Property Outline (3).docx

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French – Property Outline

Table of Contents

1. WHAT IS PROPERTY?..............................................................4

A: RIGHT TO EXCLUDE................................................................................... Jacques v Steenberg Homes – damages for trespass...........................5State v Shack – limiting right to exclude..............................................6Intel v Hamidi – virtual propert...........................................................6

!: "ILD A#I$AL%& #ATURAL GA% A#D "ATER...................................................'a! "ild #nimals.....................................................................................$b! %apture &octrine.............................................................................. 'c! (il)*atural +as............................................................................... ,,d! "ater..............................................................................................,,-ateral)Subacent Support..................................................................,6

C: FI#DER%& !AILEE% A#D TREA%URE HU#TER%...............................................('

CONQUEST, ADERSE POSSESSION AND PRESCRIPTION..............!"CO#)UE%T................................................................................................*+AD,ER%E PO%%E%%IO#.................................................................................*+

/ights of #dverse 0ossessors1............................................................26%olor of 3itle.......................................................................................264lements of #dverse 0ossession........................................................2$4lements of easement b prescription...............................................3acking............................................................................................... 3olling................................................................................................. %olor of 3itle.......................................................................................,

#dverse 0ossession #gainst the +overnment.....................................,/elation 7ack.....................................................................................2

#dverse 0ossession and 8uture Interests...........................................24asement b /9 vs. #0.......................................................................

AD,ER%E PO%%E%%IO# OF PER%O#AL PROPERT- CHATTEL%...............................//&iscover /ule vs demand rule..........................................................:&efenses............................................................................................ 5

#cquisition of /ights b 0ublic ;se.....................................................6%urrent %ontroversies re %apture< %onquest and 0rescription

&octrines.................................................................................................$

PROPERTY RI#HTS IN CREATIE WOR$S AND HU%AN TISSUE.....&'RIGHT OF PU!LICIT-..................................................................................../0COP-RIGHT...............................................................................................(

0rima 8acie %opright Infringement...................................................:,

(vervie=............................................................................................:,Scope.................................................................................................:2Idea)4xpression &ichotom and %ompilations....................................:28unctional Items > copright..............................................................:&octrine of 8air ;se ?a@rmative defense!..........................................::

$I%APPROPRIATIO# A#D CO$$O#1LA" U#FAIR TRADE DOCTRI#E%......................2Intellectual 0ropert< %berspace and the &igital Aillennium %opright

#ct........................................................................................................... :6COP-RIGHT ,%. TRADE$AR3 .........................................................................'

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TRADE$AR3 ..............................................................................................'(vervie=............................................................................................:B3rademark &ilution ?83&#!.................................................................:'Secondar Aeaning............................................................................ :'8unctionalit &octrine........................................................................ 53radeC&ress........................................................................................5,

PATE#T.....................................................................................................2(PROPERT- RIGHT% I# HU$A# TI%%UE.............................................................2/

ESTATES IN (AND.....................................................................)"PRE%E#T PO%%E%%OR- E%TATE%............................................................2+

/estraints on #lienation and ;nenforceable %onditions.....................6&efeasible 8ees and %ondemnation)4minent &omain........................6,&iDerences #mong the &efeasible 8ees1 #dverse 0ossession<

#lienabilit and &uration.........................................................................62LIFE E%TATE..............................................................................................+/

"aste................................................................................................. 65/estraints on #lienation.....................................................................66

FUTURE I#TERE%T% RETAI#ED !- GRA#TOR......................................................+'FUTURE I#TERE%T% CREATED !- GRA#TEE%......................................................+8 THE TRU%T...............................................................................................'( THE RULE AGAI#%T PERPETUITIE%..................................................................'*

(AND(ORD*TENANT..................................................................+"E%TATE T -PE%............................................................................................'+

THE$E% I# LT LA".................................................................................''LA#DLORD DUTIE% A#D TE#A#T RE$EDIE%..........................................''

&ut to deliver possession.................................................................$BEuiet 4noment)%onstruction 4viction..............................................$B;nla=ful &etainer)7reach of Habitabilit............................................B,

TE#A#T DUTIE%.........................................................................................0/

&ut to 0reserve 0remises.................................................................B&ut to (perate..................................................................................B6&ut to pa rent................................................................................. B$

LA#DLORD9% RE$EDIE%......................................................................... 00,! /4%(F4/G (8 0(SS4SSI(*............................................................BB2! S4-8CH4-0...................................................................................... B'! S;AA#/G 0/(%4SS ?avoids eectment action!..............................'

#bandonment..................................................................................... '6Securit &eposit1................................................................................ '$

A%%IG#$E#T%............................................................................................8' #ssignments....................................................................................... '$Subleases........................................................................................... 'B

%onsent.............................................................................................. ''&. Summar1 #ssignment and Sublease...........................................,,

CONCURRENT ESTATES%ARITA( PROPERTY.............................1-! TE#A#C- I# CO$$O#...............................................................................(7*

%onstitutional /ight to divv up a 3I%.............................................,2 OI#T TE#A#C- "ITH RIGHT OF %UR,I,OR%HIP...............................................(7*

Special 0roblems =) J3=/(S............................................................., TE#A#C- !- THE E#TIRET-.........................................................................(7

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CO$$U#IT- PROPERT-..............................................................................(7PRO!LE$% "ITH %HARI#G PO%%E%%IO#........................................................(72DEFAULT RULE% FOR DI%AGREE$E#TPARTITIO#.............................................(72

0artition............................................................................................,6OU%TER..................................................................................................(7+O THER $ARITAL PROPERT-.........................................................................(7'

(IETI%E #ITS NOT IN TRUST................................................1-/I#TER ,I,O% GIFT.....................................................................................(78CAU%A $ORTI% GIFT%................................................................................(78DELI,ER-................................................................................................((7PRO!LE$%...........................................................................................(((GOOD PRACTICE..................................................................................(((

OI#T !A#3 ACCOU#T% A#D DO#ATI,E I#TE#T..............................................(((

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1. W0at s P2o3e2t?

A: Ri5ht to E;clu<eRole of 32o3e2t

• (= %el61<e>elop?ent @R4<in= *= In<i>i<u4l liBerty > t4te @%untein= /=!4i 6or p4rticip4tion in politic4l li6e = Aertin5 one9peron4lityperonhoo< @intitution ithout pri>4te property: prion?ilit4ry ?on4tery o?e chool= 2= Econo?icue o6 5oo< in tr4<e

56n7le of 32o3e2t 8290ts:

• Ri5ht to e;clu<e

• Ri5ht to uelicene 6or other9 ue

•

Ri5ht to <ipoe @ell<on4te=

T2es3ass an7 A;t6al Da<a9e =(an7 > C0attels

• Interet in l4n< re54r<e< 4 e;tre?ely i?port4nt @hitoric4lly= 4n<5i>en ?uch ?ore protection th4n interet in ch4ttel property

• H4?i<i: 4pplie peron4l property rule to int4n5iBle intruion on l4n<@?oe& electro?45netic r4<i4tion= thou5h nui4nce 4ction c4n Beue<

(<tatons on t0e 290t to e@;l67e

• E?er5encyneceityo L4n<oner ho re6ue entry to one in e?er5ency ?4y Be li4Ble

6or enuin5 <4?45e 0rotectus #lpha *avigation %o v *orth 0acic +rain

+ro=ers – <oconer pre>ente< re5hter 6ro? re4chin5Burnin5 hip hel< li4Ble 6or CD9 4n< PD9

• Recue

• Retrie>in5 chil<petother 4n<erin5 ch4ttel

• "here l4n<oner h4 t4en ch4ttel Belon5in5 to o?eone ele

• Petty trep4 @?4tter o6 inche=o 7ro=nstone %ondo #ssoc. v +eller – con<o 4oc ue< Geller 6or

three1inch intruion o6 hi Bolt onto their Bric 4llo Court hel< intruion o petty it <i< not ?erit 4<u<ic4tion 4i<

pite c4eo the ?ere 64ct th4t there i 4 trep4 <oe not 4rr4nt 4ny

4r?4ti>e 4ction By the court J the cloe Ku4rter o6 4n urB4nociety <e?4n< e;iBility hen e encounter 4n intruion onour peron4l BuBBle.M

• Ci>il Ri5ht t4tute hich li?it 4Bility to <icri?in4te on B4i o6r4cereli5ione;other 5roun<

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• PuBlic 4cco??o<4tion t4tute i?il4rly li?it 4Bility o6 Buinee to<icri?in4te 454int oul<1Be p4tron

o %hoppin5 center c4n9t e;clu<e people ho 4nt to 54theri5n4ture on politic4l petition @/obins v 0runeard Shopping%tr – CA=

o Pri>4te uni>. ?ut 4llo <itriBution o6 politic4l liter4ture onc4?pu @State v Schmid – # %ommon=ealth v 3ate – PA=

o C4ino c4n9t e;clu<e c4r<1counter @;ston v /esorts Intl Hotel –#=

In t0ese ;ases, 2easonable l<ts ;an be <3ose7

Ri5ht to e;clu<e <epen< on e;pect4tion o6 e;clui>ity – i6 you in>ite the puBlic onto your property& the court i ?oreliely to conclu<e you ?ut 4llo the puBlic onto yourproperty

5la;stone an7 t0e R90t to E@;l67e

• On property: the ole 4n< <epotic <o?inion hich one ?4n cl4i?

4n< e;ercie o>er the e;tern4l thin5 o6 the orl<& in tot4l e;cluion o6 the ri5ht o6 4ny other in<i>i<u4l in the uni>ere.Mo Li?ite< By ?o<ern c4e1l4

T0e Coase T0eo2e<B In 4 per6ect orl< ith r4tion4l 4ctor& the 4ctor illco?e to the ?ot econo?ic4lly ecient olution. Thi ill only h4ppen ithno transaction cot

( In Jacque& i6 there h4< Been no tr4n4ction cot& they oul<h4>e Been 4Ble to co?e to 4n 45ree?ent Be6ore %teenBer5 cut4cro their l4n<.

( 3ransaction %osts: uu4lly inter6erence Bec4ue o6 B4<in6or?4tion& l4c o6 trut& l4r5e nu?Ber o6 people in>ol>e<&

hol<out

4cKue > %teenBer5 Ho?e – <4?45e 6or trep4

Hel7B

• !oth the pri>4te l4n<oner 4n< ociety h4>e ?uch ?ore th4n 4no?in4l interet in e;clu<in5 other 6ro? pri>4te l4n< J no?in4l<4?45e ?4y upport 4 puniti>e <4?45e 44r< in 4n 4ction 6orintention4l trep4 to l4n<.

• N(77&777 puniti>e1<4?45e 44r< i not e;cei>e here no?in4l<4?45e 4re N(

Reasonn9B

•

#or?4l rule no puniti>e ithout 4ctu4lo E.5. liBel c4e: 7arnard v Cohen "I: i6 in<i>i<u4l c4nnot ho

4ctu4l h4r?& he h4 only no?in4l interet thu ociety h4 littleinteret in <eterrin5 unl46ul But otherie h4r?le con<uct<eterre< hence puniti>e <4?45e in4ppropri4te

o !ut Aerest v Harve "I et4Blihe property i <ierent: In 4c4e here 4 ?4n <ire54r< e>ery principle hich 4ctu4te thecon<uct o6 5entle?en& h4t i to retr4in hi? e;cept l4r5e<4?45eQM

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• In<i>i<u4l interet i?plic4te< in trep4 to l4n<o 290t to e@;l67e i one o6 the ?ot eenti4l tic in the

Bun<le o6 ri5ht th4t 4re co??only ch4r4cterie< 4 propertyM&olan v %it of 3igard< %COTU% (88 hollo i6 le54l yte?pro>i<e no ?e4n o6 protectin5 it

o !ec4ue 4 le54l ri5ht i in>ol>e<& the l4 reco5nie 4ctu4l h4r?occur in e>ery trep4 the l4 in6er o?e <4?45e 6ro?e>ery <irect entry upon the l4n< o6 4nother

o potenti4l h4r? reultin5 6ro? intention4l trep4o oner9 onerhip thre4tene< <e>elop?ent <icour45e<o So;etal nte2ests: inte5rity o6 the le54l yte? @"h4t i to

top D 6ro? intention4lly trep4in5 in 6uture 4n< p4yin5no?in4l <4?45eQ= trut in the le54l yte? @i6 puniti>e<4?45e 4re not 4lloe< in itu4tion lie thi& h4t punih?entill top intention4l trep4Q= ho?eoner le liely to reortto el61helpM re?e<ie i6 court en6orce puniti>e <4?45e Brin5punih?ent to 4ction th4t ?i5ht otherie 5o unpunihe< By

puBlic proecutor

%t4te > %h4c – li?itin5 ri5ht to e;clu<e

• T0e one2s03 of 2eal 32o3e2t 7oes not n;l67e t0e 290t toba2 a;;ess to 9o>e2n<ental se2>;es a>alable to <92anto2e2s no t2es3ass

• T0ese 290ts a2e too f6n7a<ental to be 7ene7 on t0e bass of

an nte2est n 2eal 32o3e2t an7 too f2a9le to be left to t0e6ne6al ba29ann9 st2en9t0 of t0e 3a2tes.

• Property ri5ht er>e hu?4n >4lue 4n< 4re li?ite< By th4to Title <oe not inclu<e <o?inion o>er <etiny o6 peron on

propertyo #ee< o6 occup4nt ?4y Be o i?per4ti>e 4n< their tren5th o

e4& l4 ill <eny the? poer to B4r54in 44y their ri5ht• F4r?er9 ri5ht

o F4r?er entitle< to purue 64r?in5 4cti>itie ithout inter6erenceo C4n till B4r olicitorpe<<ler 4n< other eein5 econo?ic

4<>4nt45ehoe pri?4ry purpoe i not helpin5 the ?i5r4ntorer

o C4n reKuire >iitor to i<enti6y hi?el6

• "orer9 ri5hto Repreent4ti>e o6 4i< or54ni4tion ?4y enter pre?ie to ee

out orero $i5r4nt orer ?ut Be 4lloe< to recei>e non<irupti>e >iitoro $ut Be 4lloe< to recei>e ?e?Ber o6 the pre

• Option 6or 64r?er to eep un4nte< >iitor outo (= e?ploy?ent contr4ct tipul4tin5 no >iitoro *= ?o>in5 orer o property

Intel > H4?i<i – >irtu4l property

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• CalfB t0e to2t of t2es3ass to ;0attels 7oes not en;o<3ass, an7

s0o6l7 not be e@ten7e7 to en;o<3ass, an ele;t2on;;o<<6n;aton t0at net0e2 7a<a9es t0e 2e;3ent ;o<36te2sste< no2 <3a2s ts f6n;tonn9

• No e>7en;e of n62o #o 4ctu4l or thre4tene< <4?45e no inter6erence ith

or<in4ryinten<e< oper4tion no e>i<ence yte? 4 loe< ori?p4ire< no e>i<ence H4?i<i ue< yte? in ?4nner other th4nth4t hich it 4 inten<e< 6or no e>i<ence th4t reKuet o6e?ployee to Be re?o>e< 4 not honore<

o ConeKuenti4l <4?45e cl4i?e< By Intel @lot pro<ucti>ity= i not4n inury to the co?p4ny9 interet in it co?puter

• C(B To Be 4ction4Ble& D9 inter6erence ?ut h4>e c4ue< o?e inury tothe ch4ttel or the P9 ri5ht in it

o Oner ?4y reco>er only 4ctu4l <4?45e uere< @S4lo >3roenert=

• Restate<ent !7 F!1': One ho intention4lly inter?e<<le ith

4nother9 ch4ttel i uBect to li4Bility only i6 hi inter?e<<lin5 ih4r?6ul to the poeor9 ?4teri4lly >4lu4Ble interet in the phyic4lcon<ition& Ku4lity or >4lue o6 the ch4ttel& or i6 the poeor i <epri>e<o6 the ue o6 the ch4ttel 6or 4 uBt4nti4l ti?e& or o?e other le54llyprotecte< interet o6 the poeor i 4ecte<.M

o Ret4te?ent e;pl4in th4t the r4tion4le 6or reKuirin5 h4r? 6ortrep4 to 4 ch4ttel But not 6or trep4 to l4n< i the4>4il4Bility 4n< eecti>ene o6 el61help in the c4e o6 trep4to ch4ttel.

o Theorie Rich4r< Eptein: I6 you tre4t e>erythin5 lie it i re4l

property e; l4n< @inclu<in5 e?4il& then it ill 6orce the

oner o6 the ?4ret to co?pete ith e4ch other. Theyill Be 4Ble to Bloc out 4ll unolicite< ?4il& hich ill6orce the p4??er to intern4lie their cot.

Lei5: 3eep e>erythin5 open. Thi encour45e cre4ti>ity.Alo& e4e o6 ue ill Be <i?inihe< i6 e>erythin5 i re4lproperty

• E?4il not i??une 6ro? trep4 i6 Ku4ntity i uciently hi5ho Thi in>ol>e e;tr4or<in4ry Ku4ntity o6 e?4il th4t i?p4ir

co?puter yte?9 6unctionin5o Thu the inury i <irectly rel4te< to the n4ture o6 the trep4&

not to the content o6 the e?4il•

Other tort here e?4il ?4y Be 4ction4Bleo inter6erence ith econo?ic rel4tiono inter6erence ith contr4cto intention4l iniction o6 e?otion4l <itre

• contra Intel >. Co?puer>e Hot?4il c4eo Co?puer>e e?4il <r4ine< co?puter reource Hot?4il e?4il

lle< Hot?4il9 co?puter p4ce 4n< thre4tene< 4Bility to er>ecuto?er

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• Dssent >e G 3ossbl a;tonable

o Intel e;h4ute< it el61help 4n< ?ut 4it 6or it yte? tocr4h Be6ore Bein5 4Ble to Brin5 4 CoA un<er ?4ority9 >ie

o Ret: There ?4y J Be itu4tion in hich the >4lue to theoner o6 4 p4rticul4r type o6 ch4ttel ?4y Be i?p4ire< By <e4lin5ith it in 4 ?4nner hich <oe not 4ect it phyic4l con<ition.M

!: "il< Ani?4l& #4tur4l G4 4n< "4ter

Possession:

Possession Requires: (1) intent to possess (2) actual possession

4= "il< Ani?4l

52oa7 R6le 2e Wl7 An<alsfe2ae nat62ae

• -ou c4n 4cKuire property interet in il< 4ni?4l By t4in5 interet in ito %ince not nor?4lly one< By o?eone one 54in poeion By

c4pturin5 h4 ri5ht uperior th4n 4ll the orl<• $ore th4n one 4y o6 protectin5 4 p4rticul4r 4cti>ity or 6or? o6 interet

o E>en i6 you c4n9t protect B4e< on poeion @propertyinteret=& you ?4y Be 4Ble to protect on B4i o6 inter6erenceith econo?ic rel4tionhip& etc.

I6 you h4>e 4 c4e here it i <icult to ue poeion&thin 4Bout uin5 o?ethin5 ele here o?eone iinter6erin5 ith your ri5ht in 4 4y th4t i c4uin5<4?45e to you

#ene2al R6le of Wl7 An<al PossessonB Puruit @potte<ch4e<=

i not enou5h you nee< ;a3t62e or <o2tal o6n7n9 @e;. tr4p= to<epri>e the 4ni?4l o6 it n4tur4l liBertyo Pieron >. Pot: Pl4inti 4 huntin5 4 6o; 4n< <e6en<4nt

noin5 thi& ille< the 6o; 4n< c4rrie< it o . No t2es3ass3ossesson aa27e7 to D

Purpoe o6 thi rule i to pre>ent liti54tion. $ereonerhip o6 the l4n< th4t 4n 4ni?4l h4ppen to Be on<oe not 5i>e l4n<oner 4 ri5ht to the 4ni?4l e;cept454int 4 trep4er ho 5oe on the l4n< 6or the purpoeo6 t4in5 the 4ni?4l.

o In 4 cloe c4e the court ?4y loo 4t cuto? or u45e courtc4n <r4 on cuto? to <eter?ine property ri5ht.

o DssentB The c4e houl< h4>e Been uB?itte< to hunter& othey coul< reol>e it on cuto?.

Es;a3e7 An<alsE1 "hat happens if animal is captured alive and later escapes

• T2a7tonal R6leB !l4ctone: i6 4ni?4l ec4pe& they re54in theirn4tur4l liBerty 4n< ce4e to Beco?e property unle they h4>e 4<ipoition to return

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o "h4t 4Bout <o?etic 4ni?4lQ -ou till on thee re54r<le o6 their ec4pe

• %o7e2n Anse2B c4e 4ll o>er the pl4ce on thi But hin5e onperon9 e;pect4tion re: the 4ni?4l cle4rly il< your coll4re< <o5 t4ttooe< 6o; not your

o "ile v 7aker 391 54?e 64r? oner ue< 6or >4lue o6 ec4pe<el hot outi<e 64r? el not n4ti>e to 4re4 court hel< 6or D

o Aullet v 7radle *G1 e4 lion c4pture< By P ec4pe< #- h4rBor DBou5ht 6ro? her?en ho c4pture< it '7 ?ile outh D on

o 4# Stephens %o v #lbers %(1 nonn4ti>e il>er 6o; ec4pe<6ro? Bree<in5 r4nch 4 hot By 64r?er ho 6oun< it prolin54roun< hi chicen houe 64r?er ol< pelt to D 6ur co?p4nypelt <i< h4>e t4ttoo P on

Ratonale

• !ree<er h4< in>ete< ?4ny NNN in 6o; court 6eelperon ho in>ete< lot o6 NNN in 6o; houl< Beprotecte<

• Peron c4pturin5 4ni?4l houl< le5iti?4tely e;pectthe 4ni?4l on9t Be hi <ue to ?4rin5

o %onti v #S0%# *G1 A%PCA9 p4rrot ec4pe< P Be6rien<e< it 4 6e<4y l4ter c4lle< A%PCA 6or 4<>ice on c4rin5 6or p4rrot A%PCAtoo B4c p4rrot A%PCA on

Ratone Sol @contructi>e poeion on 4ccount o6 l4n< onerhip=• "hen 4 hunter ill or c4pture 4 il< 4ni?4l on o?eone ele9 l4n<&

the l4n<oner ?4y ue to 54in either poeion @reple>in= or it >4lue@con>erion=

o /atione soli –r4tion4le i th4t the l4n<oner 4lre4<y h4<poeion o6 the 4ni?4l By >irtue o6 poein5 the l4n< hen

the trep4er ille< or c4pture< the 4ni?4l

Inter6erin5 ith the c4pture o6 il< 4ni?4l: A ?4liciou 4ct to 4peron9 occup4tion 5i>e rie to c4ue o6 4ction.

o 3eeBle >. Hicerin5ill : Pl4inti h4< ?4<e <ecoy pon< on l4n< to4ttr4ct <uc But nei5hBor ith the intent to <epri>in5 hi? o6prot <ro>e the Bir< 44y By hootin5 4 5un.

o Hel7B "here 4 >iolent or ?4liciou 4ct i <one to 4 ?4n9occup4tion& pro6eor or 4y o6 5ettin5 4 li>elihoo<& there 4n4ction lie in 4ll c4e But i6 4 ?4n <oth hi? <4?45e By uin5the 4?e e?ploy?ent& no 4ction oul< lie

I6 h4< et up 4nother <ecoy then o Bec4ue co?petition

Pl4inti h4< contructi>e poeion o6 <uc @r4tione oli=

#o>t Re96laton of Wl7 An<alss0e2es an7 t0e P6bl;T26st2atonae solae

• +eer v %3 @%COTU%= uphel< t4tute prohiBitin5 hippin5 cert4in 54?eBir< out o6 t4te on 5roun< the t4te one< 4ll il<li6e in the t4te 4n<hel< it in trut 6or the people

o Hughes v (K @%COTU%= 4r?e< the i?port4nce to it peopleth4t 4 %t4te h4>e poer to preer>e 4n< re5ul4te the

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e;ploit4tion o6 4n i?port4nt reource&M But truc <onintert4te hippin5 portion o6 +eer <eciion

• !ro4< i<e4 th4t t4te on 4ll il<li6e i p4re< <on:o (= %laon 0roduction %orp v 0etera @"-=: t4te 54?e l4 <i< not

i?p4ir P9 ri5ht t4te h4 4?ple poer to retrict huntin5 e>enon pri>4te property

o *= Aoerman v %# @CA=: El reloc4te< to P9 4re4 hich c4ue<<4?45e 4re not intru?ent4litie o6 the t4te nor controlle< Bythe t4te& 4n< there6ore& there h4 Been no phyic4l t4in5 o6the pl4inti9 property.M

B= C4pture Doctrine

• C4pture <octrine h4 to eneo (= 4Bility to 4cKuire property ri5ht By t4in5 poeion o6

o?ethin5o *= 4Bility to 4cKuire unli?ite< 4?ount o6 4 reource 4 lon5 4 it

c4n Be oBt4ine< ithout trep4in5 onto the l4n< o6 4nother il< 4ni?4l c4n Be lure< @3eeBle= n4tur4l 54 @!eech= 5roun<4ter

• 4ltern4ti>e to unli?ite< ri5ht o6 c4ptureo 4ni?4l

?ot t4te li?it tot4l c4tch o6 ?4ny 4ni?4l 6e<er4l t4tute li?it or prohiBit t4in5 cert4in 4ni?4l

o oil 4n< 54 i?ple prohiBition on 4te6ul ue ophitic4te< yte? o6 4lloc4tion 4n< ?4n45e?ent

• proBle? o6 unli?ite< ri5ht o6 c4pture @oil 4n< 54=o encour45e inecient ue o6 reource

o>erin>et?ent in ell 4n< <rillin5 eKuip?ent c4rele But pee<y e;tr4cti>e procee pre?4ture e;ploit4tion o6 reource

o repone to thee proBle? court h4>e ?o<ie< c4pture <octrine re: oil 4n< 54

• re4on4Ble ueM li?it: you c4n only pu?p 54you9ll ue no pu?pin5 4n< torin5 ithout 4?4ret 6or it

o thi i 4n i<e4 een in 4ter l4

• 64ir h4reM @54 in pl4ceM= 6or e4ch l4n<oner –

54 plit pro r4t4 B4e< on 4?ount o6 reer>oirone< @<ipl4ce c4pture <octrine=o thi technolo5y i ne

o le5il4ti>e repone re5ul4tion li?itin5 nu?Berp4cin5 o6 ell th4t c4n Be

<rille< rule et4Blihin5 uniti4tionpoolin5 4rr4n5e?ent in hich

reer>oir i ?4n45e< 4 4 in5le unit 6or 4ll o>erlyin5 oner

P45e (7 o6 (+7




• proBle? ith h4re< reourceo here>er you h4>e too ?4ny people cooper4tin5& you ?4y run

into: 6r4u< tr45e<y o6 the co??on @people <on9t re4lie ho their

?4ll 4ction <eplete the l4r5er reource=

Ratonale fo2 ;a3t62e 7o;t2neBo Co?petitionpro<ucti>ity: %ociety9 5o4l i to c4pture 6o;e to

6oter co?petition reultin5 in ?ore c4pture& ociety houl<re4r< the one ho 4ctu4lly c4pture or ill it 4u?e< th4tthi ill Brin5 ?ore people in puruit& reultin5 in ?ore c4pture

o E4e o6 4<?initr4tion: H4r< to <ene puruit c4pture i cert4in4>oi< unnece4ry liti54tion

Popo> > H4y4hi the C4pture Doctrine in $o<ern Li6e

R6leB W0e2e an a;to2 6n7e2taes s9nJ;ant b6t n;o<3lete ste3s toa;0e>e 3ossesson of a 3e;e of aban7one7 3e2sonal 32o3e2t an7

t0e eKo2t s nte2263te7 b t0e 6nlaf6l a;ts of ot0e2s, t0e a;to2 0asa le9all ;o9nLable 32e*3ossesso2 nte2est n t0e 32o3e2t. T0at32e*3ossesso2 nte2est ;onstt6tes a 6alJe7 290t to 3ossesson0;0 ;an s633o2t a ;a6se of a;ton fo2 ;on>e2son.o Court: Popo>9 4ction et4Blihe< 4n interet hich encu?Ber the B4ll

En;6<b2an;esB 4lo een in houec4r – here you?4y Buy one 4n< t4e on the <eBt outt4n<in5 on it

Thi Ku4lie< pre1poeory interet <oe not et4Blih 46ull ri5ht to poeion th4t i protecte< 6ro? 4uBeKuent le5iti?4te cl4i?

• Court n< it rule the ?ot eKuit4Ble outco?eo

$r. H4y4hi 4 not 4 ron5<oer he 4 4 >icti? o6 the4?e 6orce th4t 4tt4ce< Popo> E4ch ?4n h4 4 uperior cl4i? tothe B4ll e4ch ?4n h4 4 cl4i? o6 eKu4l <i5nity to the other

Conf6son Do;t2neE6table 7>son

• Pro>i<e 4n eKuit4Ble 4y to reol>e co?petin5 cl4i? hich 4reeKu4lly tron5M 4n< co?port ith h4t one intincti>ely 6eel to Be64irM

• Prece<ent:

#rnold v 0roducers 8ruit %o ?,' %#!1 46ter ?i;in5 6ruit& one loto6 hich turne< out to Be rotten But ource uni<enti4Ble& e4ch5roer 4 6oun< to h4>e h4< 4n un<i>i<e< interet in thehole& in proportion to the 4?ount o6 6ruit e4ch h4< ori5in4lly

contriBute<.o Rule: 0e2e <o2e t0an one 3a2t 0as a >al7 ;la<

to a sn9le 3e;e of 32o3e2t, t0e ;o62t ll2e;o9nLe an 6n7>7e7 nte2est n t0e 32o3e2t n32o3o2ton to t0e st2en9t0 of t0e ;la<.

• Keron v %ashman ?,B'6 *J!: Boy tu?Ble< on N'27 46ter e4chh4< poee< it But none inten<e< to t4e poeion. #one

P45e (( o6 (+7




coul< preent 4 uperior cl4i? o6 concurrent control 4n< intent&o court hel< e4ch Boy entitle< to 4n eKu4l h4re.

o To ele?ent here: intent 4n< control noBo<y h4< intentto Beco?e the oner o6 the thin5

• Here& Both ?en inten<e< to poe B4ll hen in cont4ct ith it.#either c4n preent 4 uperior 4r5u?ent 4 to the other. They4re eKu4lly entitle< to the B4ll. Court <ecl4re e4ch h4>e 4neKu4l 4n< un<i>i<e< interet in the B4ll.

o Pa2tton ?i5ht h4>e Been 4n option ith l4n< But not4n option here o the court or<er 4 4le 4n< 4y thep4rtie ?ut plit

• 2st n t<e 26le uu4lly 5o>ern in c4e o6 poeiono Peron ho 5ot poeion rt h4 le54lly protect4Ble

intereto #o Kuetion H4y4hi rt uneKui>oc4lly et4Blihe<

poeiono !ut coul<n9t pro>e Popo> <i<n9t <o o rt Be6ore loin5 it

c= Oil#4tur4l G4

An<eron > !eech Aircr46t Corp

TRADITIONA( APPROACHB An7e2son > 5ee;0 A2;2aft Co23, $S

• Hel7B "here the l4n<oner i not 4 n4tur4l 54 puBlic utility 4n< h44tte?pte< to cre4te 4n un<er5roun< tor45e reer>oir un<er the propertyo6 4n 4<oinin5 l4n<oner ithout 4cKuirin5 By contr4ct the ri5ht to <o o&the l4 o6 c4pture houl< Be 4pplie< to 4ny non1n4ti>e 54 hich ipurch4e< elehere 4n< inecte< into the co??on pool 6or tor45e.!eech 4ircr46t lot it onerhip o6 the tore< 54 46ter inectin5 it into thereer>oir in thi c4e.

• Prece<ent: Hammonds v %entral KG *at +as %o ?KG ,':! othero H4??on< Brou5ht trep4 uit 6or co?p4ny puttin5 n4tur4l 54

in reer>oir hich eepe< un<er her l4n<o Court 4n4lo5ie< 54 to il< 4ni?4l or 4ni?4l 6er4e n4tur4e – it

c4n Be c4pture<& But hen retore< to it n4tur4l il< 4n< 6reet4te& the <o?inion o6 4ny peron o>er the? i 4t 4n en< 4n< theyreu?e their t4tu 4 co??on property.

o The court 6oun< i6 non1n4ti>e inecte< 54 4n<er into the l4n< o64n 4<oinin5 ho?eoner& the 54 co?p4ny i not li4Ble 6or trep44 the 54 co?p4ny no lon5er on the 54.

• R4tion4le:

o !eech9 poition oul< le4< to en<le liti54tion& to <eter?ine ho?uch o6 54 Bein5 pro<uce< i n4ti>etore<& h4t <4?45e 4reoe< to >4riou 4<4cent l4n<oner& etc.

%ODERN APPROACHB

• Hammonds c4lle< into Kuetion b 39 #merican 4nerg %orp v %itiLens

8idelit 7ank 3rust ?KG ,'B$!:o G4 h4 no i?il4rity to il< 4ni?4l. G4 i 4n in4ni?4te&

<i?inihin5 non1repro<ucti>e uBt4nce l4cin5 4ny ill o6 it on&

P45e (* o6 (+7




4n< inte4< o6 runnin5 il< 4n< ro4?in5 4t l4r5e 4 4ni?4l <o& iuBect to Be ?o>e< olely By preure or ?ech4nic4l ?e4n Jinte4< o6 Bein5 turne< looe in the oo< 4 the 64nci6ul 6o; orpl4ce< in the tre4? 4 the ctitiou h& 54& 4 pri>4tely one<co??o<ity& h4 Been tore< 6or ue J uBect to J control 4n<ith<r44l 4t 4ny ti?e.M

• 0acic +as 4lectric %o v Muckerman @CA (80'=:o To Be ure 4n oner ho 4llo 54 to ec4pe to the property o6

4nother ?4y Be li4Ble in trep4& nui4nce& in>ere con<e?n4tionor on other 4pplic4Ble theorie& But it till re?4in the oner o6uch 54.M

<= "4ter

<ierent rule 4pply to (= percol4tin5 5roun< 4ter @un<er5roun<=& *= l4e4n< tre4? @ur64ce 4ter=& 4n< /= runo 4ter @<iue< ur64ce 4terene?y 4ter=• Re<e7es: $oney ill ?4e l4n<oner hole !ut i6 e 4re

peru4<e< h4>in5 4 5oo< ell on property i orth ?ore th4n ut?onet4ry 4nction& e9ll 5o ith pecic per6or?4nce @inunction= toen6orce 4ter t4Ble

Percol4tin5 4ter @5roun< "4ter un<er5roun< 4ter=:

Doe 4ter o in 4 <ene< un<er5roun< tre4?Q• $ot un<er5roun< 4ter <oe not But i <iue<percol4tin5

o u<ici4l preu?ption i th4t upply i percol4tin5

• E>i<ence o6 un<er5roun< tre4? rip4ri4n l4 4pplie

• I6 percol4tin5 one o6 three <octrine 4pplie

• 1 Absol6te 7o<non En9ls0 26le =see 2aLe2 > 52on, o>e226le7n Clne G J2st set fo2t0 n #cton v 7lundell V 4 ith CL oil 4n<n4tur4l 54 the oner o6 property h4 4n 4Bolute ri5ht to ith<r4percol4tin5 4ter 4n< ue it 4 ille<.

o 8%uch 4ter i to Be re54r<e< 4 p4rt o6 the l4n< itel6& to Beenoye< 4Bolutely By the proprietor ithin hoe territory it i 4n<to it the l4 5o>ernin5 the ue o6 runnin5 tre4? i in4pplic4Ble.MM

o RatonalesB cience <i<n9t e;it in (0779 correl4ti>e ri5ht oul<inter6ere ith econo?ic <e>elop?ent @45riculture& ?inin5& ro4<contruction& Buil<in5=

Alte2nat>es to En9ls0 26le:• ! A<e2;an 26le Reasonable 6se 7o;t2ne =%ao2t R6leB• rule: the ri5ht to un<er5roun< 4ter i only 6or re4on4Ble ue

o h4t i re4on4Ble ueQ Gener4lly hel< th4t 4ll ue o6 4ter upon l4n< 6ro? hich

it i e;tr4cte< 4re re4on4Ble& e>en i6 they <eplete theupply to the h4r? o6 nei5hBor& unle the purpoe i?4liciou or the 4ter i 4te<

P45e (/ o6 (+7




"4ter ?4y Be e;tr4cte< 6or ue elehere only to the pointth4t it Be5in to inure oner ithin the 4Kui6er

• li?it: c4nnot <al;o6sl <i>ert 4ter& aste 4ter& or 7>e2t an7e2 aa f2o< t0e lan7 o>erthe 4Kui6er @uu4lly=

• Cline >. A?eric4n A55re54te Corpor4tion: #ei5hBorin5 l4n<oner4lle5e D AAC9 pu?pin5 unre4on4Bly c4ue< <e4terin5 4n< pollutiono6 their ell& hich 4re loc4te< on their propertie

• Alle5e< eect o6 D9 4ction:o Re<uce 4?ount o6 4ter 4>4il4Ble to P9o $ore cont4?in4nt in re?4inin5 4ter @le <ilution=

o Co62t a7o3tsB Rest !7 F')' B (ablt fo2 Use of

#2o6n7ate2o @(= A proprietor o6 l4n< or hi 5r4ntee ho ith<r4 5roun<

4ter 6ro? the l4n< 4n< ue it 6or 4 Beneci4l purpoe i notuBect to li4Bility 6or inter6erence ith the ue o6 4ter By4nother& unle

@4= the ith<r44l o6 5roun< 4ter unre4on4Bly c4ueh4r? to 4 proprietor o6 nei5hBorin5 l4n< throu5h loerin5the 4ter t4Ble or re<ucin5 4rtei4n preure&

@B= the ith<r44l o6 5roun< 4ter e;cee< the proprietorWre4on4Ble h4re o6 the 4nnu4l upply or tot4l tore o65roun< 4ter& or

@c= the ith<r44l o6 the 5roun< 4ter h4 4 <irect 4n<uBt4nti4l eect upon 4 4tercoure or l4e 4n<unre4on4Bly c4ue h4r? to 4 peron entitle< to the ueo6 it 4ter.

o Ctes a7>anta9esB e;iBility @4llo utili4tion here ?otnece4ry= ecurity @one9 4ter on9t Be uurpe< By nei5hBor=

econo?ic eciency @encour45in5 reponiBle ue 6or 4ter –in<utrie uin5 l4r5e 4?ount #L unle cre4tin5 unre4on4Bleh4r?Bur<en on nei5hBor= rur4l oner 4lo protecte< 6ro?co??erci4l uer ho <r4tic4lly loer 4ter t4Ble

• & Co22elat>e 290tsB @C4li6orni4 rule=:o Oner o6 l4n< ithin 4n 4Kui6er 4re >iee< 4 h4>in5 eKu4l

ri5ht to put the 4ter to Beneci4l ue upon thoe l4n< In ti?e o6 hort45e& c4n only t4e their re4on4Ble h4re Thi i 4i< to 4pply the re4on4Ble ue <octrine o6 oin5

tre4? to un<er5roun< 4tero

"4ter ?4y only Be tr4nporte< outi<e the l4n< 6ro? hich it i<r4n i6 the o>erlyin5 oner h4>e Been 6ully upplie<& 4 inre4on4Ble ue <octrine

L4e& Ri>er& %tre4? @%ur64ce 4n< Un<er4ter=

• rip4ri4n proprietorpoeorM oner or poeor o6 l4n< th4t h4 4Boun<4ry on 4 n4tur4l tre4?& pon< or l4e

P45e ( o6 (+7




• rip4ri4n poeor ri5ht:o to h4>e the Bo<y o6 4ter in it n4tur4l Ku4ntity 4n< Ku4lityo li?ite< ue 4n< conu?ptiono 4cceo 4ccretion 4n< reliction

•

thee ri5ht 4re not 4Boluteo unle 4 5i>en peron on 4ll rip4ri4n l4n< 4roun< 4 pon< or

l4e& other Boun<in5 on the 4?e Bo<y o6 4ter h4>eco?petin5 cl4i?

o puBlic ?4y 4lo h4>e ri5ht to ue the 4ter to o?e e;tent&epeci4lly i6 it i n4>i54Ble

1 En9ls0 ;o<<on*la 7o;t2ne M 8nat62al o 7o;t2ne:

• Doctrine: Rip4ri4n oner 4re entitle< to the n4tur4l o o6 4ter&ithout ?4teri4l <i?inution in Ku4ntity or Ku4lity. E4ch oner ?4y uethe 4ter 6or n4tur4l 4nt @i.e. houehol< ue= 4n< e>en 6or 4rtici4l4nt i6 the n4tur4l o i not <i?inihe<. !ut 4n oner c4nnot uethe 4ter on no rip4ri4n l4n< 4n< c4nnot <eplete the Ku4ntity e>en

thou5h no one hi h4r?e<Vre4on4Ble ue Beyon< <o?etico Thi per?it e>ery oner to conu?e 4 ?uch 4ter 4 he

nee< 6or <o?eticM purpoe @hu?4n conu?ption& <rinin5&B4thin5 4terin5 4ni?4l=

o !eyon< thi& oner ?4y ue 4ter 6or re4on4BleM 4rtici4l orco??erci4l purpoe& pro>i<e< he <oe not uBt4nti4lly or?4teri4lly <i?inih the Ku4ntity or Ku4lity o6 4ter

o #o 4ter ?4y Be tr4nporte< to l4n< Beyon< rip4ri4n l4n< #o irri54tion per?itte< or co??erci4l 4lere4le o6 4ter

o I<e4lly& loer uer o6 tre4? houl< recei>e 4 ?uch 5oo<4ter 4 upper uer

! Conte<3o2a2 26leB 2easonable 6se 7o;t2neR3a2an R90tsDo;t2ne @4ter1rich e4tern t4te=

• R6le: 4 rip4ri4n oner ?4y ?4e 4ny 4n< 4ll re4on4Ble ue o6 the4ter& 4 lon5 4 they <o not unre4on4Bly inter6ere ith the otherrip4ri4n oner9 opportunity 6or re4on4Ble ueM

o policy: inte4< o6 4ter Bein5 preer>e<& it houl< Be ue< @e>entot4lly= to er>e hu?4n en<e4>or

• $ot t4te 6ollo re4on4Ble ueM <octrineo E>en t4te ith 4ppropri4tion yte? ?4y h4>e 4 <u4l yte?

