសបើសំុលដើមផីដ្ឋរ់ព័ត៌ោន និងឯរស្ថរ រ់ព័នន និងស្ថទ ប័ន នីតិបុគ្គល ឬស្ថទ ប័នវជិាជ ជីវៈណ្ឋមួយ លដើមផលីសុើបអលងកតចុ្បេះពិនិតយ លសុើបអលងកតការ ំុលំង ការ រ ឧបររែ៍លផសងៗ លបើសិនជាចំបាច់្ប លរៀបចំ្បលោបល់របស់គ្ែៈរមមការពីបញ្ញា សិទនិមនុសស ជាមួយតុលាការ និងតុលាការធមមនុញ្ដ រាយការែ៍របចំឆ្ប ំពីសរមមភ្នពគ្ែៈរមមការ និងស្ថទ នភ្នព សិទនិមនុសសលៅរបធានធិបតី និងសភ្នជាតិ។ របជាពលរដឌរគ្ប់របូ ោនសិទនិបឋឹងរបឆំ្ងនឹងការរលំលាភ សិទនិមនុសស និងការលរ ើសលអើងខុសច្បាប់ ត្តមរយៈជលរមើស ៣ ោន៖ ការទូរស័ពធ ឬលផញើទូរស្ថរ, ត្តមការលផញើសំបុរត ឬមរបឋឹងលៅនឹងរណនលង និងត្តមរយៈអីុណមងល។ ដំលែើ រការននការលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ បែឋឹ ងគឺ្៖

1. ការទទួលបែឋឹ ង៖ របជាពលរដឌរគ្ប់របូ ោនសិទនិបឋឹងរបឆំ្ងនឹងការរលំលាភសិទនិមនុសសលដ្ឋយ ផ្លធ ល់លៅគ្ែៈរមមការ លដ្ឋយទូរស័ពធ លដ្ឋយលផញើទូរស្ថរ លដ្ឋយអីុណមងល។ បែឋឹ ងនឹងរតូវលគ្ ចុ្បេះបញ្ជ ីលៅមជឈមែឍ លរបឹរា លដើមផីពិនិតយមុនចប់លផថើមលសុើបអលងកត

2. ដំលែើ រការលសុើបអលងកត៖ គ្ែៈរមមការអាច្បលសុើបអលងកតភ្នប រ់ងាររដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល លដើមផីបញ្ញជ រ់ឱយ បានច្បាស់។ គ្ែៈរមមការអាច្បលសុើបអលងកតលៅនឹងរណនលង ល ើយរ៏អាច្បពិនិតយឯរស្ថរណដល រ់ព័ននផងណដរ។

3. ការសរមុេះសរមួល៖ ជំហានទីមួយគឺ្ពាោមសរមុេះសរមួលភ្នគី្ទំងពីរ មុនលពលការែីលនេះ រតូវបានពិភ្នរា និងសលរមច្ប

4. ពិភ្នរា និងសលរមច្បបនធ ប់បីភ្នគី្មិនយល់រពមការសរមុេះសរមួល 5. បញ្ច ប់៖ របុងរយៈលពល ១៤ នលៃ បនធ ប់ពីលសច្បរឋីសលរមច្ប

គ្ែៈរមមការអាច្បផឋល់លទនផលលនេះលៅអបរបឋឹង


ដំលែើ រការលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបែឋឹ ង

គ្ែៈរមមការរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ និងសិទនិសីុវលិ (ACRC)

គ្ែៈរមមការលនេះ បានចប់លផឋើមបលងកើតលៅនលៃទី២៩ ណខរុមាៈ ឆ្ប ំ២០០៨

លដ្ឋយរច្បបាច់្បបញ្ចូ ល គប រវងអំប ូស្ថម ន់រូលរ ង គ្ែៈរមមការឯររាជយរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ និងគ្ែៈរមមការឧទនរែ៍រដឌបាល។ ជាមួយនឹងការរមួប ច លគប លនេះ របជាពលរដឌរតវូបានផឋល់ឱយនូវលសវរមមរច្បរលច្បញចូ្បលណតមួយ លដើមផ ីលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបែថឹ ងស្ថធារែៈ បែឋឹ ងរដឌបាល និងបែឋឹ ងរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ លដ្ឋយស្ថទ ប័ណតមួយ របរបលដ្ឋយដំលែើ រការលលឿន និងស្សួលជាងមុន។ គ្ែៈរមមការលនេះនឹងជួសជុលររបខែឍ ច្បាប់ និង ស្ថទ ប័ន លដើមផផីឋល់ឱយរបជាពលរដឌនូវភ្នពសុខស្សួល និងរបសិទនភ្នព ននលសវរមមស្ថធារែៈ លដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយការឈឺចប់របស់ពលរដឌ ឱយកាន់ណតលលឿនត្តមណតអាច្បលធវើបាន និងផសពវផាយវបផធ៌មនន សុច្បរតិភ្នពលៅរបុងសងគម លដើមផីបលងកើតឱយោនសងគមមួយោនភ្នពលជឿនលលឿន ណដលសិទនិមនុសស រតូវ បានការ រលដ្ឋយលពញលលញ និងនីតិរដឌរតវូបានលគរពត្តម។

គ្ែៈរមមការ ោនសបងការទំងអស់ចំ្បនួន ១៥ របូ ោនរបធានមួយរបូ(ថាប រ់រដឌមន្រនឋី)

អនុរបធាន ៣ របូ (ថាប រ់រដឌលលខាធិការ) សបងការអចិ្បនន្រនឋយ៍ ៣ របូ និងសបងការមិនអចិ្បនន្រនឋយ៍ ៨ របូ។ លដើមផី លដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយជាមួយការងារដឌបាល លលខាធិការដ្ឋឌ នមួយបានបលងកើល ើង


