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Prophetic Ministryin the Old Testament
Prophetic ministry in the OT
• Instituted by the LORD
Prophetic ministry in the OT
• Instituted by the LORD
• Inspired by the LORD
Prophetic ministry in the OT
• Instituted by the LORD
• Inspired by the LORD
• Authoritative
Prophetic ministry in the OT
• Instituted by the LORD
• Inspired by the LORD
• Authoritative
• Sin & grace, law & gospel
Prophetic ministry in the OT
“Thus says the LORD” (or equivalent)=over 350 times
Prophetic ministry in the OT
• For-telling
• Forth-telling
• Foretelling
Prophetic ministry in the OT
• For-telling: serve as spokesman (Ex 7:1)
• Forth-telling
• Foretelling
Prophetic ministry in the OT
• For-telling: serve as spokesman (Ex 7:1)
• Forth-telling: announce publicly
• Foretelling
Prophetic ministry in the OT
• For-telling: serve as spokesman (Ex 7:1)
• Forth-telling: announce publicly
• Foretelling: predict the future (20%)
Classes
• Former prophets (history): Joshua-2 Kings
• Latter prophets: Isaiah-Malachi
Classes
• Former prophets (history): Joshua-2 Kings
• Latter prophets: Isaiah-Malachi
Classes (people)
• Pre-monarchic (Moses to Samuel)
Classes (people)
• Pre-monarchic (Moses to Samuel)
• Pre-classical (Samuel to Jonah, Isaiah)
Classes (people)
• Pre-monarchic (Moses to Samuel)• Pre-classical (Samuel to Jonah, Isaiah)• Classical (Isaiah to Malachi— “writing
prophets”)
Names for prophets
�ב�י אנ most frequent
ה ”“seerח�ז
Names for prophets
האר� “seer,” alternate term
ך�אמ�ל (when a human messenger)
בדע � -- “servant”
-- anointed types of Christמ�ש��יח�
םל�ה�יא�יש�־א -man of God�חא �יש�־ה�רו -man of the Spirit
Prophecy in OT vs ANE
• Old Babylonian omen texts (2000-1600 BC)
Prophecy in OT vs ANE
• Old Babylonian omen texts (2000-1600 BC)
• Mari prophecies (ca. 2000 – 1800 BC)
Prophecy in OT vs ANE
• Old Babylonian omen texts (2000-1600 BC)
• Mari prophecies (ca. 2000 – 1800 BC)
• Akkadian oracles (also of the “nabu”)
Prophecy in OT vs ANE
1. OT prophets--whole nation, not just rulers.
Prophecy in OT vs ANE
1. OT--whole nation, not just rulers.
2. OT--people’s attitudes, not just rituals.
Prophecy in OT vs ANE
1. OT--whole nation, not just rulers. 2. OT--people’s attitudes, not just rituals.3. OT—morality, ethics, relation to a
personal God.
Prophecy in OT vs ANE
1. OT--whole nation, not just rulers.
2. OT--people’s attitudes, not just rituals.
3. OT—morality, ethics, relation to a personal God.
4. OT—far-reaching, not just immediate
Prophecy in OT vs ANE
1. OT--whole nation, not just rulers.
2. OT--people’s attitudes, not just rituals.
3. OT—morality, ethics, relation to a personal God.
4. OT—far-reaching, not just immediate
5. OT—consistent plan, the Messiah
Prophetic Style• Vivid illustrations, comparisons
Prophetic Style• Vivid illustrations, comparisons
• Present-past-future (back & forth!)
Prophetic Style• Vivid illustrations, comparisons
• Present-past-future (back & forth!)
• Poetry or prose
Prophetic Style• Vivid illustrations, comparisons
• Present-past-future (back & forth!)
• Poetry or prose
• Surrounding nations
Prophetic Themes• Remember the Torah
Prophetic Themes• Remember the Torah
• Sincere repentance
Prophetic Themes• Remember the Torah
• Sincere repentance
• Day of the LORD
Prophetic Themes• Remember the Torah
• Sincere repentance
• Day of the LORD
• Messiah
Prophetic Themes• Remember the Torah
• Sincere repentance
• Day of the LORD
• Messiah
• “When this happens, you will know...”
Prophetic PeriodsAssyrian 853 722 701 686…
• Joel, Jonah, Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, Micah
Prophetic PeriodsAssyrian 853 722 701 686…
• Joel, Jonah, Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, Micah
Babylonian 701 605 586 539• Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Jeremiah,
Obadiah, Lamentations; Ezekiel, Daniel
Prophetic PeriodsAssyrian 853 722 701 686…
• Joel, Jonah, Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, Micah
Babylonian 701 605 586 539• Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Jeremiah,
Obadiah, Lamentations; Ezekiel, Daniel
Persian Period 539 480 450 415…• Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
Key Turning Points• 931• 853• 722
• Division of Kingdom• Assyrian Threat Begins• End of the Northern Kingdom
Key Turning Points• 931• 853• 722• 701• 605• 586
• Division of Kingdom• Assyrian Threat Begins• End of the Northern Kingdom• Threat to Jerusalem• Arrival of Babylonians• End of Jerusalem
Key Turning Points• 931• 853• 722• 701• 605• 586• 539• 450s, 440s
• Division of Kingdom• Assyrian Threat Begins• End of the Northern Kingdom• Threat to Jerusalem• Arrival of Babylonians• End of Jerusalem• End of Captivity• Ezra and Nehemiah
Religious ConditionsIn the North• Golden Calves— the
sins of Jeroboam
• Baal worship• Jehu’s reform
Religious ConditionsIn the North• Golden Calves— the
sins of Jeroboam
• Baal worship• Jehu’s reform
In the South• Formalism• Syncretism
Relations of North and South
• Initial hostility
• Détente with house of Omri
• Renewed hostility
International conditions
• A period of prosperity in a vacuum of great powers 1000-700.
• Egypt and Mesopotamia both in decline.
Rise and Fall of the Arameans
• Rise of the Arameans as a local threat in the 800s.
• Balanced against the on-and-off threat of Assyria.
• Assyrian devastation of the Arameans in the 740s & 730s
The Assyrian Threat
• Turned back in 853.
The Assyrian Threat
• Turned back in 853.
• Devastation begins in the 730s.
The Assyrian Threat
• Turned back in 853.
• Devastation begins in the 730s.
• End of the North in 722.
The Assyrian Threat• Turned back in 853.
• Devastation begins in the 730s.
• End of the North in 722.
• Narrow escape of the South in 701.
The Assyrian Threat
• Turned back in 853.
• Devastation begins in the 730s.
• End of the North in 722.
• Narrow escape of the South in 701.
• Declining threat through 600s.
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