@4ppropri4tion yte? re4on4Ble ue <octrine=• Re4on4Ble ue in pr4ctice

o Fle;iBility i ey& 4pplie< ith loc4l >4ri4tion in t4te 6olloin5it

o Depen< upon ei5hin5 64ctor o6 oul<1Be uer 4n< B4l4ncin5the? 454int i?il4r 64ctor on other i<e

Purpoe o6 >4riou ue Econo?ic >4lue 4n< i?port4nce to oner 4n<

co??unity %oci4l >4lue

P45e (2 o6 (+7




Ho ?uch 4 5i>en ue i?pin5e upon other rip4ri4noner

Ho 4ppropri4te 4 ue i to the p4rticul4r Bo<y o6 4ter Cot 4n< pr4ctic4lity o6 4<utin5 4 5i>en ue or the other

ueo Do?etic ue 4re o 64>ore< they ill 5ener4lly pre>4il o>er

other ue %o?e t4te reco5nie <o?etic ue 4

pri>ile5e<pre6erre< c4te5ory& 4n< then other re4on4Bleue 4 4 econ< c4te5ory

o in 4ri< et& irri54tion ?4y Be 64>ore< o>er 4ll other ue e;cept<o?etic ue

& A332o32aton sste< =a27 este2n states

• (' etern t4te pr4ctice t4tutory 4ppropri4tionM yte?o e;clui>ely 4ppropri4tion yte? @Color4<o <octrine=: AS& CO& ID&

$T& #,& #$& UT& "-o 4ppropri4tion 4n< re4on4Ble ue hyBri< @C4li6. <octrine=: CA& 3%&

#E& #D& O3& OR& %D& TX& "A• <ei5ne< to 4ure c4rce 4ter reource 4re put to ue

• B4ic principle: one ho ?4e prior ue o6 4ter 6or 4 Beneci4lMpurpoe ?4y 54in the ri5ht to continue <oin5 o

o thi ri5ht c4n Be <i?inihe< By 4 l4ter cl4i?4nt ho c4net4Blih 4 nee< 6or 4ter 6or 4 pre6erre< Beneci4l purpoe

o But 4ter ri5ht 4re >iee< 4 property ri5ht& o the <i?inihe<prior 4ppropri4tor ?ut Be co?pen4te<

• 4<?initr4tiono 4ter t4tute ?4y lit pre6erre< ueo the entire yte? ill Be un<er the control o6 4 t4te 45ency

•

-ou 5et your ri5ht By ?4in5 ue o6 the 4ter By ?4in5 Beneci4lue o6 the 4ter& you et4Blih your ri5ht to continue to ue th4t4?ount o6 4ter

o Thi i <ierent 6ro? rip4ri4n yte?& here people h4< to h4reo o?ethin5 6or e>eryBo<y in ti?e o6 hort45e

Thi i inherit4Ble tr4n6er4Ble

• French: there h4 Been 4 ch4n5e ith per?it yte? hen o?eoneele co?e 4lon5 ith 4n nee< 6or 4ter& they c4n 5et per?it 6or 4ter@But ill proB4Bly h4>e t co?pen4te property oner 6or it=

• In <rou5ht& peron ith loer prioritie ?4y Be prohiBite< 6ro? uin54ter until cl4i? h4>e hi5her priority c4n Be 4tie<

Ot0e2 ;on;e2ns R3a2an Wate2B• Na>9aton se2>t67e: 6e<. 5o>t. @4n< to leer e;tent t4te 5o>t.=

c4n re5ul4te 4n< i?pro>e n4>i54tiono thi 5i>e 5o>. poer to:

re5ul4te 4ter tr4c Buil< 4n< licene Buil<in5 o6 tructure in n4>i54Ble 4ter

@inclu<in5 <4?=

P45e (+ o6 (+7




• theory: pri>4te rip4ri4n ri5ht 4re hel< uBect to 4 er>itu<e hel< Bythe 5o>t to <olicene n4>i54tion poer

o o no ron5 i <one to prop. oner& Bec4ue hi ri5ht ere4l4y uBect to the n4>i54tion er>itu<e poer

• It9 Belie>e< er>itu<e <oe not Bur<en rip4ri4n ri5ht in non1n4>i54Bletre4?

• n4>i54tion er>itu<e f6n;tons le an en;6<b2an;e @e.5. B4eB4llPopo> > H4y4hi= – o?ethin5 th4t 5oe 4lon5 ith the l4n< Bur<enthe l4n< hen onerhip o6 the l4n< i tr4n6erre<& the er>itu<e itr4n6erre< 4lon5 ith it

P6bl;s 290t to boat6se ate2

• Pri>4te rip4ri4n ri5ht ?4y Be uBect to puBlic9 ri5ht to Bo4t 4n< ue4ter 6or recre4tion4l purpoe

o %o?e court h4>e e;ten<e< it to 4ter th4t oul< otherie notBe coni<ere< n4>i54Ble

Diue< %ur64ce "4ter Runo• Diue ur64ce 4ter <r4in45e 6ro? r4innoprin5

o ProBle? 5ener4lly 4rie Bec4ue nei5hBor 4nt to 5et ri< o6 it E.5. Upper oner precipit4te <ipute By <oin5 o?ethin5

th4t incre4e Ku4ntity6orce o6 ur64ce 4ter oin5 ontoloer nei5hBor9 l4n<

• Co62ts a33l one of t02ee 7o;t2nesBo 1 ;o<<on ene<

o ! ;>l lao & 2easonable 6se 7o;t2ne

o "h4t i6 o?eone 4nt the ur64ce 4terQ @thi i r4re=

The rule i th4t hoe>er i?poun< the 4ter rt ?4yh4>e 4ll he c4n 5et& unle poiBly hi ?oti>e 4?4liciou

1 Co<<on Ene< 7o;t2ne =1+ states G 6se falln9

• R6le: 4 l4n<oner i pri>ile5e< to ue 4ny 4n< 4ll ?etho< to 5et ri< o6 ur64ce 4ter 4n< i not li4Ble to hi nei5hBor 6or oo<in5 the?

o The nei5hBor ?4y in turn to the 4?e

• %ur64ce 4ter i coni<ere< 4n outl4 or 4 co??on ene?yo A hi5h >4lue i pl4ce< on 5ettin5 ri< o6 it to <e>elop l4n<

• FreKuent ?o<ic4tion: 4n oner c4nnot 4rtici4lly collect 4ter 4n<then e;pel it in 4 l4r5er Ku4ntity th4n& or in 4 pl4ce <ierent 6ro?& then4tur4l o

o Court <itin5uih Beteen incre4e< runo inci<ent4l to5r4<in5 or i?pro>in5 l4n< @pri>ile5e<= 4n< incre4e< runoc4ue< By 4lter4tion un<ert4en ?erely to <eect 4ter @?4ycre4te li4Bility=

o %o?e court loo to l4n<oner9 purpoe 6or 4lterin5 <r4in45e4n< e>en u55et he ?i5ht Be li4Ble i6 th4t purpoe or ?4nner inot re4on4Ble

• Line Bein5 Blurre< Beteen thi 4n< ci>il l4 <octrine

P45e (' o6 (+7




! C>l la 7o;t2ne =o33oste of ;o<<on ene< 7o;t2ne =!)states

• R6le: 4 l4n<oner ho inter6ere ith the n4tur4l o o6 ur64ce4ter i st2;tl lable 6or h4r? it c4ue hi nei5hBor

o L4n< i 4i< to Be Bur<ene< ith er>itu<e in 64>or o6nei5hBorin5 l4n<

• $o<ic4tion ?4<e to pro?ote l4n< <e>elop?ento In urB4n 4re4: Co??on ene?y rule inte4< o6 ci>il l4 rule

4pplie< or co??on ene?y rule ill Be B4l4nce< ith ci>il l4rule

o In rur4l 4re4: o?e court ?o<i6y ci>il l4 rule to 4llo 64r?erto 4cceler4te o o6 <r4in45e i6 nee<e< 6or 5oo< huB4n<ry&Mpro>i<e< runo conne< to n4tur4l ch4nnel

& Reasonable Ca2e 7o;t2ne =1- states G b6t a 92ot0 a2ea

• R6le: An oner i pri>ile5e< to ?4e re4on4Ble ue o6 hi l4n< 4n<& in<oin5 o& to 4lter the <r4in45e o6 ur64ce 4ter up to the point th4t the4lter4tion c4ue unre4on4Ble inter6erence ith hi nei5hBor9 ue o6

their l4n<o The ?o<ern tren< i to 4llo re4on4Ble ch4n5e in the o

you c4n <i>ert 4ter But you ?ut t4e into 4ccount nei5hBor9ell1Bein5

• F4ctor coni<ere<:o Ho nece4ry it i 6or the 4ctor to 4lter the <r4in45e th4t

re4che hi nei5hBoro "hether the 4ctor 4cte< ith c4reo "hether Better ?etho< o6 <r4in45e 4re 6e4iBleo De5ree o6 h4r? to the nei5hBor

T0s s ;622entl n >o96e

o %o?e uri<iction 4re ?o>in5 holly to4r< ito Other 4re 4<optin5 it p4rti4lly 6or urB4n l4n< or other li?ite<

itu4tion• Re4on4Ble ue counterp4rt 4lre4<y <o?in4te in un<er5roun< 4ter

4n< rip4ri4n 4ter l4

L4ter4l%uB4cent %upport

R6leB e>ery l4n<oner i entitle< to h4>e hi l4n< recei>e nece4ry phyic4lupport 6ro? 4<4cent or un<erlyin5 oil.1 late2al s633o2t: upport in 4 >ertic4l pl4ne 6ro? the 4<oinin5 l4n< o6other peron

o thi i 4n 4Bolute ri5ht

• nei5hBor i trictly li4Ble 6or re?o>in5 upporto I6 4<4cent oner ?4e 4 e;c4>4tion th4t c4ue the 4ter to

o Bene4th pl4inti9 l4n< thereBy e4enin5 the ur64ce thenl4ter4l upport i >iol4te<

o i?plicit i th4t nei5hBor i not trictly li4Ble i6 P9 l4n< oul< noth4>e coll4pe< h4< it Been in n4tur4l con<ition& unBur<ene< ByBuil<in5 or other 4rtici4l ei5ht

P45e (0 o6 (+7




• no 4ction 6or <4?45e ?4y Be ?4int4ine< until uBi<ence c4uepro>4Ble <4?45e

o D ?4y ec4pe li4Bility By pro>i<in5 4rtici4l upport @e.5.ret4inin5 4ll= But ill Beco?e li4Ble i6 he 64il to ?4int4in it or itotherie 64il

• Contro>ery hether the ri5ht e;ten< to upport 6ro? nei5hBorin5non14<4cent l4n<

o Ret4te?ent o6 Tort e;ten< thi CoA to inclu<e nei5hBorin5non14<4cent l4n<

o !ut <eci<e< c4e typic4lly n< non14<4cent nei5hBor li4Ble6or ne5li5ence& not 4Bolute li4Bility

• En5lih rule l4r5e ?4ority o6 A?eric4n c4e hol< nei5hBor 4loli4Ble 6or <4?45e to h4r? o6 4 Buil<in5& not ut 6or <i?inution in>4lue o6 B4re l4n<

o %o?e uri<iction <eny thi& ince D9 <uty i only to upportthe unBur<ene< l4n<

! S6ba;ent s633o2tB Thi occur hen ur64ce oner9 property h4l4yer un<erlyin5 it hich 4re one<occupie<ue< By other th4n the hol<ero6 the ur64ce et4te

• Potenti4l D9 4re By <enition li?ite< to un<erlyin5 uer potenti4l P94re li?ite< to poeor o6 ur64ce or o?e l4yer 4Bo>e D

• E;ception in o?e uri<iction hen nei5hBor re?o>e un<er5roun<4ter 6ro? un<er P9 l4n< in uch Ku4ntitie 4 to c4ue P9 l4n< touBi<e

o Ret Tort *< 4n< o?e <eciion hol< nei5hBor houl< Be li4BleBut ?4ority o6 court re6ue to e;tent li4Bility on theory th4tuB4cent upport ?e4n upport 6ro? oli< uBt4nce in thee4rth& not 6ro? un<er5roun< 4ter

• D9 li4Bility 6or 64ilin5 to upport l4n< Bur<ene< By ei5hty tructureo %ao2tB D9 <uty to ?4int4in uB4cent upport i technicall

uu4lly t4te< to Be sa<e as t0 late2al s633o2t =76t s to32ese2>e s633o2t fo2 lan7 as f t e2e 6nb627ene7 bst26;t62es

o hoe>er& in pr4ctice& 4 rule o6 e>i<ence i liely to c4ue D to Beli4Ble 6or l4n< Bur<ene< By Buil<in5 th4t 64ll in& hether theyere e?pl4ce< Be6ore or 46ter e>er4nce

thi i Bec4ue Bur<en i on D to ho l4n< oul< noth4>e uBi<e< in it unBur<ene< con<ition @ie Buil<in5c4ue< it=

•

But proo6 o6 4ctu4l c4ue i Kuite <icult in theec4e& o P i liely to in on thi point• thu& i6 D i li4Ble 4t 4ll& he ill liely Be li4Ble 6or

<4?45e to i?pro>e?ent on o>erlyin5 l4n< 4 ell4 6or <4?45e to the l4n< itel6

o 4 <no2t o6 court h4>e 4<opte< ALR rule th4t uB4cent<e6en<4nt oe <uty to upport ur64ce ith tructure th4tere on it 4t the <4te o6 e>er4nce

P45e (8 o6 (+7




• P2n;3al 7Ke2en;e t0 late2al s633o2t: i th4t ur64ce onerh4 4 ri5ht o6 upport not only o6 uni?pro>e< l4n< But 4ll tructuree;itin5 not eh <4te hen the e>er4nce too pl4ce

C: Fin<er& !4ilee 4n< Tre4ure Hunter

T2o>e2 an7 ;on>e2son 7etn6e an7 2e3le>n• For P9 eein5 <4?45e 6or con>erion o6 peron4l property

o Tro>er ol< co??on1l4 CoA ue< 6or reco>ery o6 <4?45e 6orcon>erion o6 peron4l property

to ?4int4in 4ction& P reKuire< to pro>e either onerhip orri5ht to poeion o6 property 4t ti?e o6 con>erion

o Con>erion ron56ul 4ppropri4tion o6 o?eone ele9 property

• For P9 eein5 return o6 property r4ther th4n <4?45e Detinue ue< i6 D 4cKuire< poeion l46ully But

re6ue< to return it Reple>in ue< i6 property 4 t4en unl46ully

o

to ?4int4in either 4ction& P h4< to ho i??e<i4te ri5ht topoeion o6 the property

Policy Arguments:

• Giving finder the property encourages disclosure; otherwise the finder may not disclose

to anyone that he found the property

• Giving it to owner of premises can be better because true owner is more likely to return

to the premise where the object was lost; and the premise owner must store and care forfound object in case true owner returns

n7e2 Stat6tes

• Fin<er t4tute typic4lly cut o the interet o6 true oner ho <o not4ppe4r ithin 4 et perio< o6 ti?e 46ter notice

• lot property t4tute 4re inten<e< to encour45e 4n< 64cilit4te thereturn o6 property to the true oner& 4n< re4r< the n<er 6or hihonety i6 the property re?4in uncl4i?e< @"ill?ore > Tonhip o6Oceol4 – $ichi54n c4erule=

o puBlic policy in 64>or o6 honety By n<er upport >etin5

cle4r title in the? 4t o?e point. To <o otherie oul< c4uepr4ctic4l proBle? o6 continuou B4il?ent.M @"illsmore v3o=nship of (ceola< $I (80(=

• $I lot 5oo< 4ct pro>i<e protection to n<er& 4 re4on4Ble ?etho<o6 unitin5 5oo< ith their true oner& 4n< 4 pl4n hich Benet thepeople o6 the t4te throu5h their loc4l 5o>ern?entM

o 2727 plit Beteen n<er 4n< loc4l 5o>.

P45e *7 o6 (+7




• IA Ch + pro>i<e< (7 n<er9 6ee pro>i<e< 6or potin5 #oticepote< 4t courthoue 4n< three other puBlic pl4ce in county 4lore5ul4rly 4<>ertie< in puBlic4tion per l4

o %t4tute pro>i<e one ye4r 4itin5 perio< then ?o>e title 6ro?true oner to n<er

4 Cate9o2es of o6n7 P2o3e2t 5ase7 on Intent of One2s1. (ost 32o3e2tB oner in>olunt4rily 4n< unintention4lly p4rt ith itpoeion 4n< <oen9t no here it i Belon5 to n<er

#ene2al R6le: The n<er o6 lot property h4 4 property ri5ht uperiorto 4ll But the oner. Fin<er ?ut @(= t4e control o6 the property 4n<@*= inten< to poe it. Thu& he i the cuto<i4n or B4ilee to trueonero Ar?ory >. Del4?irie : pl4inti 6oun< 4 eel hich he too to

5ol<?ith ho re6ue< to 5i>e it B4c 4n< ue< 6or tro>er. Hel7,0e a;62e7 s63e2o2 ttle as Jn7e2.

o #ene2al 26leB The 5ener4l ri5ht o6 the n<er to 4ny 4rticle hich

h4 Been lot& 4 454int 4ll the orl<& e;cept the true oner& 4et4Blihe< in the c4e o6 Ar?ory > Del4?irie.Mo Ret Tort *< 082: Ri5ht o6 Thir< Peron:

One ho i otherie li4Ble to 4nother 6or h4r? or tointer6erence ith 4 l4n< or 4 ch4ttel i not relie>e< o6 theli4Bility Bec4ue 4 thir< peron h4 4 le54lly protecte<interet in the l4n< or ch4ttel uperior to th4t o6 the other.M

Co??ent h: thi i not inten<e< to pre>ent 4 court 6ro?re6uin5 to len< it 4i< to 4 pl4inti ho i cle4rly 4ron5<oer& 4n< epeci4lly to one ho i cle4rly 4 cri?in4l

o D4?45e Unless t0e 7efen7ant 77 32o76;e t0e eel, t0e 62

s0o6l7 32es6<e t0e st2on9est a9anst 0< an7 <aet0e >al6e of t0e best eels t0e <eas62e of t0e27a<a9es

Ar?ory 44r<e< 6ull >4lue o6 eel thou5h hi interet 4liely orth le ince it 4 uBect to ri5ht o6 true oner torecl4i?

o H4nn4h >. Peel : %ol<ier 6oun< Bro4ch @on top o6 4 in< p4ne= inhoue te?por4rily reKuiitione< By !ritih Ar?y 4n< ou5ht toreco>er it 6ro? the oner o6 l4n< ho h4< ne>er occupie< thehoue. Pl4inti turne< it o>er the police ho 54>e it to <e6en<4nt.

Hel7: A l4n<oner on e>erythin5 4tt4che< to or un<erthe l4n<& But not nece4rily thin5 lyin5 on the l4n<

Hel7B Poeion Beco?e >ete< in the n<er 454int 4llBut the ri5ht6ul oner hen the ite? i 6oun< By 4 peronho i not the 45ent o6 the oner o6 the property here theite? 4 6oun<& 4n< the oner <oe not 4ctu4lly phyic4llypoe the property here the ite? 4 6oun<.

Oner <i< not li>e there 1 i6 he h4< oul< h4>e 5one to hi?

P45e *( o6 (+7




Circu?t4nce in<ic4te th4t it 4 lot property 4n< pl4intii proper n<er <itin5uih 6ro? other c4e here ?4npoee e>erythin5 4tt4che< to the property

I6 h4< Been ?ipl4ce<& tre4ure tro>e& or 4B4n<one< oul<h4>e 5one to oner

o !ri<5e >. H4eorth : Lot property. P 6oun< 4 p4rcel o6 B4nnote on the oor o6 D9 hip. The court 44r<e< poeion to P&on the 5roun< th4t the note h4< 4pp4rently not Beenintention4lly <epoite< in the hop 4n< there6ore ne>er c4?e intoD9 cuto<y or protection

Trep4er ill not 54in ri5ht to 6oun< property. The ri5ht 5oe to thelocu in Kuoo A er>4nt ho n< 4n 4rticle in coure o6 hi e?ploy?ent ?ut

urren<er poeion to hi ?4tero I6 oBect i e?Be<<e< in oil court h4>e ten<e< to 5i>e it to oner

o6 re4l et4te @e;. ?eteorite=

!. %sla7 P2o3e2tB#ene2al R6leB $il4i< property i not the 4?e 4 lot property n<er <oenot h4>e uperior cl4i? to it But r4ther h4 the <uty to 46e eep in B4il?entuntil the oner co?e 6or it

• Fin<er i entitle< to re4on4Ble e;pene incurre< in t4in5 c4re o6 the6oun< ite? un<er the l4 o6 B4il?ent

• Thi rule protect the true oner Bec4ue liely to return to pl4ce o6 loo $cA>oy >. $e<in4: pl4inti 6oun< 4llet le6t 4t B4rBerhop 4n<

B4rBer ri5htly 4erte< B4il?ent to eep 6or true oner. "4llet 4not lot But >olunt4rily pl4ce< on t4Ble 4n< 4cci<ently le6t @>erulot property hich h4 not Been >olunt4rily pl4ce< 4nyhere=

Hel7B Property <eliBer4tely pl4ce< in the hop But then6or5otten By 4 cuto?er i not lot 4 uch& 4n< Bec4ue it inot lot property& P 7oes not 0a>e t0e s63e2o2 ;la< tot 2at0e2 D 0as t0e 76t to safe ee3 t 6ntl t0eone2 s0o6l7 ;all fo2 t

o !en4?in >. Lin<ner A>i4tion& Inc.: Pl4inti orer 6oun< ?oney inthe in5 o6 4irpl4ne ?oney turne< o>er to 4uthoritie. It 4?il4i< property& 4n< o orer h4 no ri5ht to it. $oney Belon5e<to the B4n hich one< 4irpl4ne 4n< not e>en to the h4n5erco?p4ny here pl4inti ore<.

$ore liely 5i>en to l4n<oner i6 oBect in pri>4te portion r4ther th4npre?ie open to puBlic B4e< on r4tion4le th4t oner o6 pre?ie notopen to puBlic h4 intent to poe the pl4ce 4n< h4te>er ?4y Beloc4te< ithin. E;4?ple: in B4n

o Rit > %el?4 Unite< $etho<it Church : /itL v Selma ;nitedAethodist %hurch< I# ,'',!

Ori5in4l oner o6 ?oney Burie< in 4r 4n< tin c4n on re4lproperty ret4ine< onerhip o6 ?oney 4 454intuBeKuent oner o6 property ho 6oun< ?oney& e>enthou5h re4l property on hich ?oney 4 6oun< 4

P45e ** o6 (+7




4B4n<one< By ori5in4l onerW et4te& here 64ct th4t?oney 4 Burie< in 4r 4n< tin c4n in<ic4te< th4t oner4 4tte?ptin5 to preer>e it 4n< ?oney <i< not Be4rch4r4cteritic o6 property e?Be<<e< in oil.

• property found by employees

o If employee’s job description includes turning over items found on the job

employer entitled to them

Women performing menial jobs usually lose

o Other finders fare better

Hotel entitled to $800 found by maid (Jackson v Steinberg, OR 1948)

Interior decorator entitled to $760 found under rug in hotel room he was

decorating) Erickson v Sinykin, Minn 1947)

Bank employee who found money in safe deposit box was entitled to it

when six years passed without owner claim ( Burnley v First National Bank ,

PA 1954)

Ship steward held entitled to $3,000 he found on the floor of a public men’s

room on the ship (Kalyvakis v the TSS Olympia, SDNY 1960)

67;al Ds;2eton an7 (ost >s. %sla7

• Typic4lly& ?uch ti?e h4 el4pe< Be6ore u<5?ento Court c4n <ecl4re lotM i6 4nt to re4r< n<er& ?il4i<M i6

n<er9 con<uct i not orthy o6 4 re4r<

&. Aban7one7 P2o3e2tB true oner intention4lly 4n< >olunt4rily

relinKuihe< ith the intent no lon5er to on the oBect ?ut h4>e e>i<enceth4t @(= 4ct o6 4B4n<on?ent @*= intent to 4B4n<on ?ere p445e o6 ti?e<oe nothin5V 5oe to n<er• Gener4l Rule : The n<er o6 4B4n<one< property h4 4 property ri5ht

uperior to 4ll& e>en the ori5in4l oner. $ut h4>e 4ct o6 4B4n<on?ent• "hen 4 pre>iou oner cl4i? lon5 lot property th4t 4 in>olunt4ry

t4en& 4B4n<on?ent ?ut Be pro>e< By cle4r 4n< con>incin5 e>i<ence

4. Treasure Trove: consists of coins/currency concealed by owner and has element of antiquity.

Must be hidden or concealed for such a length of time that owner is probably dead or

undiscoverable

• Gener4l Rule: The n<er o6 4 tre4ure tro>e h4 4 property ri5htuperior to 4ll But the oner.

$ore recent c4e 5i>e 44r< it to l4n<oner• %plit in U% court re: <ipoition o6 tre4ure tro>e

o E4rlier c4e 44r< to n<ero L4ter c4e l4n<oner

P45e */ o6 (+7




%orliss v "enner @ID *77(=: court 44r<e< Burie< 5ol<coin to l4n<oner >. peron ho 6oun< the? hilee;c4>4tin5 <ri>e4y:

• there i no re4on 6or 4 peci4l rule 6or 5ol< 4n<il>er coin& Bullion or pl4te 4 oppoe< to otherproperty.M

• the <itinction Beteen tre4ure tro>e& lotproperty 4n< ?il4i< property 4re 4n4chronitic 4n<o6 little >4lue. The princip4l point o6 uch<itinction i the intent o6 the true oner hich&4Bent o?e ritten <ecl4r4tion in<ic4tin5 uch& ioBcure< in the ?it o6 ti?e 4n< uBect to 4 5re4t<e4l o6 pecul4tion.M

• !y hol<in5 th4t property cl4ie< 4 4 tre4uretro>e in other uri<iction i cl4e< in ID 4property e?Be<<e< in the oil poeion44r<e< to the oner o6 the oil

o

thu e cr46t 4 i?ple 4n< re4on4Bleolution to the proBle?& <icour45e trep44n< 4>oi< the ri o6 pecul4tin5 4Bout thetrue oner intentM

o A<<ition4lly& the true oner& i6 4ny ill h4>ethe opportunity to reco>er the property.M

o Louii4n4 Ro?4n l4 n<er 4n< oner o6 locu plittre4ure eKu4lly

To 7o;t2nes 6se7 fo2 s03 t2eas62e

(= $4riti?e l4 o6 4l>45e : the ori5in4l oner ret4in their onerhipinteret in uch property& 4lthou5h the n<er i entitle< to 4 liBer4l

4l>45e 44r<& But le Beneci4l 6or re4l oner Bec4ue Bi55er 4l>45e44r<. I6 no oner ho up 4l>or 5et tot4l >4lue.

• Applie< hen property i not 4B4n<one< le ecreti>e 4n<co?petiti>e 6or? o6 con<uct 4re encour45e< Bec4ue o6 4 4l>45e44r< i 5i>en to the n<er.

• Colu?Bu A?eric4 Dico>ery Group >. Atl4ntic $utu4l Inur4nce:Pl4inti 4l>45e< 4 hiprec 4n< <e6en<4nt inur4nce co?p4nyth4t h4< p4i< oner9 cl4i? 4t the ti?e o6 the <i4ter cl4i?e<onerhip o6 the tre4ure. Court 4pplie l4 o6 4l>45e 4n< not l4o6 n< Bec4ue: Bec4ue no 4r?4ti>e 4ct o6 hoin54B4n<on?ent

o -ou h4>e to pro>e By prepon<er4nce o6 the e>i<ence th4t4B4n<on?ent

*= Co??on l4 o6 n<: n<er 5et tre4ure• Applie< hen property i aban7one7. Thi h4 uu4lly Been

4pplie< to ?4riti?e property th4t 4 ne>er one< By 4nyBo<y.Alo 4pplie hen no one2 a33ea2s to ;la< nte2est.

• Fin<er ?ut <e?ontr4te poeion 4n< intent to poe. A 4reult o6 hi5h <e5ree o6 poeion reKuire<& n<er 4re ecreti>e4n< hi<e reco>erie in 6e4r th4t 4nother ill cl4i? title.

P45e * o6 (+7




Dete2<nn9 0et0e2 32o3e2t s aban7one7 o2 not be;o<es t0eJ90t

• R6leB In the tre4ure 4l>45e c4e& o6ten in>ol>in5 rec hun<re<o6 ye4r ol<& the in6erence o6 4B4n<on?ent ?4y 4rie 6ro? l4pe o6ti?e 4n< nonue o6 the property& or there ?4y e>en Be 4n e;pre<icl4i?er o6 onerhip. Thi c4ll 6or the 4pplic4tion o6 the l4 o6n<. !y contr4t& p4rtie ho inten< to 4ert 4 cl4i? o6 onerhip?4y Be i<entie<. In uch 4 c4e the l4 o6 4l>45e i 4pplie<.M

• R6leB 8In concluion& hen unen hip or their c4r5o 4re recue<6ro? the Botto? o6 the oce4n By thoe other th4n the oner& court64>or 4pplyin5 the l4 o6 4l>45e o>er the l4 o6 n<. Fin< l4houl< Be 4pplie<& hoe>er& in itu4tion here the pre>iou oner4re 6oun< to h4>e 4B4n<one< their property. %uch 4B4n<on?ent ?utBe pro>e< By cle4r 4n< con>incin5 e>i<ence& thou5h& uch 4 4nonerW e;pre <ecl4r4tion 4B4n<onin5 title. %houl< the propertyenco?p4 4n 4ncient 4n< lon5lot hiprec& 4 court ?4y in6er 4n4B4n<on?ent. %uch 4n in6erence oul< Be i?proper& thou5h& houl< 4pre>iou oner 4ppe4r 4n< 4ert hi onerhip interet in uch 4c4e the nor?4l preu?ption oul< 4pply 4n< 4n 4B4n<on?ent oul<h4>e to Be pro>e< By tron5 4n< con>incin5 e>i<ence.M

W0en t0e T2eas62e s US #o>t P2o3e2t

• ;S v SteinmetL @D# (88(=: 4ntiKue <e4ler Bou5ht Con6e<er4te"4rhip9 Bell 6ro? 4n 4ntiKue <e4ler in H4tin5& En5l4n<. %hip unin (0+ outi<e Fr4nce <i>er reco>ere< in (8/+ 4n< it hun5 o>er 4 B4rin Guerney until the B4r 4 <etroye< By !ritih Bo?B in "orl< "4rII. The Bell 4 Brou5ht B4c to the U% in (8'8 4n< oere< to n4>4l4c4<e?y hich re6ue< to Buy it. "hen %tein?et lite< it in 4

c4t4lo5ue in (887& n4>4l oci4l potte< the 4< 4n< <e?4n<e< theBell.o Court 44r<e< the Bell to the n4>y on the 5roun< th4t the U%

4cKuire< #labama By c4pture 4n< ne>er 4B4n<one< title.o D 44r<e< nothin5& either 6or >4lue o6 hi er>ice or 6or unut

enrich?ent

T0e Aban7one7 S032e; A;t of 1/'+B l4y cl4i? to ?4ny 4B4n<one<hiprec in the uB?er5e< 4ter o6 U% 4n< tr4n6er title to the t4te inhoe 4ter they 4re 6oun< <ecl4re l4 o6 4l>45e 4n< n< in>4li< 6or4ecte< hip. L4 re?4in the 4?e in intern4tion4l 4ter. %t4te houl<t4e reponiBility o6 the ?4n45e?ent o6 hiprec in 6or h4Bit4t protection&

pro>i<in5 opportunit 6or port <i>in5 4n< touri?& 4n< 4lloin5 4ppropri4tepuBlic 4n< pri>4te ector reco>ery o6 hiprec conitent ith protection o6hitoric4l >4lue 4n< en>iron?ent4l inte5rity

UNESCO Con>enton on P2ote;ton of t0e Un7e2ate2 C6lt62alHe2ta9e

P45e *2 o6 (+7




• Thi tre4ty c4ll on ?e?Ber t4te to protect un<er4ter cultur4lherit45e: tr4ce o6 hu?4n e;itence h4>in5 4 cultur4l& hitoric4l or4rch4eolo5ic4l ch4r4cter hich h4>e Been p4rti4lly or tot4lly un<er4ter& perio<ic4lly or continuouly& 6or 4t le4t (77 ye4rM

o Con>ention reKuire i5n4tory t4te coni<er preer>4tion initu 4 the rt option

Other types o property

F4llin5 oBect onto property• Property which has become part of natural earth is not subject to general rule of lost or

mislaid property; such property belongs to owner of real estate upon which it was found;

examples of this type of property are meteorite, prehistoric boat, valuable earthenware

and gold-bearing quartz. ( Ritz)

• Meteorite “under the natural law of its government, it became a part of this earth and, we

think, should be treated as such” (Goodard v Winchell, IA 1892)

!A"#$%&T'

• reated when possession of chattel is transferred from one person !bailor" to another

!bailee" for limited purpose

• I6 B4ilee re6ue to return your property con>erion B4ilee ?ut Buyit 6ro? you 4t it >4lue 4t the ti?e con>erion too pl4ce

•

,olunt4ry >. in>olunt4ry B4il?ento $ot B4il?ent 4re >olunt4ryo %o?e 4re in>olunt4ry

E.5. hen people t4e ch4ttel into their poeion ithoutthe conent o6 the onerpoeor

Thi inclu<e n<er& toin5 co?p4nie& 4n< police eiin5peron4l property

• an be constructive or involuntary bailment with mislaid property: when retained under

circumstances which should keep it safely and return it to its owner

• !4ilee9 reponiBilitieo Duty to return property to B4iloro Le>el o6 reponiBility to c4re 6or property

,4rie <epen<in5 on uri<iction 4n< hether B4il?entBenet B4ilor or B4ilee

• %oggs v 7ernard @En5. ('7/= ?4<e i; type o6B4il?ent to <eter?ine le>el o6 c4re oe< By B4ileeto B4ilor

P45e *+ o6 (+7




$o<ern tren< eli?in4te uch c4te5orie 4n< reKuire B4ileeto ue c4re 4n or<in4ry peron oul< ue un<er liecircu?t4nce

• Hadeld v +ilchrist S% 2!: hen toin5co?p4ny i?poun<e< P9 c4r& reultin5 B4il?ent4 6or ?utu4l Benet toin5 co?p4ny oe< P<uty to ue or<in4ry c4re to 46e5u4r< hi c4r

o hen 4 ch4ttel in B4ilee9 poeion i ron56ully<4?45e<<etroye< 4ppropri4te< By thir< p4rty& B4ilee ?4y eere<re 6ro? the ron5<oer

o #he $inkfield : after the $inkfield collided with and sank the Me%ican the

&ostmaster'General sued for the loss of mail bags and parcels on board the Me%ican.

#he ship was bailee and has absolute title against all but the rightful owner.

$rongdoer has no standing to challenge bailee(s title

o Root 32n;3leB 4 454int 4 ron5<oer& poeion i title.Mo Ch4ttel th4t h4 Been con>erte<<4?45e< i the ch4ttel o6 the

poeor 4n< no other there6ore it lo or <eterior4tion i hilo 4n< ?ut Be recoupe< to hi? i6 he <e?4n< it

pot?4ter15ener4l too< in the poition o6 B4ilee 6or theoner o6 letter 4n< p4rcel ent By the ?4il 4n<& 4 uchB4ilee& 4 entitle< to reco>er the >4lue o6 property lotthrou5h the ne5li5ence o6 the <e6en<4nt

thi o>errule the c4e o6 Cl4ri<5e >. %outh %t4or<hire Tr4?4y Co.&(2 in hich it 4 hel< th4t 4 454int 4ron5<oer& the B4ilee coul< only reco>er the <4?45e to hiinteret in the property& le4>in5 the B4ilor to ue 6or hi on

lo.• A Beteen B4ilee 4n< tr4n5er poeion 5i>e title – th4t i& not 4

li?ite< interet& But 4Bolute 4n< co?plete onerhip& 4n< he i entitle<to recei>e B4c 4 co?plete eKui>4lent 6or the hole lo or <eterior4tiono6 the thin5 itel6.M

o A B4ilee h4 to 4ccount 6or thin5 B4ile<& o he ?ut 4ccount 6orth4t hich h4 Beco?e it eKui>4lent 4n< no repreent it

o 80at t0e balee 0as 2e;e>e7 abo>e 0s on nte2est 0e

0as 2e;e>e7 to t0e 6se of 0s balo2. T0e 2on97oe2, 0a>n9on;e 3a7 f6ll 7a<a9es to t0e balee, 0as an anse2 to ana;ton b t0e balo2.:

P2o3e2t fo6n7 n 36bl; >e2s6s 32>ate settn9s

• Fin<er o6ten& But not 4l4y loe in c4e here >4lu4Ble 4re 6oun<in B4n 46e <epoit Bo; >4ult @Pyle > %prin5el< $4rine !4n& IL (8+– or<in4ry l4 o6 n<er <oe not 4pply to 46ety >4ult 4re4= @Denni >#orthetern #4tl !4n& $inn (82' 1 or<in4ry l4 o6 n<er <oe not4pply to 46ety >4ult 4re4=

• !ut o?e c4e h4>e 44r<e< te?por4ry cuto<y to the B4n 4n<e>entu4l poeion to the n<er i6 oner i not 6oun< @P44t > Ol<

P45e *' o6 (+7




Orch4r< !4n Trut Co& Ill (8'0 – to cuto?ern<er= @!urnley > Firt#4tion4l !4n& PA (82 to B4n e?ployeen<er=

n7e2 >e2s6s t0e One2 of t0e (o;6s n Q6o n t0e U$

• En5lih rule: oBect 6oun< in or 4tt4che< to the l4n< 44r<e< to theoner o6 the locu in Kuo @c4e 46ter H4nn4h > Peel=

• OBect th4t 4re 6oun< on or un4tt4che< to the l4n< 5o to the n<er6nless the oner o6 the locu Kuo e;ercie uch ?4ni6et controlo>er the locu in Kuo 4 to in<ic4te 4n intention to control the locu4n< 4nythin5 6oun< on it

• "averl 7orough %ouncil v 8letcher< En5l4n< (88+: ?e<ie>4l BroochBurie< Belo ur64ce o6 p4r 6oun< uin5 ?et4l <etector 44r<e< tooner

• 0arker v 7ritish #ir=as< En5l4n< (80*: 5ol< necl4ce 6oun< ine;ecuti>e loun5e 44r<e< to n<er

P2o3e2t Stat6tesR6les n %s;. St6atons @note 6ro? !en4?in=•

"hether property i lot& ?il4i< or 4B4n<one< <epen< on oner9 t4teo6 ?in< hen he p4rte< ith the 5oo<

• Fin<er t4tute typic4lly cut o the interet o6 true oner ho <o not4ppe4r ithin 4 et perio< o6 ti?e 46ter notice

• puBlic policy in 64>or o6 honety By n<er upport >etin5 cle4r title inthe? 4t o?e point. To <o otherie oul< c4ue pr4ctic4l proBle? o6continuou B4il?ent.M @"illsmore v 3o=nship of (ceola< $I (80(=

• "hy no n<er9 6ee 6or !en4?inQo Co??on l4 h4n9t <e>elope< <octrine 4lloin5 n<er9 6ee or

other re4r< i6 oner ho up& or i6 property i 44r<e< to onero6 locu in Kuo

o Fin<er i entitle< to re4on4Ble e;pene incurre< in t4in5 c4re o6the 6oun< ite? un<er the l4 o6 B4il?ent

• %o?e 4r5ue 6or eKuit4Ble <i>iion Beteen n<er 4n< oner o6 locu inKuo hen locu i neither truly puBlic nor truly pri>4te

• !urie< ?oney in oil ?/itL v Selma ;nited Aethodist %hurch< I# ,'',!

o Ori5in4l oner o6 ?oney Burie< in 4r 4n< tin c4n on re4l propertyret4ine< onerhip o6 ?oney 4 454int uBeKuent oner o6property ho 6oun< ?oney& e>en thou5h re4l property on hich?oney 4 6oun< 4 4B4n<one< By ori5in4l onerW et4te& here64ct th4t ?oney 4 Burie< in 4r 4n< tin c4n in<ic4te< th4t oner4 4tte?ptin5 to preer>e it 4n< ?oney <i< not Be4rch4r4cteritic o6 property e?Be<<e< in oil.

o Althou5h the re4l et4te 4 4B4n<one< By Op4lW et4te& eBelie>e th4t it oul< Be 4 co?pletely un4rr4nte< in6erence toconclu<e th4t the ?oney 6oun< By the Church h4< Been 4B4n<one<By it oner. The 64ct th4t it 4 Burie< in 4r 4n< tin c4nin<ic4te th4t the oner 4 4tte?ptin5 to preer>e it. Lieie&the ?oney <i< not Be4r the ch4r4cteritic o6 property e?Be<<e< inthe oil. It i 64irly to Be cl4ie< 4 the type o6 property to hichthe true oner ret4in onerhip 4 454int the n<er or the onero6 the property here it i 6oun<.M

P45e *0 o6 (+7




• F4llin5 oBect onto propertyo Property which has become part of natural earth is not subject to general rule of lost

or mislaid property; such property belongs to owner of real estate upon which it was

found; examples of this type of property are meteorite, prehistoric boat, valuable

earthenware and gold-bearing quartz. ( Ritz)

o Meteorite “under the natural law of its government, it became a part of this earth

and, we think, should be treated as such” (Goodard v Winchell, IA 1892)

• property found by employees

o If Lindner aircraft had prevailed, Benjamin may or may not have been entitled to the

money

If employee’s job description includes turning over items found on the job

employer entitled to them

Women performing menial jobs usually lose

Other finders fare better

• Hotel entitled to $800 found by maid (Jackson v Steinberg, OR

1948)

• Interior decorator entitled to $760 found under rug in hotel room he

was decorating) Erickson v Sinykin, Minn 1947)

• Bank employee who found money in safe deposit box was entitled to

it when six years passed without owner claim ( Burnley v First

National Bank , PA 1954)

• Ship steward held entitled to $3,000 he found on the floor of a public

men’s room on the ship (Kalyvakis v the TSS Olympia, SDNY 1960)

P45e *8 o6 (+7




Con6est, A7>e2se Possesson an7P2es;23ton

ConKuet

• &rinciple of discovery: )uropean rule: country that discovered and laid claim to possession

of new lands was entitled to right of that land or transfer title

• *iscovery gave e%clusive title to those who made it

o +ohnson and Graham(s ,essee v. M(-ntosh: &laintiffs had acquired title to land from

ative'merican tribes0 but 12 claimed that it held title to the territory and

consequently only it could convey good title to others so defendant with title from

12.

o 26leB t0e ;e7e7 te22to2 as o;;63e7 b n6<e2o6s an7a2le t2bes of In7ans b6t t0e e@;l6s>e 290t of t0eUnte7 States to e@tn96s0 t0e2 ttle, an7 to 92ant t0e sol0as ne>e2, e bele>e, been 7o6bte7

o R6leB t0e absol6te 6lt<ate ttle 0as been ;ons7e2e7 as

a;62e7 b 7s;o>e2, s6be;t onl to t0e In7an ttle ofo;;63an;, 0;0 ttle t0e 7s;o>e2e2s 3ossesse7 t0ee@;l6s>e 290t of a;62n9

• 34<e 4rticle @The D4r %i<e o6 Eciency=o O>er4ll i?p4ct o6 thi 4 to <epre the price o6 the l4n<

Deciion tie< Bi<<in5 By 4?eric4n 6or in<i4n l4n< Byle4>in5 In<i4n ith only one Buyer 4ure< o6 no co?petition

"illin5ne o6 Europe4n to ue thre4t6orce 4lo <epree<price

%ettle?ent 4lo 4lloe< U.%. to 54in l4n< 6or 6ree

• %?4llpo;

• 3illin5 o 54?e In<i4n relie< on

• Cle4rin5 6oret 6or 45riculture

A<>ere Poeion

Ri5ht o6 A<>ere Poeor:

3efore 2tatutory &eriod: ,iable for trespass and mesne profits

o nd can have trespass action against others !because trespass based on possessory not

ownership and a defense that no title is not good

P45e /7 o6 (+7




o an sell and new & can tack based on privity and then can tack on

&rivity based on contract of sale0 gift0 will0 or inheritance

fter 2tatutory &eriod: he gains good title

o 4elation back doctrine: adverse possession(s title is effective back when first took

possession

o Mesne profits and trespass actions barred

o )asements will not be e%tinguished

o ot possible to gain title by adverse possession to land owned by the federal or state

government

Color o6 Title • I6 your cl4i? i B4e< on 4 <ee< or other ritten <ocu?ent th4t

incorrectly con6er title upon you.o The t4tutory perio< i o6ten hortero Contructi>e poeion o6 4ll l4n< <ecriBe< in nee<o $ut h4>e entere< in 4 5oo<164ith Belie6 th4t <ee< con>eye< h4t

it purporte< to con>ey "ithout 4 reKuire?ent o6 5oo< 64ith 4t the ti?e o6 entry&

the 4<>ere poeor coul< i?ply 5et o?eone to 5i>ehi? or her 4 <ee< to the property.