ណដលោន ៣ ការោិល័យ៖ ការោិល័យអំប ូស្ថម ន់ ការោិល័យរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ និងការោិល័យបែឋឹ ងរដឌបាល។ ការោិល័យទំងបី ដឹរនំលដ្ឋយអនុរបធានមួយ។ គ្ែៈរមមការបំលពញការងារជាច្បមផង ៣ ដូច្បខាងលរកាម៖

- លដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបែថឹ ងស្ថធារែជន និងណរលមអរបព័ននការងារណដលោនទំនរ់ទំនងឱយបានសមស្សប

- បលងកើតសងគមមួយណដលស្ថអ ត លដ្ឋយការ រ និងបនទយអំលពើពុររលួយលៅរបុងវស័ិយរដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈ

- ការ រសិទនិរបជាពលរដឌ ពីការនុវតឋរដឌបាលណដលមិនរតឹមរតវូ និងមិនស្សបច្បាប់ ត្តមរយៈរបព័ននបែឋឹ ងឧទនរែ៍រដឌបាល

របុងររបខែឍ ការងារអំប ូស្ថម ន់ គ្ែៈរមមការលបឋជាញ លដើមផីណសវងរររបព័ននណ្ឋមួយ

ណដលណរលមអ ត្តមរយៈវធីិជាលរច្បើន ដូច្បជាការលសុើបអលងកត និងលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបែឋឹ ងសីុវលិ ការវភិ្នគ្សំែំុលរឿងរឋីឱយបានលអិតលអន់ ពិនិតយលសើលរ ើការផឋល់លោប់ពីរបជាពលរដឌ និងររមុរបជាពលរដឌ ពិនិតយត្តមដ្ឋនស្ថរព័ត៌ោនជាលដើម។ លលើសពីលនេះលទៀត លដើមផីធានបានថា អនុស្ថសន៍រតូវបានលគ្ទទួល និងបញ្ចូ ល របុងរបព័នន លដើមផីលលើរដំលរើងសិទនិមនុសស គ្ែៈរមមការោនវធិានការត្តមដ្ឋនការអនុវតឋលនេះ។ ទំង លនេះរមួោនការអនុវតឋការរតួតពិនិតយ លដើមផីទទួលយរវធិានការលដ្ឋយរបររតី និងសរមបសរមួល រិច្បចរបជំុពីការមិនរពមទទួលវធិានលនេះ។

អំប ូស្ថម ន់រូលរ ង រតវូបានបលងកើតតំ្តងពីឆ្ប ំ ១៩៩៤ ល ើយរតូវបានបញ្ចូ លជាមួយគ្ែៈរមមការ របឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ និងគ្ែៈរមមការបែឋឹ ងឧទនរែ៍រដឌបាល លៅឆ្ប ំ ២០០៨។ ការោិល័យអំប ូស្ថម ន់ បានណបងណច្បរ ១០ ណផបរ ត្តមរបលភទននបែឋឹ ង។ ការោិល័យលនេះោនតួនទី៖

លសុើបអលងកត និងលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបែឋឹ ង និងការឈឺចប់របស់របជាពលរដឌ ផឋល់អនុស្ថសន៍ណរណរប និងផឋល់ជលរមើលផសងៗ

ផឋល់អនុស្ថសន៍លដើមផណីរណរបរបព័ននរដឌបាល លសុើបអលងកតស្ថទ នភ្នពបច្បចុបផនប និងវយតនមលពីលទនផលននបែឋឹ ង


ផឋល់របឹរាលលើបែឋឹ ង សរមុេះសរមួ

និងលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយលរឿងរឋីណដលទរ់ទងនឹងវវិទរបស់របជាពលរដឌភ្នគ្

លរច្បើន និងលសុើបអលងកត និងលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបែឋឹ ង

ជំនួញលផសងៗ ផ្លរពិន័យពីការលធវសរបណ ស របុងការលសុើបអលងកតរបស់ខលួនការោិល័យ

អំប ូស្ថម ន់អាច្បលសបើសំុឯរស្ថរ រ់ព័ននពីស្ថទ ប័នស្ថធារែៈ ណដល រ់ព័នន លដើមផីផឋល់ការពនយល់។

របជាពលរដឌទំងអស់អាច្ប បឋឹងរបឆំ្ងនឹងសរមមភ្នពមិនស្សបច្បាប់ មិនរតឹមរតូវរបស់ភ្នប រ់ងារ រដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈ ឬរបព័ននរដឌបាលមិនសមល តុផល ណដលរលំលាភសិទនិ ឬលធវើឱយោនការឈឺចប់សិទនិ របជាពលរដឌត្តមរយ៖

1. ការលៅបឋឹងលដ្ឋយផ្លធ ល់លៅការោិល័យលនេះ 2. ទូរស័ពធ ឬលផញើស្ថរ 3. បិទរបកាស 4. ត្តមអិុនធឺណែត (www.epeople.go.kr)

វជារណនលងណដលរបជាពលរដឌអាច្បចូ្បលរមួត្តមរបព័ននអិុនធឺណែត ល ើយណដលរបជាពលរដឌអាច្បលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបែថឹ ងសីុវលិ។ ជារបព័ននលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ ត្តមអិុនធឺណែត ណដលជាការផឋល់លសវស្ថធារែៈណបបទំលនើប (សូមលមើលរបូខាងលរកាម)

http://www.epeople.go.kr/


5. មជឈមែឍ លសោ រែរមមទូរស័ពធរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល ណដលជារណនលងភ្នជ ប់បណ្ឋឋ ញណតមួយ (១១០) ពីការលៅចូ្បលពីរណនលងលផសងៗទូលទំងរបលទស។ ជនណ្ឋណដលោនបំែងផឋល់ព័ត៌ោនពីលសវបែឋឹ ងសីុវលិរបឆំ្ងភ្នប រ់ងាររដឌបាល អាច្បទូរស័ពធមរលលខ ១១០ ណដលជារបព័ននបណ្ឋឋ ញរបស់រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល។