Ele?ent o6 A<>ere Poeion

1 A;t6al an7 e@;l6s>e 3ossesson

• 4ctu4l poeion or 4ll or p4rt o6 the l4n< cl4i?e< 4n< hel< to thee;cluion o6 poeion By other

• ?ut not h4re l4n< ith true oner or ?4e it 4>4il4Ble to 5ener4lpuBlic

• All th4t i reKuire< 6or 4ctu4l 4n< e;clui>e poeion i 6or the 4<>erepoeor to ue the property 4 4 re4on4Ble oner oul< ue theproperty

o Doe not h4>e to peron4lly Be in poeion o6 property: c4nle4e to 4 ten4nt

4=ing v. 7urnett : li>e< 4cro the treet 6ro? lot hecl4i?e< But re6ue< o?e people ri5ht o6 entry

o I6 h4 <o?inion o6 ur64ce hi cl4i? uu4lly e;ten< Belo to?iner4l

o I6 e4on4lrur4l t4n<4r< >4rie 4ccor<in5ly %ee *ome 2 case1 poeion nee< not Be 4Bolutely

e;clui>e it nee< only Be 4 type o6 poeion hich oul<ch4r4cterie 4n oner9 ue.M

P45e /( o6 (+7




• "here& 4 in the preent c4e& the l4n< i rur4l& 4ne;ercie o6 leer <o?inion ?4y Be 4ppropri4te

o Dipute< p4rcel loc4te< in rur4l 4re4 uit4Ble4 e4on4l ho?eite thi i e;4ctly ho theF45ertro? ue< it <urin5 the ye4rM

! A7>e2se o2 80ostle: 3ossesson

• Obe;t>e test =3e2 No<e ;o62tB OBecti>e tet i?ply 4 hetherthe poeor 4cte< to4r< the l4n< 4 i6 he one< it&M ithout theper?iion o6 one ith le54l 4uthority to 5i>e poeion.

o *ome 21 F45ertro?9 4ction to4r< l4n< con6or?e< ith thio Th4t they ?4y h4>e o>erl4ppe< ith n4ti>e Al44n ?in<1et i

irrele>4nt• Poeor ?ut not hol< uBer>iently to the oner o6 the property @4&

6or e;4?ple& 4 leee.=• The poeor9 occup4tion ?ut Be ron56ul 4 to the oner& o th4t

poeion By one co1oner i not 4<>ere to the other co1oner unlethe co1oner in poeion re6ue to 4llo entry By the other @outM

the other=• co1ten4nt9 poeion i not 4<>ere to other unle the co1ten4nt

out the other• State of <n7 6s6all <<ate2al

• -a=rence v 3o=n of %oncord1 inner orin5 o6 AP9 ?in< 4re irrele>4nti6 he 4ct 4 the true oner =<ao2t 26le

• 0reble v Aaine %ent / %o $E (08/ =<no2t 26leo Held1 in Boun<4ry line <ipute& poeion puru4nt to 4

?it4en Belie6 4 to the loc4tion o6 the Boun<4ry 4 not4<>ere the cl4i?4nt ?ut inten< to cl4i? title to 4ll l4n< ithin4 cert4in Boun<4ry on the 64ce o6 the e4rth& hether it h4lle>entu4lly Be 6oun< to Be the correct one or not.M

o Thi i the $4ine <octrine& Cla< of 290t

• ,4riou ?e4nin5 4re 5i>en to cl4i? o6 ri5htMo %o?e t4te: poeor ?ut 4ct 4 oner o6 property @r4ther

th4n 4 tr4nient or c4u4l trep4er= @oBecti>e t4n<4r<=o %o?e t4te: reKuire 5oo<164ith @But ?it4en= Belie6 th4t

poeor on the property @uBecti>e 1 5oo<164ith t4n<4r<M=o %o?e t4te reKuire the poeor intention4lly 4ct to 4cKuire

property he or he <oe not on @uBecti>e 1 B4<164ith t4n<4r<Mor 455rei>e trep4er t4n<4r<M=

4 O3en an7 noto2o6s

• Ue o6 property i o >iiBle 4n< 4pp4rent it 5i>e notice to true onerth4t o?eone ?4y Be 4ertin5 4 cl4i? o6 4<>ere poeion. @e.5.yin5 the 45= Doe not ?4tter i6 4ctu4lly no.

o L4rence >. Ton o6 Concor< : 5o>. le4rne< l4ter th4t it h4<recei>e< 4 <e>ie o6 the l4n< un<er 4 ill proB4te< 4n< there6ore4 the oner. Ton too property By e?inent <o?4in @t4epri>4te property 6or puBlic ue But ?ut co?pen4te= But <i<n9tp4y hi?. Hel7B T0e tons la; of nole79e as to ts

P45e /* o6 (+7




one2s03 77 not 7efeat ;la< of ttle b a7>e2se3ossesson

l4c o6 nole<5e i not 4 <e6ene Bec4ue upport thepurpoe o6 4<>ere poeion hich i to Kuiet contro>ery

• Unle uch 4 ?4ll piece o6 l4n< th4t i not >iiBle tothe n4e< eye

AP h4 no Bur<en to re>e4l intention o6 4<>ere poeionto true oner

• Tet i ?et i6 the 4<>ere poeor9 ue o6 property i i?il4r to th4thich 4 typic4l oner o6 i?il4r property oul< ?4e o6 itVn4ture o6l4n< t4en into 4ccount

o Ein5 >. !urnett: D cl4i?e< 4<>ere poeion o6 un6ence<&uni?pro>e< lot <urin5 t4tutory perio< 4llo people to re?o>e4n<5r4>el& <enie per?iion to other& Brin5 trep4 4ction454int thoe ithout per?iion. Hel7& D ons lot b a7>e2se3ossesson.

Court: neither 4ctu4l occup4tion& culti>4tion nor rei<ence

4re nece4ry to contitute 4ctu4l poeion& hen theproperty i o itu4te< 4 to not 4<?it o6 4ny per?4nentue6ul i?pro>e?ent& 4n< the continue< cl4i? o6 the p4rtyh4 Been e>i<ence< By puBlic 4ct o6 onerhip& uch 4 heoul< e;ercie o>er property hich he cl4i?e< in hi onri5ht& 4n< oul< not e;ercie o>er property <i< not cl4i?.M

Act contitute< puBlic 4ct o6 onerhip e>en thou5h he<i< not li>e on the l4n<.

Dierence Beteen outer 4n< trep4er i one o6intention

• $4y Be et4Blihe< By Buil<in5& 6ence& crop or 4ni?4lo %ee #o?e *777 : Ue conitent ith onerhip hich 5i>e

>iiBle e>i<ence o6 cl4i?4nt9 poeion& uch th4t 4 re4on4Bly<ili5ent oner coul< ee th4t 4 hotile 45 4 Bein5 on o>erhi property&M i ucient

"here phyic4l >iiBility i et4Blihe<& co??unity repute i4lo rele>4nt e>i<ence th4t true oner 4 put on notice

• "h4t 4Bout hi<<en property @ie 54 tor45e& c4>e& Burie< utilitieQ=o Co62ts s3lt:

4ntin5 to protect the ri5ht o6 the oner ho re4litic4llyh4 little 4y o6 <ico>erin5 the 4<>ere ue

4ntin5 to pre>ent the 4te th4t i liely to reult 6ro?enoinin5 the 4<>ere ue

o

thi i 4 itu4tion here 4 li4Bility ruleM ?i5ht Be ?ore4ppropri4te it oul< 4llo the ue to continue But 44r< the property

oner co?pen4tion 6or the >4lue o6 the interet t4en it oul< 4lo ol>e the Bil4ter4l ?onopoly proBle? th4t

oul< pl4ce the 4<>ere uer in 4 >ery <i4<>4nt45eouB4r54inin5 poition

• Un<er5roun< ue

P45e // o6 (+7




o 8oot v 7auman conclu<e< 4n un<er5roun< eer runnin5 throu5h4 property 4 open 4n< notoriou Bec4ue the D14<>ere uer9houe 4 up the hill& the ton eer 4 Belo 4n< there erethree ?4nhole co>er on P9 l4n< Beteen the houe 4n< theton eer

o Aarengo %ave %o v /oss I#D (8/': c4>e r4n un<er P9 property

hich 4 ue< 6or tour Court hel< D9 ue o6 the portion o6 the c4>e un<er P9

property 4 not open 4n< notoriou ince P h4< nore4on4Ble ?e4n to <ico>er th4t hi l4n< 4 Bein5 ue<@court only 4Ble to <eter?ine property line thru ur>ey=

• %?4ll Encro4ch?entQ) Contn6o6s

• Poeion ?ut Be ?4int4ine< throu5hout the t4tutory perio<

• Continuity <oe not ?e4n the 4<>ere poeor ?ut Be preent 4t 4llti?e

o %e4on4l or inter?ittent ue ?4y Be ucient o lon5 4 the ue

i i?il4r to th4t hich oul< Be ?4<e By 4n or<in4ry oner o6property lie th4t in <ipute

%ee #o?e *777 >. F45ertro? : A<>ere poeor ue<pl4inti l4n< 6or recre4tion4l purpoe& Be54n ?4in5uBt4nti4l i?pro>e?ent& pen<in5 ?ore ti?e& Built he<&4n< pent eeen< there. L4ter Built c4Bin. Hel7B;on7tons of ;ontn6t an7 e@;l6s>t 2e62e onlt0at t0e lan7 be 6se7 fo2 t0e stat6to2 3e2o7 as ana>e2a9e one2 of s<la2 32o3e2t o6l7 6se t

Their ue 4 conitent ith the #4ti>e Al44n $ut loo 4t conte;tu4l 64ctor c4e By c4e B4i

o I6 4 Bre4 in poeion i c4ue< By oner9 re1entry& or

4cKuiition o6 title By the 5o>ern?ent& the 4<>ere poeor ?4yh4>e to t4rt o>er ith the t4tutory perio<

• A thir<1p4rty intruion uu4lly <oe not <e6e4t the continuityreKuire?ent& pro>i<e< the 4<>ere poeor re54in poeion

• -nterruption by non'owner: 5uster by second adverse possessor: new adverse possessor

cannot tack its time to original adverse possessor6second adverse possessor interrupts the

first0 but if the original adverse possessor recaptures the property !by throwing new guy

out" he can join old period with new period

" o2 t0e stat6to2 3e2o7o

%t4tutory perio< >4rie 6ro? 2 ye4r @CA= to *( ye4r in OHo $uch lon5er perio< reKuire< 6or cert4in in< o6 property

"il< 4n< uncloe< l4n< L4n< hel< 6or puBlic or Ku4i1puBlic ue @choolr4ilro4<=

o In o?e t4te& puBlic l4n< c4n9t Be 4cKuire< By 4<>erepoeion un<er 4ny circu?t4nce

o %ee t4cin5tollin5

• '= $ut p4y t4;e on the l4n< @o?e t4te=

P45e / o6 (+7




Ele?ent o6 e4e?ent By precription

• Typic4lly the 4?e 4 6or 4<>ere poeion e@;e3tB

o no reKuire?ent th4t precripti>e ue Be e;clui>e@oner4<>ere uer c4n Both ue 4 pri>4te ro4<=

o no reKuire?ent th4t the ue Be ?4<e in 5oo< 64ith& e>en in

t4te th4t 4pply 5oo<164ith reKuire?ent

R4tion4le

(= lon51continue< ue o6 property cre4te 4n entitle?ent to the property*= *= 4e< title ?4y Be per6ecte< By continue< ue or poeion o6 the

property/= /= lon51continue< ue or poeion i e>i<ence o6 4 title pre>iouly

5r4nte< But no lot4. Be6ore puBlic recor<& lo o6 <ee< 4 not unco??onB. in ocietie l4cin5 liter4cy& cere?onie r4ther th4n ritten

<ocu?ent ere ue< to tr4n6er property title

= the ti?e 6or 4ertin5 le54l cl4i? houl< Be li?ite<2= !4ll4ntine: 3itle b #dverse 0ossession:4. A thin5 hich you h4>e enoye< 4n< ue< 4 your on 6or 4

lon5 ti?e& hether property or 4n opinion& t4e root in yourBein5 4n< c4nnot Be torn 44y ithout your reentin5 the 4ct4n< tryin5 to <e6en< yourel6 J the l4 c4n 4 6or no Better

utic4tion th4n the <eepet intinct o6 ?4n.MB. the t4tute h4 not 6or it oBect to re4r< the <ili5ent

trep4er 6or hi ron5 nor yet to pen4lie the ne5li5ent 4n<<or?4nt oner 6or leepin5 upon hi ri5ht the 5re4t purpoe i4uto?4tic4lly to Kuiet 4ll title hich 4re openly 4n< conitently4erte<& to pro>i<e proo6 o6 ?eritoriou title& 4n< correct error

in con>ey4nce.M

T4cin5

• 4<>ere poeor c4n tr4n6er hi or her interet in the property to4nother& ho ?4y continue the 4<>ere poeion

o i6 Both ?eet the reKuire?ent 6or 4cKuirin5 title By 4<>erep4ion& they ?4y t4cM the to perio< to5ether to ?4e upthe t4tutory perio<

o to t4c to 4 prior 4<>ere poeor& ucceor ?ut ho there4 4 tr4n6er 4n< th4t the perio< o6 poeion ereconecuti>e

• o?e c4e l4 4y tr4n6er h4 to Be By <ee< – pri>ityM – But theecourt 4re 5ener4lly ron5

o Better >ie – 4ll th4t9 reKuire< i tr4n. o6 poeion 6ro?4<>ere poeor to 4nother 4<>ere poeor @e.5.or4l&ritten <ee< or e>en inherit4nce=

o houl<n9t reKuire 4 <ee< 6or the 4<>ere poeion to t4c

Tollin5

P45e /2 o6 (+7




Tollin5 6or Di4Bility:• E>ery t4te h4 o?e pro>iion protectin5 property ri5ht o6 oner

ho i un<er <i4Bility hen AP t4e poeion o6 hi or her l4n<o Co>er: in64ncy in4nity i?prion?ent

• * type o6 t4tute:o OH 4ppro4ch: I6 4 peron entitle< to Brin5 the 4ction i& 4t the

ti?e the CoA 4ccrue& ithin the 45e o6 ?inority or o6 unoun<?in<& the peron J ?4y Brin5 the 4ction ithin ten ye4r 46terthe <i4Bility i re?o>e<.M

o # 4ppro4ch: i6 4 peron entitle< to Brin5 4 CoA or to 4 ri5ht ortitle o6 entry i or h4ll Be& 4t the ti?e o6 4ny uch c4ue o64ction or ri5ht or title 4ccruin5& un<er the 45e o6 *( ye4r& orin4ne& uch peron ?4y co??ence uch 4ction or ?4e uchentry& ithin uch ti?e 4 li?ite< By 4i< ection& 46ter hico?in5 to or Bein5 o6 6ull 45e or oun< ?in<.M

• Uu4lly& the only <i4Bility th4t count i 4 <i4Bility th4t e;it henthe AP t4e poeion o6 the property

• !enet o6 the t4tute e;ten< not only to ori5in4l AP But 4lo to theirucceor

Color o6 Title

• To 4<>4nt45e con6erre< on AP hoe cl4i? i B4e< on 4 <ee< orother ritten intru?ent purportin5 to 5i>e her title to the l4n<

o (= perio< reKuire< to et4Blih title By AP i o6ten hortero *= he i re54r<e< 4 h4>in5 contructi>e poeion o6 4ll

property <ecriBe< in the <ee<& o lon5 4 the <ee< co>er 4in5le p4rcel

i6 <ee< co>er ?ore th4n one lot or p4rcel& contructi>e

poeion typic4lly li?ite< to the Boun<4rie o6 the LOTthe AP h4 4ctu4lly t4en p4rt poeion o6 • e>en in t4te ith no 5oo<164ith cl4i? o6 ri5ht reKuire?ent& AP ?ut

h4>e entere< ith 5oo<164ith Belie6 th4t the <ee< con>eye< h4t itpurporte< to con>ey to oBt4in the 4<>4nt45e o6 color o6 title

A<>ere Poeion A54int the Go>ern?ent

• Uu4l utic4tion th4t l4n<e4e?ent c4nnot Be 54ine< 454int5o>ern?ent 4<>erely:

o (= 5o>ern?ent <oe not h4>e reource to ?onitor 4ll itl4n<hol<in5 6or i5n o6 4<>ere cl4i?

o

*= 5o>ern?ent e?ployee ?4y not h4>e ucient incenti>e tot4e 4ction 454int 4<>ere cl4i?4nt and ?4y e>en collu<e to<e6r4u< the 5o>ern?ent

o /= the puBlic9 interet in puBlic l4n< houl< not Be uBect tolo By in4<>ertence.

• %ee Kio=a %reek -and 3itle %o v *aLarian1

o Hel7B No 6se of lan7 0le t s one7 b t0e state ;an be

s633o2t fo2 a ;la< of ease<ent b 32es;23ton, et0e2

P45e /+ o6 (+7




a9anst t0e state o2 a9anst anone 0o a;62es ttlef2o< t0e state.

/r<1p4rty e;ception: 3est v /eichert #Eo P 5re he4t on 5o>. l4n< hich D h4r>ete< 4n< ol< court

44r<e< P <4?45e&o R6leB The ri5ht to 4 crop 5roin5 upon unencloe< puBlic l4n<

lie in the one ho h4 pl4nte< it 4n< looe< 46ter it& r4ther th4nin one ho 6orciBly t4e poeion 454int the ill o6 thepl4nter

o P2n;3le: One ?4y 4cKuire ri5ht in puBlic l4n< By 4<>ereoccup4ncy 454int 4ll thir< peron& 4n< thi i true e>en thou5hthe cl4i?4nt 4<?it the 5o>ern?ent9 onerhip& 4n< thi itrue e>en thou5h the cl4i?4nt 4<?it the 5o>ern?ent9onerhip in other or<& the cl4i?4nt9 poeion ?4y Be4<>ere ithout Bein5 hotile to the 5o>ern?ent.M

W0at 0a33ens f 9o> a;62es ttle to 32o3e2t n 0an7s ofa7>e2se 3ossesso2?

•

Or<in4rily& thi top the 4<>ere poeion• "h4t h4ppen hen 5o> then ell l4n<Q

o Typic4lly %oL Be5in 4ll o>ero I6 5o>9 onerhip 4 not re4lly 6or 5o>ern?ent4l or puBlic ue&

But i?ply 4 tr4nition 6ro? one pri>4te oner to 4nother 4<>ere poeion ?4y Be re54r<e< 4 continuin5 ithoutinterruptionupen<e< <urin5 the perio< o6 5o>. onerhip.@Stump v "hibco # (880= @64ct th4t %!A hel< title to property6or p4rt o6 (8' <i< not interrupt 4<>ere poeion=

Un>e2salt of a7>e2se 3ossesson a9anst 9o>t?

• $ot uri<iction 6ollo thi rule @nullu? tep?u occurit re5i – noti?e run 454int the in5=

• !ut it i not uni>er4lly 6olloe<o Coni<er4Ble >4ri4tion in hether it 4pplie to l4n< hel< By

r4ilro4< 4n< puBlic utilitie th4t 4re not one< By the5o>ern?ent

Rel4tion !4c

• until the 4<>ere poeor 54in title& they 4re li4Ble 6or trep4 4n<?ene protM

o ?ene prot o6ten h4>e their on t4tute o6 li?it4tion o6 +ye4r

• Once title h4 Ben 4cKuire<& it rel4te B4cM to the <4te o6 entry& 4n<

c4ue o6 4ction 6or trep4 4n< ?ene prot 4re B4rre< 4lon5 iththe 4ction in eect?ent

A<>ere Poeion 4n< Future Interet

• P2n;3le: the 4<>ere poeor 4cKuire no ?ore th4n the et4te hel<By the peron entitle< to poeion 4t the ti?e the 4<>ere poeortoo poeion o6 the property or& in the c4e o6 4 precripti>e e4e?ent&hen he Be54n uin5 the property

P45e /' o6 (+7




o I6 the 4<>ere poeor poee or ue property hel< By 4leee or li6e ten4nt& the 4<>ere poeor ill 5et no ?ore th4nthe B4l4nce o6 the le4e ter? or li6e et4te

o %ee &ieterich Intl v JSJ Services1 D l4n<lor< !ron& l4cin5 4preent poeory interet in the property& 4 le54lly un4Ble toBrin5 4n 4ction to pre>ent pl4inti 6ro? 54inin5 the e4e?ent By

precription. As a ;onse6en;e, no 32es;23t>e ease<ent;o6l7 23en a9anst 0<.

o !utB I6 the ri5ht to poeion h4 Been 4Bri<5e< 4n< 3ossesso2

290ts 7a<a9e7& the poeor ?4y co?pl4in By 4y o6 4n4ction 6or trep4

i6& on the other h4n<& 4n intru<er 0a2<s 2eal 32o3e2t n a

<anne2 0;0 7a<a9es t0e one2s03 nte2est& theproperty oner ?4y ee reco>ery hether the c4ue o64ction Be technic4lly l4Bele< trep4 or o?e other 6or? o64ction& uch 4 4te.M

•

"oul< Dietrich9 ue continue i6 le4e renee<Qo Anse2 6n;lea2

-e 4ccor<in5 to 3io4 #o 4ccor<in5 to other 4uthority

E4e?ent By RX >. AP

A<>4nt45e o6 E4e?ent By RX:

(= AP reKuire e;cluion o6 ue By oner o6 property& But D9 cuto?erere uin5 the 4?e 4re4 th4t P ue< throu5hout the precripti>e perio< e;clui>e ue not reKuire< 6or e4e?ent

*= %ucce6ul cl4i? o6 AP in CA reKuire p4y?ent o6 property t4;e 6or

>e1ye4r t4tutory perio<o thi reKuire?ent <oe not 4pply to 4cKuiition o6 ?ore li?ite< ue

ri5ht& e.5. e4e?ent By precription court <i4llo cl4i? o6 e4e?ent to circu?>ent thi hen

the ue i re4lly lie AP @Silacci v #bramson& CA (88+ – noprecripti>e e4e?ent 6or (+77 Ku4re 6eet o6 nei5hBor9property 6ence< in 4n< ue< 4 B4cy4r<=

i6 you h4>e 6ence< in p4rt o6 o?eone ele9 property4n< l4ter try to cl4i? precripti>e e4e?ent& you 4reliely 5oin5 to loe

But i6 you 4re ut uin5 o?eone9 <ri>e4y& you 4reliely to in

poeion e;teni>e ue e4e?ent p4rticul4r&li?ite< in< o6 ue

Principle "or the Other "4y& Too – E4e?ent Tr4>el ith the PropertyA54int Oner

• E;: I6 AP 4cKuire title to !l4c4cre& hich 4 uBect to 4n e4e?ent5i>in5 the oner o6 "hite4cre the ri5ht to ue the <ri>e4y 4cro!l4c4cre& the title AP 4cKuire i uBect to th4t e4e?ent

P45e /0 o6 (+7




• Thi i 4lo true i6 !l4c4cre i uBect to 4 co>en4nt prohiBitin5 thenonrei<enti4l ue o6 the property

o The only 4y AP c4n t4e 6ree o6 thee er>itu<e i to oBtructthe e4e?ent or >iol4te the co>en4nt 6or the t4tutory perio<

• Hoe>er& AP 4lo 4cKuire Benet o6 er>itu<e th4t 4re4ppurten4ntM to !l4c4cre

o Appurten4nt cre4te< to Benet p4rticul4r l4n< the Benetrun 4lon5 ith the title o6 the property into the h4n< o6uBeKuent purch4er 4n< other ucceor

o An e4e?ent 5i>in5 the ol<er o6 !l4c4cre the ri5ht to ?4int4in4n electric line 4cro "hite4cre 5oe to AP hen he 5et title 4ten< o6 t4tutory perio<

A<>ere Poeion o6 Peron4l Property Ch4ttel

• ,ike real property0 after statute of limitations runs you get title for personal property

• 2eller cannot convey a better title then he holds0 which is universally applied with stolen

property

AP usually oesnt *or+ ,ecause it not hel open-notorious

!ona ie purchaser innocent party who purchases property without notice of any

other party7s claim to the title of that property.

Re3le>n M 2e<e7

Reple>in i 4ction 4t l4 hereBy the oner or peron cl4i?in5 thepoeion o6 peron4l 5oo< ?4y reco>er uch peron4l 5oo< here

they h4>e Been ron56ully t4en or unl46ully <et4ine<.M @I# l4=

Ele?ent:o (= P h4 title or ri5ht to poeiono *= property i unl46ully <et4ine<o /= D ron56ully hol< poeion

Is ta;n9 alloe7 n a7>e2se 3ossesson of ;0attels?

• C4li6. rule noo Societ of %alif. 0ioneers v 7aker (88+: ron56ul poeor ?4y

not 4<< the ti?e o6 poeion o6 hi pre<eceor to hi onpoeion

Dico>ery Rule > <e?4n< ruleNY M 7e<an7 26le

• R6leB CoA 6or reple>in 454int the 5oo<164ith purch4er o6 4 tolench4ttel 4ccrue hen the true oner ?4e <e?4n< 6or return o6 thech4ttel 4n< the peron in poeion o6 the ch4ttel re6ue to return it

• DKe2ent 26le a33les f n 3ossesson of t0efB in th4t c4e& %oLrun 6ro? ti?e o6 the6t& e>en i6 the property oner 4 un44re o6 thethe6t 4t the ti?e it occurre<

P45e /8 o6 (+7




Gu55enhei? Foun< >. LuBell: Pl4inti ?ueu? 4 true oner o6 p4intin54n< ou5ht reple>in o6 p4intin5 th4t 4 hel< By <e6en<4nt ho purch4e< it6ro? 4 54llery ?ueu? <i< not noti6y 4ny other ?ueu? or 4uthoritie.De6en<4nt h4< to 5i>e it to the ?ueu? un<er #e -or rule

• Hel<: T0e t<n9 of t0e <6se6<s 7e<an7 fo2 t0e 9o6a;0e an7Ds 2ef6sal to 2et62n t a2e t0e onl 2ele>ant fa;to2s nassessn9 t0e <e2ts of t0e Stat6te of (<tatons 7efense

• Hel<: Alt0o690 Ds So( a296<ent fals, 0e2 ;ontenton t0at t0e<6se6< 77 not e@e2;se 2easonable 7l9en;e n lo;atn9 t0e3antn9 ll be ;ons7e2e7 b t0e T2al 679e n t0e ;onte@t of0e2 la;0es 7efense

Roner >. Unite< %t4teB Hun54ri4n e cl4i? th4t their property tolen 6ro?the Hun54ri4n 5ol< tr4in 4n< l4ter eie< By the U% 4 i<enti4Ble 4n<houl< Be returne<.

Hel7B PlantKs ;annot ;2;6<>ent t0e Stat6te of (<tatonst02o690 t0e ;ontn6n9 >olaton 7o;t2ne, b6t t0e fa;ts of t0e;ase 32esent t0e Co62t t0 a set of ;2;6<stan;es t0at

a22ant e6table tolln9 of t0e l<tatons 3e2o7. Taen as t26e, t0s <aes o6t a ;la< fo2 52ea;0 of I<3le7*n*

a;t Cont2a;t of 5al<ent

• Contn6n9 olaton Do;t2ne not 4pplic4Bleo 4 cl4i? hich i otherie preclu<e< Bec4ue it i B4e< on

con<uct hich 64ll outi<e the li?it4tion perio< ?4ynonethele Be coni<ere< ti?ely i6 there i 4 uBt4nti4lne;uM Beteen th4t con<uct 4n< the con<uct occurrin5 ithinthe li?it4tion perio<

o Uu4lly in>oe< in conte;t o6 Title ,II or e?ploy?ent<icri?in4tion 4ction here %oL i/77 <4y

Continuin5 >iol4tion <octrine ?4y Be nece4ry in thi

conte;t to protect e?ployee 6ro? e?ployer repri4l& orBec4ue <icri?in4tion i 4 erie o6 ?inor 4ct hichonly Beco?e 4pp4rent 4 they 4<< up

• E6table tolln9 <octrine 4pplie:o R6le: 4llo P9 to ue 46ter e;pir4tion o6 4pplic4Ble %oL&

pro>i<e< they h4>e Been pre>ente< 6ro? <oin5 o <ue toineKuit4Ble circu?t4nceM

o Ue< in itu4tion here cl4i?4nt h4 4cti>ely purue< u<ici4lre?e<ie throu5h <e6ecti>e ple4<in5 <urin5 t4tutory perio<& orhere co?pl4in4nt h4 Been in<uce< or trice< By 4<>er4ry9?icon<uct into 4lloin5 <e4<line to p4

o %upre?e Court tet: th4t Pl4inti ere in<uce< or trice< Bythe Go>ern?ent9 con<uct into 4lloin5 the lin5 <e4<line top4.M

P9 4lle5e U% Go>. continue< to ron56ully cl4i? propertyon Gol< Tr4in uni<enti4Bleunreturn4Ble P9 4lo 4lle5eGo>. turne< <e46 e4r on P9 reKuet 6or in6o 4Bout theirproperty

Here& <icultie 64ce< By O9 couple< ith 64ct th4t 5o>.houl< not Benet 6ro? it on ?icon<uct ET 4pplie

P45e 7 o6 (+7




o 52ea;0 of <3le7*n*fa;t ;ont2a;t of bal<ent: to t4teuch 4 cl4i?& cl4i?4nt ?ut ho ?utu4lity o6 intent tocontr4ct& oer 4n< 4ccept4nce& 4n< th4t the ocer hoecon<uct i relie< upon h4< 4ctu4l 4uthority to Bin< the5o>ern?ent in contr4ct.M

"here Go>. (= 4ccepte< P9 property noin5 it 4

their *= ne>er cl4i?e< to Be oner /= too poeion intent to return to oner = tore< 4n< 5u4r<e< 6orthi purpoe 2= in<ic4te< throu5h con<uct it oul< Bereturne< to ri5ht6ul oner then += 64lely cl4i?e<property uni<enti4Ble cl4i? 6or ! o6 IiF 3 o6 !

N M 7s;o>e2 26le =ne o2 s0o6l7 0a>e non• CA <ico>ery rule By t4tute

o /1ye4r li?it on 4ction 6or t4in5& <et4inin5 or inurin5 4ny 5oo<or ch4ttel& inclu<in5 4ction 6or pecic per6or?4nce: The CoAin the c4e o6 the6t .. o6 4ny 4rticle o6 hitoric4l& interpreti>e&

cientic or 4rtitic i5nic4nce i not <ee?e< to h4>e 4ccrue<until the <ico>ery o6 the here4Bout o6 the 4rticle By the455rie>e< p4rty& hi or her 45ent& or the l4 en6orce?ent45ency hich ori5in4lly in>eti54te< the the6t.M

• 87s;o>e2 26le:B the t4tute o6 li?it4tion co??ence to run Y6ro?the <4te pl4inti ne or houl< h4>e <ico>ere< th4t he uere< 4ninury or i?pin5e?ent& 4n< th4t it 4 c4ue< By the pro<uct or 4ct o64nother.9M 7urks v /ushmore< I# (808

o 0a2s0ness oKset b I# reco5nie f2a676lent ;on;eal<ent <octrine: A <e6en<4nt ho h4 By <eceit or 6r4u< pre>ente< 4potenti4l pl4inti 6ro? le4rnin5 o6 4 c4ue o6 4ction c4nnot t4e4<>4nt45e o6 hi ron5<oin5 By r4iin5 the t4tute o6 li?it4tion

4 4 B4r to pl4inti9 4ction.M• Deter?inin5 <ue <ili5ence

o in the conte;t o6 4 reple>in 4ction 6or p4rticul4r& uniKue 4n<conce4le< or o6 4rt& 4 pl4inti c4nnot Be 4i< to h4>eY<ico>ere<9 hi c4ue o6 4ction until he le4rn enou5h 64ct to6or? it B4i& hich ?ut inclu<e the 64ct th4t the or 4reBein5 hel< By 4nother 4n< ho& or 4t le4t here& th4t Yother9i.M @(NKeefe case 1 #=

o l4ineM o6 P te?pere< By 64ct th4t <ue <ili5ence ?ut Bee;ercie<

in Autoceph4lou: the recor< e>i<ence J ?4e it cle4rth4t& 4lthou5h the RoC ?4y not h4>e cont4cte< 4ll theor54ni4tion Gol<Ber5 in hin<i5ht oul< reKuire& t too s6bstantal an7 <eann9f6l ste3s& 6ro? the ti?e itrt le4rne< o6 the <i4ppe4r4nce o6 the ?o4ic& tolo;ate an7 2e;o>e2 t0e< J

The eort J t4r5ete< 4t the liely point o6 4le o6 the?o4ic& ere see3n9 an7 ;onsstent t0 t2a7e32a;t;es.M

P45e ( o6 (+7




De6ene

(a;0es =n 7e<an7 ;ases

• De6ene <irecte< 4t concience o6 court 4n< it 4Bility to Brin5eKuit4Ble coni<er4tion to Be4r in the ulti?4te <ipoition o6 thep4intin5

• Tri4l u<5e ill coni<er i6 P <i< not e;ercie re4on4Ble <ili5ence inloc4tin5 the p4intin5 in the conte;t o6 the l4che <e6ene

• Con<uct o6 P 4n< D ill Be rele>4nt to 4ny coni<er4tion o6 thi <e6ene4t the tri4l le>el

• Re?e<y i6 l4che ucce6ul:o I6 ucce6ul& ?i5ht Be 4Ble to eep the p4intin5o Or coul< 5et <4?45e reultin5 6ro? her eepin5 the p4intin5

AcKuiition o6 Ri5ht By PuBlic Ue

T0e P6bl; T26st Do;t2ne

• Hitoric4lly& U.%. court 4llo the 4cKuiition o6 puBlicly one<

e4e?ent 6or ro4< 4n< n4>i54tion purpoe ithout co?pen4tin5the l4n<oner

o Ro4<4y e4e?ent coul< Be 4cKuire< By puBlic ue un<ereither 32es;23ton or <3le7 7e7;aton 7o;t2nes

o E4e?ent 6or n4>i54tion ere reco5nie< 4 to 4ll horel4n<4n< n4>i54Ble 4ter4y @4n< the l4n< un<erne4th= un<er the36bl; t26st 7o;t2ne

#4>i54tion 4 the purpoe PuBlic hin5 ri5ht 4lo ecure< un<er puBlic trut

<octrine L4ter e;p4n<e< to recre4tion4l ue In l4te (877& eort ?4<e to e;ten< puBlic trut <octrine

Beyon< portion o6 Be4ch 4Bo>e hi5h1ti<e lineDe7;atn9 a ne ease<ent o>e2 e@stn9 32>ate ease<ent M tan9

o "hen the 5o>ern?ent 4uthorie 4 per?4nent& puBlic e4e?ent4cro pri>4te l4n<& it contitute 4 t4in5 th4t reKuire utco?pen4tion to the in<i>i<u4l oner

• Opinion o6 the utice @PuBlic Ue o6 Co4t4l !e4che= #H:o Althou5h 5ener4l puBlic i c4p4Ble o6 4cKuirin5 e4e?ent By

precription& continuou 4n< uninterrupte< puBlic ue o6 l4n< iinucient to et4Blih e4e?ent i6 oner conente< to ue.

o Deter?in4tion i u<ici4l& not le5il4ti>eo "hen 5o>ern?ent unil4ter4lly 4uthorie per?4nent& puBlic

e4e?ent 4cro pri>4te l4n<& thi contitute t4in5 reKuirin5 utco?pen4tion.

o Le5il4ti>e reco5nition o6 puBlic e4e?ent in <ry 4n< 4re4&Mloc4te< Beteen hi5h 4ter ?4r hich er>e< 4 Boun<4ry toco4t4l puBlic trut 4re4 4n< interection o6 Be4ch 4n< hi5h5roun<& 4 t4in5 o6 pri>4te property o6 oner o6 l4n< 4<4cent topuBlic trut 4re4& in >iol4tion o6 t4te t4in5 cl4ue& 4 <ry 4n<

P45e * o6 (+7




4re4M h4< not Been 4cKuire< By t4te throu5h precripti>ee4e?ent. Cont. Pt. (& Art. (*.

EKe;t of P6bl; T26st Do;t2ne

• Go>t9 4Bility to <i>ert horel4n< 4n< n4>i54Ble 4ter4y reource intopri>4te h4n< i li?ite<

o Unle 5o>. e;plicitly e;tin5uihe puBlic trut 4n< <oe o to6urther trut purpoe& the tr4n6eree t4e the property uBect tothe trut

Ot0e2 States A332oa;0es to NH 5ea;0 Ease<ent P2oble<B

• N Do;t2neB the puBlic trut ?4y e;ten< to <ry 4n< Be4che 4re4on4Bly nece4ry 6or recre4tion4l purpoe& reectin5 the i<e4 th4tthe trut <octrine i ;e< or t4tic @Aathe=s v 7a Head Improvement

#ssNn< # (80=• OR upre?e court in>oe< <octrine o6 ;6sto<a2 290ts – B4e< on

ue 6ro? ti?e i??e?ori4lMo

All <ry 4n< 4re4 o6 OR9 oce4n Be4che 4re uBect tocuto?4ry ri5ht 6or puBlic ue& ince Europe4n ettlercontinue< 4Bori5in4l cuto?

lon9*;ontn6e7 6se o2 3ossesson s e>7en;e of a

ttle pre>iouly 5r4nte< But no lot @lost*92ant t0eo2

• Be6ore puBlic recor<& lo o6 <ee< 4 notunco??on

• in ocietie l4cin5 liter4cy& cere?onie r4ther th4nritten <ocu?ent ere ue< to tr4n6er propertytitle

o Court pointe< out th4t thi <octrine 4>oi< the nee< to liti54tepuBlic ri5ht on 4 tr4ct1By1tr4ct B4i 4n< pro>i<e uni6or?

tre4t?ent o6 OR9 oce4n16ront l4n<• I<3le7 De7;aton Do;t2ne: I6 4 l4n<oner h4 not <one 4nythin5

4Bout puBlic ue o6 4 Be4ch 6or the t4tutory perio<& court ill 4yth4t the l4n<oner 45ree< to 5i>e thi to the puBlic. @Thi i e>i<enceo6 4n i?plie< 5r4nt.= VI<4ho p. (08

Pol;B

• Roe& 3he %omed of the %ommons1

o Ro4< 4n< n4>i54Ble 4ter4y houl< Be puBlic Bec4ue the ?orepeople ho en545e in ;o<<e2;e the e4lthier ociety Beco?e

o Co??erce pl4y 4n i?port4nt so;alLn9 f6n;ton& hich also

a33les to 2e;2eaton L4 h4 4l4y pro>i<e< puBlic 4cce to o?e 4re4Bec4ue in the 4Bence o6 the oci4liin5 4n< oci4Ble4cti>itie th4t 4re per6or?e< on inherently puBlic property&the puBlic i 4 h4pele ?oB hoe ?e?Ber neither tr4<enor con>ere nor pl4y But only 5ht.M

P45e / o6 (+7




Current Contro>erie re C4pture& ConKuet 4n< PrecriptionDoctrine

• C4pture <octrine& 4lon5 ith 64ctory hin5& h4 le< to critic4l<epletion o6 oce4n9 reource

• Ri5ht to l4n< t4en 6ro? #orth A?eric4n triBe un<er <ico>ery 4n<conKuet <octrine& 4 ell 4 By 6r4u< 4n< tre4ty ?4nipul4tion& 4reincre4in5ly contete< By <ecen<4nt eein5 return o6 l4n< 4n<co?pen4tion

o #4ti>e A?eric4n Gr4>e Protection 4n< Rep4tri4tion Act o6 (887reKuire ?ueu? to return 4cre< oBect 4n< oBect o6cultur4l p4tri?ony to 4 <irect line4l <ecen<4nt o6 the oner& orto 4 triBe th4t c4n ho the oBect 4 one< or controlle< Bythe triBe& unle the ?ueu? c4n ho it oBt4ine< the oBectith the >olunt4ry conent o6 4n in<i>i<u4l or 5roup th4t h4<4uthority to 5i>e uch conent

P45e o6 (+7




P2o3e2t R90ts n C2eat>e Wo2s an7H6<an Tss6e

Ri5ht o6 PuBlicityIn #ene2al

• Ori5in4te< in (82/ in #- B4eB4ll tr4<in5 c4r< c4e

• Ri5ht o6 puBlicity protect 4 peron9 interet in the co??erci4le;ploit4tion o6 her n4?e& liene 4n< i<entity

o Reco5nie< >i4 t4tuteco??on l4 in 4Bout 27 o6 t4teo One ho 4ppropri4te the co??erci4l >4lue o6 4 peronW

i<entity By uin5 ithout conent the peronW n4?e& liene& orother in<ici4 o6 i<entity 6or purpoe o6 tr4<e i uBect toli4Bility 6or the relie6 4ppropri4te un<er the rule t4te< in ZZ0

4n< 8.M @Z+: Restate<ent of Unfa2 Co<3etton=• C4li6. reco5nie t4tute 4n< CL CoA

o C4li6orni4 Ci>il Co<e pro>i<e ue o6 4nother9 n4?e& >oice&i5n4ture& photo5r4ph& or liene 6or 4<>ertiin5 ellin5ithout conent h4ll Be li4BleMVliene nee< not Be i<entic4lor photo5r4phic

o CL CoA: CoA: (= D9 ue o6 P9 i<entity *= 4ppropri4tion o6 P9n4?e or liene to D9 4<>4nt45e& co??erci4lly or otherie/= l4c o6 conent = inury

• "h4t the ri5ht o6 puBlicity c4n <o:o Gi>e e>ery peron the ri5ht either to pre>ent or to per?it 6or 4

6ee the ue o6 hi or her i<entity in 4n 4<>ertie?ent to help ello?eone9 pro<uct• "h4t the ri5ht o6 puBlicity c4nnot <o:

o Pre>ent o?eone9 n4?e in ne reportin5o Pre>ent the ue o6 i<entity in 4n un4uthorie< Bio5r4phyo Pre>ent ue o6 i<entity in 4n entert4in?ent p4ro<y or 4tire

• The only in< o6 peech i?p4cte< By the ri5ht o6 puBlicity ico??erci4l peech – 4<>ertiin5 – not ne& not torie& notentert4in?ent 4n< not 4tire or p4ro<y

Wen7t ;aseB

• CA CC:o "hite roBot not 4 lieneM un<er thi Z But court hel< open

poiBility ?4niin ?ol<e< to precie 6e4ture& or one th4t 4c4ric4ture or Bore i?preion4Ble ree?Bl4nce to P& ?i5ht Beliene 6or t4tutory purpoe

o He2e, the <e5ree to hich thee roBot ree?Ble& c4ric4ture&or Be4r 4n i?preionitic ree?Bl4nce to 4ppell4nt i there6orecle4rly ?4teri4l to 4 cl4i? o6 >iol4tion o6 CC Z//M

• CA CL:

P45e 2 o6 (+7




o D9 4r5ue 5ure 4ppropri4te only i<entitie o6 %heers

ch4r4cter& to hich P4r4?ount on copyri5ht& 4n< th4t4ppell4nt ?4y not cl4i? 4n 4ppropri4tion o6 i<entity By relyin5on in<ici4& uch 4 the Cheer !4r et& th4t 4re the property o6&or licenee o6& 4 copyri5ht onerM

o !ut P9 4r5ue it i the phyic4l liene to [P9\& not

P4r4?ount9 ch4r4cter& th4t h4 co??erci4l >4lue to Hot.Mo Court: An 4ctor or 4ctre <oe not loe the ri5ht to control the

co??erci4l e;ploit4tion o6 hi or her liene By portr4yin5 4ction4l ch4r4cter.M

Tri4Ble iue o6 64ct re: hether the <e6en<4nt 4reco??erci4lly e;ploitin5 the liene o6 the 5ure to"en<t 4n< R4tenBer5er inten<in5 to en5en<er prot totheir enterprieM

Co3290t >s. RoPo Wen7tB ;la<s a2e not 32ee<3te7 b fe7e2al ;o3290t la.

Iss6es of <ate2al fa;t e@st ;on;e2nn9 t0e 7e92ee to 0;0t0e 2obot a2e le t0e a33ellants.o 8leet v %7S1 hol< 4n 4ctor ?4y not Brin5 4ction 6or

?i4ppropri4tion un<er Z// hen the only cl4i?e<e;ploit4tion i <itriBution o6 the 4ctor9 per6or?4nce in 4copyri5ht ?o>ie

o "en<t P9 here not eein5 to pre>ent P4r4?ount 6ro?e;hiBitin5 Cheer

"en<t: An 4ctor or 4ctre <oe not loe the ri5ht tocontrol the co??erci4l e;ploit4tion o6 hi or her lieneBy portr4yin5 4 ction4l ch4r4cter.M

Ho fa2 7oes t0e RoP e@ten7?• E>on9 t0e <a9e of a ;eleb2t @%arson v HereNs Johnn 0ortable

3oilets& +th Cir (80*=o Court hel< ue o6 phr4e Here9 ohnny&M cloely 4oci4te<

ith co?e<i4n C4ron 6or ?uch o6 hi c4reer& inten<e< to e>oehi i?45e 4n< 4ppropri4te it 6or co??erci4l purpoe:

i6 the celeBrity9 i<entity i co??erci4lly e;ploite<& thereh4 Been 4n in>4ion o6 hi ri5ht hether or not hi n4?eor lieneM i ue<M

• I<taton of a 3e2sons >o;e @Aidler v 8ord Aotor %o< 8th Cir (800=o For< >iol4te< in5er9 RoP By hirin5 in5er to per6or? Do -ou

"4nt to D4nceM in >oice 4n< tyle inten<e< to oun< lie !ette

$i<ler "hen 4 <itincti>e >oice o6 4 pro6eion4l in5er i i<ely

non 4n< i <eliBer4tely i?it4te< in or<er to ell 4pro<uct& the eller h4>e 4ppropri4te< h4t i not their.M

56t RoP 26ns nto J2st a<en7<ent 2oa7blo;s

o Dutin Ho?4n9 ri5ht not >iol4te< hen LA Ti?e $454ineuperi?poe< hi 64ce on the Bo<y o6 4 6e?4le ?o<el @HoDmanv %apital %ities)#7%& 8th Cir *77(=

P45e + o6 (+7




ABent cle4r 4n< con>incin5 e>i<ence the ?454ine 4cte<ith 4ctu4l ?4lice& the portr4y4l 4 entitle< to 6ullprotection un<er the Firt A?en<?ent

C2t;s<"endt 3oini Dient: ProBle? lie ith "hite9 eepin5 t4n<4r<

• %t4te court li?it RoP to n4?e>oice64cei5n4tureo 4 copyri5ht hol<er c4n 5ener4lly 4>oi< uin5 4ny o6 thee

t4n5iBle ele?ent in e;ploitin5 it copyri5ht• "hite <eciion e;plo<e< RoP to inclu<e 4nythin5 th4t Brin5 the

celeBrity to ?in<M ine>it4Ble o Bro4< 4n< ill1<ene< 4 property ri5htill trench on the ri5ht o6 the copyri5ht hol<er

o "hen portr4yin5 4 ch4r4cter ho 4 portr4ye< By 4n 4ctor& iti i?poiBle to recre4te the ch4r4cter ithout e>oin5 thei?45e o6 the 4ctor in the ?in< o6 >ieer.M

To 4>oi< thi& pro<ucer ill h4>e to c4t ne 4ctor holoo 4n< oun< >ery <ierent 6ro? the ol< one

Goo<ill 4oci4te< ith ol< ho i lot 4rtitic 6ree<o?o6 riter 4n< pro<ucer i cr4?pe<

Is t0e2e a 290t of 36bl;t afte2 7eat0?

• YesB The ri5ht o6 puBlicity& e;ploite< <urin5 li6eti?e& i inherit4Ble 4t<e4th @4lvis 0resle IntNl Aemorial 8ound v %ro=ell< T# App (80'=

o "hen people in>et in their n4?ei?45e <urin5 li6e& they cre4te4n 4et th4t houl< Be tr4n6er4Ble 4t <e4th lie 4ny other4et

To 4llo other to ?4e 6ree ue o6 the n4?e or i?45e46ter <e4th oul< Be unut enrich?ent

• NoB !el4 Lu5oi9 li6eti?e ri5ht to e;ploit 64?e 4n< liene 6or

co??erci4l purpoe <i< not ur>i>e hi <e4th @-ugosi v ;niversal0ictures< C4l (8'8=

o Court trouBle< By unBoun<e< n4ture o6 cl4i?e< ri5ht "here oul< line Be <r4nQ I <r4in5 uch 4 line ithin the cope o6 u<ici4l

4uthorityQo T0s le7 to CC F&444.1 =o>e226ln9 Lugosi v Universal

Pictures=& hich e;ten< RoP '7 ye4r 46ter <e4th I#: (77 yr 3-: 27 yr #,: 27 yr

R90t of P6bl;t an7 t0e 2st A<en7<ent

•

43" %orp. v Jireh 0ublishing& +th Cir *77/: 4rtit p4inte< $4ter o6Au5ut4&M inclu<in5 Ti5er "oo<o Hel<: @(= ue o6 4thleteW tr4<e?4re< n4?e 4 nonin6rin5in5

64ir ue @*= 4thleteW i?45e 4 not protecte< 4n< @/= print 4entitle< to Firt A?en<?ent protection.

F4ct th4t e;prei>e ?4teri4l 4re ol< <oe not <i?inih<e5ree o6 protection to hich they 4re entitle< un<er FirtA?en<?ent

P45e ' o6 (+7




Firt A?en<?ent protection 4or<e< to li?ite< e<itionprint o6 p4intin5 By port 4rtit& <epictin5 pro6eion4l5ol6erW tourn4?ent >ictory& tru?pe< 4thleteW interet inhi i?45e un<er Ohio co??on l4 ri5ht o6 puBlicity.

• %omed III 0roductions Inc v +ar Saderup< C4l *77(o Hel7: ori5in4l <r4in5 o6 Three %too5e repro<uce< in

litho5r4ph 4n< on T1hirt not s6;entl t2ansfo2<at>e toenoy Firt A?en<?ent Protection th4t oul< outei5h heir9ri5ht o6 puBlicity

@(= hen 4n 4rtit i 64ce< ith 4 ri5ht o6 puBlicitych4llen5e to hi or her or& he or he ?4y r4ie 44r?4ti>e <e6ene th4t the or i protecte< By the FirtA?en<?ent in4?uch 4 it cont4in i5nic4nttr4n6or?4ti>e ele?ent or th4t the >4lue o6 the or<oe not <eri>e pri?4rily 6ro? the celeBrityW 64?e

o Lienee o6 <ece4e< ?e?Ber o6 co?e<y 4ct& 4 repro<uce<on T1hirt 4n< litho5r4ph 6ro? ch4rco4l <r4in5 o6 thoe

celeBritie& cont4ine< no i5nic4nt tr4n6or?4ti>e or cre4ti>econtriBution o 4 to Be entitle< to Firt A?en<?ent protectionin 4ction un<er puBlicity ri5ht t4tute By re5itere< oner o64ll ri5ht in co?e<y 4ct 454int 4rtit ho <re the lienee4n< ol< the T1hirt 4n< litho5r4ph 6or co??erci4l 54in.

56t see S4cchini > %cripp Ho4r<• Hel7B The Firt 4n< Fourteenth A?en<?ent <o not i??unie the

ne ?e<i4 6ro? ci>il li4Bility hen they Bro4<c4t 4 per6or?erWentire 4ct ithout hi conent& nor <oe the Contitution pre>ent 4%t4te 6ro? reKuirin5 Bro4<c4ter to co?pen4te per6or?er.

o The ri5ht o6 e@;l6s>e ;ont2ol o>er the puBlicity 5i>en to hiper6or?4nceM 4i< to Be uch 4 >4lu4Ble p4rt o6 the Benet

hich ?4y Be 4tt4ine< By hi t4lent 4n< eortM th4t it 4entitle< to le54l protection

o P <i< not 4B4n<on hi ri5ht By per6or?in5 4t Ge4u54 CountyF4ir5roun<

o Bro4<c4t o6 P9 entire per6or?4nce& 6nle 6na6t0o2Le7 6se

of anot0e2s na<e, 9oes to t0e 0ea2t of Ps ablt toea2n a l>n9

o RoP pro>i<e econo?ic incenti>e 6or per6or?er to ?4ein>et?ent reKuire< to <o hi 4ct

Copyri5ht

Co3290t Cla6seThe con5re h4ll h4>e the poer J to pro?ote the pro5re o6 cience4n< ue6ul 4rt& By ecurin5 6or li?ite< ti?e to 4uthor 4n< in>entor thee;clui>e ri5ht to their repecti>e ritin5 4n< <ico>erie.M –;S %onst. art IOB cl. B

Pri?4 F4cie Copyri5ht In6rin5e?ent

Ele?ent:

P45e 0 o6 (+7




• (= Th4t P on 4 >4li< copyri5ht

• *= Th4t D copie< ori5in4l ele?ent o6 P9 copyri5hto test: 4n 4>er45e l4y oBer>er oul< reco5nie the 4lle5e< copy

4 h4>in5 Been 4ppropri4te< 6ro? the copyri5hte< orM 4uthor c4nnot copyri5ht 64ct or i<e4 only 4pect o6

the or – ter?e< Ye;preion Y – th4t <ipl4y the t4?po6 the 4uthor9 ori5in4lityMo pectru?:

cene 4 64ire – toc cene 4n< h4cneye< ch4r4ctertype – 4re i<e4M 4n< not copyri5ht4Ble

4 plot Beco?e ?ore <et4ile< 4n< ch4r4cter ?ore<e>elope< cro line into e;preionM protecte<

O>er>ie

P623ose an7 D62aton of Co3290t

• Purpoe: Copyri5ht cl4ue inten<e< to Be the en5ine o6 6reee;preion.M

• Go4l:o (= pro?otion o6 le4rnin5:o *= protection o6 puBlic <o?4ino /= 5r4ntin5 o6 e;clui>e ri5ht to 4uthor

• The 4uthor9 onerhip i in the copyri5ht 4n< not in the or itel6

• D62atonB $ot copyri5ht 6or or cre4te< 46ter (8'0 l4t 6orli6eti?e o6 4uthor '7 ye4r

o Dur4tion h4 Been e;ten<e<& ?ot recently in (880 @%onny !ono4ct=& 4<<in5 *7 ye4r to the ter? o6 e;itin5 copyri5ht

• in copyri5ht l4& the B4l4nce Beteen the Firt A?en<?ent 4n<Copyri5ht i preer>e< J By the 7eae@32esson 7;0oto< 4n< the

7o;t2ne of fa2 6seMW0at a2e 3ossble ;osts of nf2n9e<ent?

• Any prot you ?4e 6ro? the in6rin5e?ent 4re 64ir 54?e

• The Bur<en i on D to ho h4t net re>enue i 4 oppoe< to GRRe<e7esInunctionQ

• %COTU%: #o preu?ption o6 irrep4r4Ble inury hen 4lle5e< in6rin5erh4 Bon41<e 64ir ue <e6ene

• Further& ?onet4ry h4r? th4t c4n Be re?e<ie< throu5h <4?45e ]irrep4r4Ble

%copeCopyri5ht Act o6 (8'+ e;p4n<e< cope 6ro? 4ll ritin5 o6 4n 4uthorM to;e<:

• (= liter4ry or *= ?uic4l or /= <r4?4tic or = p4nto?i?e4n< choreo5r4phic or 2= pictori4l& 5r4phic 4n< culptur4l or +=?otion picture 4n< 4u<io>iu4l or '= oun< recor<in5 0=4rchitectur4l or

• Co3290t an7 Co<36te2s

P45e 8 o6 (+7




o 8th Cir hel< in Aai v 0eak th4t lo4<in5 copyri5hte< o6t4re into4 co?puter9 RA$ contitute 4 ;4tion

o Thu& 4nythin5 tore<& or >iee<& on 4 co?puter i uciently;e< to Be 5i>en copyri5ht protection

• Re9st2aton s not ne;essa2 to oBt4in copyri5ht protection& hiche;it 6ro? the ti?e the or i cre4te< hoe>er proper 4pplic4tion inece4ry to Brin5 4n 4ction 6or in6rin5e?ent @<oe not ?e4n you h4>eto recei>e it= 4n< pro>i<e other 4<>4nt45e o6:

o PuBlic recor< o6 copyri5htcertic4te o6 re5itr4tiono Allo copyri5ht hol<er to oBt4in 6ro? Cuto? %er>ice notice o6

i?port4tion o6 4rticle th4t 4ppe4r to Be copie o6 the oro Re5itere< or ?4y Be eli5iBle 6or t4tutory <4?45e 4n<

4ttorneyW 6ee in ucce6ul liti54tion.o Fin4lly& i6 re5itr4tion occur ithin 2 ye4r o6 puBlic4tion& it i

coni<ere< pri?4 64cie e>i<ence in 4 court o6 l4.o (' U% CZZ+7*1+7/: copyri5ht oner ?4y reKuet Cuto? to

eie in6rin5in5 copie

o (8 C.F.R. Z(//./(: Cl4i? to copyri5ht ?4y Be recor<e< ithCuto? 6or i?port protectiono (8 U%C Z(//'@4=@(=@!=: U% Intl Tr4<e Co??iion ill or to top

i?port4tion o6 4rticle th4t in6rin5e 4 >4li< 4n< en6orce4BleUnite< %t4te 3atentM

It9 che4per to en6orce 4 copyri5ht th4n 4 p4tent& Bec4ueyou c4n <o it throu5h the U%& r4ther th4n 4n intern4tion4lBo<y

I<e4E;preion Dichoto?y 4n< Co?pil4tion

Co3290t ;annot 32ote;t an 7ea, onl e@32esson of t0at 7ea

•

Copyri5ht encour45e 4uthor the ri5ht to their ori5in4l e;preion&But encour45e other to Buil< 6reely upon the i<e4 4n< in6or?4tioncon>eye< By the or.M

• Hol<in5 4n in6rin5er li4Ble in copyri5ht 6or copyri5htin5 the e;preiono6 4nother9 i<e4 <oen9t i?pe<e (A Bec4ue puBlic purpoe h4 Beener>e< – puBlic 4lre4<y h4 4cce to the i<e4 or concept

• A ne 4uthor ?4y ue or <icu the i<e4& But ?ut <o o uin5her on ori5in4l e;preion

T06s, 7ea*e@32esson 7;0oto<Co 3290t A;t of 1/+" 7eJnes a ;o3290table ;o<3laton to 0a>et02ee 7stn;t ele<entsB

4= the collection 4n< 4e?Bly o6 pree;itin5 ?4teri4l& 64ct& or <4t4

B= the election& coor<in4tion& or 4rr4n5e?ent o6 thoe ?4teri4lc= the cre4tion& By >irtue o6 the p4rticul4r election& coor<in4tion& or

4rr4n5e?ent& o6 4n 8o29nal: or o6 4uthorhip ?ut 4ti6y ori5in4lity reKuire?ent

• reKuire only th4t 4uthor ?4e election or4rr4n5e?ent in<epen<ently 4n< th4t it <ipl4y o?ele>el o6 cre4ti>ity

P45e 27 o6 (+7




• Threhol< i e;tre?ely lo e>en 4 li5ht 4?ount illuce& no ?4tter ho cru<e& hu?Ble or oB>iouM

• Ori5in4lity <oe not i5n4l no>elty& 4 or ?4y Beori5in4l e>en thou5h it cloely ree?Ble other oro lon5 4 the i?il4rity i 6ortuitou& not the reult o6copyin5

• %ee 8eist 0ublications< Inc. v. /ural 3elephone Service %o.: The r4 <4t4in 4 phone Boo <oe not 4ti6y the reKuiite cre4ti>ityori5in4lityreKuire?ent i6 ut lit it 4lph4Betic4lly cre4tor o6 the phoneBooc4nnot reco>er <4?45e 6or copyri5ht in6rin5e?ent 454int other hocopy the ?4teri4l 1 ;o3290t 2ea27s o29nalt, not eKo2t

Co3290t 32ote;ton t0n t0 ;o<3latons

• notitht4n<in5 4 >4li< copyri5ht& 4 uBeKuent co?piler re?4in 6reeto ue the 4ct cont4ine< in 4nother9 puBlic4tion to 4i< in prep4rin5 4co?petin5 or& o lon5 4 the co?petin5 or <oe not 6e4ture the4?e election 4n< 4rr4n5e?entM

o thi i conitent ith the purpoe o6 copyri5ht

pri?4ry oBecti>e i not to re4r< 4uthor9 l4Bor But topro?ote pro5re o6 cience 4n< ue6ul 4rt

thu& copyri5ht 4ure 4uthor the ri5ht to their ori5in4le;preion But encour45e other to Buil< 6reely upon thei<e4in6or?4tion in the or @fa;te@32esson <ichoto?y=

In;l6son of P2e>o6sl P6bls0e7 Wo2s n Ele;t2on; Databases

• *G 3imes v 3asini *77(: Copyri5ht Act (' U%C Z*7(@c= cre4te 4preu?ption th4t the 4uthor o6 4 or ho h4 conente< to it incluionin 4 collecti>e or or co?pil4tion h4 4lo 5r4nte< the oner o6 thecopyri5ht in the collecti>e or the pri>ile5e o6 repro<ucin5 4n<<itriButin5 the contriBution 4 p4rt o6 th4t p4rticul4r collecti>e or&4ny re>iion o6 th4t collecti>e or 4n< 4ny l4ter collecti>e or in the

4?e erieM

Function4l Ite? ] copyri5ht

• Retriction on copyri5ht : c4nnot copyri5ht 6unction4lMue6ul ite?.o Copyri5ht Act <ene ue6ul 4rticleM 4 one h4>in5 4n intrinic

utilit4ri4n 6unction th4t i not ?erely to portr4y the 4ppe4r4nce o6the 4rticle or to con>ey in6or?4tion. An 4rticle th4t i nor?4llyp4rt o6 the ue6ul 4rticle i coni<ere< 4 ue6ul 4rticle.M (' U%CZ(7(

o Con92ess e@;l67e7 6sef6l a2t;les f2o< 2eal< of ;o3290te;cept hen& 4n< only to the e;tent th4t uch <ei5n

incorpor4te [4rtitic\ 6e4ture th4t c4n Be i<entie< ep4r4tely6ro?& 4n< 4re c4p4Ble o6 e;itin5 in<epen<ently o6 the utilit4ri4n4pect o6 the 4rticle.M

• Se3a2ablt Test : For 4 ue6ulM ite? to Be copyri5ht4Ble it ?ut<ee?e< th4t the oBect h4 4<<ition4l cre4ti>e or Beyon< it B4ich4pe. The tet 6or cre4ti>ity i hether the 4rticle h4 pictori4l& 5r4phic&or culptur4l 6e4ture th4t 4re ep4r4Ble 6ro? it utilit4ri4n 6unction.

P45e 2( o6 (+7




Thee 6e4ture ?ut Be 4Ble to e;it in<epen<ently 6ro? the 4rticle96unction 4n< <e?ontr4te ?ini?4l le>el o6 cre4ti>ity 4n< ori5in4lityM

o unle the h4pe o6 4n 4uto?oBile& 4irpl4ne& l4<ie9 <re& 6oo<proceor& tele>iion et& or 4ny other in<utri4l pro<uct cont4ino?e ele?ent th4t& phsicall or conceptuall c4n Be i<entie< 4ep4r4Ble 6ro? the utilit4ri4n 4pect o6 the 4rticle& the <ei5n

oul< not Be copyri5hte< un<er the Bill.M

o so a familiar shape can by copyrightable only if it creative beyond the basis shape

and must not be functional part !which is not copyrightable"

• O<<on Pro<uct& Inc. >. O?4n: court uphel< copyri5ht oce9 <eni4l o63oohM B4ll Bec4ue it 4 4 64?ili4r h4pe 4n< t4ctile propertie ereinep4r4Ble 6ro? it utilit4ri4n 6unction

o S0a3e it i not ?erely th4t the 3OO%H B4ll 4ppro;i?4te 4

phere& it i 4lo th4t there i not enou5h 4<<ition4lcre4ti>e or Beyon< the oBect9 B4ic h4pe to 4rr4nt 4copyri5htM there i no copyri5ht4Ble 4uthorhip inpro<ucin5 uch 4 64?ili4r h4peM

o Ta;tlt

• the <ei5n o6 4 ue6ul 4rticle h4ll Be coni<ere< 4pictori4l& 5r4phic or culptur4l or only i6& 4n< only to thee;tent th4t& uch <ei5n incorpor4te pictori4l& 5r4phic orculptur4l 6e4ture th4t 4n Be i<entie< ep4r4tely 6ro?&4n< 4re c4p4Ble o6 e;itin5 in<epen<ently o6& the utilit4ri4n4pect o6 the 4rticle.M

not 4n 4Bue o6 <icretion 6or CO to r4n t4ctile Ku4litie o6

3OO%H B4ll 4 <epen<ent on& 4n< inep4r4Ble 6ro?& theutilit4ri4n 6e4ture o6 the B4ll

Doctrine o6 F4ir Ue @4r?4ti>e <e6ene=

@Ar?4ti>e De6ene= cont4in e;ception on copyin5 6or purpoe o6critici?& co??ent& ne reportin5& te4chin5& chol4rhip& or ree4rcho E;ception 4llo l4ter 4uthor to ue 4 pre>iou 4uthor9 copyri5ht to

intro<uce ne i<e4 or concept to the puBlico a;to2s n 7ete2<nn9 fa2 6se a2eB

o (= purpoe 4n< ch4r4cter o6 the ue A= co??erci4l or nonprot – not <eter?in4ti>e But

i?port4nt• TestB "hether the uer t4n< to prot 6ro?

e;ploit4tion o6 the copyri5hte< ?4teri4l ithoutp4yin5 the cuto?4ry price

!= 4lo loo 4t hether hi5hly tr4n6or?4ti>e @4<<o?ethin5 ne=

• TestB "hether the ne or ?erely upere<ethe oBect o6 the ori5in4l cre4tion& or inte4< 4<<

P45e 2* o6 (+7




o?ethin5 ne& ith 4 6urther purpoe or <ierentch4r4cter& 4lterin5 the rt ith ne e;preion&?e4nin5 or ?e45e

o *= n4ture o6 the copyri5hte< or hier4rchy o6 protection in hich ori5in4l& cre4ti>e or

4re 4or<e< 5re4ter protection th4n <eri>4ti>e or or64ctu4l co?pil4tion

o /= 4?ount 4n< uBt4nti4lity o6 the portion ue< in rel4tion to thecopyri5hte< or 4 4 hole 4n<

o = eect o6 the ue upon the potenti4l ?4ret 6or or >4lue o6 thecopyri5hte< or

$ut coni<er not only the e;tent o6 ?4ret h4r? c4ue<By the p4rticul4r 4ction o6 the in6rin5er& But 4lo hetherunretricte< 4n< i<epre4< con<uct By D oul< reult in4<>ere i?p4ct on potenti4l ?4ret

• The only h4r? to <eri>4ti>e th4t nee< concernu J i the h4r? o6 ?4ret uBtitution.M

o

%untrut !4n >. Hou5hton $iîn Co?p4ny: De6en<4nt puBlihe< p4ro<yo6 Gone ith the "in<& hich pl4inti ho hol< the copyri5ht o6 theori5in4l Boo 4n< ue< ch4r4cter& rel4tionhip& plot ele?ent& 4n<>erB4ti? <i4lo5ue. Inunction i li6te< Bec4ue ?i5ht Be protecte< un<er64ir ue <octrine: hile it i 4 co??erci4l pro<uct it i tr4n6or?4ti>ep4ro<y <oe not nee< to t4e ut 4 B4re 4?ount 6ro? ori5in4l 4n< oul<not h4r? the ?4ret

o A la; of 22e3a2able n62 to S6nt26st, to9et0e2 t0 2st

A<en7<ent ;on;e2ns 2e9a27n9 ;o<<ent an7 ;2t;s< an7t0e lel0oo7 t0at a fa2 6se 7efense ll 32e>al, <aen6n;t>e 2elef <32o3e2

$i4ppropri4tion 4n< Co??on1L4 Un64ir Tr4<eDoctrine

• "or not protecte< By copyri5ht ?4y Be protecte< By <octrine o6<sa332o32aton 4n< 6nfa2 ;o<3etton

• Intl *e=s Svc v #0 (8(0: 4r?in5 iu4nce o6 inunction pre>entin5I#% 6ro? copyin5 Bulletin 6ro? AP 4n< reellin5 the? on B4i o6un64ir co?petition:

o Hel7B In 4 court o6 eKuity& here the Kuetion i one o6 un64irco?petition& i6 th4t hich the co?pl4in4nt h4 4cKuire< 64irly 4tuBt4nti4l cot ?4y Be ol< 64irly 4t uBt4nti4l prot& 4co?petitor ho i ?i4ppropri4tin5 it 6or the purpoe o6<ipoin5 o6 it to hi on prot 4n< to the <i4<>4nt45e o6co?pl4in4nt c4nnot Be he4r< to 4y th4t it i too 6u5iti>e ore>4necent to Be re54r<e< 4 property

Thi >ie <oe not 5i>e co?pl4in4nt the ri5ht to?onopolie the ne& But only potpone p4rticip4tion Byco?pl4in4nt9 co?petitor in the procee o6 <itriBution4n< repro<uction o6 ne th4t it h4 not 54there<& 4n<only to the e;tent nece4ry to pre>ent th4t co?petitor

P45e 2/ o6 (+7




6ro? re4pin5 the 6ruit o6 co?pl4in4nt9 eort 4n<e;pen<iture& to the p4rti4l e;cluion o6 co?pl4in4ntM

o !ut eKuit4Ble relie6 i not conne< to th4t cl4 o6 c4e re54r<in5 ne 4 the ?ere ?4teri4l 6ro? hich thee

to co?petin5 p4rtie 4re en<e4>orin5 to ?4e ?oney&4n< tre4tin5 it& there6ore& 4 Ku4i property 6or thepurpoe o6 their Buine Bec4ue they 4re Both ellin5 it4 uch& <e6en<4nt9 con<uct <ier 6ro? the or<in4ryc4e o6 un64ir co?petition in tr4<e princip4lly in thi th4t&inte4< o6 ellin5 it on 5oo< 4 thoe o6 co?pl4in4nt& ituBtitute ?i4ppropri4tion in the pl4ce o6?irepreent4tion& 4n< ell co?pl4in4nt9 5oo< 4 iton.M

%sa332o32aton n ot0e2 ;onte@ts

• $uic 4n9t protecte< By copyri5ht until the (8'7& o court ue<?i4ppropri4tionun64ir co?petition to protect it

• Leon: thee co??on1l4 <octrine o6 ?i4ppropri4tion 4n< un64ir

co?petition 4re 4>4il4Ble to help protect yourel6 e>en hen nooB>iou l4 e;it to protect you

Intellectu4l Property& CyBerp4ce 4n< the Di5it4l$illenniu? Copyri5ht Act

• chool o6 thou5ht re: property 4n< cyBerp4ceo (= too ?uch property

too <icult& i6 not i?poiBle to police internet ue copyri5ht 4or< too ?uch cre<it to the Y4uthor9 hoe

or i the pro<uct o6 contriBution 6ro? ?4ny ourceo *= too little property

cre4tor& puBliher 4n< <itriButor ill Be 4ry o6electronic ?4retpl4ce unle the l4 pro>i<e the? thetool to protect their property 454int un4uthorie< ue

lieie& the puBlic ill not ue the er>ice 4>4il4Ble 4n<5ener4te the ?4ret nece4ry 6or ucce unle 4 i<e>4riety o6 or 4re 4>4il4Ble un<er eKuit4Blere4on4Ble

TC 4n< the inte5rity o6 thoe or i 4ure<• DC$A 4tte?pt to trie B4l4nce Beteen copyri5ht oner 4n<

internet uer 4n< to li?it the i?p4ct o6 ne copyin5 techniKue oncopyri5ht hol<er

o ReKuire I%P to t4e <on content once notie< o6 copyri5ht>iol4tio

Enfo2;eablt of Co3290ts n Cbe2s3a;e

• #A /ecords v *apster *77(: court uphel< inunction 454int #4pteron 5roun< it >iol4te< Copyri5ht Act By 4lloin5 uer to <onlo4<copyon5 ithout conent o6 4rtit or recor<in5 co?p4nie

Pee2*toPee2 le S0a2n9

P45e 2 o6 (+7




• RIAA ue< *+( in<i>i<u4l 4ccue< o6 <onlo4<in5 ?uic ettle< + 4o6 *77/ 4t cot o6 N/&777 per <e6en<4nt

Cbe232a; 6st a77e7 to (an0a< A;t

• L4nh4? Act: (2 U%C Z((*2@<=: CyBerpir4cy Pre>ention

• =1=A A peron h4ll Be li4Ble in 4 ci>il 4ction By the oner o6 4 ?4r&inclu<in5 4 peron4l n4?e hich i protecte< 4 4 ?4r un<er thiection& i6& ithout re54r< to the 5oo< or er>ice o6 the p4rtie& th4tperonV

o = h4 4 B4< 64ith intent to prot 6ro? th4t ?4r& inclu<in5 4peron4l n4?e hich i protecte< 4 4 ?4r un<er thi ection4n<

o = re5iter& tr4c in& or ue 4 <o?4in n4?e th4tV =I in the c4e o6 4 ?4r th4t i <itincti>e 4t the ti?e o6

re5itr4tion o6 the <o?4in n4?e& i i<entic4l orcon6uin5ly i?il4r to th4t ?4r

=II in the c4e o6 4 64?ou ?4r th4t i 64?ou 4t the

ti?e o6 re5itr4tion o6 the <o?4in n4?e& i i<entic4l orcon6uin5ly i?il4r to or <iluti>e o6 th4t ?4r or

=III i 4 tr4<e?4r& or<& or n4?e protecte< By re4on o6 ection '7+ o6 Title (0 or ection **727+ o6 Title /+.

/yperspace 0 omain &ames Kremen v Cohen 3th /ir

• P Bou5ht %e;.co? D Cohen ent I%P letter 4yin5 P 54>e up ri5ht toe;.co? I%P turne< <o?4in o>er to D

Hel7B $2e<en 0a7 an ntan9ble 32o3e2t 290t n 0s 7o<anna<e, an7 a 62 ;o6l7 Jn7 t0at ISP 82on9f6ll 7s3ose7 of: t0at290t to 0s 7et2<ent b 0an7n9 t0e 7o<an na<e o>e2 to Co0enG ;on>e2son

Intan9ble P2o3e2t Con>e2sono Calf. 26leB Do?4in n4?e& thou5h int4n5iBle& 4re property 4n< thu

uBect to con>erion. C4li6orni4 <oe not 6ollo the trict reKuire?entth4t 4n int4n5iBle Be ?er5e< into 4 <ocu?ent& 4n< 4 <o?4in n4?e ithere6ore protecte< By C4li6orni4 con>erion l4.

o Restate<entT2a7tonal R6le =2e62n9 <e29e2 nto a

7o;6<ento @(= "here there i con>erion o6 4 <ocu?ent in hich int4n5iBle ri5ht

4re ?er5e<& the <4?45e inclu<e the >4lue o6 uch ri5ht.o @*= One ho eecti>ely pre>ent the e;ercie o6 int4n5iBle ri5ht o6 the

in< cuto?4rily merged in a document i uBect to 4 li4Bility i?il4rto th4t 6or con>erion& e>en thou5h the <ocu?ent i not itel6con>erte<.

o %omment a1 A <ocu?ent i 4 ch4ttel 4n< i& there6ore& itel6 the uBecto6 property J The <ocu?ent ?4y& hoe>er& e?Bo<y 4 peron4loBli54tion or the title to 4 ch4ttel repreente< By it. Thu& hen By the4ppropri4te rule o6 l4& the ri5ht to the i??e<i4te poeion o6 4

P45e 22 o6 (+7




ch4ttel 4n< the poer to 4cKuire uch poeion i repreente< By 4<ocu?ent& uch <ocu?ent i re54r<e< 4 eKui>4lent to the ch4ttelitel6.

o An int4n5iBle i ?er5e<M in 4 <ocu?ent hen& By the4ppropri4te rule o6 l4& the ri5ht to the i??e<i4te poeion o64 ch4ttel 4n< the poer to 4cKuire uch poeion i

represented by [the\ <ocu?ent&M or hen 4n int4n5iBleoBli54tion [i\ represented by [the\ <ocu?ent& hich ire54r<e< 4 eKui>4lent to the oBli54tion.M

To establs0 ;on>e2son, P <6st s0o one2s03 o2 290t to

3ossesson of 32o3e2t, 2on9f6l 7s3oston of 32o3e2t an77a<a9es

o P2o3e2t inclu<e e>ery int4n5iBle Benet 4n< prero54ti>euceptiBle o6 poeion or <ipoition. TestB

(= Interet c4p4Ble o6 precie <enitioni= <o?4in n4?e ell1<ene< interet

*= It ?ut Be c4p4Ble o6 e;clui>e poeion or controli= onerhip i e;clui>e in th4t re5itr4nt 4lone ?4e th4t <eciion

/= The put4ti>e oner ?ut h4>e et4Blihe< 4 le5iti?4te cl4i? toe;clui>ity

i= re5iterin5 4 <o?4in n4?e i lie t4in5 4 cl4i? to 4 plot o6 l4n< 4tthe title oce& in6or?in5 other th4t the <o?4in i the re5itr4nt94n< no one ele9

Copyri5ht >. Tr4<e?4r

• Copyri5ht protect ori5in4l or o6 4uthorhip& hile 4 p4tent protectin>ention or <ico>erie. I<e4 4n< <ico>erie 4re not protecte< Bythe copyri5ht l4& 4lthou5h the 4y in hich they 4re e;pree< ?4yBe. A tr4<e?4r protect or<& phr4e& y?Bol& or <ei5ni<enti6yin5 the ource o6 the 5oo< or er>ice o6 one p4rty 4n<<itin5uihin5 the? 6ro? thoe o6 other.

Tr4<e?4r(an0a< A;t: 5i>e 4 eller or pro<uct the e;clui>e ri5ht to re5iterM 4tr4<e?4r 4n< to pre>ent hi or her co?petitor 6ro? uin5 th4t tr4<e?4r.• tr4<e?4r inclu<e 4ny or<& n4?e& y?Bol& or <e>ice& or 4ny

co?Bin4tion thereo6.

O>er>ie

T2a7e<a2B 4llo eller to re5iter 4 tr4<e?4r 4n< prohiBit co?petitor6ro? uin5 it. Policy Behin< tr4<e?4r i th4t they help cuto?er e4ilyi<enti6y 4 Br4n< they 4oci4te ith Ku4lity. They 4llo conu?er to i<enti6ythe ource o6 the pro<uct or Br4n< i??e<i4tely. It 4lo pro?ote co?p4nyth4t pro<uce 5oo< pro<uct Bec4ue other people c4nnot noc o theirpro<uct 4n< re4r< in>et?ent o6 co?p4nie 4n< pre>ent other 6ro?oopin5 in&• DefB A tr4<e?4r i 4 or<& phr4e& y?Bol or <ei5n& or 4 co?Bin4tion

o6 or<& phr4e& y?Bol or <ei5n& th4t i<entie 4n< <itin5uihe

P45e 2+ o6 (+7




the ource o6 the 5oo< o6 one p4rty 6ro? thoe o6 other. A er>ice ?4ri the 4?e 4 4 tr4<e?4r& e;cept th4t it i<entie 4n< <itin5uihe theource o6 4 er>ice r4ther th4n 4 pro<uct.M ;S 0atent)3rademark (@ce

Ele<entsBo %6st be (= <itincti>e r4ther th4n ?erely <ecripti>e& *= 4;e< to

4 pro<uct th4t i 4ctu4lly ol< in the ?4retpl4ce& 4n< /= re5itere<ith the U% P4tent 4n< Tr4<e?4r Oce to Brin5 4ction in 6e<er4lcourt

• Tr4<e?4r <o not h4>e contitution4lly ?4n<4te< ti?e li?ito Certic4te o6 re5itr4tion o6 tr4<e?4r re?4in in 6orce 6or (7

ye4r ?4y Be renee< e>ery (7 ye4r 4 lon5 4 the ?4rre?4in in ue

• Tr4<e?4r 4re protecte< By Both 6e<er4l 4n< t4te l4

• !enet o6 re5itr4tion – Lie copyri5ht& re5itr4tion i not nee<e< tooBt4in 4 tr4<e?4r

o Firt1in1ti?e& <eter?ine< By ue o6 4 <itincti>e ?4r to i<enti6y 4eller9 5oo< or er>ice& <eter?ine priority o6 ri5ht

• Re5itr4tion con6er beneJts inclu<in5:o Contructi>e notice to the puBlic o6 the re5itr4nt9 cl4i? o6

onerhip o6 the ?4ro Le54l preu?ption o6 re5itr4nt9 onerhip o6 the ?4r 4n<

e;clui>e ri5ht to ue the ?4r n4tioni<e on or in connection iththe 5oo<er>ice lite< in the re5itr4tion

o ABility to Brin5 4n 4ction concernin5 the ?4r in 6e<er4l courto Ue o6 the U.%. re5itr4tion 4 B4i to oBt4in re5itr4tion in 6orei5n

countrieo ABility to le the U.%. re5itr4tion ith U.%. Cuto? %er>ice to

pre>ent i?port4tion o6 in6rin5in5 5o<o Ri5ht to ue _ y?Bol& hich ?4y c4rry i5nic4nt <eterrent eect

T$M 4n< %$M ?4y Be ue< to 5i>e notice o6 cl4i? o6onerhip ithout re5itr4tion o6 the ?4r

• tr4<e?4r nee< not Be 6e<er4lly re5itere< 4n< you c4n Brin5 4n 4ctionin t4te court& But to Brin5 4n 4ction in 6e<er4l court it ?ut Be re5itere<

Un32ote;tble %a2s an7 #ene2; (abels

• Genericici<e: l4Bel c4nnot Be protecte< 4 tr4<e?4r

• Tr4<e?4r c4n ?orph into 5eneric l4Bel the tr4<e?4r Beco?eunen6orce4Ble

o E.5. 4pirin& ther?o& ec4l4tor& celloph4ne& hre<<e< he4t

Des;23t>e %a2s• "hether <ecripti>e ter? recei>e tr4<e?4r protection <epen< on

hether they Beco?e uciently i<entie< ith 4 p4rticul4r pro<uct 4to 4cKuire 4 econ<4ry ?e4nin5

o !4n o6 A?eric4 i protecte<o LA 6or lo14lcohol Beer i not

S;an7alo6s %a2s

P45e 2' o6 (+7




• %c4n<4lou& i??or4l or <ecepti>e ?4r 4re not re5itr4Bleo The oeni>ene ?ut Be u<5e< in conte;t 4n< 6ro? the

t4n<point o6 the 5ener4l puBlic• (ld +lor condom %orp 4n< !i5 Pecer !r4n< Both hel< not c4n<4lou

Tr4<e?4r Dilution @FTDA=

$ot tr4<e?4r l4 4i? to pre>ent con6uion 4?on5 conu?er prohiBitue o6 i?il4r ?4r only hen con6uion i liely to occur• b6t T2a7e<a2 7l6ton in>ol>e 4n un4uthorie< ue o6 4notherW

tr4<e?4r on pro<uct th4t <o not co?pete ith& 4n< h4>e littleconnection ith& thoe o6 the tr4<e?4r oner. Dilution i 4 B4i o6tr4<e?4r in6rin5e?ent th4t only 4pplie to 64?ou ?4r.

o Thi 64?ouM tr4<e?4r e>en 0en no ;onf6son s lel to

o;;62 @(2 U%C Z((*2@c=: %uBect to the principle o6 eKuity& the oner o6 4 64?ou

?4r th4t i <itincti>e& inherently or throu5h 4cKuire<<itincti>ene& h4ll Be entitle< to 4n inunction 454int

4nother peron ho& 4t 4ny ti?e 46ter the onerW ?4r h4Beco?e 64?ou& co??ence ue o6 4 ?4r or tr4<e n4?e inco??erce th4t i liely to c4ue <ilution By Blurrin5 or<ilution By t4rnih?ent o6 the 64?ou ?4r& re54r<le o6 thepreence or 4Bence o6 4ctu4l or liely con6uion& o6co?petition& or o6 4ctu4l econo?ic inury.M

A re5itere< ?4r pre>4il o>er 4n unre5itere< ?4r& e>enthou5h the unre5itere< ?4r i 64?ou

o Firt A?en<?ent c4r>e1out 6or: F4ir ue o6 64?ou ?4r By 4nother in co?p4r4ti>e

4<>ertiin5 or pro?otion to i<enti6y co?petin5 5oo< orer>ice

#onco??erci4l ue o6 the ?4r All 6or? o6 ne reportin5 4n< co??ent4ry

Prior to FTDA o>erh4ul& Aosel v F Secret %atalogue hel< TDA 2e62e732oof of a;t6al 7l6ton, 2at0e2 t0an 8<e2e lel0oo7: of 7l6ton no pl4inti only nee< to ho the <e6en<4ntW ?4r i liely to c4ue<ilution.