ស្ថទ ប័នស្ថធារែៈលនេះភ្នជ ប់បណ្ឋឋ ញរបស់ខលួនទំង ៥៦ ភ្នប រ់ងាររដឌបាលរណ្ឋឋ ល


និង ១៦ ថាប រ់រណ្ឋឋ ល និង ២៣៤ ថាប រ់មូលដ្ឋឌ ន។ មជឈមែឍ លលនេះ ផឋល់របឹរាពីលសវរមមសរោប់របជាពលរដឌ របុងការបឋឹងផឋល់រដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈ ត្តមរយៈ ទូរស័ពធលលខ ១១០ លនេះ (សូមលមើលគំ្នូស ត្តងខាងរកាម)។ ដំលែើ រការននបែឋឹ ងោន៤ដំណ្ឋរ់កាលធំៗ៖ ១.ការទទួលបែឋឹ ង ណដលជនរគ្ប់របូអាច្បបឋឹងត្តម រយៈតំណ្ឋង សរលសរជាលាយលរខអរសរ ត្តម អីុណមងល អិុនធឺណែត ត្តមការលផញើស្ថរ ឬត្តមរយៈ ការមរបឋឹងផ្លធ ល់។ ២. ដំលែើ ការលសុើបអលងកត៖ គ្ែៈរមមការអាច្ប លសបើសំុភ្នប រ់ងាររដឌបាល ណដល រ់ព័ននមរបំភលឺ ផឋល់ឯរស្ថរ ភ្នគី្ រ់ព័នន ស្ថរស ី និងបុគ្គលិរ រ់ព័ននលដើមផបីងាា ញខលួនគ្ែៈរមមការ ឬត្តម ការផឋល់លោបល់ជាលដើម។ គ្ែៈរមមការអាច្បលៅពិនិតយលដ្ឋយផ្លធ ល់លៅរណនលងភ្នប រ់ងាររដឌបាល ណដលោន រ់ព័ននបែឋឹ ង លដើមផណីសវងររការពិត។

៣. ផឋល់អនុស្ថសន៍៖ លពលណដលការលសុើបអលងកតបានបញ្ច ប់ គ្ែៈរមមការលដ្ឋយណផអរលលើ អងគល តុ និងអងគច្បាប់ និងផឋល់អនុស្ថសន៍សរោប់ណរលមអ និងណរណរបបនធ ប់ពីបានពិភ្នរារបុងរិច្បចរបជំុលពញអងគ ឬអងគរបជំុតូច្បរបស់គ្ែៈរមមការ។

៤. ការផឋល់ដំែឹង ឬលសច្បរឋីសលរមច្ប៖ គ្ែៈរមមការនឹងផឋល់ដំែឹង

ដល់ភ្នគី្ រ់ព័ននពី លទនផលរបុងរយៈលពល៣នលៃពីនលៃលច្បញលសច្បរឋីសលរមច្ប។ របធានភ្នប រ់ងារណដលទទួលលទនផល រតវូលគរព និងអនុវតឋត្តមរបុងរយៈលពល ៣០ នលៃ ល ើយរតូវផឋល់ដំែឹងរត ប់វញិលៅគ្ែៈរមមការពីការអនុវតឋរបស់ខលួន។

ចប់តំ្តងពីឆ្ប ំ ២០០៨ មរ ោនបែឋឹ ងចំ្បនួន ២៧.៥០៩ របុងចំ្បលណ្ឋម ២៩.៤៣៣

រតូវបាន លដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ ោនន័យថា ៩៣ ភ្នគ្រយននបែថឹ ងបានលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយរចួ្ប លដ្ឋយគ្ែៈរមមការ។ របុង ចំ្បលណ្ឋមបែឋឹ ង ២៩.៤៣៣ បែឋឹ ងចំ្បនួន ២.០៦១


បានអនុវតឋបនឋពីឆ្ប ំ ២០០៧ ល ើយបែឋឹ ងចំ្បនួន ២៧.៣៧៣ បានទទួលលៅឆ្ប ំ ២០០៨។ របុងចំ្បលណ្ឋម ៩៣ ភ្នគ្រយ ឬបែឋឹ ង ២៧.៥០៩ រតវូបាន លដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយល ើយ ល ើយបែឋឹ ងចំ្បនួន ១.៩២៦ រំពុងណដលលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយ។ លបើលរបៀបលធៀបលៅឆ្ប ំ ២០០៧ ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៨ ការទទួលបែថឹ ងលរើនល ើង ១៥,៧ ភ្នគ្រយ ល ើយការលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយលរើនល ើង ១៧,៧ ភ្នគ្រយ។

អំប ូស្ថម ន់សវនរមមររងុលសអ ូល(CAO)