Hoe>er& the re>iion 4lo re<uce< the uni>ere o6 ?4r 64llin5 un<er itprotection& reKuirin5 th4t ?4r Be n4tion4lly ell non to Ku4li6y 6orprotection 6ro? <ilution.

%econ<4ry $e4nin5

• L4nh4? Act 5i>e ellerpro<ucer e;clui>e ri5ht to re5iterM 4 tr4<e?4r@(2 U%C Z(72*= 4n< to pre>ent hi or her co?petitor 6ro? uin5 th4ttr4<e?4r @(2 U%C Z(((@(==

• I6 conu?er co?e to i<enti6y 4 color ith 4 Br4n< – ?uch lie 4<ecripti>e or< on 4 pro<uct – then it 4cKuire econ<4ry ?e4nin5M@4cKuire< hen in the ?in< o6 the puBlic& the pri?4ry i5nic4nce o6 4pro<uct 6e4ture J i to i<enti6y the ource o6 the pro<uct r4ther th4n thepro<uct itel6M

P45e 20 o6 (+7




o Principle: tr4<e?4r inten<e< to protect thoe ho ue or inten< toue the ?4r to i<enti6y 4n< <itin5uih hi or her 5oo<& inclu<in54 uniKue pro<uct& 6ro? thoe ?4nu64cture< or ol< By other 4n< toin<ic4te the ource o6 the 5oo<& e>en i6 th4t ource i unnon.M@(2 U%C Z((*'=

• %ee 4lo unprotectiBle ?4r @4Bo>e=

Function4lity Doctrine

6n;tonalt 7o;t2neB • 6unction4l 6e4ture c4nnot Be tr4<e?4re<

• Function4lity <octrineM pre>ent tr4<e?4r l4& hich ee to pro?oteco?petition By protectin5 r?W reput4tion& 6ro? inte4< inhiBitin5le5iti?4te co?petition By 4lloin5 pro<ucer to control ue6ul pro<uct6e4ture.

o it i the pro>ince o6 p4tent l4 to encour45e in>ention By 5r4ntin5in>entor 4 ?onopoly o>er ne pro<uct <ei5n6unction 6or 4li?ite< ti?e

• TestB Gener4lly& pro<uct 6e4ture i 6unction4l& 4n< coul< not er>e 4tr4<e?4r& i6 it i (= eenti4l to ue or purpoe o6 4rticle or *= i6 it 4ectcot or Ku4lity o6 4rticle& th4t i& i6 e;clui>e ue o6 6e4ture oul< putco?petitor 4t i5nic4nt nonreput4tion1rel4te< <i4<>4nt45e.

o e.5. i6 e;clui>e ue o6 6e4ture oul< put co?petitor 4t i5nic4ntnon1reput4tion4l <i4<>4nt45e

Test fo2 Nonf6n;tonal Des9ns

• 0#8 S.r.l. v -isa -ighting %orp< S&*G ,'B'1 <ei5ner o6 4ccl4i?e< Do>eMl4?p ecure< u<5?ent 454int i?porter o6 %4nM l4?p

o Do>e l4?p entitle< to protection Bec4ue hi5hly <itincti>e&4ethetic4lly 4ppe4lin5 l4?p& not 4 pre<o?in4ntly 6unction4l

l4?p&M 4n< 64ct th4t D copie< et4Blihe< th4t it tr4<e <re h4<4cKuire< econ<4ry ?e4nin5o the cru; o6 the <octrine o6 econ<4ry ?e4nin5 Yi th4t the ?4r

co?e to i<enti6y not only the 5oo< But the ource o6 thoe5oo<.9

see Q6alte@ > a;obsonBHel7B So<et<es, a ;olo2 ll <eet o27na2 le9al t2a7e<a22e62e<ents, e.9. t02o690 se;on7a2 <eann9. W0en t 7oes so, nos3e;al le9al 26le 32e>ents ;olo2 alone f2o< se2>n9 as a t2a7e<a2.

• no oBection in 8f6n;tonalt: 7o;t2neo the 64ct th4t o?eti?e color i not eenti4l to pro<uct9 ue or

purpoe 4n< <oe not 4ect cot or Ku4lity in<ic4te th4t6unction4lityM <octrine <oen9t cre4te 4Bolute B4r to ue o6color 4lone 4 4 ?4r

• reult er>e the 5o4l o6 T$ l4:o l4 encour45e pro<uction o6 Ku4lity pro<uct 4n< <icour45e

thoe ho hope to ell in6erior pro<uct By c4pit4liin5 onconu?er9 in4Bility Kuicly to e>4lu4te Ku4lity o6 4n ite?oere< 6or 4le

P45e 28 o6 (+7




• R6le: here 4 color er>e 4 i5nic4nt nontr4<e?4r 6unction Jcourt ill e;4?ine hether it ue 4 4 ?4ret oul< per?it oneco?petitor @or 4 5roup= to inter6ere ith le5iti?4te @nontr4<e?4r1rel4te<= co?petition throu5h 4ctu4l or potenti4l e;clui>e ue o6 4ni?port4nt pro<uct in5re<ient

o Thi houl< pre>ent 4ntico?petiti>e coneKuence o6 hich D4rn

Tr4<e1Dre

T2a7e 72essB tr4<e <re c4n Be protecte< un<er 6e<er4l l4• Tr4<e <re tr4<ition4lly re6erre< to the p4c45in5 or l4Belin5 o6 4

pro<uct& But it h4 Been e;ten<e< to the tot4l i?45e o6 the pro<uct&4n< ?4y inclu<e 6e4ture lie ie& h4pe& color& color co?Bin4tion&te;ture or 5r4phic. – ant0n9 0;0 se2>es to 7entf t0e32o76;t ts <an6fa;t62e2 o2 so62;e

o 4 <ei5n or p4c45e hich 4cKuire thi econ<4ry ?e4nin5 i 4tr4<e <re hich ?4y not Be ue< in 4ny ?4nner liely to c4ue

con6uion 4 to the ori5in& ponorhip or 4ppro>4l o6 the 5oo<o b6t t0e 3e2son asse2tn9 s6;0 32ote;ton in 4n in6rin5e?ent

4ction ?ut pro>e th4t the ?4tter ou5ht 1 s not f6n;tonalo2 ! 36ts ;o<3etto2s 0a7 a non*2e63taton a7>anta9e

See Tr4; De>ice& Inc. >. $4retin5 Dipl4y& Inc:• pl4inti hel< e;pire< utility p4tent 6or <u4l prin5 <ei5nM 6or ro4<

i5n 4n< cl4i?e< th4t <e6en<4nt in6rin5e< on it tr4<e <reVcourthel< th4t it 4 not protecte< un<er tr4<e <re Bec4ue pl4inti coul<not o>erco?e the tron5 in6erence o6 6unction4lity: the <ei5n pro>i<eue6ul ?ech4ni? to reit in< 6orce

o (2 U%C ((*2@4=@/=: b627en on 3a2t asse2tn9 32ote;ton the peron ho 4ert tr4<e <re protection h4 the Bur<eno6 pro>in5 th4t the ?4tter ou5ht to Be protecte< i not6unction4l.M

A utility p4tent i tron5 e>i<ence th4t the 6e4turetherein cl4i?e< 4re 6unction4l. I6 tr4<e <re protection iou5ht 6or thoe 6e4ture the tron5 e>i<ence o66unction4lity B4e< on the pre>iou p4tent 4<< 5re4tei5ht to the t4tutory preu?ption th4t 6e4ture 4re<ee?e< 6unction4l until pro>e< otherie By the p4rtyeein5 tr4<e <re protection.M

• C4n <o o By hoin5 th4t it i ?erely 4n orn4?ent4l& inci<ent4l& or4rBitr4ry 4pect o6 the <e>ice.M

o

56t 0e2e, In thi c4e& Beyon< er>in5 to in6or? conu?er re:$DI9 ?4nu64cture& the <u4l1prin5 <ei5n pro>i<e 4 uniKue4n< ue6ul ?ech4ni? to reit the in<

o Thu & the <u4l1prin5 <ei5n i not 4n 4rBitr4ry ourih in thecon5ur4tion o6 $DI9 pro<uct it i the re4on the <e>ice orM

P4tent

P45e +7 o6 (+7




Patent (a P2ote;tonB /2 U%C Z(7(:• "hoe>er in>ent or <ico>er 4ny ne 4n< ue6ul proce& ?4chine&

?4nu64cture& or co?poition o6 ?4tter& or 4ny ne 4n< ue6uli?pro>e?ent thereo6& ?4y oBt4in 4 p4tent there6or& uBect to thecon<ition 4n< reKuire?ent o6 thi title.M

• P4tent l4 5r4nt in>entor the ri5ht to pre>ent other 6ro? ?4in5& uin5or ellin5 the in>entor9 in>ention or <ico>ery 6or 4 li?ite< perio< o6 ti?e

• To be el9ble fo2 a 3atent, an n>enton <6st beB

o (= no>elo *= ue6ulo /= nonoB>iou in n4ture

!r4o< Intent:o In chooin5 e;p4ni>e ter? lie ?4nu64ctureM 4n< co?poition

o6 ?4tterM Con5re pl4inly conte?pl4te< th4t p4tent l4 oul<Be 5i>en i<e cope

o (82* 4ct ch4n5e< >ery little le5il4ti>e hitory in6or? u Con5reinten<e< t4tutory uBect ?4tter to inclu<e 4nythin5 un<er the

un th4t i ?4<e By ?4nM• E;ception th4t 4re not p4tent4Ble

o L4 o6 n4tureo Phyic4l pheno?en4o ABtr4ct i<e4

T02ee <an t3es of 3atentsB1 Utlt 3atents

• Iue< 6or 4ny ne 4n< ue6ul ?4chine& ?4nu64cture& proce orco?poition o6 ?4tter

• Ter?: *7 ye4r 6ro? <4te on hich p4tent 4pplic4tion 4 le<o I6 p4tent not iue< ithin three ye4r 6ro? <4te o6 lin5 p4tent

?4y Be e;ten<e< ( <4y 6or e4ch <4y o6 <el4y Beyon< the / ye4rperio<

• %ee DIA$O#D > CHA3RA!ART-

• Hel<: T0e 3atentee 0as 32o76;e7 a ne ba;te26< t0 <a2e7l7Ke2ent ;0a2a;te2st;s f2o< an fo6n7 n nat62e an7 one 0a>n9t0e 3otental fo2 s9nJ;ant 6tlt. Hs 7s;o>e2 s not nat62es0an7o2 b6t 0s on a;;o27n9l t s 3atentable s6be;t<atte2 6n7e2 F1-1.

! Des9n 3atents4. Iue< 6or 4ny ne& ori5in4l 4n< orn4?ent4l <ei5n 6or 4n ite? o6

?4nu64cture

i. it i only the 4ppe4r4nce th4t i protecte< 4n< not the 4ctu4lte?

B. Ter?: ( ye4r 6ro? <4te the p4tent iue/= Plant 3atents

4. Iue< 6or 4ny ne 4e;u4lly repro<ucin5 pl4ntB. Ter?: *7 ye4r 6ro? <4te on hich p4tent 4pplic4tion 4 le<

i. I6 p4tent not iue< ithin three ye4r 6ro? <4te o6 lin5 p4tent ?4y Be e;ten<e< ( <4y 6or e4ch <4y o6 <el4y Beyon<the / ye4r perio<

P45e +( o6 (+7




No 3atent te2< s 2eneable p4tente< in>ention 4re 4>4il4Ble 6orpuBlic ue ooner th4n copyri5hte< or

Patent P2ote;ton

• p4tent 5r4nt ri5ht to pre>ent 4ll other 6ro? ?4in5& uin5 or ellin5the p4tente< pro<uct or proce

• other ri5hto pre>ent other 6ro? in<ucin5 <o?etic in6rin5e?ento pre>ent other 6ro? ellin5 co?ponent 6or 4e?Bly o6 the

p4tente< in>ention 4Bro4<o pre>ent other 6ro? i?portin5 into the Unite< %t4te 4rticle

?4nu64cture< ith 4 p4tente< proce• p4tent 4ppe4l h4n<le< e;clui>ely in 6e<er4l circuit

Possi,le to get a ,usiness patent0 but not easy because patents are not for abstract ideas

• 3ilski v. 8appos ,

2upreme ourt affirmed decision denying a patent to the claimed

invention of a business method by which sellers of commodities in the energy market can

hedge against the risk of price changes. 9machine or transformation test is not the sole

test of patentability0 and that this particular claimed invention was not patentable because

it was merely an abstract idea. #he primary concern is that patents on business methods

may prohibit a wide swath of legitimate competition and innovation.

o utice 6oun< you houl< Be 4Ble to p4tent o?e Buine?etho< ?ention technolo5y 4n< 4y court ill not cloe <ooron p4tentin5 Buine ?etho<

Court <ecline< to ?4e h4r<14n<164t rule But 4i< it illBe tou5h to ho thi

Property Ri5ht in Hu?4n TiueP2o3e2t 290ts n 06<an tss6e

4 Rule: In CA& 4 <octor h4 4 <uty to <icloe the e;tent o6 hiree4rch 4n< econo?ic interet in 4 p4tient9 Bo<y p4rt. Ree4rchinteret 4re inclu<e< in in6or?e< conent. Hoe>er& hu?4n Bo<yp4rt 4re not property uch th4t they ?4y Be con>erte<.

• Aoore v. /egents of the ;niversit of %alifornia:

acts: Moore !&" underwent treatment for hairy cell leukemia at 1, Medical enter. *octors!*" removed his spleen with his consent0 but then used the spleen for research purposes0 and

collected biological materials from which they produced a marketable cell line all without

Moore(s consent. #he 4egents0 Moore(s doctor0 and researcher patented the cell line and planned

to split the proceeds of commercial development. Moore sued physician and 1al for failing to

disclose pree%isting research and for his economic interest in the cells.

"ssue: *oes Moore(s complaint state a cause of action

P45e +* o6 (+7




5oling: <es and no. #he complaint states a cause of action for breach of the physician(s

disclosure obligations0 but not for conversion

• In olicitin5 p4tientW conent to ?e<ic4l tre4t?ent& phyici4n h4<uci4ry <uty to <icloe 4ll in6or?4tion ?4teri4l to p4tientW <eciion@inclu<in5 hi on n4nci4l t4e=

• Phyici4n ?ut <icloe peron4l interet unrel4te< to p4tientWhe4lth& hether ree4rch or econo?ic& in oBt4inin5 p4tientW conent to?e<ic4l tre4t?ent& th4t ?4y eect phyici4nW pro6eion4l u<5?entphyici4nW 64ilure to <icloe uch interet ?4y 5i>e rie to c4ue o64ction 6or per6or?in5 ?e<ic4l proce<ure ithout in6or?e< conent orBre4ch o6 <uci4ry <uty.

• P4tient hoe e;tr4cte< cell ere utilie< in ree4rch pro5r4? to?4nu64cture p4tente< cell line <i< not h4>e c4ue o6 4ction un<ertheory o6 con>erion p4tient <i< not ret4in onerhip interet in cell6olloin5 their re?o>4l& t4tutory l4 <r4tic4lly li?ite< p4tientWcontrol o>er e;cie< cell 4n< p4tente< cell line 4 Both 64ctu4lly 4n<

le54lly <itinct 6ro? cell t4en 6ro? p4tientW Bo<y 4n< thu& cell line4 not p4tientW property. Pol;

court <oen9t 4nt to ?4e ci>il li4Bility 6or innocent p4rtie ho4re en545e< in oci4lly ue6ul 4cti>itie @ince con>erion i 4 trictli4Bility tort ?4teri4l 4re routinely <itriBute< to ree4rcherithout their noin5 the e;4ct ource o6 the cell=

There i no <irect 4uthority 6or i?portin5 l4 o6 con>erion to thic4e

• Policy counel 454int uch 4n e;tenion o6 con>erion to co>erhu?4n cell.

• Do not 4nt to pro>i<e <iincenti>e 6or oci4lly ue6ul

ree4rch.• Do not 4nt to li?it pro<uct <e>elop?ent o6 ?e<icine or

ree4rch By cre4tin5 uncert4inty 4Bout le54l title to Biolo5ic4l?4teri4l.

• R4ther th4n e;ten< con>erion& it i ?ore 4ppropri4te to protecte;itin5 <icloure oBli54tion throu5h li4Bility

• The tort o6 con>erion i not nece4ry to protect p4tient9 ri5ht.• ProBle? in thi 4re4 4re Better uite< to le5il4ti>e reolution

/oncurring an issenting (6uge !roussar)

• There i co??on l4 prece<ent to upport $oore9 con>erioncl4i?. A p4tient h4 4 ri5ht to <eter?ine& Be6ore 4 Bo<y p4rt ire?o>e<& the ue to hich the p4rt ill Be put 46ter re?o>4l.

• !re4ch o6 <uci4ry <uty ill not 4l4y e;it in other 64ctu4lettin5. In thee c4e& p4tient ill h4>e no 4y to ee re<reithout 4 cl4i? un<er tort theory o6 con>erion.

• E.5.& i6 p4tient <on4te< cell to 4 ree4rch intitution& then4nother ree4rch intitution tole thoe cell to <o ree4rch –there i no Bre4ch o6 <uci4ry <uty.

P45e +/ o6 (+7




• Un<er ?4ority opinion& p4tient oul< h4>e no cl4i?un<er con>erion.

• $4ority9 hol<in5 ut pre>ent p4tient 6ro? 5ettin5 4ny prot6ro? cell >4lue hile per?ittin5 <e6en<4nt to e;ploit their 6ullecono?ic >4lue.

etermining amages

(a of a;;esson an7 <32o>e2s

A;;esson Do;t2neB I6 you t4e property 4n< l4ter 4<< >4lue to it&the peron ho 4<<e< the >4lue in 5oo< 64ith coul< eep the prot4n< Benet But p4y the ori5in4l oner the >4lue o6 h4t 4 t4en4t the ti?e o6 poeion @i.e. peron t4e 4 c4n>4 6ro? 4nother4n p4int 4 p4intin5. Peron ho p4inte< the p4intin5 coul< eep it4ll 4n< ut p4y the ori5in4l c4n>4 oner the >4lue o6 the c4n>4=

o I?pro>er: hen o?eone& <eliBer4tely or By ?it4e& Buil< 4tructure on o?eone ele9 l4n<

o Reolution in>ol>e rel4ti>e >4lue o6 p4rtie9 contriBution 4n<their 5oo< or B4< 64ith

"h4t i6 B4<164ithQ Then e ?i5ht 4<< puniti>e or ch4n5ethe ?e4ure o6 <4?45e

Once tiue i re?o>e<& <oe it Beco?e propertyQo #IH i??unolo5it hel< li4Ble 6or con>erion 6or poionin5 4 cell line

o6 4 colle45ue

Rule: i6 in the h4n< o6 ree4rcher cle4rly property

4 Rule: The 64ct th4t ne;t o6 in h4>e the e;clui>e ri5ht to poe theBo<ie o6 their <ece4e< 64?ily ?e?Ber cre4te 4 property interet inthe Bo<y& the <epri>4tion o6 hich oul< Be 4 >iol4tion un<er the (thA?en<?ent o6 the Contitution.

*e=man v. Sathavagls=arin1 Dece4e< chil<ren9 corne4 ere re?o>e< Bythe Lo An5ele County Coroner9 Oce @D= ithout notice or conent to thep4rent @P=.ISSUEB Doe the e;clui>e ri5ht o6 64?ily to poe the Bo<ie o6 their<ece4e< 64?ily ?e?Ber ;2eate a 32o3e2t nte2est& the <epri>4tion o6hich ?ut Be 4ccor<e< <ue proce o6 l4 un<er the (th A?en<?entQHE(DB -e. The co??on l4 5r4nt ri5ht to poe& control& <ipoe& 4n<pre>ent the >iol4tion o6 the corne4. C4li6orni4W 4<option o6 the UAGAreco5nie the ri5ht to tr4n6er Bo<y p4rt 6or ree4rch& 4n< to re6ue to 4llothe tr4n6er. Thi c4rrie< ith it the ri5ht to e;clu<e other& hich i the ?oti?port4nt tr4n< o6 property ri5ht. The t4tute protectin5 coroner 4uncontitution4l& Bec4ue it <epri>e< the property interet ithout pro>i<in546e5u4r< uch 4 notic4tion 4n< conent.

P45e + o6 (+7




Co??on l4 ri5ht& co?Bine< ith t4tutory ri5ht un<er C4li6orni4 l4 tocontrol <ipoition o6 their chil<renW Bo<ie& cre4te< in p4rent 4 propertyinteret in the corne4 o6 their <ece4e< chil<ren protecte< By the DueProce Cl4ue o6 the Fourteenth A?en<?ent.

"hile the le5il4ture ?4y elect not to con6er 4 property interet& it ?4ynot contitution4lly 4uthorie the <epri>4tion o6 uch 4n interet& oncecon6erre<& ithout 4ppropri4te proce<ur4l 46e5u4r<.

D6e P2o;ess an7 P2o3e2t

• *e=man court note interet protecte< By DP e;ten< ell Beyon<4ctu4l onerhip o6 re4l et4te& ch4ttel or ?oneyM

• %C h4 5r4nte< property ri5ht 5roun<e< in econo?ic Benetcon6erre< By 5o>ern?ent th4t 4re 46e5u4r<e< By DP:

o "el64re Benet @Gol<Ber5 > 3elly=o Tenure @%lochoer > !o4r< o6 E<uc.=o Di?i4l <urin5 te?r o6 contr4ct @"ie?4n > Up<e5r4=o ProcriBin5 u??4ry <i?i4l 6ro? puBlic e?ploy?ent

• !ut court hel< no DP nece4ry 6or te4cher hire< 6or (1ye4r contr4ctithout tenure or 6or?4l 3 or pro?ie o6 rehire& ho 4 tol< he oul<not Be rehire< @no le5iti?4te cl4i? o6 entitle?ent to Be rehire<M=

W0et0e2 9o>t beneJts ;2eate enttle<ents t0at 2se to le>el of32o3e2t 6n7e2 14t0 A<en7<ent DP 7e3en7s on 7ete2<na; of t0ebeneJt

• I6 t4tute pro>i<e e>eryone ?eetin5 criteri4 i entitle< to Benet 5ener4lly entitle< to DP protection

• I6 t4tute le4>e roo? 6or <icretion in electin5 p4rticip4nt 5ener4lly no DP protection

• %ee "ashington -egal %linic for the Homeless v 7arr DC Cir (88':o A<eKu4te helter un<er DC Ri5ht to O>erni5ht %helter Act not

contitution4lly protecte< property interet Bec4ue Ditrict <i<not h4>e enou5h p4ce to 4cco??o<4te 4ll peron eein5helter 4n< t4tute <i< not peci6y ho p4ce ere to Be4lloc4te<

Co<3ensaton fo2 P2o3e2t Taen b #o>t

• "hen property i t4en By the 5o>ern?ent reKuire< to co?pen4teoner

• "hen o?eone cl4i? co?pen4tion threhol< Q: hether 5o>t h4t4en property 6ro? the cl4i?4nt

o ;S v "illo= /iver 0o=er %o1 poer co ue< 46ter 5o>. <4?c4ue< %t Croi; Ri>er le>el to rie three 6eet 4Bo>e pre>ioule>el& re<ucin5 it 5ener4tion c4p4city

o Held: h4t 4 t4en 4 not property @poer co?p4ny9interet in pree;itin5 hi5h4ter le>el o6 %t. Croi; Ri>er 4 not4 protecte< ri5ht= no co?pen4tion oe<

P45e +2 o6 (+7




ESTATES IN (AND

%'TAT%' "& #A&

I IN #ENERA(

#hese are possessory interests in land. #hey may be presently possessory !present estates"0 or

they may become possessory in the uture !future interests". #hey may be reehols0 which give

possession under legal title or right to hold !fees or life estates"0 or they may be nonreehols0

which give mere possession !leases". )states in land are distinguished from nonpossessory

estates !easements0 profits0 covenants0 and servitudes".

I Estate Plannn9 Cons7e2atons4 3eep it in the 64?ily

i 0er stirpes: <itriBute property 4?on5 hi5het le>el5ener4tion ho 4re till 4li>e

i 0er capita: e>ery <ecen<ent 5et 4n eKu4l h4re4 "ithhol< it until people 4re ?4ture enou5h to ue it properly4 DonWt <itriBute to <e4< people

PRE%E#T PO%%E%%OR- E%TATE%

n )state is an interest in land0 measured by some period of time0 that is or may become

possessory

A O>er>ie: Type o6 et4te @6ro? lon5et to hortet in <ur4tion=( Freehol< et4te @hol<er h4 eien=

i ee s<3le: Et4te th4t h4 potenti4l o6 en<urin5 6ore>erree?Ble 4Bolute onerhip 4n< hol<er o6 6ee i?pleco??only c4lle< oner o6 the l4n<

i ee talB Et4te th4t h4 potenti4l o6 en<urin5 6ore>er& But illnece4rily ce4e i6 4n< hen the rt 6ee t4il ten4nt h4 no

line4l <ecen<4nt to uccee< hi? in poeioni (fe estate: Et4te th4t ill nece4rily en< 4t <e4th o6 4peron

( #on16reehol< et4te @hol<er only h4 poeion& no eien=i (ease0ol7 estateB Et4te th4t en<ure @(= 6or 4ny ;e<

c4len<4r perio<& or @*= 6ro? perio< to perio< until l4n<lor< 4n<ten4nt 5i>e notice to ter?in4te 4t the en< o6 4 perio<& or @/= olon5 4 Both l4n<lor< 4n< ten4nt <eire

P45e ++ o6 (+7




A T0e ee S<3le( C4te5orie o6 6ee i?ple

i Fee i?ple 4Bolutei Fee i?ple <e6e4iBle

( Fee i?ple <eter?in4Ble( Fee i?ple uBect to con<ition uBeKuent

( ee S<3le Absol6te

=ee simple estate of infinite duration; absolute ownership of estate

( O6 potenti4lly innite <ur4tion @hence 6eeM=( #o li?it4tion on it inherit4Bility @hence i?pleM=

( C4nnot Be <i>ete<& nor ill it en< on the h4ppenin5 o6 4nye>ent @hence 4BoluteM=

i Cre4tion:( O con>ey !l4c4cre to À 4n< hi heir`

4 to AM cre4te interet in th4t l4n< to A @=ords of purchase=

4 4n< hi heirM li?it 4n< <ecriBe thi con>ey4nce@=ords of limitation=

4 NotesB A recei>e the 6ull 6ee i?ple 4Bolute& 4n<

hi heir recei>e nothin5. It only ?e4n th4t A icapable o6 tr4n6errin5 to heir. Technic4lly& A h4no heir hile he i li>in5.

( NotesB Co??on l4 or< o6 inherit4nce h4>e Been4Bolihe< in 4ll t4te. #o& it i preu?e< th4t 6eei?ple i inten<e< to p4 By 5r4nt o6 re4l property unleit 4ppe4r leer t4te 4 inten<e< in the 5r4nt

i Alien4Bility:( Fully 4lien4Ble: c4n ell& <i>i<e& or <e>ie it. C4n Be

inherite< intet4te.i Inherit4nce o6 4 6ee i?ple 4Bolute

( He2s: Peron ho uccee< to the re4l property o6 4n

intet4te <ece<ent @o?eone ho <ie ithout 4 ill=un<er 4 t4te9 t4tute o6 <ecent.

4 %ur>i>in5 poue& iue& 4cen<4nt @5r4n<p4rent&p4rent& etc.=

( Iss6e: line4l <ecen<4nt to 4ll <e5ree

P45e +' o6 (+7




( Defeasble ees

=ee simple estates of potentially infinite duration that can be terminated by happening of a

specified event. #here are three kinds:

( Fee i?ple <eter?in4Ble( Fee i?ple uBect to 4 con<ition uBeKuent( Fee i?ple uBect to 4n e;ecutory interet

i ee s<3le 7ete2<nable @4n< poiBility o6 re>erter=

n estate that automatically terminates on the happening of a stated event and goes

back to the grantor. -t is a tool used for controlling land use/ behavior.

( Cre4tion:

4 Ue <ur4tion4l4<>erBi4l l4n5u45e: 6or o lon5 4&hile& <urin5& until.4 E;4?ple: O con>ey l4n< `to A& o lon5 4 no

4lcoholic Be>er45e 4re conu?e< on pre?ie` Ah4 6ee i?ple& o lon5 4 noBo<y <rin onpre?ie. I6 A con>ey to !& he h4 6ee i?ple& olon5 4 noBo<y <rin. I6 A <oe not con>ey 4n<<ie& it ill p4 By ill or intet4cy& ho h4>e 6eei?ple& unle o?eone <rin. Hoe>er& i6 4t 4nyti?e o?eBo<y <rin& O ill Beco?e the oner o6the 6ee i?ple& e>en i6 heW <e4<.

( Alien4Bility:

4 C4n Be con>eye<& But 5r4ntee t4e l4n< uBect toter?in4tion By h4ppenin5 o6 con<ition( Inherit4nce:

4 Tr4n6erre< in 4?e ?4nner 4 6ee i?ple 4Bolute&4 lon5 4 t4te< e>ent h4 not h4ppene<

4 56t, 6ee i?ple re?4in uBect to the li?it4tion no?4tter ho hol<

( Possblt of 2e>e2te2

2ince grantee7s estate may terminate upon breach of a condition0 grantor retains a

possibility of reverter.

4 Gr4ntor <6st e@32essl ret4in 4 poiBility o6re>erter. It i not 4u?e< i6 he 5r4nt 4 6ee i?ple<eter?in4Ble. .

4 Alien4Bility:i At co??on l4: #o tr4n6er inter >i>o or By

ill. Atte?pte< tr4n6er in>4li<& But note;tin5uihe< upon 4tte?pt. Tr4n6erre<throu5h heir.

P45e +0 o6 (+7




i To<4y: in ?ot uri<iction& c4n Betr4n6erre< inter >i>o or By ill 4n<<ecen< to heir i6 5r4ntor <ie intet4te.

• Station #ssociates v. &are: O 5r4nte< l4n< to U% 5o>t. to Beue< 4 li6e5u4r< t4tion. U% 5o>t. then Kuitcl4i?e< the<ee< to D4re County @D=. P 4 ucceor o6 O& 4r5uin5 th4tO 5r4nte< 4 6ee i?ple <eter?in4Ble& not 4 6ee i?ple4Bolute. I6 <eter?in4Ble& the U% 4B4n<one< the property&>iol4tin5 <ee< 4n< poiBility o6 re>erter i e;ercie<. Co62t0ol7s t0at t0e2e <6st be 3lan an7 e@32ess lan96a9eof a 2e>e2son. Thi 4nWt preent here& o it i coni<ere<6ee i?ple 4Bolute.• A ?ere e;preion o6 the purpoe 6or hich the property

i to Be ue< ithout pro>iion 6or 6or6eiture or reentry iinucient to cre4te 4n et4te on con<ition J in uch 4c4e& 4n unKu4lie< 6ee ill p4.M

• Co?p4re ith Etheri<5e c4e @?entione< By court=& inhich Fe< Ct. 4pplie< 6uller intent o6 the p4rtieM re4<in5to 5r4nt the F% <eter?in4Ble uBeKuent <epite e;prel4n5u45e

i ee s<3le s6be;t to ;on7ton s6bse6ent @4n< ri5hto6 entry=

n estate that the grantor retains the right to terminate upon the happening of a

stated event and goes back to the grantor. -t is a tool used for controlling land use/

behavior !more desirable than determinable". $hen condition happens0 estate ofgrantee continues until grantor e%ercises right of entry

( Cre4tion:4 Ue l4n5u45e lie: upon con<ition th4t& pro>i<e<

th4t& But i6& i6 it h4ppen th4t.4 E;4?ple: %4?e e;4?ple 4 ith 6ee i?ple

<eter?in4Ble& But 5r4ntor ret4in ri5ht to enter&r4ther th4n 4uto?4tic re>erion.

( Alien4Bility: %4?e 4 <eter?in4Ble( Inherit4nce: %4?e 4 <eter?in4Ble( R90t of ent2 @44: ri5ht o6 reentry& poer o6

ter?in4tion=

=uture interest retained by grantor when condition subsequent is conveyed.

4 Gr4ntor <6st e@32essl reer>e ri5ht o6 entryin 5r4ntor. Thi 7oes not a6to<at;all 4rieBy 5r4ntin5 con<ition uBeKuent. Gr4ntor c4n

P45e +8 o6 (+7




4i>e the ri5ht By not reenterin5. Hoe>er&in4ction i not 4 4i>er.

4 Alien4Bility:i At co??on l4: not <e>i4Ble or

tr4n6er4Ble inter >i>o. It <i<<ecen< to heir o6 5r4ntor on <e4th.

i To<4y: In ?ot uri<iction& till not4lien4Ble inter >i>o. @In o?e t4te&4n 4tte?pte< tr4n6er <etroy it.= In?ot t4te& they 4re <e>i4Ble in 4llt4te& they <ecen< to heir.

• /ed Hill (uting %lub v. Hammond: O 5r4nte< l4n< to P icluB on con<ition uBeKuent th4t it Be ue< 4 4 ilope. T0e ;o62t 0el7 t0at 0en nte232etn9 a;on7ton s6bse6ent, st2;t nte232etaton s to be6se7, an7 2esol>e all a<b96tes a9anst fo2fet62eof t0e lan7. The court i not reKuire< to i?port?e4nin5 not 4pp4rent on the 64ce o6 the <ee<: it onlyh4< to Be ?4int4ine< 4n< ?4<e 4>4il4Ble 4 4 i 4re4&not 4ctu4lly oper4te<.

i ee s<3le s6be;t to an e@e;6to2 nte2est

1pon the happening of a stated event0 is automatically divested in favor of a third

person rather than the grantor. )%ecutory interests are subject to the 41,)

( E;4?ple: O con>ey l4n< t̀o A church pro>i<e< th4t i6

the pre?ie h4ll e>er ce4e to Be ue< 6or churchpurpoe& title h4ll p4 to the A?eric4n He4rtAoci4tion.`

4 A church h4 4 6ee i?ple uBect to 4ne;ecutory interet in the AHA.

4 O <oe not h4>e 4 ri5ht o6 entry Bec4ue it4nWt e;prely reer>e<

4 AHA i not 4 ri5ht o6 entry Bec4ue th4t c4n onlyBe reer>e< 6or 5r4ntor

4 AHA <oe not h4>e 4 re?4in<er& Bec4ue it<i>et 4 6ee i?ple.

4 There6ore& it i 4n e;ecutory interet

• %it of 0alm Springs v. -iving &esert /eserve: O 5r4nte<n4ture reer>e to City& ith e;ecutory interet in Li>in5Deert Reer>e i6 City <oenWt ue it 6or n4tur4l purpoe.City 4nt to turn into 4 5ol6 coure& 4n< oer topurch4e Li>in5 DeertW interet& But LD re6ue. Citytrie< to con<e?n the property& to in>4li<4te <e6e4iBle 6ee4n< e;ecutory interet o6 LD. They 4r5ue th4t it 44ctu4lly 4 ch4rit4Ble trut& not 4 con<ition uBeKuent e;ecutory interet. Dierent rule 6or trut& th4t oul<

P45e '7 o6 (+7




?4e con<e?nin5 o. Co62t 0el7 t0at t0e e@e;6to2nte2est as ;o<3ensable.

i NotesB( A<>ere poeion: "hen 4 con<ition occur& the hol<er o6 4

poiBility o6 re>erter or e;ecutory interet Beco?e the oner 4n<poeor Beco?e 4n 4<>ere poeor. Title hel< on con<itionuBeKuent <oenWt Beco?e AP until 5r4ntor e;ercie ri5ht o6entry.

( Alien4Bility:4 At co??on l4: For re>erter 4n< reentry& ent to heir 4t

<e4th 4n< ere not 4lien4Ble inter >i>o.4 To<4y: In o?e t4te& 4tte?pt to tr4n6er i i?ply >oi< in

other& it <etroy the interet4 Thi inWt o i?port4nt& Bec4ue ?4ny t4te h4>e cre4te<

%OL 6or entry( Dur4tion:

4 At co??on l4: re>erter 4n< entry h4< potenti4lly unli?ite<<ur4tion& Bec4ue they erenWt uBect to the RULE.E;ecutory interet ere uBect to the RULE.

4 To<4y: In o?e t4te& con<ition e;pire 46ter cert4in perio<&le4>in5 poeor ith 6ee i?ple 4Bolute. In other t4te&co??on l4 rule o6 <ur4tion 4pply& But ?4y reKuirerecor<in5 e>ery o o6ten.

ii Re6or?Q( C4li6orni4 h4 con>erte< 4ll <e6e4iBle 6ee into 6ee i?ple

uBect to con<ition uBeKuent @C4l Ci> Co<e Z002.7(7@4=@*=* C4li6orni4 h4 con>erte< 4ll poiBilitie o6 re>erter 4n<

e;ecutory interet into poer o6 ter?in4tion4 %oL on e;erciin5 poer o6 ter?in4tion i 2 ye4r 46ter

occurrence o6 the con<ition

Retr4int on Alien4tion 4n< Unen6orce4Ble Con<ition

Absol6te 2est2ants on alenaton o6 4 6ee i?ple et4te 4re 6s6all >o7

• <i64>ore< Bec4ue:o (= <icour45e i?pro>e?ent o6 the l4n<o *= pre>ent oner 6ro? ?4in5 l4n< 4>4il4Ble 6or it ?ot

>4lu4Ble ueo /= eep property o the ?4reto = eep oner9 cre<itor 6ro? re4chin5 the l4n< in 4ti64ction

o6 it <eBtPa2tal 2est2ants <a be >al7 i6:

• (= the retr4int h4 4 li?ite< purpoe

• *= the retr4int9 i?p4ct 4n< <ur4tion 4re re4on4Bly li?ite<& e.5.o ri5ht o6 rt re6u4l i6 5r4ntor h4 li?ite< ti?e to e;ercie thi

ri5ht >4li<

P45e '( o6 (+7




o pro>iion li?itin5 tr4n6er o6 4or<4BleM houin5 to peron?eetin5 cert4in inco?ee4lth reKuire?ent >4li<

o con<ition prohiBitin5 tr4n6er to 4nyone other th4n ?e?Ber o65r4ntor9 64?ily >oi<

• De6e4iBle 6ee li?itin5 4lien4Bility By reKuirin5s3e;J;non32oJtable lan7 6ses a2e t3;all >al7

o E.5. ue 6or p4rl4n<& church& chool& i hill& etc.