អំប ូស្ថម ន់លនេះ បានបលងកើតល ើងតំ្តងពីឆ្ប ំ ១៩៩៧ ណដលស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ បានលធវើសោ រែរមមជាមួយអំប ូស្ថម ន់រិច្បចសនា-តោល ភ្នព លៅឆ្ប ំ ២០០៧ លដើមផីលធវើឱយរដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈកាន់ខិតជិតរបជាពលរដឌ និងោនរបសិទនភ្នពរបុងការផឋល់លសវស្ថធារែៈ។ អំប ូស្ថម ន់លនេះ បលងកើតល ើងលដើមផីការ ររបជាពលរដឌ របឆំ្ងនឹងការរលំលាភសិទនិមនុសស ការរលំលាភអំណ្ឋច្ប លសច្បរឋីសលរមច្បមិនរតឹមរតូវ ការលធវសរបណ ស ការអនុវតឋផធុយពីច្បាប់ និងការអភិបាលមិនរតឹមរតូវ។ អំប ូស្ថម ន់ ពាោមណរលមអនីតិវធីិរដឌបាលត្តមរយៈការលធវើសវនរមម។

ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ សទិតលៅទីររងុលសអ ូ និងបណ្ឋឋ ររងុ ១៦

លផសងលទៀតទូទំងរបលទសរូលរ ង។ ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ បានលដើរតួនទីោងងសំខាន់ លដើមផកីារ រសិទនិ និងណរលមអឱយោនតោល ភ្នព ត្តមរាយៈសវនរមម និងរតតួពិនិតយត្តមដ្ឋន ត្តមទសសនទនរបស់របជាពលរដឌ។

ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ ោនអំប ូស្ថម ន់ ៥ របូ ណដលលរជើសលរ ើសលដ្ឋយការណតងតំ្តងពីលៅហាវ យ

ររងុលសអ ូល បនធ ប់ពីបានលរជើសលរ ើស និងពិនិតយលបរខជន ណដលអាច្បដ្ឋរ់ រយសំុលដ្ឋយលសរ ីពីរបជាពលរដឌ។ អំប ូស្ថម ន់ ទំង ៥ នឹងោនអបររបឹរា១០របូ ជួយការងារ ណដលអបរទំងលនេះលច្បញមរពីបែឍិ តសភ្ន និង ពីវស័ិយច្បាប់។ ជំនួយការចំ្បនួន ៨ របូ នឹងជួយការងារស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ ល ើយជាលលខាធិការរបស់ស្ថទ ប័ន លនេះ។ អំប ូស្ថម ន់ទំង ៥ រតូវលរជើសលរ ើសលដ្ឋយណផអរលលើររមសីលធម៌វជិជជីវៈ បទពិលស្ថធន៍ការងារជាមន្រនឋី រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលោងងតិច្ប២ឆ្ប ំ និងមិនអនុញ្ញដ តឱយោនតួនទីណ្ឋមួយលទៀតលទលពលបំលពញការងារ។


យុត្តឋ ធិការរបស់ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ រគ្ប

ដែឋ ប់លលើរដឌបាលមូលដ្ឋឌ ន និងស្សុរ សវយ័រតរបុងររុងលសអ ូល លដើមផកីារ រ របជាពលរដឌ របឆំ្ងនឹងការរលំលាភសិទនិមនុសស ការរលំលាភអំណ្ឋច្បលសច្បរឋី សលរមច្ប មិនរតឹមរតូវ ការលធវសរបណ សការអនុវតឋផធុយពីច្បាប់ និងការអភិបាល មិនរតឹមរតូវ។ ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ ពាោម លដើមផី ណរលមអនីតិវធីិរដឌបាលស្ថធា- រែៈ។ ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះោនតួនទីសំខាន់ៗ ៣៖

1. របព័ននណដលអាច្បឱយរបជាពលរដឌលសបើសំុលធវើសវនរមម

ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ អនុញ្ញដ តឱយរបជាពលរដឌលសបើសំុលធវើសវនរមមបាន លដើមផីរបឆំ្ងនឹងការរលំលាភ ការអនុវតឋលដ្ឋយលរ ើសលអើង ការរលំលាភអំណ្ឋច្ប ការលធវសរបណ ស លសច្បរឋីសលរមច្បមិនរតឹមរតវូ ការអនុវតឋផធុយបីច្បាប់ និងការអភិបាលណដលមិនរតឹមរតូវ។ ជាទូលៅោនជលរមើសពីររបុងការលសើសំុលនេះ៖ (១) លដើមផីលធវើសវនរមមរបស់អបរតំ្តងទីលំលៅ៖ ការលសបើសំុលនេះរតូវោនការចុ្បេះ តទលលខារមួគប លដ្ឋយរបជាពលរដឌ លរច្បើនជាង ២០០ លៅរបុងស្សុរសវយ័ត និង (២) សរោប់សវនរមមរបជាពលរដឌ ការលសបើសំុរតវូោន ការចុ្បេះ តទលលខារមួពីរបជាពលរដឌលរច្បើនជាង ១០០ នរ់់ លៅរបុងររងុ ឬស្ថជីវរមមណ្ឋមួយ។ លពល ណដលការលសបើសំុរតូវបានលគ្ទទួល ល ើយដំលែើ រការពិភ្នរានឹងចប់លផឋើម លដ្ឋយគ្ែៈរមមការរបឹរា សវនរមម ណដលោនសោសភ្នព ១២ របូ ណដលបានណតងតំ្តងលដ្ឋយរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល រដឌធានីលសអ ូល របុងចំ្បលណ្ឋមមន្រនឋីរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលរដឌធានី អបរបែឍិ តសភ្ន និងអបរច្បាប់។ បនធ ប់ពីដំលែើ រការពិភ្នរា ដំលែើ រការសវនរមមនឹងចប់លផឋើមលដ្ឋយគ្ែៈរមមការរបតិបតឋិការអំប ូស្ថម ន់ លដើមផលីសុើបអលងកតការបឋឹង ផឋល់លនេះ


ណសវងររទិនបន័យ និងលសបើសំុឱយោនររណរណរប។ លទនផលននសវនរមមលនេះ នឹងចប់លផឋើមចត់ វធិានការែ៍អនុវតឋភ្នល ម លដ្ឋយការផសពវផាយជាស្ថធារែៈត្តមរយៈអិុនធឺណែត និងលធវើរបាយការែ៍ លៅអភិបាលរដឌជធានី និងសោជិរសភ្នរដឌជធានី។

2. រតតួពិនិតយការអនុវតឋរិច្បចសនា

ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះនឹងរតួតពិនិតយ ការអនុវតឋរិច្បចសនាលលើភ្នប រ់ងារស្ថធារែៈទំងឡាយ ណដលោន រិច្បចសនាស្ថងសង់ ការផឋល់លសវរមម ឬផគត់ផគង់សោា រៈ។ ការរតួតពិនិតយលនេះ រតូវចប់លផឋើមអនុវតឋចប់ តំ្តងពីការចប់លផឋើមលធវើរិច្បចសនាដំបូង រ ូតដល់ការអនុវតឋបញ្ច ប់រិច្បចសនា លដើមផលីធវើឱយការអនុវតឋ រិច្បចសនាោនតោល ភ្ន យុតឋិធ៌ម និងគ្ែលនយយភ្នព។

3. របព័ននគ្ែៈវនិិច្បឆ័យពិនិតយបែឋឹ ងសីុវលិ

ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ ជារណនលងណដលរបជាពលរដឌអាច្បលសបើសំុឱយរបព័ននលនេះលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយបាន។ លរឿងរឋីនឹងរតូវពិនិតយ សិរា និងលសុើបអលងកត លដ្ឋយគ្ែៈវនិិច្បឆ័យបែឋឹ ង ណដលោនសោសភ្នពមរពីអំប ូស្ថម ន់ និងអបរជំនញណដលអលញ្ជ ើញមរពីខាងលរៅ លដើមផីលច្បញលសច្បរឋីសលរមច្បណដលសមល តុផល។

ការអនុវតឋការងារទំង ៣ លនេះ រតូវបានទទួលស្ថគ ល់ និងលពញចិ្បតឋពីរបជាពលរដឌ។ ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ ជាយនឋការរតួតពិនិតយត្តមដ្ឋនការអនុវតឋ ឬការបំលពញការងាររបស់រដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈ លដ្ឋយ គ្ែលនយយភ្នព តោល ភ្នព និងកាន់ណតខិតជិតរបជាពលរដឌ។

ររសួងរដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈ និងសនឋិសុខ (MOPAS) គ្ែៈរបតិភូបានទទួលការស្ថវ គ្មន៍ោងងររ់លៅឋ

ពីអនុរដឌមន្រនឋីររសួងរដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈ និងសនឋិសុខ និងពីបណ្ឋឋ មន្រនឋីជាលរច្បើនលទៀតលៅរបុងររសួង។ បនធ ប់ពីចំ្បណ្ឋប់អារមមែ៍ស្ថវ គ្មន៍របស់ អនុរដឌមន្រនឋីរចួ្បមរ ការបងាា ញពីលសវស្ថធារែៈ និងររមសីលធ៌មរបស់មុខងារស្ថធារែៈរូលរ ង បានរតូវបងាា ញជូនគ្ែៈរបតិភូ។


ររសួងលនេះបានលធវើសោ រែរមមស្ថទ ប័ន ៤ របស់រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលបញ្ចូ លកាប លៅណខមិលុន ឆ្ប ំ ២០០៨ លដើមផីបរងមួស្ថទ ប័នរដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈ និងពរងីររបសិទនភ្នព។ ររសួងលនេះលបឋជាញ ណរលមអឱយកាន់ណតរបលសើរដល់ស្ថទ ប័ន និងមន្រនឋីរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល ណដលជាដំលែើ រការរគ្ប់រគ្ង។ របុងររបខែឍវមិជឈការររសួងផឋល់ការគំរទរដឌបាល និង ិរញ្ដវតទុ ដល់រដឌបាលមូលដ្ឋឌ ន លដើមផីសលរមច្បឱយបានសវ័យភ្នពមូលដ្ឋឌ ន។ ជាងលនេះលទៀត របុងការលរៀបចំ្បសរោប់លពលអនគ្ត ររសួងរំពុងណតលធវើការោងងសរមមយុទនស្ថស្ដសឋ វវិតឋន៍នបតងកាបូន-ទប(low-carbon green growth) លដ្ឋយលផ្លឋ ត សំខាន់លលើយុទននការជិេះរង់ លធវើឱយ ោនភ្នពធមមត្តននភ្នពនបតង ការបលងកើតគំ្ររូលមីៗលដើមផីបលងកើនគុ្ែភ្នពជីវតិ។ ររសួងោនតួនទីសំខាន់ ពីរ ណដលោនរដឌបាលជាតិ លដ្ឋយការណរលមអការណរទរមង់រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល កាត់បនទយច្បាប់សមុគ្ស្ថម ញ និងការចូ្បលរមួពីស្ថធារែជន និងលគលនលោបាយ មន្រនឋីរដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈ លដ្ឋយណរលមអការ លរជើសលរ ើសមន្រនឋីលដ្ឋយរតឹមរតូវយុតឋិធ៌ម និងការអភិវឌណន៍ធនធានមនុសស។

ការដ៏លជាគ្ជ័យរបស់ររសួង គឺ្ផឋល់ការរគ្ប់រគ្ងរបរបលដ្ឋយរបសិទនភ្នព

ដល់ស្ថទ ប័នរដ្ឋឌ ភិ- បាល និងធនធានមនុសសសរោប់មន្រនឋីរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលរូលរ ងលដ្ឋយ៖ លរៀបចំ្បរច្បនសមព័ននស្ថទ ប័នរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលល ើងវញិ ពីស្ថទ ប័នរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល ២០ ថាប រ់ជាតិ