• !ut con<ition tet4tor <3ose on t0e2 7e>sees a2e <o2e lelto be 0el7 n>al7 @ee 64?ily con<ition=

a<l ;on7tons

• Court in>4li<4te con<ition th4t 5o to people9 Beh4>ior 4n< 4tte?ptto control their Beh4>ior @you 6or6eit property By not <oin5 ;& y 4n< =

o Court 4llo 6or6eitin5 property on re?4rri45e E.5. property 5oe to the i<o o lon5 4 he re?4in

un?4rrie< Thi i O3 Bec4ue you9re tryin5 to upporto?eone ho n< the?el>e in 4 B4< itu4tion

o -ou c4n 5i>e property to o?eone ho 5et <i>orce

!ut the pro>iion i >oi< i6 the court n< it9 inten<e< to?oti>4te o?eone to 5et 4 <i>orce

o R6leB ;o62ts enfo2;e 26les 7es9ne7 to ee3 fa<lesto9et0e2 an7 7ont enfo2;e 26les 7es9ne7 to ee3fa<les a3a2t

Court 4lo s<3at0et; to rule 6orcin5 i< to eeptheir 64?ily9 64ith @e.5. ?4rry ithin the 64ith=

o Court 7ont allo ;on7tons t0at o6l7 32e>ent o6 f2o<9ettn9 <a22e7 in the rt pl4ce @e.5. chil<ren=

• In re /omeroNs 4state #$: 4ncae too l4n< 4 lon5 4 he re?4ine<un?4rrie<& 4n< on too l4n< 4 lon5 4 their ?other <i< not rei<ethere

o I6 pri?4ry purpoe 4 to ep4r4te on 6ro? their ?other >oi<

o I6 pri?4ry purpoe 4 to Benet 4ncae only pro>iionep4r4tin5 ?other 4n< on i >oi<

• Con<ition <ei5ne< to 32e>ent a J2st <a22a9e o2 ;a6se a7>o2;e 4re >o7

• !ut con<ition <ei5ne< to s0ft 32o3e2t one2s03 on <a22a9e

a2e no2<all >al7o %ase v %ase Ar (802: ill 5r4ntin5 on l4n< But 6or6eitin5 it i6

<4u5hter e>er one<poee<t4ye< on the l4n< 6or ?oreth4n ee >oi<

o 7abb v /and $e (8'2: Con<ition th4t 5r4ntee h4ll ne>er <eny4cce or occup4tion o6 l4n< to tet4tor9 other chil<ren >4li<

• %ast v *ational 7ank of %ommerce #e (8'(: court in>4li<4te<con<ition th4t <e>iee or hi chil<ren ?ut occupy et4te 6or *2 ye4ron p4in o6 6or6eiture 4 retr4int on 4lien4tion

o 56t see 8alls %it v Ao 0acic /ail=a 0th Cir (8'(: citycon>eye< l4n< to r4ilro4< o lon5 4 property 4 ue< 4

P45e '* o6 (+7




r4ilro4<9 <i>iion4l he4<Ku4rter r4ilro4< ?o>e< he4<Ku4rter44y

8alls %it court 6oun< thi to Be 4n in>4li< retr4int on4lien4tion r4ilro4< one< property in 6ee i?ple4Bolute

De6e4iBle Fee 4n< Con<e?n4tionE?inent Do?4in• Calfo2na Restate<ent R6le: The oner o6 the <e6e4iBle 6ee

recei>e 4ll the con<e?n4tion procee< unle >iol4tion o6 thecon<ition i i??inent

o thu& h4< the P4l? %prin5 preer>e Been eie< By the t4te 6or4 hi5h4y& the city oul< h4>e h4< to ue the co?pen4tion tocre4te 4n< ?4int4in 4 p4r ith the 4?e n4?e 4n< 6or the4?e purpoe i6 it 4 unillin5 or un4Ble to <o o& 6un< oul<h4>e Been 6or6eite< to the li>in5 <eert reer>e

• OH 26le =Ink v %it of %anton (8+2=o %t4te hy. <ept. con<e?ne< 4ll But +.2 4cre o6 //.2 4re p4r

hel< on con<ition it Be ue< 4 4 p4r in ?e?ory o6 In Co62t 0el7 ;t as enttle7 onl to t0e >al6e of

t0e lan7 as 2est2;te7 to ue 4 4 p4r 4n< uBect to 4con<ition o6 6or6eiture

Ins 0e2s e2e enttle7 to t0e 7Ke2en;e Beteenth4t >4lue 4n< the >4lue o6 the l4n< in 6ee i?ple 4Bolute4n< ret4ine< their poiBility o6 re>erter in the procee<4n< the re?4inin5 4cre o6 the p4r

• R4tion4le: city coul< 5et 4 in<64ll i6 44r<e< the>4lue o6 4 6ee i?ple 4Bolute 4n< it <eer>e< no?ore Bec4ue it h4< not p4i< 6or the l4n<

Dierence A?on5 the De6e4iBle Fee: A<>ere Poeion&Alien4Bility 4n< Dur4tion

#dverse 0ossession

• "hen the con<ition occur& the hol<er o6 4 poiBility o6 re>erter ore;ecutory interet i??e<i4tely 4n< 4uto?4tic4lly Beco?e the onero6 the property in 6ee i?ply 4Bolute& 4n< the poeor Beco?e 4n4<>ere poeor

• !y contr4t& title hel< in 6ee i?ple on 4 con<ition uBeKuent <oen9tch4n5e until the 5r4ntor e;ercie the poer o6 ter?in4tion

• The <ierence here i o6ten 4c4<e?ic& thou5ho

The hol<er o6 the ri5ht o6 entry ho <el4y e;erciin5 the poer6or the t4tute o6 li?it4tion i li4Ble to Be 6oun< to h4>ea>e7 3oe2& or to Be 5uilty o6 la;0es

o Or the t4te h4 en4cte< 4 s3e;al So( th4t 4pplie the 4?eperio< to e;erciin5 4 poer o6 ter?in4tion 4 it <oe toreco>erin5 poeion puru4nt to 4 poiBility o6 re>erter ore;ecutory interet

o %ee Sigh v 0lair @Ar (8'0=: 5r4ntor 4i>e< ri5ht o6 reentry By4itin5 / ye4r 46ter Bre4ch o6 the con<ition th4t 5r4ntee li>e

P45e '/ o6 (+7




o6 the property& 4n< ( ye4r 46ter Bre4ch o6 con<ition th4t5r4ntee note ell or ?ort545e the property

#lienabilit

• Co??on1l4 rule on 4lien4Bility o6 poiBility o6 re>erter 4n< ri5ht o6entry 4re the 4?e: Both p4 on to 5r4ntor9 heir 4t <e4th neither i4lien4Ble inter >i>o

• In ?4ny t4te& thi i no 5o>erne< By t4tuteo In IL& neither interet i 4lien4Ble or <e>i4Bleo $D #C 4llo thee interet to Beco?e 4lien4Ble inter >i>o

4n< <e>i4Ble By ill&urations

• At co??on l4& poiBilitie o6 re>erter poer o6 ter?in4tionret4ine< By 5r4ntor h4< 3otentall 6nl<te7 762aton Bec4uethey ere not uBect to the Rule A54int Perpetuitie

o E;ecutory interet& By contr4t& ere uBect to the RuleA54int Perpetuitie& hich <etroye< the? i6 the con<ition 4not cert4in to occur or Bec4?e i?poiBle ithin *( ye4r& or *(

ye4r 46ter the <e4th o6 4 pecie< peron li>in5 hen the<e6e4iBle 6ee 4 cre4te<• %t4tute in ?4ny t4te h4>e ch4n5e< thi

o IL te2<nates ;on7tons afte2 4- ea2s& le4>in5 hol<er o6<e6e4iBle 6ee ith 6ee i?ple 4Bolute

o #C te2<nates ;on7tons afte2 "- ea2s& But thi ti?e li?it<oe not 4pply to interet hel< By 4 ch4rity or 5o>ern?ent4lBo<y or to interet in oil& 54 or ?iner4l

o In $4ryl4n<& the li?it i &- ea2s

o Other t4te 4pply their 4t ti?e li?it only to interet ret4ine<By the 5r4ntor& le4>in5 the <ur4tion o6 e;ecutory interet to Becontrolle< By the Rule A54int Perpetuitie

• $4ine re4che< 4 i?il4r reult throu5h co??on l4o Aildram v 3o=n of "ells $e (88*: con<ition i?poe< in (872

th4t l4n< Be ue< 6or Ton Houe 4 4tie< By ton9 ueuntil (800:

The <ee< cont4in no re6erence to <ur4tion #othin5 in the l4n5u45e u55et the purpoe 4

perpetu4l ?4inten4nce o6 the Ton Houe <epite 4llch4n5e th4t ?i5ht occur in the ton

• Other t4te continue to 6ollo co??on1l4 <ur4tion4l rule& But it inece4ry to 2e;o27 a not;e of ntent to 32ese2>e t0e nte2est at2e96la2 nte2>als to eep poiBilitie o6 re>erter& ri5ht o6 entry 4n<

e;ecutory interet 4li>eo #-: reKuire recor<in5 *'/7 ye4r 46ter interet i cre4te< re1

recor<in5 e>ery 8 to (7 ye4r there46tero CA reKuire recor<in5 4t /71ye4r inter>4l

• Unfo2< Stat6to2 R6le A9anst Pe23et6tes continue theco??on1l4 <itinction Beteen interet ret4ine< By the 5r4ntor@e;e?pt 6ro? the rule= 4n< e;ecutory interet& hich 4re uBect tothe rule

P45e ' o6 (+7




o !ro4< e;e?ption 6or 6uture interet not cre4te< in <on4ti>etr4n6er

!ut thi ?4y not 4ect ?4ny e;ecutory interet on<e6e4iBle 6ee Bec4ue ?ot 4re cre4te< in <on4ti>etr4n4ction

A ee Tal

n estate that limits inheritance to lineal escenents of the grantee. )state created at common

law to keep land in the family.

( Cre4tion o6 6ee t4il 4t co??on l4i E;4?ple: O con>ey !l4c4cre to A 4n< the heir o6 hi Bo<yM

( Ter? heir o6 the Bo<yM re6er to 5r4ntee9 issue ( Fee t4il 5oe to e4ch uccee<in5 5ener4tion in turn( I6 Bloo< <ecen<4nt o6 ori5in4l 5r4ntee run out& the 6ee

t4il e;pire 4n< property i returne< to ori5in4l 5r4ntor @O&

or O9 heir= in 6ee i?plei NoteB ( Al?ot e>ery t4te h4 <one 44y ith 6ee t4il li6e

et4te<yn4tic trut h4>e uppl4nte< 6ee t4il 4 <e>iceto control inherit4nce

( ProBle? in>ol>in5 6ee t4il to<4y: "hen 4n intru?ent uel4n5u45e th4t oul< h4>e cre4te< 6ee t4il 4t co??on l4&h4t et4te i thereBy cre4te< to<4yQ

Li6e Et4te

n estate that is not terminable at any fi%es or computable period of time0 but can7t last longer

than the life/lives of one or more persons. #hen reverts back to grantor0 or grantor(s estate; or itcan be granted to someone else0 in what is known as a remainer estate. #oday0 this device is

used to set up trusts0 so that trust pays the life tenant income from the property.

( Cre4tion o6 li6e et4te @* in<=i For li6e o6 5r4ntee @con>ention4l=

( $4y Be in<e6e4iBle: ter?in4te onl hen li6e ten4nt <ie( $4y Be <e6e4iBle: <eter?in4Ble& con<ition uBeKuent&

e;ecutory interet4 "oul< ter?in4te Be6ore li6e ten4nt <ie i6 con<ition

i ?eti For li6e o6 4nother

( To 4y to cre4te4 D2e;tB O con>ey !l4c4cre to ! 6or the li6e o6 A. !

i 4 li6e ten4nt pur 4utre >ie. A i the ?e4urin5 li6e4 In72e;tB O con>ey li6e ten4ncy to A& ho then&

con>ey her li6e et4te to !. ! h4 li6e et4te pur4utre >ie. A re?4in the ?e4urin5 li6e.

( In Both c4e& et4te en< on A9 <e4th i6 ! <ie Be6ore A&li6e et4te pur 4utre >ie <ecen< to !9 heir

P45e '2 o6 (+7




*elson v. 0arker : O 5r4nte< li6e et4te to econ< i6e re?4in<er to on6ro? rt ?4rri45e. %on 6ro? rt ?4rri45e trie to ic out i6e&cl4i?in5 you c4nWt reer>e o?ethin5 to o?eone ho i `tr4n5er tothe <ee<` @4rch4ic rule=. Co62t 0ol7s t0at t0e ntent of O as;lea2 to lea>e t to 0s fe fo2 lfe, 2e9a27less of 0o t0e 7ee7as state7. O houl< h4>e ritten `To O 6or li6e& then i6e 6or li6e&

then to D4niel.M R6leB Intent of ll s0o6l7 ;ont2ol n 92antn9 lfeestate4state of Kinert v. 0ennslvania I/S1 O 5r4nte< li6e et4te to 6oterchil<ren& on con<ition th4t they not le4>e pre?ie 6or ?ore th4n +7<4y 4t 4 ti?e. Thi i o& Bec4ue it inWt 4 6ee et4te. I6 it ere 4 6eeet4te& it oul< Be >oi<.4state of Jackson1 O 5r4nte< property to A& But ret4ine< li6e et4te.%he entere< 4 nurin5 ho?e& 4n< hile there& 4 h4il tor? <4?45e<the houe. A <ie<& 4n< inur4nce co?p4ny <itriBute< ?oney to A.!ut then the l4yer ch4n5e< hi ?in<& 4n< <itriBute< ?oney torei<u4ry Beneci4rie. Court hel< th4t oner o6 the houe erenWt<irectly entitle< to inur4nce ?oney& But h4< 4 cl4i? to 4te& o

coul< 5et ?oney 4ertin5 4 cre<itor cl4i?. They 5ot the ?oney.

Alenablt of (fe Estates

• Li6e et4te i 6ully 4lien4Ble unle uBect to 4 >4li< retr4int on4lien4tion

o A li6e ten4nt c4nnot con>ey ?ore th4n he h4 @4n et4te pour4utre >ieM=

• !ut i6 the property c4nnot 5ener4te ucient inco?e to p4y thec4rryin5 ch4r5e or ?4e rep4ir nece4ry to ?4int4in it >4lue& 4

court ?4y e;ercie it eKuit4Ble poer to or<er 4le o6 property topreer>e interet o6 Both the li6e ten4nt 4n< 6uture interet hol<ero 7aker v "eedon $i (8'*: court or<ere< 4le o6 p4rt o6 (2*1

4cre 64r? to pro>i<e 6un< to c4re 6or li6e ten4nt @el<erly 4n< inecono?ic <itre=

Court re?4n<e< c4e to <eter?ine ho ?uch o6 theproperty oul< nee< to Be ol< to 5ener4te 4 6un< th4t& i6in>ete<& oul< pro>i<e 6or the re4on4Ble nee< o6 theli6e ten4nt

Another i?pe<i?ent to 4le 4rie f 2e<an7e2<en 0a>e not etbeen bo2n o2 7entJe7

o I6 court or<er 4le o6 property& the interet o6 unBorn 4n<

uni<entie< 6uture interet hol<er 4re 46e5u4r<e< By 4n or<erth4t the procee< Be hel< in trut 4n< in>ete< to p4y theinco?e to the li6e ten4nt 4n<& on her <e4th& to <itriBute theprocee< to hoe>er i entitle<

• So<et<es lfe tenant 32efe2s l6<3*s6< 7st2b6ton torecei>in5 the inco?e 5ener4te< By the procee< o>er her li6eti?e

o A li6e et4te c4n Be >4lue< By eti?4tin5 the re?4inin5 li6ee;pect4ncy o6 the ten4nt 4n< eti?4tin5 the ?4ret interet

P45e '+ o6 (+7




r4te th4t ill pre>4il o>er the ret o6 the li6e ten4nt9 li6ee;pect4ncy

court uu4lly reluct4nt to or<er lu?p1u? <itriBution&But occ4ion4lly <o o& p4rticul4rly i6 there i o?ein<ic4tion 5r4ntor9 intent oul< not Be 6rutr4te< By uch<ipoition

"4te

• Li6e ten4nt oe cert4in <utie to oner o6 6uture intereto P2ese2>e t0e lan7 an7 st26;t62e n a 2easonable state of

2e3a2 @nee< not ?4e e;pen<iture 6or thi purpoe in e;ceo6 prot& rent or inco?e recei>e< By hi?=

!ut nee< not ?4e e;tr4or<in4ry rep4ir or to reBuil<tructure <4?45e< or <etroye< ithout hi 64ult

o <6st 3a ;a22n9 ;0a29es on property to the e;tent o6 the5ro inco?e& or the 64ir rent4l >4lue i6 he peron4lly occupiethe property

o <6st 3a t0e nte2est on 4ny ?ort545e or other encu?Br4nceto hich the li6e et4te 4n< 6uture interet 4re uBect

not oBli54te< to ?4e p4y?ent on the princip4lo ?ut p4y current t4;e on the propertyo <6st 3a fo2 <6n;3al <32o>e<ents Benetin5 the

property hen the li6e o6 the i?pro>e?ent <oe not e;cee< theproB4Ble <ur4tion o6 the li6e et4te

But here the i?pro>e?ent i o6 4 per?4nent or Ku4i1per?4nent n4ture ?ut Be 4pportione< Beteen onero6 li6e et4te 4n< oner o6 6uture interet

o al62e to 7s;0a29e t0s 76t a<o6nts to 3e2<ss>e

aste li6e ten4nt li4Ble to oner o6 6uture interet

li6e ten4nt 6n7e2 no 76t to <ae e@t2ao27na2 2e3a2s, 2eb6l7st26;t62es 7a<a9e77est2oe7 t0o6t 0s fa6lt, o2 to <ae<32o>e<ents

3in< o6 "4te ol6nta2: aste

o ,olunt4ry 4te reult 6ro? intention4l 4ct o6 li6e ten4nt th4tc4ue uBt4nti4l ch4n5e to >4lue or ch4r4cter o6 the property

Tr4hin5 the houe& trippin5 the top oil& h4r>etin5he4lthy ti?Ber or <epletin5 oil 4n< 54 reer>oir not4lloe<

E@;e3tonB i6 property 4 4lre4<y Bein5 ue< 6or<nn9 o2 ol an7 9as 32o76;ton befo2e ;2eaton oflfe estate& li6e ten4nt entitle< to continue orin5 open?ine 4n< ell But c4nnot open ne one @open ?ine<octrineM=

P45e '' o6 (+7




• Li6e ten4nt c4n 4lo cut oo< 6or reoo<& 6ence4n< other <o?etic ue

• Pe2<ss>e aste

o stems from inaction: the failure of the estate owner to e%ercise reasonable

care to protect

o the estate

A<elo2at>e: o2 8<elo2atn9: asteo hen li6e ten4nt n;2eases t0e >al6e of t0e 32o3e2t By

?4in5 per?4nent ch4n5e in it ue& uBt4nti4lly 4lterin5 ittructure or Buil<in5 4<<ition4l tructure on the property

o li6e ten4nt ?4y ?4e ch4n5e ne;essa2 to 3e2<t

2easonable 6se of t0e 32o3e2t o lon5 4 the >4lue o6 theproperty i not <i?inihe<

no <4?45e& But 6uture interet hol<er ?4y enoin li6eten4nt 6ro? ?4in5 thre4tene< ch4n5e& or ?4y reKuireretor4tion o6 the property to it pre>iou t4te

Re<e7 fo2 aste:• Actu4l <4?45e& puniti>e <4?45e& inunction& or o?e co?Bin4tion

thereo6• Ha6s<ann > Ha6s<annB Puniti>e <4?45e proper ince D

4tte?pte< to ineKuit4Bly <i>et P o6 hi property ri5ht• Hel7B 4n inuction coul< h4>e Been 4ccept4Ble& But ince G 4

uBect to 4ctu4l 4n< puniti>e <4?45e& it 4 not 4n 4Bue o6<icretion. Uphol< puniti>e <4?45e 6or intention4l 4te.

• I6 c4n9t p4y <4?45e For6eiture o6 li6e et4teQo PoiBle pro>i<e< By t4tuteo Altern4te 4ppro4ch: 3o=n of Stratford v Audre CT (88/

Re?4in<er?4n cl4i?e< entire N''&777 urplu 6ro?6orecloure 4le 46ter t4;e cot p4i<& hich h4< Beentri55ere< By li6e ten4nt9 4te

• Court <i45ree<& or<ere< procee< Be pl4ce< in6e<er4lly inure< interet1Be4rin5 4ccount 4n< th4tinteret Be p4i< to li6e ten4nt <urin5 her li6eti?e

• In uri<iction th4t <etroy the li6e ten4ntW interet in the procee<&the court 4re 4ctin5 un<er the 4uthority o6 6or6eiture t4tute.

• In other uri<iction& the li6e ten4ntW 64ilure to p4y t4;e i coni<ere<per?ii>e 4te 4n< not uch 4te 4 oul< contitute 4n 4Bolute6or6eiture o6 the et4te.M J The court th4t <o not i?poe 6or6eiture onthe li6e et4te hol< th4t e>en thou5h the li6e ten4nt h4 co??itte<

4te& the procee< houl< Be pl4ce< in 4 6un< ith interet p4i< tothe li6e ten4nt 4n< the princip4l p4i< to the re?4in<er?4n.M @Audre court=

A Te2< of Yea2s @le4e: ee L4n<lor<1Ten4nt=

P45e '0 o6 (+7




Retr4int on Alien4tion

( !4c5roun<i %t4rtin5 in $i<<le A5e& there 4 4 ?o>e?ent to re?o>e

retr4int on 4lien4tion o6 property.i re4on hy retr4int ere coni<ere< B4<:

( P4rticul4r l4n< ?4y Be un4>4il4Ble 6or it Bet ue( Retr4int ten< to perpetu4te concentr4tion o6 e4lth&

Bec4ue it ?4e it i?poiBle 6or oner to ell the l4n<conu?e the procee< o6 4le

( Retr4int <icour45e i?pro>e?ent o6 l4n<& ince theoner c4nnot ell 4n< prot 6ro? i?pro>e?ent

( Retr4int pre>ent the oner9 cre<itor 6ro? re4chin5 thel4n<

( Type o6 retr4int: Dsabln9 2est2antB One th4t ithhol< 6ro? the 5r4ntee the

poer o6 tr4n6errin5 hi interet o2fet62e 2est2antB Pro>i<e th4t i6 5r4ntee 4tte?pt to

tr4n6er hi interet& it 5et 6or6eite< to o?eone ele P2o<sso2 2est2antB E;tr4ct 4 pro?ie 6ro? 5r4ntee not to

tr4n6er hi ri5ht 4n< reult in contr4ct <4?45e i6 there iuch 4 tr4n6er& inclu<in5 inunction

( Any <irect retr4int on 4 6ee i?ple i >oi<.( Ì 5r4nt you thi property But you h4>e no poer to

ell it. I6 you try to ell it& I 5et it B4c.`( P4rti4l retr4int ?4y Be >4li<

( A p4rti4l retr4int i >4li< i6& un<er 4ll circu?t4nceo6 the c4e& the retr4int i 6oun< to re4on4Ble inpurpoe 4n< li?ite< in <ur4tion

( Loo 4t le5iti?4cy o6 purpoe& i?p4ct on

?4ret4Bility& <ur4tion( E;4?ple: Thoe th4t enure 4or<4Ble houin5.

-ou ?4y Be prohiBite< 6ro? reellin5 it to 4nyoneBut the 45ency 6ro? hich you Bou5ht it. Thi iho e eep houin5 4or<4Ble. I6 they coul< turn4roun< 4n< ell it 6or ?4ret >4lue& your 4or<4Blehouin5 initi4ti>e oul<nWt Be eecti>e

( !eh4>ior retriction ?4y Be >4li<( Con<ition <ei5ne< to pre>ent 4 rt ?4rri45e 4re

>oi<& But con<ition <ei5ne< to pre>ent re?4rri45e4re o @Once the poue re?4rrie& they ill Be<epen<ent on o?eone ele& o they <onWt nee<

your property 4ny?ore=( Con<ition hich ten< to <irupt 64?ilie 4re o6ten

>oi<( Con<ition hich ten< to eep 64?ilie to5ether 4re

o6ten uphel<( ProBle? @//+=: Con<ition th4t reKuire 64r?erW chil<ren

to re?4in on l4n< 6or *2 ye4r in>4li< Bec4ue there i nooci4l utility to eepin5 chil<ren on the 64r?. Alo&

P45e '8 o6 (+7






i este7 2e>e2son s6be;t to ;o<3lete 7>est<ent( E;4?ple: ̀ O to A 6or li6e& re?4in<er to ! i6 he

ur>i>e A.` Oner h4 4 re>erion th4t ill Be<i>ete< i6 ! ur>i>e A& c4uin5 !W interet to>et.

( E;4?ple: ̀ O to A 6or li6e& re?4in<er to her iue

li>in5 *( ye4r 46ter her <e4th` O h4 4 re>erionth4t ill Be <i>ete< i6 4ny o6 AW iue li>e *( ye4rp4t her <e4th.

4 Possbltes of 2e>e2te24 Denition: PoiBility o6 re>erter 4rie hen 4n oner

c4r>e out hi et4te 4 <eter?in4Ble et4te o6 the 4?eKu4ntu? b in ?ot c4e& poiBility o6 re>erter <e4lith c4r>in5 4 6ee i?ple <eter?in4Ble out o6 4 6ee i?ple4Bolute

4 E;4?ple: O con>ey !l4c4cre to A 4n< hi heir o lon54 liKuor i not ol< on the pre?ieM

( A h4 6ee i?ple <eter?in4Ble O h4 poiBility o6re>erter

( I6 liKuor i ol< on pre?ie& l4n< re>ert to O4 Ter?in4tion: PoiBility o6 re>erter coul< en<ure

in<enitely Bec4ue inherit4Ble& 5r4ntor9 heir coul<en6orce poiBility o6 re>erter hun<re< o6 ye4r 46ter5r4ntor9 <e4th @o?e t4te li?it li6e o6 poiBility o6re>erter By t4tute=

4 R90ts of ent2 @44 ri5ht o6 reentry& poer o6 ter?in4tion=4 Denition: "hen 4 5r4ntor cre4te 4n et4te uBect to

con<ition uBeKuent 4n< ret4in poer to cut hort orter?in4te the et4te& the 5r4ntor h4 4 ri5ht o6 entry

4 E;4?ple: O con>ey !l4c4cre to A 4n< hi heir& But i6into;ic4tin5 liKuor i e>er ol< on the pre?ie& O h4ri5ht to reenter 4n< ret4e !l4c4cre.M

( A h4 4 6ee i?ple uBect to con<ition uBeKuent( O h4 ri5ht o6 entry 6or Bre4ch o6 th4t con<ition

4 Ter?in4tion: Lie 4Bo>e& ri5ht o6 entry coul< en<ure

in<enitely Bec4ue inherit4Ble& 5r4ntor9 heir coul<e;ercie ri5ht hun<re< o6 ye4r 46ter 5r4ntor9 <e4th@o?e t4te li?it li6e o6 ri5ht By t4tute=

Future interet cre4te< By 5r4ntee( Re<an7e2s

P45e 0( o6 (+7




4emainder is a future interest that waits politely until the termination of the preceding possessory

estate0 at which time the remainder moves into possession if it is then vested

a O>e2>ei Eenti4l ch4r4cteriticreKuire?ent:

( $ut Be cre4te< only By e@32ess 92ant 4n< ?ut

h4>e 32e;e7n9 estate( $ut follo 4 fee tal, lfe estate, o2 te2< of

ea2s. C4nnot 6ollo 4 6ee i?ple( Cannot ;6t 32e;e7n9 estate s0o2t Be6ore it

nor?4l e;pir4tion @oul< Be e;ecutory interet=( To<4y: only 6ollo li6e et4te& Bec4ue 6ee t4il

4n< ter? o6 ye4r 4re r4rei Type o6 re?4in<er 4n< their uBtype

( ,ete< Re?4in<er4 In<e6e4iBly >ete< re?4in<er4 ,ete< re?4in<er uBect to p4rti4l

<i>et?ent open4 ,ete< re?4in<er uBect to co?plete

<i>et?ent( Contin5ent Re?4in<er

a este7 2e<an7e2s

remainder created in an ascertaine person and not su,7ect to a conition preceent

i E;4?ple: O con>ey to A 6or li6e& then to ! in 6ee i?pleM( !& 4n 4cert4ine< peron& h4 4 re?4in<er not

uBect to 4 con<ition prece<ent( "hene>er the li6e et4te o6 A ter?in4te& ! ill Be

entitle< to poeion !9 re?4in<er i >ete<i Con<ition prece<entM: E;pre con<ition 4tt4che< to

re?4in<er uch 4 to ! i6 ! re4che 45e /7M

( este7 2e<an7e2 s6be;t to 3a2tal 7>est<ento3en

@%U!ECT TO THE RULE=

vested remainder created in a class of persons !children" that is certain to take on

termination of preceding estates0 but is subject to diminution because others may enter

the class

i E;4?ple: O con>ey to A 6or li6e& then to A9 chil<renM

P45e 0* o6 (+7




( I6 A h4 4 chil< !& the re?4in<er i >ete< in !uBect to open up 4n< let in other chil<ren

( NoteB I6 A h4 no chil<ren& the re?4in<er icontin5ent @ee Belo=

i. $EEP IN %INDBi. R6le of ;on>enen;e G cl4 cloe hene>er 4ny

?e?Ber o6 cl4 c4n <e?4n<poeion<itriBution

( este7 2e<an7e2 s6be;t to ;o<3lete 7>est<ent

rises when remainderman is in e%istence and ascertained and his interest isn7t subject to

any condition precedent0 but his right to possession is subject to being defeated by thehappening of a condition subsequent

i Con<ition uBeKuent e;4?ple: Ò to A 6or li6e& re?4in<erto ! But i6 ! i <ecl4re< 4 B4nrupt& to C.` ! h4 4 >ete<re?4in<er th4t ill Be hi6te< to C on the occurrence o6the con<ition. C h4 4 hi6tin5 e;ecutory interet.

( In7efeasbl >este7 2e<an7e2

future interest with no conditions attached to it0 and owned by an identified person

i I6 the peron ho on the re?4in<er <ie Be6ore the li6e

ten4nt& the re?4in<er p4e to heir or <e>iee o6oner.

i Fully 4lien4Ble By li6eti?e tr4n6eri E;4?ple:

( O to A 6or li6e& re?4in<er to !

a Contn9ent 2e<an7e2s @%U!ECT TO THE RULE=

remainder that is subject to an unientiie person or subject to a conition

preceent

( Uni<entie< peron

-t is contingent if it is created in favor of an unascertained person0 because until the

remainderman is ascertained0 there is no one ready to take possession if the preceding

condition occurs

P45e 0/ o6 (+7




i E;4?ple: `To A 6or li6e& 4n< then to AW chil<ren.` A h4 nochil<ren.

( Re?4in<er contin5ent Bec4ue t4er @chil<ren=4renWt 4cert4ine<

( A h4 4 li6e et4te( O h4 4 re>erion

( I6 chil< i Born& then it >et in th4t chil< uBect toopen.

( Con<ition prece<enti E;4?ple: `To A 6or li6e& 4n< then to AW chil<& i6 he ur>i>e

A` AW chil< i 4li>e.( Re?4in<er contin5ent Bec4ue AW chil< ?4y not

ur>i>e A. Con<ition prece<ent.( A h4 4 li6e et4te( O h4 4 re>erion( ! h4 4 contin5ent re?4in<er

( Dest26;tblt of ;ontn9ent 2e<an7e2s 7o;t2ne @4Bolihe<=

i At co??on l4: <etroye< re?4in<er th4t ere tilluBect to 4 con<ition prece<ent hen prior et4teter?in4te<

i E;4?ple: Ò to A 6or li6e& re?4in<er to AW chil<ren hore4ch *(.` A <ie hen chil<ren 4re (' 4n< (0.

( Detroye<& Bec4ue chil<ren erenWt *( hen A<ie<. %till uBect to 4 con<ition prece<ent. O onproperty in 6ee i?ple 4Bolute.

( %e29e2 7o;t2ne @4Bolihe<=

-f one person holds two estates in the same piece of property0 and there are no intervening

estates held by other parties0 the two estates merge into the larger estate

i E;4?ple: Ò to A 6or li6e& re?4in<er to AW chil<ren hore4ch *(.` O uBeKuently tr4n6er OW re>erion to A.

( Contin5ent re?4in<er 4re <etroye<& 4n< AW li6eet4te 4n< re>erion 5i>e A 4 preent poeory6ee i?ple 4Bolute.

( E@e;6to2 Inte2ests4 Denition: A 6uture interet in 4 tr4n6eree th4t ?ut& in or<er to

Beco?e poeoryi Di>et or cut hort o?e interet in 4nother 5r4ntee

@non 4 hi6tin5 e;ecutory interet= o2i Di>et the 5r4ntor in the 6uture @prin5in5 e;ecutory

interet=

P45e 0 o6 (+7




i Hnt: I6 it not 4 re?4in<er Bec4ue the prece<in5 et4te inot 4 li6e et4te& then it ?ut Be 4n e;ecutory interet

4 S0ftn9 e@e;6to2 nte2ests:

Gives the property to third parties when a condition occurred that terminated a prior

vested estate in fee simple

i E;4?ple: O to A 6or li6e& re?4in<er to !& But i6 ! i<ecl4re< 4 B4nrupt& to C.

( ! h4 4 >ete< re?4in<er th4t ill Be hi6te< to C i6! 5oe B4nrupt.

( C h4 4 hi6tin5 e;ecutory interet in 6ee i?ple4Bolute

4 S32n9n9 e@e;6to2 nte2est:

*ivest a grantor7s reversion on happening of a condition

i E;4?ple: O to A 6or li6e& re?4in<er to her iue li>in5 *(ye4r 46ter her <e4th.( O h4 4 re>erion( A h4 4 li6e et4te( AW iue h4>in5 4 prin5in5 e;ecutory interet

( Alenablt of 2e<an7e2s an7 e@e;6to2 nte2ests4 ,ete< re?4in<er 4re 4lien4Ble& <e>i4Ble& 4n< <ecen<iBle4 Contin5ent re?4in<er 4n< e;ecutory interet 4re 4lien4Ble

inter >i>o

4 Contin5ent re?4in<er 4n< e;ecutory interet 4re uu4lly<e>i4Ble 4n< <ecen<iBle

i Unle the hol<erW ur>i>4l i 4 con<ition to the interetWt4in5

i E;4?ple: `To A 6or li6e& 4n< on AW <e4th to ! But i6 ! <oenot ur>i>e A& on AW <e4th to C`

( I6 ! <ie Be6ore A& 4n< le4>e 4ll hi property in 4ill to D& D <oenWt 5et !W re?4in<er interet&Bec4ue ! <ie< Be6ore A o C h4 it. %ur>i>4l 4 4con<ition

The Trut

device that allows you to split the title of property into two parallel and simultaneous titles

called the >legal> and >equitable> title.

4 Le54l title @trutee=i Gi>en to the trutee& ho i ch4r5e< ith reponiBility o6

hol<in5 4n< ?4n45in5 property 6or ole Benet o6Beneci4rie @ho hol< eKuit4Ble title=

P45e 02 o6 (+7




4 EKuit4Ble title @Beneci4ry=i The trutee hol< the eKuit4Ble title.

4 Purpoei "hene>er unie< ?4n45e?ent i <eir4Ble 6or 4n 4et

th4t ?4ny people h4>e interet ini Goo< to ?4n45e property 6or ?inor& inco?petent&

pen<thri6t& etc.i FreKuently ue< in et4te pl4nnin5

4 Dyn4tic truti %et up 6or their <ecen<4nt to l4t 4 lon5 4 the l4

4llo4 Retr4int on 4lien4tion

i Trutee c4n Be <irecte< not to ell property& 4n<Beneci4ryW interet c4n Be uBect to con<ition@pen<thri6t=

The Rule A54int Perpetuitie

( #o interet in property i >4li< unle it ?ut >et& i6 4t 4ll& not l4terth4n *( ye4r 46ter one or ?ore li>e inBein5 4t the cre4tion o6 theinteret

( An interet i >oi< i6 there i 4ny poiBility& hoe>er re?ote& th4t theinteret ?4y >et ?ore th4n *( ye4r 46ter o?e li6e in Bein5 4t thecre4tion o6 the interet.

4 R4tion4le 6or:i %plit interet ?4e property <icult to ell li?it

in>et?ent ?4<e in propertyi %enti?ent th4t property houl< Be controlle< By the

li>in5& not the `<e4< h4n<ì ,ery eecti>e in reunitin5 4ll ele?ent o6 4 6ee i?ple

4Bolute in h4n< o6 people ho 4re i<entie< 4n< h4>ein<e6e4iBly >ete< interet th4t they c4n ell or p4rtitione>ery (*7 ye4r or o.

4 Applie to:i Contin5ent interet @uBect to con<ition prece<ent=i E;ecutory intereti Cl4 5i6t @e>en i6 >ete< re?4in<er& uBect to p4rti4l

<i>et?ent=i #OT ,E%TED I#TERE%T%

4 "hen it Be5in to runi "ill: <4te o6 TW <e4thi Re>oc4Ble trut: <4te trut Beco?e irre>oc4Ble @ettlerW

<e4th=i Irre>oc4Ble trut: <4te trut i cre4te<i Dee<: <4te <ee< i <eli>ere<

a Co<<on la fo2<Bi Detroy 4ll contin5ent interet 4n< cl4 5i6t th4t ill

not >et ithin *( ye4r 46ter the <e4th o6 4n i<enti4Bleperon ho i 4li>e 4t the ti?e the 6uture interet icre4te<

P45e 0+ o6 (+7




i Doe not p4y 4ttention to 4nythin5 th4t h4ppen 46tercon>ey4nce. AnalLe7 f2o< 7ate of ;on>ean;e&t4in5 into 4ccount 4ll poiBilitie.

i Coni<er th4t 4 peron c4n li>e until 4ny 45e& <ie 4t 4nyti?e& 4n< h4>e chil<ren 4t 4ny ti?e until he <ie<&re54r<le o6 phyic4l con<ition

i Option to purch4e: ?4y or ?4y not 4pplyi All or nothin5 @cl4 5i6t=

( The cl4 ?ut cloe ithin the perpetuitie perio<( All con<ition prece<ent 6or e>ery ?e?Ber o6 the

cl4 ?ut Be 4tie< ithin the perpetuitieperio<

( I6 one peron in the cl4 <oenWt >et& the entire5i6t to A& !& chil<ren& etc. i >oi<

i Ruthle: it <etroye< eniBle 64?ily e4lth tr4n?iion4rr4n5e?ent th4t poe< no thre4t to puBlic el64re

a Refo2<sB Wat an7 see =<an 2efo2<

( -ou 4it to ee h4t h4ppen Be6ore <eci<in5hether 4n interet i >oi<

( "4it 4t le4t until <e4th o6 the li6e in Bein5( I6 they <onWt con6or? ith the rule& the interet 4re

re6or?e< to co?ply ith it. Ho to Re2te

1 %o7e2n la 2efo2<e7 6sn9 cy pres 32n;3le

* Court rerite the intru?ent cre4tin5 the 6utureinteret o the interet ill >et ithin *( ye4r46ter the <e4th o6 4 li6e in Bein5

/ Court tic 4 cloe 4 poiBle to 5r4ntor9inten<e< <ipoition

i IrreButt4Ble preu?ption( Th4t poue o6 4 li6e in Bein5 i 4 li6e in Bein5

i A5e( People Belo4Bo>e 4 cert4in 45e onWt h4>e

chil<ren 46ter the <4te the 6uture interet i cre4te< Ot0e2 Refo2<s

( URAP( Incorpor4te the 4Bo>e re6or?( A<< 4n 4ltern4te 87 ye4r >etin5 perio<( *2 t4te h4>e 4<opte< it

* Calfo2na oer choice o6 87 ye4r or >etin5 or64il in li>e in Bein5 *( ye4r

/ So<e states a2e abols0n9 t0e RaP4. SD WI repl4ce< ith rule in>4li<4tin5

6uture interet th4t upen< the poer o64lien4tion 6or ?ore th4n li>e in Bein5 plu/7 ye4r

B. (' t4te h4>e e;e?pte< trut 6ro? the R4P

P45e 0' o6 (+7




(. in ?ot t4te& the e;e?ption icon<itione< on the trutee9 h4>in5 4poer o6 4le @But thi i routine=

c. RI 4Bolihe< the R4P 4lto5ether<. "- 4llo (&7771ye4r trute. FL e;ten<e< the U%RAP 4it14n<1ee perio<

to /+7 ye4r(. "A 4llo (271ye4r trut

a E@e<3tonsBi Future interet hel< By 5o>ern?ent or ch4ritie& o lon5

4 the property >et in o?e Ku4lie< or54ni4tion ithinthe co??on l4 perio<

( O con>ey to %t4te Uni>erity& But i6 uni>erity 64ilto ue 6or 45ricultur4l purpoe& it h4ll p4 to#4ture Coner>4ncy.

4 E;ecutory interet in #4ture Coner>4ncy i>4li< Bec4ue it i ch4rit4Ble or54ni4tion4n< preent 6ee i?ple i >ete< in 4

<ierent ch4rity( O con>ey to A& But i6 A <oenWt ue 6or 45ricultur4l

purpoe& to #4ture Coner>4ncy4 E;ecutory interet in #4ture Coner>4ncy i

n>al7& Bec4ue the preent 6ee i?ple inot 4 ch4rit4Ble or54ni4tion

i Ri5ht o6 re>erionentrya Te;0n6e fo2 Inte232etn9

i Deter?ine h4t interet 4re cre4te<i Deter?ine the ?e4urin5 li6eli>e to <eter?ine i6

( The interet ?ut >et ithin li>e in Bein5 *(ye4r

( The interet ?i5ht not >et ithin li>e in Bein5 *( ye4r

i Apply re6or? t4tutei Pr4ctice ritin5 4>in5 cl4ue

( Àt the <e4th o6 the l4t li6e in Bein5& the cl4cloe`

S<30on S3a;e > Pe29ola P2o3e2tesB *1ye4r option to purch4e prop.6ro? y?phony

Hel7B O3tons to 362;0ase ;o<<e2;al 32o3e2t a2e not e@e<3t

f2o< t0e 32o0bton a9anst 2e<ote >estn9 e<bo7e7 n Ne Yo2s R6le A9anst Pe23et6tes

CL: Option to purch4e l4n< 4re uBect to the rule 454int re?ote>etin5

o Ditin5uihe< 6ro? pree?pti>e ri5ht @o6 rt re6u4l=& hich thecourt <o 4llo Beyon< the ti?e li?it

o %uch rule ?erely reKuire the oner to oer the property rt too?eone

o Thu they encour45e the ue 4n< <e>elop?ent o6 the l4n<& 4n<i?poe only 4 ?inor i?pe<i?ent to 4lien4Bility

P45e 00 o6 (+7




Here& the option cre4te the ort o6 control o>er 6uture <ipoition o6property th4t the CL rule 454int re?ote >etin5 ee to pre>ent

o The option 5r4nt the hol<er 4Bolute poer to purch4eproperty 4t hi hi? Belo ?4ret r4te

o Thi <icour45e property oner 6ro? ?4in5 i?pro>e?ent4n< i5nic4ntly i?pe<e hi 4Bility to ell

Gener4lly& option to purch4e l4n< th4t (= ori5in4te in 4 le4epro>iion& *= 4re not e;erci4Ble 46ter le4e e;pir4tion 4n< /= 4reinc4p4Ble o6 ep4r4tion 6ro? the le4e 4re >4li< e>en thou5h le4ehol<er9 interet ?4y >et Beyon< perpetuitie perio<

o Option 4ppurten4ntM 6urther the policy oBecti>e un<erlyin5the rule 454int re?ote >etin5& Bec4ue they encour45e thepoeory hol<er to in>et in ?4int4inin5 4n< <e>elopin5 theproperty By 5u4r4nteein5 the hol<er the ulti?4te Benet o6 uchin>et?ent

o But here& the property i not entirely occupie< By D9 thi oul<thu <icincenti>ie %y?phony to i?pro>e the property& ince it

ill e>entu4lly Be cl4i?e< on option By D9Sa>n9 Stat6te "here the p4rtie to 4 tr4n4ction 4re corpor4tion 4n< no ?e4urin5

li>e 4re t4te< in the intru?ent& the perpetuitie perio< i i?ply *(ye4r

8Sa>n9 stat6te: oBli54te court 4pplyin5 t4tutory rule 454intperpetuitie& here poiBle& to 4>oi< contruction o6 intru?entcre4tin5 et4te in l4n< th4t 6rutr4te p4rtieW inten<e< purpoe it7oes not a6t0o2Le ;o62ts to 2e2te nst26<ents t0at6ne6>o;all allo nte2ests to >est o6ts7e 3e23et6tes3e2o7.

WAIT AND SEE APPROACH

Option here oul< ur>i>e un<er the 4it 4n< eeM 4ppro4ch !ut the court re6ue to e;ercie thi 4ppro4ch in #- Bec4ue the

t4tute <oe not 4llo it

P45e 08 o6 (+7




(an7lo27*Tenant

". T5% #%A'%

contract by which a rightful possessor of real property conveys the right to use and occupy that

property in e%change for consideration !usually rent"

A. Nat62e of (ease( Le4e i Both con>ey4nce 4n< 4 contr4ct

4 Le4e i 4 con>ey4nce o6 property 4n< the ten4nt h4purch4e< 4 le4ehol< et4te in l4n<

4 Le4e i 4 contr4ct cont4inin5 pro?ie @co>en4nt= o6 thep4rtie – i.e.& pro?ie to p4y rent& t4;e& inur4nce& torep4ir& etc.

( Le4e <itin5uihe< 6ro? other rel4tionhip4 In 4 le4e& l4n<lor< tr4n6er to the ten4nt the 290t to3ossesson o6 th4t pre?ie 4p4rt 6ro? 6reehol<et4te& 4 le4ehol< i only other interet th4t 5i>e thehol<er ri5ht to poeion

4 Other interet uch 4 4n e4e?ent& licene entitlehol<er to 6se 4nother9 l4n<& But <o not 5i>e poeion

!. Stat6te of 2a67s

n )nglish statute !?@AA" declaring certain contract judicially unenforceable if they arenot committed to writing and signed by the party to be charged

( A?eric4n t4tute pro>i<e th4t leases fo2 <o2e t0an oneea2 <6st be n 2tn9

( $ot uri<iction per?it or4l le4e 6or 4 ter? o6 le th4n oneye4r

C. o2< (eases an7 Q6eston of 5a29ann9 Poe2( "hen l4n<lor< prep4re 4 le4e& uu4lly ue 4 6or? le4e( For? le4e uu4lly 64>or the l4n<lor<

4 For e;4?ple: I6 ten4nt Bre4che the le4e& the le4e ?4yh4>e o?e e;culp4tory cl4ue th4t oul< rele4el4n<lor< 6ro? li4Bility

4 A 4 reult& ince the (8'7 court h4>e i?poe< o?el4 th4t protect the ten4nt

i Uu4lly the pro>iion 4re not 4i>4Blei Coni<ere< By o?e to Be p4tern4li?