បនទយរតឹម ១៧ ល ើយបានលប់លចលការោិល័យចំ្បនួន ២៥ ណផបរ ២១៩ ភ្នប រ់ងារ ៨១ និងអងគភ្នព រដឌបាល ១១៩ លៅថាប រ់មូលដ្ឋឌ ន

លរៀបចំ្បល ើងវញិមន្រនឋី ពី ៦០៤.៧៨៤ លៅ ៦០១.៣៥៦ លៅថាប រ់ជាតិ និងពី ២៨២.៤៧៦ លៅ ២៧២.០៩០ លៅថាប រ់មូលដ្ឋឌ ន


លប់លចលគ្ែៈរមមការរបឹរាពី ៥៣០ លៅ ២៧៣ ទំងថាប រ់ជាតិ និងថាប រ់លរកាមជាតិ

របព័ននរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ បានសរលសរោងងច្បាស់លៅរបុងររមសីលធ៌មមន្រនឋីរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល ណដលោន៖

ររមសីលធ៌មលនេះោន៖

រាយការែ៍ពីបទពុររលួយ៖

ជនរគ្ប់របូអាច្បរាយការែ៍ពីបទពុររលួយលៅគ្ែៈរមមការ ACRC ល ើយ ACRC នឹងលផធរការងារលនេះលៅស្ថទ ប័ រ់ព័នន (ការោិល័យអយយការ) លពលណដល រតូវការលសុើបអលងកតបណនទម

ប័ែតស្ថអ តសអំ “Clean Card” ជាប័ែតឥែទនលរបើរបាស់លដ្ឋយរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល និងស្ថជីវរមម រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល រតវូណតជា “ប័ែតស្ថអ តសអំ” ល ើយប័ែតលនេះ មិនអាច្បទទួលបានលទត្តមរបលភទ នន ការហាមលត់មួយចំ្បនួនរបស់ ែិជជរមម

ការចុ្បេះល ម្ េះ និងការបងាា ញពីរទពយសមផតឋិផ្លធ ល់ខលួន ការរបកាសពីអំលណ្ឋយណដលបានផឋល់៖ អំលណ្ឋយណដលទទួល

និងផឋល់លដ្ឋយរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល ឬមន្រនឋីបរលទសរតូវណតលសមើ ឬតិច្បជាង ១០០ ដុលាល អាលមររិ

b. អងគការសងគមសីុវលិ អងគការស្ថមគ្គីភ្នពរបជាជនសិទនិមនុសសរូលរ ង លដើមផរីបជាធិបលតយយត្តមណបបចូ្បលរមួ (PSPD)

ការបំលពញការងារ និងមិនលំលអៀង ការហាមលត់ការទទួលរបលោជន៍បនឋបនធ ប់ ហាមមិនឱយការនរ ងអងាគ ស

លដើមផីរបលោជន៍ផ្លធ ល់ខលួន ហាមមិនឱយការរបរពឹតឋលំលអៀង ហាមមិនឱយោនទំនស់ផលរបលោជន៍

ហាមមិនឱយទទួលរបារ់ ឬអតទបទសរលសើរ ហាមមិនឱយសីុសំែូរ ហាមិនឱយលរបើរបាស់សោធ រៈស្ថធារែៈ


អងគការលនេះបានបលងកើតល ើងលៅឆ្ប ំ ១៩៩៤ លដ្ឋយសោជិរជាង ២០០ នរ់។ អងគការលនេះជា អងគការរបស់ជនសីុវលិលធវើការលដើមផីលលើរដំលរើងយុតឋិធ៌ម និងសិទនមនុសសលៅរបលទសរូលរ ង ត្តមរយៈ ការចូ្បលរមួរបស់របជាពលរដឌ។ អងគការលនេះ លធវើការជាអបរលល ំលមើល របឆំ្ងនឹងការរលំលាភអំណ្ឋច្ប។ អងគការបានលរៀបចំ្បអនុវតឋការងារជាលរច្បើន លដើមផីផឋល់យុតឋិធ៌ម និងរបជាធិបលតយយសរោប់វស័ិយជាលរច្បើន លៅរូលរ ង។ អងគការបានលរៀបចំ្បការផសពវផាយជាស្ថធារែៈ ត្តមរយៈយុទននការ សួរសំែួរសងគម និង សរមមភ្នពនលោបាយ លរៀបចំ្បបែថឹ ងពីរដឌបាល និងលរឿងរឋីស្ថធារែៈ និងការបឋឹងផឋល់ពីច្បាប់។ វធិានការែ៍សីុវលិសរោប់ការលបាេះលឆ្ប តឆ្ប ំ ២០០០ ¬CAGE¦

និងការលធវើយុទននការ អបរ រ់ព័នន ជនជាតិភ្នគ្តិច្ប គឺ្ជាសរមមភ្នពដ៏ោនលជាគ្ជ័យ។ អងគការបានលរៀបចំ្ប និងសរមបសរមួលសរមមភ្នព ជាលរច្បើនពីរំណែទរមង់រដឌ និងការផឋល់សំលែើ លផសងៗរបុងរមមវធីិ និងលគលនលោបាយរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល។ របុងដំលែើ រការលនេះ អងគការយល់ថា ឯររាជយភ្នព និងភ្នពសីុសងាវ រ់គប គឺ្ជាលគលការែ៍សំខាន់ ណ្ឋស់របុងការលធវើការជាអបរលល ំលមើលការរលំលាភអំណ្ឋច្បលនេះ។

អងគការោន ១១ នយរដ្ឋឌ ន/មជឈមែឍ ល ណដលនយរដ្ឋឌ ននីមួយៗោនការទទួល

ខុសរតូវ លរៀងខលួន លដើមផីត្តមដ្ឋនការបំលពញការងាររបស់រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល។ នយរដ្ឋឌ នមួយោនសោជិរគ្ែៈរមមការរបតិបតឋិ ណដលមរពីអបរោនចំ្បលែេះដឹងខពស់ លមធាវ ីគ្ែលនយយររ ជាលដើម។ នយរដ្ឋឌ ន/ មជឈមែឍ លទំងលនេះគឺ្៖

នយរដ្ឋឌ នលល លំមើលតុលាការ លធវើការត្តមដ្ឋនការរលំលាភអំណ្ឋច្បលៅរបុងវស័ិយតុលាការ និង ផឋល់ណផនការរំណែទរមង់

នយរដ្ឋឌ នលល លំមើលសភ្នជាតិ រមួចំ្បណែររបុងរបជាធិបលតយយណបបចូ្បលរមួ ត្តមរយៈការលល ំ លមើលជារបចំ និងការចូ្បលរមួរបស់ជនសីុវលិរបុងលគលនលោបាយជាតិ

នយរដ្ឋឌ នរំណែទរមង់ពននដ្ឋរ លដើមផលីលើរដំលរើងភ្នពរតឹមរតូវយុតឋិធ៌ម និងសមភ្នពរបុង ពននដ្ឋរ


នយរដ្ឋឌ នលល លំមើលរដឌបាលរបស់រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល លធវើការលដើមផលីធវើឱយសងគម និងរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលោន តោល ភ្នព និងគ្ែលនយយភ្នព លដ្ឋយលជៀសឱយផុតការរបរពឹតឋខុស និងអំលពើពុររលួយ

អងគការលនេះ ជាអងគការលរៅរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលលធវើការោងងសរមមរបស់រូលរ ង លដើមផីត្តមដ្ឋនការបំលពញការងារ របស់វស័ិយរដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈ ជាពិលសសការបំលពញការងារ និងរំណែទរមង់ច្បាប់ និងយុតឋិធ៌ម។ អងគការលនេះ ជាស្ថទ ប័នឯររាជយ ល ើយណដលោន ិរញ្ដវតទុលដ្ឋយការបរចិច រលដ្ឋយសោជិរ។ បទពិលស្ថធន៍ណដលទទួលបាន

ការលរៀបចំ្បទសសនរិច្បចសិរាលនេះ ជាឱកាសមួយដ៏របលសើរសរោប់អបរ់ រ់ព័ននរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលទំង អស់ ផ្លល ស់បឋូរ និងពិភ្នរាព័ត៌ោន ចំ្បលែេះដឹង និងបញ្ញា របឈមគប លៅវញិលៅមរ ណដលស្ថទ ប័ននីមួយៗបានរំពុងណតលអនុវតឋ។ ការផ្លល ស់បឋូរព័ត៌ោន គឺ្ជារត្តឋ គ្នលឹេះ សរោប់រំណែទរមង់រដឌទំងអស់ ណដលរតូវោនព័ត៌ោនរគ្ប់រគន់ និងយល់ដឹងពីគប លៅវញិលៅមរ របុងការពាោមលដ្ឋេះស្ស្ថយទំងអស់គប ។ បទពិលស្ថធន៍ដ៏លអណបបលនេះ គួ្រណតោនការលរៀបចំ្បឱយោនលរច្បើនណលមលទៀតលៅលពលអនគ្ត លដើមផីផឋល់ឱកាសលរច្បើនបណនទមលទៀតរបុងការផ្លល ស់បឋូរព័ត៌ោនបទពិលស្ថធន៍ និងបញ្ញា របឈមលផសងៗ។ ទសសនរិច្បចសិរាលនេះ គ្ែៈរបតិភូបានទទួលព័ត៌ោន និងបទពិលស្ថធន៍លអៗ ជាលរច្បើនដូច្បជា៖ គ្ែៈរមមការជាតិសិទនិមនុសសរូលរ ង ជាស្ថទ ប័នឯររាជយ

ណដលទទួល ិរញ្ដវតទុលដ្ឋយផ្លធ ល់ពី រដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល ល ើយទទួលបនធុរដ្ឋរ់សំលែើ សំុព័ត៌ោន និងឯរស្ថរលផសងៗពីស្ថទ ប័ន រ់ព័ននលដើមផីលសុើបអលងកត ការចុ្បេះពិនិតយស្ស្ថវរជាវ ឬការររាទុរភសឋុត្តង ល ើយលបើសិនជាចំបាច់្បលរៀបចំ្បលោបល់សរោប់គ្ែៈរមមការពីបញ្ញា សិទនិមនុសស លៅតុលាការ ឬតុលាការធមមនុញ្ដ និងដ្ឋរ់របាយការែ៍របចំឆ្ប ំ ពីសរមមភ្នពរបស់គ្ែៈរមមការ និងស្ថទ នភ្នពសិទនិមនុសស លៅរបធានធិបតី និងសភ្នជាតិ។ ស្ថទ ប័នលនេះោនសបងការចំ្បនួន ១១ មរពីស្ថទ ប័នលផសងៗ (របធាន សបងការអចិ្បនន្រនឋយ៍