P45e 87 o6 (+7




Et4te Type

• (= Et4te 6or -e4ro ten4ncy ?e4ure< By ;e< <ur4tiono en< 4uto?4tic4lly 4t the en< o6 the perio<o ?ut Be in ritin5 i6 e;cee<in5 one ye4ro e;prely cre4te< By the p4rtie

• *= Perio<ic ten4ncyo ten4nt hol< 6or initi4l perio< 4n< 4uto?4tic4llycontinuouly 6or

uccei>e perio< o6 4?e <ur4tion until either p4rty 5i>enotice

o c4n Be e;prely or i?plicitly cre4te<o reKuire notice

( ye4r – + ?onth otherie& reKuire notice eKu4l to len5th o6 ten4ncy

perio< notice ?ut ter?in4te ten4ncy 4t the en< o6 4 perio<

• /= Et4teten4ncy 4t illo i6 either p4rty c4n ter?in4te 4t ill ten4ncy 4t ill

But ?o<ern t4tute co??only pro>i<e noticereKuire?ent eKui>4lent to ten4ncy 4t ill

o CL: ter?in4te< i6 either p4rty <ie l4n<lor< con>ey l4n<lor<9interet T co??it 4te or 4tte?pt to 4i5n ten4ncy Le;ecute le4e to /< p4rty

But t4tute h4>e 4ltere< thi too

• = Et4teten4ncy 4t %uer4nceo ron56ul poeion o6 l4n< By 4 ten4nt ho i?properly hol<

o>er 4t the en< o6 thi le4eo

>4lu4Ble ction 6or the l4n<lor<& ho c4n tre4t the hol<o>erten4nt 4 4 trep4er uBect to e>iction or 4 4 ten4nt 6or 4ne >4li< ten4ncy ho ?ut p4y rent

THE$E% I# LT LA"( Con>ey4nce or contr4ct: Court ue< to coni<er le4e

con>ey4nce o6 4n et4te in l4n<. #o the le4e i een 4 4contr4ct Beteen L 4n< T 6or purch4e o6 p4ce 4n< er>ice.%o?e 4y le4e h4>e 4 <u4l n4ture& o6 contr4ct 4n<con>ey4nce.

• Independent covenants: pro?ie ?4<e By 4 l4n<lor< in 4le4e 4re in<epen<ent 6ro? the oBli54tion o6 4 ten4nt.

Thi preclu<e the ten4nt 6ro? ithhol<in5 p4y?ent i6 thel4n<lor< <oen9t ; the roo6.

• Autuall dependent covenants1 (= i6 the l4n<lor< 64il toper6or? 4 >4li< pro?ie in the le4e& 4n< *= the ten4nt i<epri>e< o6 4 i5nic4nt in<uce?ent to the ?4in5 o6 the

P45e 8( o6 (+7




le4e& 4n< /= the l4n<lor< <oe not per6or? hi pro?ieithin 4 re4on4Ble perio< 46ter the reKuet o6 the ten4nt&th4t the ten4nt c4n ter?in4te the le4e.

( %t4tute: There h4 Been 4n incre4e in le5il4tion 5o>ernin5 LTl4. Rei<enti4l 4n< co??erci4l LT l4 h4>e <i>er5e<.Rei<enti4l i no 5o>erne< ?otly By t4tute @le5il4tion=.

( Rei<enti4lco??erci4l <ichoto?y• Rei<enti4l: Court 64>or T to pro>i<e h4Bit4Ble helter

4n< to re5ul4te e>iction o6 T 6ro? their ho?e. Thi iBec4ue L h4 5re4ter econo?ic poer 4n< ill th4n therei<enti4l T.

• Co??erci4l: Court >ie co??erci4l le4e 4 4 6ree?4ret tr4n4ction Beteen p4rtie ith eKu4l B4r54inin5poer 4n< ill th4t houl< Be en6orce< 4 4ny otherconenu4l 45ree?ent.

LA#DLORD DUTIE% A#D TE#A#T RE$EDIE%

Do;t2ne of n7e3en7ent ;o>enants

o Tr4<ition4l in LLten4nt l4 co>en4nt in le4e ere coni<ere< in<epen<ent& in the

4Bence o6 cle4r in<ic4tion to the contr4ry& 4n< theleee 4 relie>e< o6 hi per6or?4nce only By 4ctu4l orcontructi>e e>iction >i4 Bre4ch o6 co>en4nt o6 Kuietenoy?ent

o 3ey e;ception 4 i?plie< co>en4nt o6 Kuiet enoy?ent& here

court 6oun< 4ctu4l or contructi>e e>iction e;cue< ten4nt 6ro?rent oBli54tion• %o7e2n t2en7 aa f2o< t0s toa27 7e3en7ent ;o>enants

Duty to <eli>er poeion

?. %nglish rule (ma7ority): ,andlord has duty to deliver actual possession. -f previous tenant has

not moved out when new tenant(s lease begins0 and landlord does not remove person within a

reasonable time0 landlord is in default

R%'TAT%$%&T AOPT' T5"' APPROA/5 A& A##O8' T R%$%"%'

a. 4ationale:

i C4rrie out intention o6 p4rtie ince the ten4nt B4r54ine< 6orthe ue o6 the property

i L4n<lor< i in Better poition to ?4e pre>iou ten4nt ?o>eout @eciency 4r5u?ent=

i L4n<lor< i ?ore 64?ili4r ith e>iction proce<ure th4nten4nt @eciency 4r5u?ent=

P45e 8* o6 (+7




b. #enant(s remedies if landlord fails to deliver actual possession

i Ten4nt ?4y ter?in4te le4e 4n< reco>er <4?45e 6or h4>in5to li>e o?ehere ele

i Ten4nt c4n 4r? le4e& re6uin5 to p4y rent 6or the portionhe 4 out o6 poeion 4n< reco>er <4?45e

B. American rule (minority): ,andlord has no duty to deliver actual possession at

commencement of lease term. -f previous tenant has not moved out0 landlord is not in default

a. 4ationale:

i %houl< Be up to ten4nt to t4e poeion i6 he re4lly 4nt iti Ten4nt h4 ri5ht to e>ict the hol<o>eri L4n<lor< houl< not Be hel< li4Ble 6or tortiou 4ct o6 hol<o>eri #ote: Re4on <on9t 4<<re eciency 4n< 64irne lie

En5lih rule

b. #enant(s remedies against the holdover

i %ue to e>ict 4n< reco>er <4?45ei Tre4t hol<o>er 4 ten4nt 6or 4nother ter? 4n< t4e rent 6ro?

hi? 4n< cot o6 n<in5 4 4nother pl4ce to t4y @<oe thi?e4n th4t the ne ten4nt i till reponiBle 6or p4yin5 rentto l4n<lor<QQQ=

T4in5 By e?inent <o?4in:

• %t4te oul< or<in4rily t4e title to poeion 4n< re>erion1title

• Ho oul< e plit the procee<Qo Ten4nt oul< Be entitle< to the >4lue o6 the le4ehol< et4te

@h4te>er th4t i=o LL entitle< to >4lue o6 the re>erion

)uiet Enoy?entContruction E>iction

either , nor someone with paramount title will interfere with #(s possession of property under

lease.

• I?plie< in e>ery le4e(. Re?e<y: 4ction 6or <4?45e 6or Bre4ch o6 i?plie< co>en4nt o6

Kuiet enoy?ent*. Protect 454int <iturB4nce o6 ten4nt9 poeion By LL or

peron cl4i?in5 un<er hi?

52ea;0 ;an o;;62 n & asB(. Actu4l e>iction: L or /r< p4rty e;clu<e T 6ro? pre?ie.(. Re?e<y: Thi ter?in4te le4e.

P45e 8/ o6 (+7




( P4rti4l 4ctu4l e>iction: T i phyic4lly e;clu<e< 6ro? p4rt o6pre?ieP4rti4l e>iction ;an be ;onst26;t>el <3le7

(. #- c4e: AC unit <rippe< <on 5reen 5oo onto B4lcony

ten4nt coul<n9t ue B4lcony 4t 4ll ten4nt cl4i?e<contructi>e e>iction no <uty to p4y rent until LLretore< B4lcony to the?

• Re?e<y:4. Ol< rule: p4rti4l e>iction e;cue the <uty to p4y rent until LL

retore< the p4rt LL h4< t4en 44yB. $o<ern tren<: re<uce the 4?ount o6 rent <ue By the >4lue o6

h4t i t4en 44y• I6 LL t4e 44y tor45e unit ?4y ut re<uce rent

( Contructi>e e>iction: Act By L ?4in5 pre?ie unt 6oroccup4ncy& o6ten ith reult th4t T i co?pelle< to le4>e

4 Act ?ut Be <one By L& By o?eone 4ctin5 6or hi?& By4nother T o>er ho? he h4 control

4 Reultin5 con<ition ?ut ?4e pre?ie 6nn0abtablea T <6st <o>e o6t

• Re?e<y: T ?4y ee ter?in4tion 4n< <4?45e

• Res7ental 32e<ses: 0remises must be uninhabitable• 7lackett v. (lanoD : Ten4nt coul<n9t leep <ue to 4 ni5ht cluB

one< By L. T ue< L. The noie 4 4 n4tur4l 4n< proB4Bly

coneKuence o6 L per?ittin5 loun5e to oper4te. Court rule< in64>or o6 T• Ditin5uihe< a;t>e b2ea;0 @tr4<ition4l rule –4r?4ti>e

4ct per6or?e< intent o6 <epri>in5 T o6 enoy?ent 4n<occup4tion= 4n< 3ass>e b2ea;0

• Here& p4i>e Bre4ch LL till li4Ble Bc the n4tur4l 4n<proB4Bly coneKuence o6 h4t the l4n<lor< <i<& h4t he64ile< to <o& or h4t he per?itte< to Be <oneM

• Co<<e2;al 32e<ses: 3he conditions have to be such that business%#**(3 be conducted. If the are merel PinterruptedQ orPinconvenienced<Q itNs not enough.

• "esson v. -eone 4nterprises< Inc.: T co?pl4ine< o6 le4y roo6& 4n<n4lly le6t. L ue< T. Court rule< in 64>or o6 T. Contructi>e e>iction<oen9t 4pply& Bec4ue Buine 4 till con<ucte< 4n< coul< till Becon<ucte<. $utu4lly <epen<ent co>en4nt <o 4pply& 4n< L Bre4che< 4co>en4nt

• 5e;a6se e a7o3t t0e 26le of <6t6all 7e3en7ent;o>enants fo2 ;o<<e2;al leases an7 ;on;l67e t0e3lantK lan7lo27 b2ea;0e7 0s ;o>enant to <antan t0e

P45e 8 o6 (+7




2oof, t0e tenant as enttle7 to te2<nate t0e lease an72e;o>e2 2elo;aton ;osts

• A<opt Ret4te?ent• E;cept to the e;tent the p4rtie to 4 le4e >4li<ly 45ree

otherie& i6 the l4n<lor< 64il to per6or? 4 >4li< pro?iecont4ine< in the le4e to <o& or to re6r4in 6ro? <oin5&

o?ethin5 on the le4e< property or elehere& 4n< 4 4coneKuence thereo6& the ten4nt i <epri>e< o6 4i5nic4nt in<uce?ent to the ?4in5 o6 the le4e& 4n< i6the l4n<lor< <oe not per6or? hi pro?ie ithin 4re4on4Ble perio< o6 ti?e 46ter Bein5 reKuete< to <o o&the ten4nt ?4y:

• @(= ter?in4te the le4e in the ?4nner precriBe< in Z (7.(4n< reco>er <4?45e to the e;tent precriBe< in Z (7.*or

• @*= continue the le4e 4n< oBt4in 4ppropri4te eKuit4Ble4n< le54l relie6& inclu<in5:

• @4= the reco>ery o6 <4?45e to the e;tentprecriBe< in Z (7.*

• @B= 4n 4B4te?ent o6 the rent to the e;tentprecriBe< in Z ((.(

• @c= the ue o6 the rent to per6or? the l4n<lor<Wpro?ie to the e;tent precriBe< in Z ((.* 4n<

• @<= the ithhol<in5 o6 the rent in the ?4nner 4n< tothe e;tent precriBe< in Z ((./ until the l4n<lor<per6or? hi pro?ie.

W0en ;an &27 3a2tes ;a6se a b2ea;0 of <3le7 ;o>enant of 6eteno<ent?

•

Ret +.( co??ent <: Con<uct o6 4 thir< peron outi<e o6 le4e<property th4t i 4ttriBut4Ble to l4n<lor<.o The con<uct o6 4 thir< peron outi<e o6 the le4e< property th4t

i per6or?e< on property in hich the l4n<lor< h4 4n interet&hich con<uct coul< Be le54lly controlle< By hi?& i 4ttriBut4Bleto the l4n<lor< 6or the purpoe o6 4pplyin5 the rule o6 thiection.

o Con<uct o6 4 thir< peron outi<e the le4e< property& no ?4tterhere it i c4rrie< on& ill Be 4ttriBut4Ble to the l4n<lor< 6or thepurpoe o6 the rule o6 thi ection i6 the l4n<lor< i 4contriButin5 64ctor to the con<uct.

• !ut court uu4lly re6ue to n< contructi>e e>iction hen other

ten4nt& not the l4n<lor<& c4ue the <iturB4nce

A tenant <a be n b2ea;0 of 0e2 lease fo2 ;e2tan 7st62ban;es e>enn t0e absen;e of a 2ele>ant lease 32o>son

• Ille54l ue o6 property hen l4n<lor< i not p4rty to ille54lity ten4nt?4y Be li4Ble to <4?45einunction

o $4ny uri<iction per?it e>iction 6or ille54l ue

P45e 82 o6 (+7

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o %COTU% uphel< le4e pro>iion 4lloin5 e>iction i6 4ny ?e?Bero6 T9 houehol<& T9 5uet or other peron un<er T9 controlen545e< in <ru51rel4te< cri?in4l 4cti>ity on or ne4r thepre?ie

o #-% uphel< t4tute 4lloin5 e>iction i6 4 ten4nt in puBlic houin5re?o>e< 4 ?oe <etector B4ttery 4n <i<n9t repl4ce 6or ?ore

th4n /7 <4y• 5ener4l nui4nce principle ?4y Be Brou5ht to Be4r 454int 4

<iturBin5 ten4nt 4n< ue< 4 the B4i 6or 4n e>ictiono $4yoer Hotel c4e: ten4nt e>icte< 46ter (+ ye4r Bec4ue

nephe4r<& ?ent4lly ill& terrorie< other ten4nt 4n< oul<n9tt4e ?e<ic4tion

Court: the 46ety 4n< <o?etic tr4nKuility o6 the otherten4nt in the Buil<in5& to 4y nothin5 o6 the t4&<e?4n< protection o6 the l4 in the 6or? o6 the e>iction o6 the ten4nt& hoe con<uct per?itte< 4n< con<one< thenui4nce& 4n< hoe ten4ncy itel6& in 4ll lielihoo<& ill

encour45e the nui4nce to continue un4B4te<.M

52ea;0 of ;o>enant of <3le7 eno<ent n s6bleases?

o %uBleor9 interet en< hen the le4e en<o !ut uBleee c4n Brin5 uit 454int the uBleor 6or Bre4ch o6

co>en4nt o6 i?plie< enoy?ent i6 they9re oute< 6ro? theiruBle4e

Unl46ul Det4iner!re4ch o6 H4Bit4Bility

I<3le7 Wa22ant of Habtablt Z.7*: CAL Rule: !re4ch o6 the "4rr4nt o6 H4Bit4Bility

• E>ery rei<enti4l rent4l 45ree?ent h4 4n i?plie< 4rr4nt o6h4Bit4Bility th4t i independent o6 ten4nt9 oBli54tion to p4y rent

• LL ?ut put pre?ie in 4 con<ition t 6or hu?4n occup4ncy 4n<?ut rep4ir 4ll uBeKuent <il4pi<4tion th4t ren<er thepre?ie unten4nt4Ble

• LL9 <uty to pro>i<e h4Bit4Ble pre?ie i nona>able• Thi <oe not 5o>ern 4ethetic ple4ure& only th4t B4re li>in5

reKuire?entM 4re ?4int4ine<• !re4ch o6 4rr4nt o6 h4Bit4Bility 4r?4ti>e <e6ene 6or ten4nt in UD

4ction 6or nonp4y?ent o6 rent• !ut not 4>4il4Ble in 4 UD 4ction B4e< on /71<4y notice to Kuit

Z.7/: CAL I the H4Bit4Bility !re4ch %uBt4nti4lQ•

I6 ten4nt r4ie Bre4ch

?ut <eter?ine i6 uBt4nti4lo %t4tute: per e Bre4ch i6 LL 64il to co?ply ith 4ny Buil<in5 4n<

houin5 co<e t4n<4r< hich ?4teri4lly 4ect he4lth 4n<46etyM

• H4Bit4Bility co?prie the 6olloin5 t4n<4r<:o Eecti>e 4terproon5 4n< e4ther protection o6 roo6 4n<

e;terior 4ll& inclu<in5 unBroen in<o 4n< <oor.

P45e 8+ o6 (+7




o Plu?Bin5 or 54 64cilitie th4t con6or? to 4pplic4Ble l4 in eect4t the ti?e o6 int4ll4tion& 4n< ?4int4ine< in 5oo< or<er.

o A 4ter upply 4ppro>e< un<er 4pplic4Ble l4 c4p4Ble o6pro<ucin5 hot 4n< col< runnin5 4ter& 6urnihe< throu5h4ppropri4te ;ture& 4n< connecte< to 4n 4ppro>e< e45eyte?.

o He4tin5 64cilitie con6or?in5 to 4pplic4Ble l4 4t the ti?e o6int4ll4tion 4n< ?4int4ine< in 5oo< or<er.

o Electric4l li5htin5& ith irin5 4n< electric4l eKuip?entcon6or?in5 ith 4pplic4Ble l4 4t the ti?e o6 int4ll4tion 4n<?4int4ine< in 5oo< orin5 or<er.

o Pre?ie cle4n 4t the ti?e o6 co??ence?ent o6 the rent4l45ree?ent& 6ree 6ro? <eBri& lth& ruBBih& 54rB45e& ro<ent&4n< >er?in& ith leor1controlle< 4re4 ept 6ree 6ro? <eBri&lth& ruBBih& 54rB45e& ro<ent& 4n< >er?in.

o A<eKu4te 54rB45e 4n< ruBBih recept4cle.o Floor& t4ir4y& 4n< r4ilin5 ?4int4ine< in 5oo< rep4ir.o

A locin5 ?4il recept4cle 6or e4ch unit in 4 rei<enti4l hotel@oper4ti>e on uly (& *770=.o Door loc 4n< in<o loc in cert4in circu?t4nce. [%ee CC

Z(8(./.\

( Re?e<ie :4 T ?4y ?o>e out 4n< ter?in4te le4e4 T ?4y ?4e rep4ir 4n< oet cot 454int 6uture rent4 T ?4y re<uce or 4B4te rent to 64ir rent4l >4lue o6 property& or

ithhol< 4ll rent until the court <eter?ine 64ir rent4l >4lue4 T ?4y re?4in in poeion& p4y 6ull rent& 4n< ee <4?45e

( D4?45e:•

Dierence in >4luei F4ir rent i6 4rr4nty 4 co?plie< ith 1 Actu4l rent 45ree<

uponi A?ount 45ree< upon 1 F4ir rent 6or pre?ie 4 i

4 Percent45e re<uction in >4luei Re<uce the rent By percent45e o6 rent th4t i to Be p4i< By

looin5 4t ho ?uch o6 the >4lue o6 the property h4<i?inihe< B4e< on the l4c o6 6ulllin5 the 4rr4nty

( Iue4 Ten4nt c4n9t 4i>e the ri5ht. Thi i to protect people li>in5 in

uBt4n<4r< houin5.i !4r54inin5 poer: ?ot ten4nt 4ren9t in 4 poition to Be

4Ble to B4r54ini PuBlic he4lth: the puBlic i Better er>e< hen people li>e in

4ccept4Ble con<ition4 Doen9t 4pply to co??erci4l le4e:

i CT h4>e eKu4l B4r54inin5 poeri $ore >4rie< itu4tion

i Court not concerne< 4Bout people runnin5 Buine incru??y en>iron?ent

P45e 8' o6 (+7




$c&air v /9 Realty:

“Actual damages,” under CA 1942.4 which allows actual damages for landlord's breach

of statutory duty to repair substandard conditions, included damages for emotionaldistress suffered by tenants who claimed embarrassment, anger, fear, stress, helplessness,

and frustration from unsanitary conditions landlord failed to remedy.

$n90t > Hallst0a<<a2B Fact that a tenant was or was not aware of specific defects

of the apartment is not determinative of duty of landlord to maintain premises which are

habitable; the same reasons which imply the existence of the warranty of habitability

inequality of bargaining power, shortage of housing, and impracticability of imposing

upon tenants a duty of inspection, compel the conclusion that tenant's lack of knowledge

of defects is not a prerequisite to landlord's breach of the implied warranty of habitability.

R90t a9anst 2etalato2 e>;ton

n eviction ' nearly always illegal C commenced in response to a tenant(s complaints or

involvement in activities with which the landlord does not agree

• Ret4li4tory ?oti>e i preu?e< i6 it h4ppen ithin 87 to (07 <4yo6 inci<ent. To o>erco?e thi& L ?ut ho 4 re4on4Ble re4on 6or

hi 4ction• Aurph v. Smallridge1 P. T ue< D. L 6or ret4li4tory e>iction. L

4 <u?pin5 tr4h on T property. T co?pl4ine<& 4n< L r4ie<rent to h4t T coul<n9t p4y. Court hel< L li4Ble.

Stat6teB C>l Co7e 1/4!.4 =;622ent Calfo2na

• Rei<enti4l l4n<lor< ?4y not <e?4n< rent& collect rent& iue 4 notice o6 4rent incre4e& or iue 4 / <4y notice to p4y rent or Kuit i6 4ll thecon<ition e;it:

• I6 uBt4nti4lly l4c ch4r4cteritic o6 %ection (8(.( 4terproon5&plu?Bin5 54 64cilitie& 4ter upply @hotcol< connecte< to eer=&

he4tin5& li5htin5& Buil<in5 4n< 5roun< th4t cle4n 4n< 4nit4ry 4t ti?e o6t4rt le4e& oort4ir r4ilin5 in 5oo< rep4ir& co??on 4re oM o i6 the<ellin5 uBt4nti4lly l4c o?e o6 thee thin5 4n< h4>e:

o H4>e 4 puBlic ocer to inpect 4n< iue noticeo The con<ition e;ite< 6or /2 <4y 46ter the notice 4n< ithout

5oo< c4ue• Then li4Ble 6or <4?45e 4n< c4n h4>e e?otion4l <4?45e

P45e 80 o6 (+7




Ten4nt Dutie

T%&A&T T"%': duty to preserve premises0 duty to operate0 and duty to pay rent

Duty to Preer>e Pre?ieD6t to Re3a2

• ?4y Be li?ite< or enl4r5e< By e;pre 45ree?ent& e;cept hereten4nt ?4y not 4i>e oBli54tion o6 LL cre4te< By t4tute or c4e l4

o ten4nt9 oBli54tion ?4y t4e 6or? o6: (= e;pre rep4ir cl4ue or*= urren<er cl4ue peci6yin5 con<ition o6 pre?ie 4tter?in4tion o6 le4e

• F4ctor to coni<er in coni<erin5 ten4nt9 oBli54tion to rep4iro Rei<enti4l or co??erci4lQo I6 co??erci4l:

Ho ?uch i rentQ Di< p4rtie conte?pl4teQ Ti?e le6t on

le4eQ Di< re4on4Ble inpection t4e pl4ceoul<re4on4Ble inpection h4>e unco>ere< the proBle?Q

"4nt to <eter?ine p4rtie9 intent re: hether rep4ir 4co>ere<

(a of @t62es

• Ten4nt h4 the ri5ht to re?o>e 4rticle 4;e< to the property unle iti 6oun< to Be 4 ;ture

o Fi;ture 4tt4che< to the re4lty By the ten4nt ith the intent to?4e it 4 per?4nent p4rt o6 the l4n<

Obe;t>e ntent test

!ec4ue ten4nt <oe not uu4lly inten< to incre4e >4lue6or LL& court reluct4nt to n< ;ture• Tr4<e ;ture uch 4 ?4chinery ?4y Be re?o>e< By ten4nt ithout

reort to oBecti>e intent tet @e.5. ?4chinery in 64ctory p4ce& tr4cli5htin5 4n< 4le counter ue< in ret4il Buine=

• "h4t i6 uBt4nti4l <4?45e ill reult 6ro? re?o>4lQo CL: ten4nt ?4y Be B4rre< 6ro? re?o>4lo Ret *< Prop LLT Z(*.*: re?o>4l i per?itte< 4 lon5 4 the

ten4nt retore the property ithin 4 li?ite< ti?e• Fi;ture l4 c4n Be 4ltere< By contr4ct

• Go>t1?4n<4te< ch4n5e to pre?ieo Go>t ?4n<4te o6ten re54r<e< 4 not in conte?pl4tion o6 p4rtie

houl< Be Borne By l4n<lor<o !ut thi ?i5ht Be tre4te< <ierently i6 2 ye4r le4e >. 27 ye4r

le4e

See S9sbee > Cana>anB T repl4ce< ol< c4Binet ith ne one.Hel7B The ten4nt9 repl4ce?ent o6 ol<& ue< c4Binet <oe not contitute4te 4n< 4 >iol4tion o6 4 uBt4nti4l oBli54tion o6 the ten4ncy in the4Bence o6 4 retriction cont4ine< in the le4e here the i?pro>e?ent i (=

P45e 88 o6 (+7




?4<e in the coure o6 ten4nt9 proper ue 4n< enoy?ent o6 the property& *=<oen9t inure the re>erion& 4n< /= <oen9t contitute uBt4nti4l 4n<per?4nent ch4n5e in the ch4r4cter 4n< n4ture o6 the Buil<in5

WasteB

o i6 leee turn pre?ie into hotel& inurin5 re>erion leenin5property >4lue 4te @A54te > LoenBein& #-=

o leee ?4teri4lly ch4n5e the n4ture 4n< ch4r4cter o6 theBuil<in5 By co?pletely ch4n5in5 interior 4rr4n5e?ent Byre?o>in5 o?e p4rtition 4n< erectin5 other& pl4cin5 oo<en6r4?eor 6or tore 6r4?e here Bric h4< pre>iouly too< 4te e>en i6 property >4lue enh4nce< @$cDon4l< > O9H4r4=

o Thi rule i p4rticul4rly true here the 4lter4tion pre>ent the LL6ro? retorin5 the 4?e pre?ie uBt4nti4lly 4t the e;pir4tiono6 the le4e

Not asteBo E;: i6 ten4nt le4e 64ctory 4n< repl4ce ol<& non1orin5 en5ine

ith ne one& i6 repl4ce?ent i <one ithout inury to

6oun<4tion or Buil<in5 or ol< en5ine no uBt4nti4l 4lter4tion 4 ?4<eM @An<re > D4y

!utton Co=o E;: here ten4nt le4e ret4ur4nt p4ce 4n< int4ll AC hich

t4n< on their on upport& reKuire no ne or 4<<ition4l poerline

Doen9t 4lter or contitute uBt4nti4l ch4n5e hich>4rie the 6or? o6 the n4ture o6 the Buil<in5 per?iiBlee;ercie o6 ten4nt9 ri5ht to the ue 4n< enoy?ent o6the pre?ie 6or the e;pre purpoe o6 the le4in5.M

o E;: here ten4nt re?o>e LL9 in 4n< to>e or re6ri5er4tor 4n<repl4ce the? ith hi on

Doen9t >iol4te co>en4nt o6 le4e prohiBitin5 4lter4tionMithout LL9 conent& nor 4 uBt4nti4l oBli54tion o6ten4ncy un<er t4te l4

o E;: the ue o6 4 ?o>4Ble 4hin5 ?4chine not per?4nently4tt4che< to the property <oen9t >iol4te uBt4nti4l oBli54tion 6oten4ncy

re4on4Ble 4n< proper e;ercie o6 the ten4nt9 ue 4n<enoy?ent.M

D6t to Re3a2 M Pe2<ss>e Waste

• At CL& ten4nt h4< <uty to per6or? only ?inor rep4ir nece4ry topre>ent <e5r4<4tion o6 property not reKuire< to ?4e uBt4nti4lrep4ir

• Duty to rep4ir p4rt o6 oBli54tion o6 preent et4te hol<er not toco??it 3e2<ss>e aste

o Per?ii>e 4te ill not Be 6oun< 6or or<in4ry e4r 4n< te4ro !ut 4n e;pre rep4ir pro>iion ?4y counter4ct thi1

52n9n9 A;ton fo2 Waste

• In 27 o6 uri<iction& LL c4n reco>er treBle <4?45e 6or 4te

P45e (77 o6 (+7




o In other t4te& <4?45e ?4y Be li?ite< to cot o6 retor4tion

• $4ny t4te per?it LL to ter?in4te @6or6eit= re?4inin5 le4e i6 Tco??it 4te

A<elo2at>e aste

• Co?p4re Sigsbee ith Aelms v 0abst 7re=ing %o "I (088

• ue< <e6ene o6 4?elior4tin5 4te& hich pro>i<e technic4l 4te inot 4ction4Ble here the ten4nt9 4ction incre4e the >4lue o6 thepropertyM

o Hel7B The e>i<ence ho th4t the property Bec4?e >4luele6or the purpoe o6 rei<ence property 4 the reult o6 the 5roth4n< <e>elop?ent o6 4 5re4t city. !uine 4n< ?4nu64cturin5interet 4<>4nce< 4n< urroun<e< the once ele54nt ?4nion&until it too< iol4te< 4n< 4lone& t4n<in5 upon ut enou5h5roun< to upport it& 4n< urroun<e< By 64ctorie 4n< r4il4ytr4c& 4Bolutely un<eir4Ble 4 4 rei<ence& 4n< inc4p4Ble o64ny ue 4 Buine property.

•

Reult en<ore< By #- Re4l Property Act L4 Z07/:o (. "hen 4 peron h4>in5 4n et4te 6or li6e or 6or ye4r in l4n<

propoe to ?4e 4n 4lter4tion in& or 4 repl4ce?ent o6 4tructure or tructure loc4te< thereon& then the oner o6 46uture interet in uch l4n< c4n neither reco>er <4?45e 6or& norenoin the 4lter4tion or repl4ce?ent& i6 the peron propoin5 to?4e uch 4lter4tion or repl4ce?ent co?plie ith thereKuire?ent herein46ter t4te< 4 to the 5i>in5 o6 ecurity 4n<et4Blihe the 6olloin5 64ct:

4. Th4t the propoe< 4lter4tion or repl4ce?ent s one

0;0 a 3267ent one2 of an estate n fee s<3leabsol6te n t0e aKe;te7 lan7 o6l7 be lel to

<ae in >ie o6 the con<ition e;itin5 on or in thenei5hBorhoo< o6 the 4ecte< l4n< 4n<

B. Th4t the propoe< 4lter4tion or repl4ce?ent& henco?plete<& ill not re<uce the ?4ret >4lue o6 theinteret in uch l4n< uBeKuent to the et4te 6or li6e or6or ye4r 4n<

c. Th4t the propoe< 4lter4tion or repl4ce?ent i not in>iol4tion o6 the ter? o6 4ny 45ree?ent or otherintru?ent re5ul4tin5 the con<uct o6 the oner o6 theet4te 6or li6e or 6or ye4r or retrictin5 the l4n< inKuetion 4n<

<. Th4t the li6e e;pect4ncy o6 the oner o6 the et4te 6or

li6e or the une;pire< ter? o6 the et4te 6or ye4r i notle th4n >e ye4r 4n<

e. Th4t the peron propoin5 to ?4e uch 4lter4tion orrepl4ce?ent& not le th4n thirty <4y prior toco??ence?ent thereo6& er>e< upon e4ch oner o6 46uture interet& ho i in Bein5 4n< 4cert4ine<& 4 rittennotice o6 hi intention to ?4e uch 4lter4tion orrepl4ce?ent& peci6yin5 the n4ture thereo6& hich notice

P45e (7( o6 (+7




4 er>e< peron4lly or By re5itere< ?4il ent to thel4t non 4<<re o6 e4ch uch oner o6 4 6utureinteret.

UR(TA F &.1-1. Tenant to %antan Delln9 UntA ten4nt h4ll• @(= co?ply ith 4ll oBli54tion pri?4rily i?poe< upon ten4nt By

4pplic4Ble pro>iion o6 Buil<in5 4n< houin5 co<e ?4teri4lly 4ectin5he4lth 4n< 46ety

• @*= eep th4t p4rt o6 the pre?ie th4t he occupie 4n< ue 4 cle4n4n< 46e 4 the con<ition o6 the pre?ie per?it

• @/= <ipoe 6ro? hi <ellin5 unit 4ll 4he& 54rB45e& ruBBih& 4n<other 4te in 4 cle4n 4n< 46e ?4nner

• @= eep 4ll plu?Bin5 ;ture in the <ellin5 unit or ue< By the ten4nt4 cle4r 4 their con<ition per?it

• @2= ue in 4 re4on4Ble ?4nner 4ll electric4l& plu?Bin5& 4nit4ry&he4tin5& >entil4tin5& 4ir1con<itionin5& 4n< other 64cilitie 4n<

4ppli4nce inclu<in5 ele>4tor in the pre?ie• @+= not <eliBer4tely or ne5li5ently <etroy& <e64ce& <4?45e& i?p4ir& or

re?o>e 4ny p4rt o6 the pre?ie or noin5ly per?it 4ny peron to <oo 4n<

• @'= con<uct hi?el6 4n< reKuire other peron on the pre?ie ith hiconent to con<uct the?el>e in 4 ?4nner th4t ill not <iturB hinei5hBor9 pe4ce6ul enoy?ent o6 the pre?ie.

%ee A>alon > HD S633lB C4n cot o6 rep4ir <4?45e 6or (= Bre4ch o6?4inten4nce 4n< rep4ir co>en4nt& or *= 4te Be reco>ere< hile<e6en<4nt9 le4e re?4in in eect 4n< <e6en<4nt re?4in in poeion o6the pre?ieQ

Hel7B No, n an a;ton fo2 b2ea;0 of <antenan;e an7 2e3a2;o>enants 0le t0e lease 2e<ans n eKe;t, a lesso2 s l<te7 to7a<a9es t a;t6all s6Ke2e7B n62 to t0e 2e>e2son nte2est.S<la2l, to 2e;o>e2 fo2 aste 0le a lease 2e<ans n eKe;t, alesso2 <6st 32o>e t0e a;ts of aste ;a6se7 7a<a9e t0at ass6;entl s6bstantal an7 3e2<anent to n62e t0e lesso2s2e>e2son nte2est.

• Co??erci4l le4e 4 not <ee?e< 4B4n<one< hen the le4e< property6ell into <irep4ir& e>en thou5h leor er>e< 4 notice o6 <e64ult& hereleee continue< p4yin5 rent 4n< other p4y?ent <ue un<er the ter? o6the le4e& 4n< leor <i< not pro>i<e notice o6 Belie6 o6 4B4n<on?ent.

• Co??erci4l le4e <i< not reKuire leee to retore the le4e< pre?ie toprele4e con<ition 4t 4ny ti?e Be6ore e;pir4tion or ter?in4tion o6 thele4e.

• A co??erci4l le4e pro>iion 4uthoriin5 the l4n<lor<& ithout ter?in4tin5the le4e& to @(= ue the ten4nt 6or the collection o6 the rent or other4?ount 6or hich Ten4nt ?4y Be in <e64ultM or @*= ue the ten4nt 6or theper6or?4nce o6 4ny other co>en4nt or 45ree?ent <e>ol>in5 upon Ten4nt&M<i< not 4uthorie l4n<lor< to reco>er cot o6 rep4ir <4?45e <urin5 thele4e ter? 6or Bre4ch o6 ?4inten4nce 4n< rep4ir co>en4nt& here ten4nt

P45e (7* o6 (+7




4 not in <e64ult o6 p4y?ent o6 rent or o6 4ny 4?ount it 4 reKuire< top4y un<er the ter? o6 the le4e& 4n< ten4nt h4< not repu<i4te< thele4e& 4Bent e>i<ence th4t reco>ery o6 the cot o6 rep4ir <4?45e 4nece4ry to pre>ent <e64ult un<er l4n<lor<W lo4n ecure< By thepre?ie.

• To en6orce non?onet4ry co>en4nt o6 co??erci4l le4e& uch 4

?4inten4nce 4n< rep4ir oBli54tion& ithout ter?in4tin5 the le4e&l4n<lor<W re?e<y 4 to ue ten4nt 6or pecic per6or?4nce to co?pelten4nt to ?4e the rep4ir or to per?it l4n<lor< to 5o on the pre?ie to?4e the?& un<er le4e pro>iion 4uthoriin5 l4n<lor< to ue the ten4nt6or the per6or?4nce o6 4ny other co>en4nt or 45ree?ent <e>ol>in5 upon

Ten4nt.M• E>i<ence th4t 4 leee h4 cre4te< 4 con<ition th4t uBt4nti4lly or

per?4nently <i?inihe< or <epreci4te< the ?4ret >4lue o6 the pre?ieMi not ucient to et4Blih 4te& ince re?e<i4Ble <4?45e ?i5ht BeuBt4nti4lM on 4 uBecti>e le>el& hile c4uin5 no pro>en inury to there>erion interet.

Duty to Oper4te

D6t to O3e2ateB unle e;prely ritten in the le4e& 4 <uty to oper4teill Be contrue< 454int l4n<lor<

Contn6o6s o3e2aton ;o>enant

• In n<in5 thi co>en4nt& court loo to:o %uBt4nti4l B4e rent >. percent45e rento E;pre ri5ht to 4i5n or uBlet ithout conento ue cl4ueM

e.5. leee ?4y not 4B4n<on or >4c4teMo 5r4ntin5 to T o6 e;clui>e ri5ht to ue in 4 hoppin5 centero cot o6 i?pro>e?ent p4i< By LL 6or thi p4rticul4r ten4nto le4e 4cti>ely ne5oti4te< Beteen p4rtieo <icuion Beteen p4rtie <urin5 ne5oti4tion re: continuou

oper4tion• Re?e<y

o D4?45eQ Horn=ood v Smiths 8ood King *o , #, (808: <i?inution in

>4lue o6 hoppin5 centero Inuncti>e relie6Q "h4t i6 tore oper4te 4t loQ

*e= 0ark 8orest #ssociates Ill v /ogers 4nterprises ILL (887:3 not to >4c4te coul<n9t Be pecic4lly en6orce<

o Ter?in4tion o6 le4eQ

%ee Pi55ly "i55ly %outhern Inc. >. He4r<: uper?4ret ?o>e< out Be6ore en<o6 le4e But continue< p4yin5. Court hel< le4e 45ree?ent <i< not inclu<e4ny pro>iion in<ic4tin5 4 co>en4nt o6 continuou oper4tion e;itence o6 4B4e rent 4lo u55ete< 4Bence o6 4n i?pie< co>en4nt o6 continuouoper4tion.