៣ របូ មិនអចី្បនន្រនឋយ៍ ៧ របូ)។ របុងចំ្បលណ្ឋមលនេះ ៤ របូរតវូបានលរជើសលរ ើសលដ្ឋយរបធានធិបតី ៤ របូលទៀត លដ្ឋយសភ្ន និង ៣ របូលរជើសតំ្តងលដ្ឋយរបធានតុលាការរំពូល ល ើយបនធ ប់មរយល់រពមលដ្ឋយរបធានធិបតី។ សបងការទំងលនេះ ោនអាែតឋិ ៣ ឆ្ប ំ ល ើយអាច្បបនឋរ ូត ២ អាែតឋិបាន។ វជាការរំ ិត លដ្ឋយមិនអាច្បណរណរបបាន ណដលោងងលហាច្បណ្ឋស់រតូវោនសបងការជាស្ដសឋីចំ្បនួន ៤ របូ។

របព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់រូលរ ង រតវូបានបលងកើតលល ីងតំ្តងពីឆ្ប ំ ១៩៩៤។ ការណែនំឱយបានស្ថគ ល់របស់ របព័ននលនេះរតវូបានលធវើរយៈលពល ៥ ឆ្ប ំ លដើមផីរបជាពលរដឌយល់ដឹង។ ជាឧទ រែ៍ លដើមផីឱយ របជាពលរដឌកាន់ណតយល់ដឹងបណនទមលទៀត របព័ននលនេះបានបណនទម រយពីមុខអំប ូស្ថម ន់”សវនរមម “ ណដលលនេះកាល យលៅជាអំប ូស្ថម ន់សវនរមមរបជាពលរដឌ។ ទំងលនេះគួ្ររតវូពិចរណ្ឋផងណដរ លពល ណដលរមពុជាលរៀបចំ្បបលងកើតស្ថទ ប័នលនេះ។

អំប ូស្ថម ន់រូលរ ង ជាស្ថទ ប័នរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលឯររាជយ លដលោនអំណ្ឋច្បលពញសិទនិរបុងការគិ្តគូ្រពិចរណ្ឋពីសលមលងរបស់របជាពលរដឌ លបើលទេះបីជាស្ថទ ប័នលនេះទទួល ិរញ្ដវតទុពីរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលរ៏លដ្ឋយ

សោសភ្នពននអំប ូស្ថម ន់រតូវលរជើសលរ ើសលដ្ឋយសលមលងភ្នគ្លរច្បើនពីសលមលងរបជាពលរដឌ ណដលមរ ពីតំណ្ឋងរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាល សងគមសីុវលិ រដឌសភ្ន

អំប ូស្ថម ន់សវនរមមរបជាពលរដឌ លៅរដឌធានីលសអ ូល គឺ្ជាណផបរមួយននការោិល័យការលពញចិ្បតឋ របស់របជាពលរដឌរបស់រដឌធានីលសអ ូល លទេះបីជាោងងណ្ឋរ៏លដ្ឋយ ការោិល័យលនេះ ជា ការោិល័យឯររាជយពីការោិល័យការលពញចិ្បតឋរបស់ពលរដឌ និងស្ថលារាជធានីលសអ ូល។ ការោិល័យលនេះ លដើរតួនទីោងងសំខាន់របុងការត្តមដ្ឋន និងរតួតពិនិតយការបំលពញការងារ របស់រដឌបាលស្ថធារែៈ លដើមផីលធវើឱយការផឋល់លសវស្ថធារែៈ កាន់ណតោនតោល ភ្នព គ្ែលនយយភ្នព និងខិតជិតរបជាពលរដឌ។


សោសភ្នពអំប ូស្ថម ន់សវនរមមរបជាពលរដឌ គឺ្មរពីវជិាជ ជីវៈបែឍិ តសភ្ន ណដលរតូវលរជើសលរ ើស លដ្ឋយគ្ែៈរមមការរបស់រដឌធានីលសអ ូល និងណតងតំ្តងលដ្ឋយអភិបាលរដឌធានីលសអ ូល។ អបរជំនញការចំ្បនួន ១៥ របូ ណដលមរពីវជិាជីវៈបែឍិ តសភ្ន នឹងរតូវបានលរជើសលរ ើសលដើមផជួីយ ការងារលនេះ។

លទនផលននលសច្បរឋីសលរមច្បរបស់អំប ូស្ថម ន់ រតូវបានលបាេះផាយជាស្ថធារែៈត្តមរយៈរបព័ននព័ត៌ោន ជាពិលសសត្តមអិុនធឺណែត ល ើយរ៏រតូវលធវើរបាយការែ៍លៅសភ្នរដឌធានីលសអ ូល ណដរ។ រាល់លសច្បរឋីសលរមច្ប រតូវណតលធវើឱយឰដល់អបរនលោបាយជាន់ខពស់ លដើមផីចត់វធិានការរបុង ការអនុវតឋ

របព័ននអំប ូស្ថម ន់រូលរ ង ពាោមលធវើសោ រែរមមស្ថទ ប័នរដ្ឋឌ ភិបាលណដលោនអំណ្ឋច្ប និងតួនទីដូច្បគប ឬរបហារ់របណ លគប បលងកើតជាស្ថទ ប័នណតមួយ លដើមផឱីយរបជាពលរដឌបលញ្ចញសិទនិរបស់ខលួន។ របុងចំ្បលណ្ឋមលនេះ ោនការរច្បបាច់្បបញ្ចូ លគប រវងអំប ូស្ថម ន់រូលរ ង គ្ែៈរមមការឯររាជយរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ និងគ្ែៈរមមការឧទនរែ៍រដឌបាល ជាគ្ែៈរមមការរបឆំ្ងអំលពើពុររលួយ និងសិទនិសីុវលិ៕

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Proposal Options for Implementing Ombudsman System in Cambodia