P45e (7/ o6 (+7




o Hel< : T0e 3a2tes 77 not a92ee to no2 ba29an fo2a33ellants ;ontn6o6s o3e2aton of t0e 32e<ses, an7 ea2e not a6t0o2Le7 to 2e2te t0e ;ont2a;t to ;2eate s6;0a 32o>son

Duty to p4y rent

• Co<<on (a R6le: in the 4Bence o6 4 le4e pro>iion to thecontr4ry& 4 ten4nt i not relie>e< 6or? the oBli54tion to p4y rent<epite the tot4l <etruction o6 the le4e< pre?ie

o E@;e3tons: "here p4rty only rente< p4rt o6 4 Buil<in5 I?poiBility o6 per6or?4nce

• %o7e2n R6le = #2eenJel7 > $olea=B It i no lon5er re4on4Ble toassume th4t in the 4Bence o6 4 le4e pro>iion to the contr4ry theleee houl< Be4r the ri o6 lo in the e>ent o6 tot4l <etruction o6 4Buil<in5.

o Court houl< loo to p4rtie9 intent to <eter?ine i6 p4rtie

inten<e< to le4e out l4n< or the Buil<in5 on top o6 it• %ee 4lo Ret4te?ent Contr4ct Z+7:

o @(= "here the e;itence o6 4 pecic thin5 or peron i& either Bythe ter? o6 4 B4r54in or in the conte?pl4tion o6 Both p4rtie&nece4ry 6or the per6or?4nce o6 4 pro?ie in the B4r54in& 4<uty to per6or? the pro?ie

@4= ne>er 4rie i6 4t the ti?e the B4r54in i ?4<e thee;itence o6 the thin5 or peron ithin the ti?e 6ore4on4Ble per6or?4nce i i?poiBle& 4n<

@B= s 7s;0a29e7 i6 the thin5 or peron uBeKuently inot in e;itence in ti?e 6or e4on4Ble per6or?4nce&

o

here 4 contr4ct rel4te to the ue 4n< poeion o6 pecicproperty& the e;itence o6 hich i nece4ry to the c4rryin5 outo6 the purpoe in >ie& 4 con<ition i i?plie< By l4& 4 thou5hritten in the 45ree?ent th4t the i?poiBility o6 per6or?4nce4riin5 6ro? the <etruction o6 the property& ithout 64ult o6either p4rty& h4ll en< 4ll contr4ctu4l oBli54tion rel4tin5 to thethin5 <etroye<. +reenburg v Sun Shipbuilding %o<

• %t4tute ?4y:o Auto?4tic4lly ter?in4te ten4ncy upon u<<en <etructiono Gi>e ten4nt 4n option to <o oo 3eep the le4e in pl4ce But upen< rent until rep4ir 4re ?4<e

• Ten4nt c4nnot 6orce l4n<lor< to reBuil< the Buil<in5 G te2<naton s

t0e onl 2e<e7 @8arnham v "indle& 'th Cir (887=o French: poiBle there i 4 ri5ht to <4?45e @<i o6 ne rent&

etc=o "h4t i6 LL c4rrie< inur4nceQ

I6 le4e <oen9t peci6y& LL ?4y eep inur4nce 4n< not Be6orce< to h4re inur4nce ten4nt or reBuil< inur4nce ?oney

It ?4y Be 454in T9 only re?e<y i ter?in4tion

P45e (7 o6 (+7




LA#DLORD9% RE$EDIE%

(= RECO,ER- OF PO%%E%%IO#

I o2tfet62e

• CL: LL h4< no ri5ht to ter?in4te 4 le4e 4Bent 4n e;pre ter?in4tioncl4ue @in<epen<ent co>en4nt theory – LL9 co>en4nt o6 Kuietenoy?ent 4 in<epen<ent o6 T9 co>en4nt to p4y rent=

• $ot t4te no per?it l4n<lor< to ter?in4te on ten4nt9 <e64ulto %o?e t4tute 5r4nt ri5ht o6 ter?in4tion only 6or rent <e64ulto %o?e t4tute 5r4nt ri5ht o6 ter?in4tion 6or other ?4teri4l

<e64ult• $4ny t4te reKuire ten4nt to recei>e not;e of 7efa6lt an7 3ossble

e>;tono %o?e t4tute 5r4nt ten4nt opportunity to cure <e64ult ithin

pecie< ti?e& 4n< reKuire notice o6 <e64ult to inclu<e t4te?entre: ri5ht to cure

Court9 reluct4nce to 6or6eit le4< to trict en6orce?ent o6notice reK9

-ibert Aanor v /innels IA (88*: 4ction 6or poeion<i?ie< Bc notice 54>e no opp. to cure

7evil v Muora C4l Ct App (88: notice <e6ecti>e Bec4ue it<ouBle< the 4?ount o6 B4c rent T oe<

o In the 4Bence o6 t4tute& notice ?4y not Be reKuire< 7ou=kamp v Ac*eill "- (882: LL h4< ri5ht to ter?in4te

co??erci4l le4e e>en thou5h ten4nt oere< to cure Bcle4e per?itte< 6or6eiture out notice

• !ut here T rote le4e

Co62ts 2el6;tan;e to fo2fet 2ea7 Jn7n9s (( 0as a>e7 Tsb2ea;0 of ;o>enants

o O6ten By 4cceptin5 B4c rent out 5i>in5 T notice LL inten< toter?in4te le4e

o $ore liely to n< 4i>er in rei<enti4l But it h4ppen inco??erci4l

&avidson v &ole #, (88*: LL <i< not 4i>e ri5ht toter?in4te co??erci4l le4e By 64ilin5 to eep property in5oo< rep4ir

%omm Housing #lternatives v -atta #C (80': LL 4i>e<ri5ht to ter?in4te By 4cceptin5 rent

• Doe it ?4tter i6 le4e pro>i<e 64ilure to <ecl4re <e64ult <oe not

4i>e LL9 ri5ht to <ecl4re ten4nt in <e64ult l4terQo &unbar Housing #uthorit v *esmith ", (887: LL 4t 6e<er4lly

uBi<ie< houin5 proect <i< not 4i>e ri5ht to e>ict By4cceptin5 rent 46ter initi4l notice to >4c4te 4 iue<

o "inslo= v &illard &epartment Stores TX (88/: leor 4i>e<Bre4ch By 4cceptin5 rent 6or 2 ye4r ithout noti6yin5 leeeth4t leor coni<ere< le4e ter?in4te< By leee9 64ilure tooBt4in 5u4r4ntor9 ritten conent to le4e rene4l

P45e (72 o6 (+7




• UR(TA reKuire l4n<lor< to 5i>e notice 4n< (1<4y opportunity to p4yo>er<ue rent Be6ore 6or6eiture @Z.*7(= 4n< pro>i<e 6or 4i>er By4ccept4nce o6 rent 4 6ollo @Z.*7=:

o LL9 4ccept4nce o6 rent nole<5e o6 <e64ult& or 4ccept4nceo6 per6or?4nce th4t >4rie 6ro? ter? o6 45ree?ent 4i>erunle otherie 45ree<

*= %ELF1HELP

En9ls0 R6leB 4 l4n<lor< entitle< to poeion i not ci>illy li4Ble 6or eectin54 ten4nt ithout reort to the le54l proce o lon5 4 he ue no ?ore 6orceth4n i nece4ry to eect the entry& even though his actions ma constitutea crime

U.S. 26leB $ot t4te hitoric4lly 4lloe< LL9 to ue el61help ithout Bein5hel< ci>illy li4Ble

o Thi 4 p4rtly Bec4ue 4n 4ction in eect?ent i uch 4 len5thyproce @?ut pro>e uperior title to 4ll=

• %t4te thu en4cte< FED @6orciBly entry 4n< <et4iner= t4tute:o $4in5 it 4 cri?in4l oene 6or 4 p4rty to 6orciBly out 4nothero Pro>i<in5 4 u??4ry u<ici4l procee<in5 to Kuicly e>ict 4 ten4nt

To Be5in& LL le unl46ul <et4iner 4ction

• To7a, All uri<iction h4>e en4cte< FED or UD t4tute

• %uch t4tute 4llo ten4nt 4n opportunity to ch4llen5e LL9 le54l 5roun<6or e>iction hile 6urtherin5 LL9 interet in e;pe<itiouly e>ictin5 4hol<o>er or nonp4yin5 ten4nt throu5h u<ici4l procee<in5

Unlaf6l Detane2 P2o;ee7n9s To7a

• $ot uri<iction to<4y h4>e c4e l4t4tute B4rrin5 4ny type o6

el61help in rei<enti4l le4e 4n< reKuirin5 l4n<lor< to ue the le54lproceo A 6e uri<iction 4llo only pe4ce6ulM el61help ?e4ure @AL&

A3= Court 6oun< no Bre4ch o6 pe4ce here co??erci4l LL

reentere< ret4ur4nt pre?ie 46ter Buine hour 4n<ch4n5e< loc @Rucer > "ynn& GA (88=

• $4ny t4te per?it pe4ce6ul el61help in co??erci4l le4e

Re<e7es 0en (( Uses I<32o3e2 Self*Hel3?

• Action to re54in poeion

• D4?45e 6or i?proper e>iction

• Tort cl4i? 6or inury to peron or property• Puniti>e <4?45e @in o?e uri<iction=

Aban7on<ent X 6nlaf6l 7etane2

• T tol< LL he oul< return in * <4y 4n< le6t 6or 0 ee& not p4yin5 rentor cont4ctin5 LL LL entere< pre?ie& re?o>e< 4n< tore< ten4nt9poeion 4n< re1rente< 4p4rt?ent (( not lable fo2 <32o3e2self 0el3 – in6erence th4t ten4nt 4B4n<one< pre?ie 4lloe< LL to

P45e (7+ o6 (+7




properly reenter @AartineL v Steinbaum& CO (80(=

/= %U$$AR- PROCE%% @4>oi< eect?ent 4ction=

• %o?e 6or? o6 u??4ry proce By hich LL c4n reco>er poeion6ro? 4 ten4nt in <e64ult i 4>4il4Ble in e>ery t4te

• Typic4l tep:o LL er>e ten4nt notice LL re u??4ry e>iction cl4i?

LL er>e ten4nt T h4 perio< to repon< i6 no repone& LL ?4y reKuet cler to enter <e64ult

court iue rit o6 poeion to LL upon proo6 o6 er>iceo6 u??on 4n< co?pl4int

i6 repone& LL ?4y reKuet tri4l <4te i6 LL in 4t tri4l&court ill iue rit o6 poeion to LL

o Upon receipt o6 rit o6 poeion& LL ?ut le rit ith heri heri ill e>ict T i??e<i4tely or ithin 4 6e <4y cur4ti>eperio< heri con<uct e>iction 4n< turn o>er poeion tol4n<lor<

• %cope li?ite< to LL9 Ri5ht o6 Poeion ?4y li?it reco>ery topoeion

o Onl 7efense a>alable: (= rent p4i< *= LL Bre4che<co>en4nt

• Due Proce C4n !e I?plic4te< in %u?? E>ic. Proceo Ore5on9 u??4ry e>iction t4tute:

(= reKuire< tri4l ithin + <4y o6 co?pl4int @O3= *= <enie< ten4nt 4Bility to r4ie <e6ene B4e< on LL9

Bre4ch o6 <uty o6 h4Bit4Bility @O3= /= reKuire< ten4nt 4ppe4lin5 % >er<ict to pot Bon< 6or

<ouBle the rent e;pecte< to 4ccrue <urin5 the 4ppe4l

• T0s 32o>son M 6n;onstt6tonal un<er PC4n< DPC <icri?in4tory 454int poor 4n< <e 64cto6orecloe 4ppe4l no ?4tter ho ?eritoriou theirc4e ?4y Be 4rBitr4ry 4n< irr4tion4l

o Ter?in4tion <eciion ?ut 4or< ten4nt <ue proce o6 l4hen the 5o>ern?ent i the l4n<lor<

Hinoosa v Housing #uth TX (882: 4<eKu4te proce inter?in4tion ince T recei>e< notice& h4< opp. to counel4n< cro1e;4?ine itnee& c4lle< itnee 4n<p4rticip4te< in in6or?4l 5rie>4nce he4rin5 4n< ury tri4l

D62aton of S6<<a2 E>;ton P2o;ee7n9s

• CA t4tute 4llo poeion in 4 little 4 (' <4yo In LA& the %E proce 4>er45e Beteen 2( 4n< (70 <4y

<epen<in5 on the tu<y @ell Beyon< the ('1<4y ?ini?u?=• In #-& u??4ry proce only 4lloe< 6or <eter?in4Ble le4ehol<

et4teo I6 et4te i on con<ition uBeKuent LL ?ut procee< in

len5thier eect?ent 4ction

P45e (7' o6 (+7




Ot0e2 Stat6tes t0at Co<e nto Pla

• o2e;los62e: T ?4y Be entitle< to 871<4y notice @recent l4 <ue ton4nci4l crii=

• I6 T h4 3e2o7; tenan; 6or ( ye4r +7 <4y notice

• (1<4y notice i6 T i in fe7e2all s6bs7Le7 0o6sn9 @%ection 0=

•

In CA& LL c4n 5et <4?45e @p4t1<ue rent 4n< cot o6 UD 4ction=o $4ny other t4te only 4llo LL to recl4i? poeion

• CA Re3a2 De76;t stat6te re: thin5 4ectin5 h4Bit4Bility @up to (?onth9 rent i6 T h4 p4i<=

o I6 LL ue 6or UD 7efense to tenant

Calfo2na Unlaf6l Detane2 Se<na2P2el<na2 Iss6esZ(.7(: Ho 4re UD c4e <ierent 6ro? other ci>il 4ctionQ• Unl46ul <et4iner 4ction 4re u??4ry procee<in5& <ei5ne< to

pro>i<e 4 ?e4n 6or l4n<lor< to Kuicly reco>er poeion o6 re4lproperty 6ro? ten4nt ho 4re in ron56ul poeion.

Z(.7*: %u??4ry Procee<in5• A UD 4ction h4 4ll o6 the tr4ppin5 o6 4 re5ul4r ci>il 4ctionVlin5 o6 4

co?pl4int& iu4nce o6 4 u??on& er>ice on the <e6en<4nt& lin5 o6 4reponi>e ple4<in5& <ico>ery perio<& 4n< o on. There 4re o?e<itinct <ierence& hoe>erVpri?4rily <ue to 4 co?pree< ti?eline

St2;t Not;e Re62e<entsZ*.7(: Gener4l #otice ReKuire?ent• Gener4lly& 4n unl46ul <et4iner 4ction i prece<e< By er>ice o6 4

notice to the ten4nt:o A /1<4y notice to p4y or Kuit&o A /1<4y notice to per6or? or Kuit&o A /1<4y notice to Kuit&o A +71<4y notice to ter?in4teVeecti>e 4nu4ry (& *77'& 6or 4

rei<enti4l ten4ncy o6 one ye4r or ?ore& oro A /71<4y notice to ter?in4teV6or 4ny co??erci4l ten4ncy& 6or

4ny rei<enti4l ten4ncy <urin5 *77+& 4n< 6or 4ny rei<enti4lten4ncy o6 le th4n one ye4r eecti>e 4nu4ry (& *77'.

Z*.7* Three1D4y #otice 1 ue< here ten4nt i unl46ully in poeion• The three1<4y notice i ue< hen the ten4nt h4 Bre4che< 4 co>en4nt

o6 the rent4l 45ree?ent& either By <e64ultin5 on the rent or co??ittin5o?e other Bre4ch. [%ee CCP Z((+(@/=.\

• There 4re three option:o /1<4y notice to p4y or KuitV6or ue hen the ten4nt h4

<e64ulte< on the rent. [%ee CCP Z((+(@*=.\o /1<4y notice to per6or? or KuitV6or ue hen the ten4nt h4

Bre4che< 4 co>en4nt in the 45ree?ent& other th4n nonp4y?ento6 rent& th4t c4n Be cure<. [%ee CCP Z((+(@/=.\

o /1<4y notice to KuitV6or ue hen the ten4nt h4 Bre4che< 4co>en4nt in the rent4l 45ree?ent th4t c4nnot Be cure<. [%eeCCP Z((+(@=.\

Z*.7/ Thirty1D4y or +71D4y #otice G 6or perio< ten4ncy

P45e (70 o6 (+7




• "hen 4 l4n<lor< ihe to ter?in4te the ten4ncy o6 4n in<enite ter?ten4nt ho h4n9t Bre4che< 4ny co>en4nt o6 the rent4l 45ree?ent&the l4n<lor< ?ut ue 4 /71<4y or @t4rtin5 4nu4ry (& *77'= +71<4ynotice to ter?in4te. !oth o6 thee notice 4llo 4 l4n<lor< to ter?in4te4 ten4ncy ithout c4ue.

• A rei<enti4l ten4nt ho h4 rei<e< on the pre?ie 6or one ye4r or?ore i entitle< to 4 +71<4y notice. [CC Z(8+.(@B=–@c=.\ A rei<enti4lten4nt ho h4 rei<e< on the pre?ie 6or le th4n one ye4r or 4nyco??erci4l ten4nt i entitle< to 4 /71<4y notice. [CC ZZ(8+&(8+.(@c=.\ P4rtie to 4 co??erci4l le4e ?4y 45ree to <ierent noticereKuire?ent. [%ee Z2.72.\

Z*.7 "hen I 4 #otice #OT ReKuire<Q• I6 4 ter?in4tion i B4e< on the e;pir4tion o6 4 ;e<1ter? ten4ncy& no

notice i reKuire<. [%ee CCP Z((+(@(= %tephen > Perry @(80*= (/CA/< '0& '2' n.\ #o notice i reKuire<& 4 ell& hen 4 ten4ntoccupie the property 4 p4rt o6 hi or her e?ploy?ent @e.5.& er>in54 the 4p4rt?ent ?4n45er or c4ret4er= 4n< th4t e?ploy?ent i

ter?in4te<. [%ee CCP Z((+(@(=.\• A ?onth1to1?onth ten4ncy i ter?in4te< By notice o6 the ten4ntW

<e4th. The ten4ncy i ter?in4te< 4 o6 the /7th <4y 6olloin5 theten4ntW l4t p4y?ent o6 rent Be6ore the ten4ntW <e4th. #o 6urthernotice i reKuire<. [CC Z(8/ $iller De4tni $5?t. Co.& Inc. >!ulloc @(887= **( CA/< %upp (/& (0.\

(an7lo27s Reasons fo2 Te2<natn9 Tenan;Z/.7( Intro<uction• Unl46ul <et4iner @UD= 4ction 4re le< 6or 4 >4riety o6 re4on.

Depen<in5 on thoe re4on& e4ch 4ction h4 cert4in <e6ene th4t?4y Be 4>4il4Ble to the <e6en<4nt. Thi p4rt e;4?ine the co??on

re4on 6or lin5 4 UD c4e. %ee Z.7( et eK 6or 4 re>ie o6 theten4nt9 <e6ene.

Z/.7* De64ult in P4y?ent o6 Rent• To e>ict on thi 5roun<& the l4n<lor< ?ut rt er>e the ten4nt ith 4

/1<4y notice to p4y or Kuit& hich t4te the 4?ount o6 rent <ue 4n<other p4y?ent in6or?4tion& inclu<in5 here p4y?ent ?ut Be ?4<e&the hour <urin5 hich it c4n Be recei>e<& 4n< 4 telephone nu?Ber. I6the 4<<re <oe not 4llo 6or peron4l <eli>ery& it ill Be conclui>elypreu?e< th4t the rent i <ee?e< recei>e< on ?4ilin5. [%ee CCPZ((+(@*=.\

• The notice ?ut Be t4te< in the 4ltern4ti>e& 4lloin5 the ten4nt tocure the <e64ult. [%ee CCP ZZ((+(@*=& ((+(.( Hin?4n > "45non

@(828= ('* CA*< *& *'.\

Z/.7/ !re4ch o6 Other Ter?• The Bre4ch o6 4ny ?4teri4l ter? in the rent4l 45ree?ent other th4n

rent 4lo ?4y Be 5roun< 6or ter?in4tion o6 4 ten4ncy. [%ee CCPZ((+(@/=.\

• For 4 rei<enti4l ten4nt& e;4?ple o6 Bre4che< other ter?M inclu<e>iol4tion o6 4 4terBe< t4n<4r< or ue o6 4n ille54l uBt4nce on the

P45e (78 o6 (+7




property.• #onrent Bre4che 4re een ?ot o6ten in the co??erci4l conte;t&

here e;4?ple inclu<e:o ,iol4tion o6 ue retriction or 4 co>en4nt 454int uBle4in5 or

4i5n?ento ,iol4tion o6 4n oBli54tion to ?4int4in 4n< rep4ir the propertyo ,iol4tion o6 4n 4lter4tion retrictiono #onp4y?ent o6 4 l4te 6eeo F4ilure to 5i>e notice o6 4 h44r<ou uBt4nce rele4e

• The l4n<lor< ?ut e;ercie c4ution in procee<in5 ith 4n e>iction 6or 4nonrent >iol4tion. A tri>i4l Bre4ch ill not upport 4 ter?in4tion& 4n<the ten4nt ?4y r4ie uBt4nti4l per6or?4nce 4 4n eKuit4Ble <e6eneto 4 UD 4ction. [%ee Hi5nell > GeB4l4 @(88= 87 CA*< +(& +2–++.\

• The proper notice 6or 4 cur4Ble Bre4ch i 4 /1<4y notice to per6or? orKuit.

Z/.7 #ui4nce or Ille54l Ue

• A l4n<lor< ?4y er>e 4 /1<4y notice to Kuit on 4 ten4nt ho iper?ittin5 4 nui4nce @inclu<in5 the 4le o6 ille54l uBt4nce orunl46ul 4le or poeion o6 ille54l e4pon= on the pre?ie& or houe the pre?ie 6or 4ny ille54l purpoe. [%ee CCP Z((+(@=.\ Thi iconi<ere< 4n n;62able b2ea;0& 4n< the l4n<lor< i entitle< to le 4UD 4ction on the e;pir4tion o6 the /1<4y perio< i6 the ten4nt h4 not>4c4te<.N6san;e n;l67es 7269s 3ossessonsale an7 ea3on<an6fa;t62esale

• A nui4nce inclu<e the ille54l ue& ?4nu64cture& c4uin5 to Be?4nu64cture<& i?port4tion& poeion& poeion 6or 4le& 4le&6urnihin5& or 5i>in5 44y o6 4ny o6 the 6olloin5 [CCP Z((+(@= CCZ/02@c=\:

o A re4r?.o Any 4??unition.o Any 44ult e4pon.o Any .27 !$G rie.o Any te4r 54 e4pon.

• If a 3e2son ;o<<ts an a;t of 7o<est; >olen;e, se@6alassa6lt, o2 staln9 a9anst anot0e2 tenant o2 s6btenant on t0e32e<ses, t0e2e s a 2eb6ttable 32es6<3ton aKe;tn9 t0eb627en of 32oof t0at t0e 3e2son 0as ;o<<tte7 a n6san;e ont0e 32e<ses.

• A l4n<lor< h4 4 tort <uty to e>ict 4 >iciou or <4n5erou ten4nt onlyhen the ten4ntW Beh4>ior ?4e >iolence to4r< nei5hBor or otheron the pre?ie 090l fo2eseeable. [C4t4ne<4 > Olher @*77'= (Cth (*72& (*(8–(*** @ten4ncy 5o>erne< By $oBileho?e Rei<encyL4& hich reKuire c4ue 6or e>iction=.\

Z/.72 ProhiBite< Ai5n?ent or %uBle4e• "hen 4 co??erci4l or rei<enti4l ten4nt Bre4che 4 co>en4nt 454int

P45e ((7 o6 (+7




4i5nin5 or uBlettin5 the property& 4 l4n<lor< ?4y 5i>e notice un<ereither CCP Z((+(@/= @6or 4 cur4Ble Bre4ch= or CCP Z((+(@= @6or 4nincur4Ble Bre4ch=.

Z/.7+ Co??iion o6 "4te• "hen 4 ten4nt Bre4che 4 co>en4nt or con<ition o6 the rent4l

45ree?ent th4t le54lly contitute or reult in 4 4teM o6 thepre?ie& the l4n<lor< ?4y ter?in4te the ten4ncy ith 4 /1<4y noticeto Kuit. [%ee CCP Z((+(@= Freee > !rinon @(88(= / CAth %upp (& /.\

• To uti6y not oerin5 4n opportunity to cure& the l4n<lor< ?ut pro<ucee>i<ence th4t the ten4nt9 4ct h4>e s6bstantall o2 3e2<anentl7<ns0e7 t0e <a2et >al6e o6 the property 4 4 hole. D4?45e tothe unit ithout 4n i?p4ct on ?4ret >4lue <oe not ?eet thereKuire?ent. [/ CAth %upp 4t .\

Z/.7' Ter?in4tin5 "ithout C4ue• Unle loc4l control or 6e<er4l re5ul4tion @6or uBi<ie< houin5=

reKuire otherie& 4 l4n<lor< h4 the ri5ht to ter?in4te 4n in<enite1ter? ten4ncy ithout c4ue By er>in5 the ten4nt ith 4 /71<4y or +71<4y notice to ter?in4te. Eecti>e 4nu4ry (& *77'& 4 +71<4y notice iue< 6or rei<enti4l ten4ncie o6 one ye4r or ?ore. [%ee CC ZZ(8+&(8+.(@B=–@c=.\

Z/.70 E;pir4tion o6 Fi;e<1Ter? Le4e• A6ter the e;pir4tion o6 4 ;e<1ter? le4e& the l4n<lor< ?4y ter?in4te

the ten4ncy ithout 5i>in5 notice. [%ee CCP Z((+(@(= %tephen > Perry@(80*= (/ CA/< '0& '2' n.\

Z/.78 Ten4nt AB4n<on?ent

• A l4n<lor< ?4y reco>er rent4l property i6 the ten4nt 4B4n<on thepre?ie. [%ee CC ZZ(82(.*& (82(./& (82(..\

• The l4n<lor< ?4y et4Blih 4B4n<on?ent puru4nt to CC Z(82(./:o The l4n<lor< ?ut h4>e 5i>en ritten notice to the ten4nt&

t4tin5 the l4n<lor<9 Belie6 th4t the ten4nt h4 4B4n<one< theproperty 4n< inclu<in5 4 ter?in4tion <4te.

o The ten4nt ?ut then h4>e 64ile< to 5i>e the l4n<lor< rittennotice& Be6ore the ter?in4tion <4te& t4tin5 th4t he or he <oenot inten< to 4B4n<on the property 4n< pro>i<in5 4n 4<<re 6orer>ice o6 4 UD 4ction.

• Ten4nt 4B4n<on?ent i eenti4lly 4 l4n<lor<9 tool 6or reco>erin5rente< pre?ie ithout 5ettin5 4 UD u<5?ent& But it c4rrie o?eriVi6 the l4n<lor< i ?it4en 4Bout the 4B4n<on?ent& he or he?4y 64ce 4 cl4i? 6or ron56ul e>iction. [%ee 344n > %tout @(8'/= 8C/< /8& /.\ There6ore& trict co?pli4nce ith CC Z(82(./ i critic4l.

Z.72 "4i>er o6 #otice to )uit• I6 the l4n<lor< 4i>e<& ch4n5e<& or c4ncele< 4 notice to Kuit& the

ten4nt h4 4n 4r?4ti>e <e6ene to 4 uBeKuent UD 4ction. Fore;4?ple& i6 the l4n<lor< 4ccept 4 p4rti4l p4y?ent o6 B4c rent 46ter

P45e ((( o6 (+7




er>in5 the ten4nt ith 4 /1<4y notice to Kuit& he or he ?4y h4>e4i>e< the ori5in4l notice. [%ee EDC Aoc. Lt<. > Gutierre @(80= (2/CA/< (+'& ('7.\

• In 4 c4e in>ol>in5 4 /71 or +71<4y notice& notice i 4i>e< only i6 thel4n<lor< 4ccept rent 6or 4 perio< th4t 64ll 46ter the e;pir4tion o6 thenotice perio<.

• "hether 4 4i>er o6 notice occurre< i 4 64ctu4l iue.

Z.7+ Ret4li4tory E>iction• Rei<enti4l l4n<lor< ?ut not t4e 4ny o6 the 6olloin5 4ction in

ret4li4tion 6or the ten4nt9 e;erciin5 hi or her le54l ri5ht [ee CCZ(8*.2@4=& @c=\:

o Incre4in5 rent&o Decre4in5 er>ice& oro C4uin5 4 ten4nt to Kuit the rent4l property in>olunt4rily.

• A ten4nt ?4y not 4i>e hi or her ri5ht un<er thi t4tute. [CCZ(8*.2@<=.\

• A ten4nt h4 4 >4li< 4r?4ti>e <e6ene i6 he or he c4n ho th4t thel4n<lor< ret4li4te< 454int hi? or her in >iol4tion o6 CC Z(8*.2.

• In 4<<ition& Both rei<enti4l 4n< co??erci4l ten4nt h4>e 4 co??on1l4 4r?4ti>e <e6ene 6or ret4li4tory 4ction By the l4n<lor<. [%ee!4rel4 > %uperior Court @,4l<e= @(80(= /7 C/< *& *2( Rich >%ch4B @(880= +/ CAth 07/& 0(( Cuto? P4rin5& Inc. > %uperiorCourt @$4cAnn4n= @(80*= (/0 CA/< 87& (77–(7(.\

• I6 the ten4nt pro>e ret4li4tion By 4 prepon<er4nce o6 the e>i<ence& heor he i entitle< to 4 u<5?ent o6 poeion. [%ee CCP Z(8*.2 %.P.Groer A9n > Ro<ri5ue @(8'+= (' C/< '(8& '*.\

• The cl4i?e< ret4li4tory 4ction ?ut h4>e occurre< ithin (07 <4y o6the ten4nt9 l46ul e;ercie o6 ri5ht. [%ee CC Z(8*.2@4=.\Further?ore& the t4tutory <e6ene ?4y Be ue< only once in 4 (*1?onth perio<. [%ee CC Z(8*.2@B=.\ #o li?it 4pplie to the co??on1l4<e6ene o6 ret4li4tory e>iction. [%ee Gl4er > $eyer @(80*= (/' CA/<''7& ''.\

• A ten4nt ho ucce6ully <e6en< 4 UD 4ction on the 5roun< o6ret4li4tory e>iction i entitle< to reco>er Both 4ctu4l 4n< puniti>e<4?45e in 4<<ition to ret4inin5 poeion o6 the property. [%ee CCZ(8*.2@4=& @6=.\

Z.7' L4n<lor<9 !re4ch o6 Rent4l A5ree?ent• I6 the l4n<lor< ?4teri4lly Bre4che 4n e;pre co>en4nt in the rent4l

45ree?ent& the ten4nt h4 4 >4li< <e6ene to 4n unl46ul <et4inerB4e< on nonp4y?ent o6 rent. The ten4nt9 oBli54tion to p4y rent 4n<the l4n<lor<9 oBli54tion un<er the 45ree?ent 4re <epen<entco>en4nt. [%ee Green > %uperior Court @(8'= (7 C/< +(+& +/.\

• It i not cle4r hether 4 tri>i4lM Bre4ch th4t <oe not 4ect theten4nt4Bility o6 the rent4l unit oul< e;cue the <uty to p4y rent. Thi<e6ene i uu4lly co?Bine< ith the h4Bit4Bility <e6ene. [%ee Z.7*.\

Z.70 Dicri?in4tion

P45e ((* o6 (+7




• I6 the l4n<lor< h4 <icri?in4te< 454int the ten4nt in >iol4tion o6 thel4 or o6 the 6e<er4l or t4te Contitution& the ten4nt ?4y 4ert<icri?in4tion 4 4n 4r?4ti>e <e6ene 454int 4 UD 4ction. [%eeDep4rt?ent o6 F4ir E?ploy?ent Houin5 > %uperior Court @*77*= 88CAth 08+& 088–87* %?ith > F4ir E?ploy?ent Houin5 Co??9n@(88+= (* Cth ((/& ((22–((+(& (('+& (('8 $4rin4 Point& Lt<. >"ol6on @(80*= /7 C/< '*(& '*–'*+.\

Z2.7/ L4n<lor<9 Ri5ht to I??e<i4te Poeion• A l4n<lor< ho le 4 UD 4ction h4 the option o6 lin5 4 ?otion to

t4e i??e<i4te poeion o6 the pre?ie hen the ten4nt [ee CCPZ((++4@4=\:

o Rei<e out o6 t4te&o Dep4rte< 6ro? the t4te&o C4nnot Be 6oun< in the t4te 46ter <ue <ili5ence& oro H4 conce4le< hi?el6 or herel6 to 4>oi< er>ice o6 4 u??on.

• The l4n<lor< ?ut er>e the ten4nt ith 4 notice o6 he4rin5 th4t

co?plie ith CCP Z(7((. [%ee CCP Z((++4@B=.\ I6 you n< in thel4n<lor<9 64>or 4t the he4rin5& the l4n<lor< i entitle< to 4 rit o6poeion. [%ee CCP Z((++4@<=–@e=.\

• -ou 4lo ?ut or<er the l4n<lor< to le 4n un<ert4in5 in 4n 4?ountc4lcul4te< to co>er <4?45e th4t the ten4nt ?4y ut4in By Bein5ron56ully <ipoee< @in the e>ent th4t the 4ction i <i?ie< orthe l4n<lor< 64il to reco>er u<5?ent=. [%ee CCP Z((++4@c=.\

Z2.7+ %el61HelpM Ter?in4tion ProhiBite<• A l4n<lor< i prohiBite< 6ro? ter?in4tin5 or 4tte?ptin5 to ter?in4te 4

ten4ncy By:o Interruptin5 4ny utility er>ice @i.e.& 4ter& he4t& li5ht& electricity&

54& telephone& ele>4tor& or re6ri5er4tion= [CC Z'08./@4=\o Ch4n5in5 the loc to pre>ent the ten4nt 6ro? 54inin5 4cce to

the unit [CC Z'08./@B=@(=\o Re?o>in5 the outi<e <oor or in<o o6 the rent4l unit [CC

Z'08./@B=@*=\ oro Re?o>in5 the ten4nt9 peron4l Belon5in5 6ro? the rent4l unit

ithout ritten per?iion [CC Z'08./@B=@/=\.• I6 you n< 4 l4n<lor< h4 >iol4te< thi prohiBition& he or he i li4Ble to

the ten4nt 6or 4ctu4l <4?45e& t4tutory <4?45e& 4n< 4ttorney 6ee.[%ee CC Z'08./@c=–@<=.\

%ee o27an > TalbotB P as ! <ont0s be0n7 n 2ent lease 32o>7e7290t of 2e*ent2 D (( ente2e7 a3t, 2e<o>e7 f62nt62e an7 2ef6se7 to2et62n 3ossesson to PHel7B

A l4n<lor<W ri5ht o6 re1entry i not 4 <e6ene to 4n 4ction 6or6orciBle entry or <et4iner.

A l4n<lor< >iol4te< t4tute <enin5 6orciBle entryM hen heunloce< ten4ntW 4p4rt?ent ithout her conent 4n< entere< ithtor45e co?p4ny e?ployee to re?o>e ten4ntW 6urniture& e>en

P45e ((/ o6 (+7




thou5h there 4 no phyic4l <4?45e to the pre?ie or 4ctu4l>iolence.

o A peron ho oBt4in poeion to property By 6orciBle entry <oenot h4>e ri5ht to ret4in poeion.

Re?o>4l o6 4 ten4ntW 6urniture ithout her conent& ren<erin5 thele4e< 4p4rt?ent unuit4Ble 6or rei<ence& 4n< 6orcin5 ten4nt toee helter elehere& to5ether ith t4te?ent o6 l4n<lor<We?ployee in repone to ten4ntW inKuiry 4Bout her Belon5in5& th4the houl< Get the hell out o6 here&M 4 ucient to upportJn7n9 of fo2;ble ent2 B4e< on 4 turnin5 out o6 4 p4rty By6orce& thre4t or ?en4cin5 con<uct.

L4n<lor< 77 not ;on>e2t tenants 9oo7s here it tore< ?otite? re?o>e< 6ro? ten4ntW 4p4rt?ent in 4 4rehoue in ten4ntWn4?e& hel< cert4in o6 the ite? 6or ten4nt in l4n<lor<W B4e?ent&4n< l4n<lor< <i< not ue 4ny o6 the property or ?4e 4ny cl4i? o6onerhip thereo6.

$onet4ry D4?45e

The C4lculu o6 Re?e<ieForfeiture

• Class; 26leB LL c4n9t collect on rent 46ter ter?in4tion o6 the le4e

• Cont2a;t*e2a f6t62e*2ent 26le: "here LL ter?in4te le4e puru4ntto 6or6eiture cl4ue 4n< e>ict le4e pro>iion typic4lly 4llo the?to re1rent pre?ie upon ter?in4tion 4n< reco>er <4?45e 6ro?ten4nt in 4?ount o6 7Ke2en;e Beteen rent reer>e< in le4e 4n<the ne rent

• C4li6. rule: LL c4n reco>er thi e>en ithout le4e pro>iiono CCC (82(.*@c=@*=: Leor c4n collect <4?45e if The leor relet

the property prior to the ti?e o6 44r< 4n< pro>e th4t inrelettin5 the property he 4cte< re4on4Bly 4n< in 4 5oo<164itheort to ?iti54te the <4?45eM

AB4n<on?ent

• "hen T 4B4n<on le4e< pre?ie ithout e;cue no le4e cl4ue5o>ern LL ?4y:

• (= T4e B4c le4e< pre?ie 4Bout 6or5et 4Bout T 4 Kuicly 4poiBle

o In thi c4e& T i relie>e< o6 li4Bility

• *= I5nore T9 4B4n<on?ent 4n< continue to hol< T li4Ble un<er ter? o6 le4e 4 thou5h T re?4ine< in poeion

o ): <oe LL h4>e to ?iti54te <4?45eQ Tr4<ition4l Poition: #- court hol< LL h4 no <uty to

?iti54te. Tr4<ition4l Poition d*: LL coul< tre4t itel6 4 ten4nt9

45ent 4n< tre4t 4B4n<on?ent 4 oer to LL to re1rentpre?ie 6or T9 4ccount

Pot1Re6or? Poition: LL ?ut ?iti54te By (= ?4in5 4n4tte?pt the?el>e to re1rent the pre?ie or *= 5i>in5

P45e (( o6 (+7




re4on4Ble conent to T9 4tte?pt to uBle4e4i5n.• /= Relet le4e< pre?ie 4n< hol< T li4Ble 6or <ierence in 4?ount o6

rent recei>e<o LL ?ut 4>oi< looin5 lie uch 4n 4u?ption o6 control o>er

le4e< pre?ie th4t LL i 4cceptin5M T9 urren<er 6or thi toor

o Thi intent to 4ccept ?4y Be e;pre or i?plie<

%ecurity Depoit:

• uu4lly ecurity i le6t to <e6r4y <4?45e c4ue< By 4B4n<on?ent o6the pre?ie& ?iue& etc. %ecurity <epoit c4n only Be 4pplie< tounp4i< rent th4t h4 4ccrue< 4 o6 the <4te c4lle< 6or in the t4tute 6orthe return o6 the <epoit. #ot 6or 6uture rent.

• Un<er t4tute the l4n<lor< h4 to return the ecurity <epoit l4n<lor<h4 * ee . C4n ue <epoit 6or <4?45e to the pre?ie& <e64ultrent& or cle4nin5 But only 6or th4tVthe le4e h4 to 4y h4t theecurity <epoit h4 to 4y h4t it c4n Be ue< 6or 4n< c4n only ue< it

6or thoe purpoe. -ou c4n 4i>e the ri5ht o6 return in co??erci4lle4e

• !)- (.(.C. >. P0oto3ont Co23 B T 4B4n<one< 4n< le6t uBt4nti4l<eBt

o Hel7B A leor ith 4B4n<one< pre?ie h4 to ?utu4llye;clui>e re?e<ie: <ee? the le4e ter?in4te< 4n< ee<4?45e& or continue to per6or? un<er the le4e 4n< ee rent4 it Beco?e <ue.

o Throu5h the ter?in4tion o6 the le4e upon ten4ntW4B4n<on?ent& 4 l4n<lor<W continuin5 ri5ht to rent un<er thele4e i con>erte< into 4 <4?45e cl4i? 6or rent lot throu5h theten4ntW 4B4n<on?ent.

o !y ret4inin5 Bre4chin5 ten4ntW ecurity <epoit to co>er 6uturerent un<er le4e& co??erci4l l4n<lor< >iol4te< t4tute 1/)-.+ th4t li?ite< oet 454int ecurity <epoit to rent 4ccrue< hen<epoit 4 reKuire< to Be returne< to ten4nt ho urren<ere<property& 4n< thu l4n<lor< 4 not entitle< to purue eto 6or6uture rent un<er 5ener4l eto t4tute.

• (( ;o6l7 0a>e ;0osen to ee3 lease a;t>e 6n7e2 1/)1.! an7;olle;t 2ent as 76e f2o< 7e3ost b6t ;0ose not to

Ai5n?ent

Ai5n?ent

n assignment is a complete transfer of the remaining term

• Tr4n6er ?ut Be on the 4?e ter? 4 the ori5in4l le4e& But T(ret4in 4 ri5ht o6 reentry i6 the ter? o6 the ori5in4l le4e 4re Bre4che<.

The 4i5nee 4n< L 4re in privit of estate& 4n< e4ch i li4Ble to the

P45e ((2 o6 (+7




other on 4ll co>en4nt in the le4e th4t run ith the l4n<.M I6 the4i5nee <i4ppe4r& T( i till li4Ble 6or the rent. Thi 4rie out o6

privit of contract .

• 0rivit of estate1 Co>en4nt th4t run ith the l4n<4. I6 it touche 4n< concernM the le4e< l4n<. Thee 4re:

i. To <o or not <o 4 phyic4l 4ct @rep4ir& con<uct Buine&upply he4t=

i. P4y ?oney @rent& t4;e=i. Re54r<in5 <ur4tion o6 le4e @ter?in4tion cl4ue=

%ee 3elly > Tri1Citie !ro4<c4tin5: Hel7B An 4i5nee& in the 4Bence o6 4ne;pre 4u?ption& i li4Ble only 6or the co>en4nt hich run ith the l4n<4n< only <urin5 the perio< o6 hi occup4ncy. Hi li4Bility ce4e ithce4tion o6 poeion. The 4i5nee h4 the oBli54tion to p4y the t4te<rent4l pro>i<e< in the le4e 4n< not ?erely the re4on4Ble >4lue o6 the ue.

• I6 no contr4ct no reKuire?ent to 6ulll the co>en4nt o6 thele4e other th4n uch oBli54tion 4 oul< By i?plic4tion Bei?poe< upon hi? Bec4ue o6 hi entry 4n< 4u?in5poeion o6 the le4e< pre?ie.M

• I6 e;pre 4u?ption to et o6 oBli54tion

• P2>t of estate – 4riin5 6or? the l4n<lor<ten4nt rel4tion

• P2>t of ;ont2a;t – <ue to ter? o6 hich the oBli54tion o64i5nee o6 le4e i to Be ?e4ure<

Rule: An occup4nt o6 re4l property ho hol< By >irtue o6 4 B4re 4i5n?ento6 the le4e 4n< ithout enterin5 into 4ny contr4ct& either ith hi 4i5nor or

the leor& 4r?4ti>ely Bin<in5 hi?el6 to 6ulll the co>en4nt o6 the le4e& isubject only to such obligations as he impliedly assumes by entryand taking possession of the leased premises.MCalf laB OBli54tion o6 leee ithout 4u?ption o6 oBli54tion o6 le4e@$iller %t4rr=:

• (= p4y the rent *= ?4int4in inur4nce /= ?4e rep4ir = p4yt4;e i6 le4e pro>i<e 6or thi

o thee oBli54tion ter?in4te hen 4i5nee ter?in4te hipoeion

• in 4Bence o6 e;pre 4u?ption no pri>ity o6 3 Beteen4i5nee 4n< LL 4i5nee #L 6or co>en4nt hich 4reotherie not Bin<in5

• thi con6or? ith Ret *< Property (+.(@*=: 2es t0atso<et0n9 26ns t0 t0e lan7

o tr4n6eree o6 4n interet in le4e< property i oBli54te< toper6or? 4n e;pre pro?ie cont4ine< in the l4e i6:

4= the pro?ie ;2eates a b627en t0at to6;0es

an7 ;on;e2ns the tr4n6erre< interet B= thepro?ior 4n< pro?iee nten7 t0e b627en to 26nith the tr4n6erre< interet c= tr4n6eree i not

P45e ((+ o6 (+7




relie>e< o6 the oBli54tion By the peron entitle< toen6orce it 4n< <= the tr4n6er Brin5 the tr4n6ereeinto pri>ity o6 et4te ith the peron entitle< toen6orce the pro?ie

Relat>e labltes

• Au?e T( li4Ble un<er pri>ity o6 3 6or rent 4n< T* li4Ble un<er pri>ity

o6 et4te• LL ?4y ue either T( or T* @But not Both=

o !eteen the?& T* li4Ble to T( T( 4y reco>er 6ro? T* @principleo6 uBro54tion=

%uBle4e

lease by a lessee to a third party0 conveying some or all of the leased property for a shorter term

than that of the lessee0 who retains a reversion in the lease

( L4n<lor<1ten4nt rel4tion: Re?4in in 32>t of estate 4n< 32>t of

;ont2a;t( Ten4nt1uBleee rel4tion

• There i 32>t of ;ont2a;t Beteen leee 4n< uBleee. Thi c4n Be ue< 4 4 B4i 6or uit 6or contriBution.

• Althou5h there i no 32>t of estate Beteen the leee 4n<the uBleee& there i 4 ri5ht to ter?in4te 4n< e>ict the uBleeeon the p4rt o6 the leee.

( L4n<lor<1uBleee rel4tion• %uBleee i not n 32>t of estate ith l4n<lor< c4nnot ue

or Be ue< By l4n<lor<• %uBleee i not n 32>t of ;ont2a;t ith l4n<lor< either&

thu c4n9t Be ue< un<er th4t

Test fo2 7ete2<nn9 0et0e2 a t2ansfe2 s an ass9n<ent o2 s6blease

• Ass9n<entB hen tr4n6er i 6or hole B4l4nce o6 une;pire< ter?&rt 4ll o6 ori5in4lly le4e< pre?ie 4n< on e;4ctly 4?e ter? 4thoe un<er hich ?4in leee hel<

• S6bleaseB hen tr4n6er i 6or perio< horter th4n une;pire< B4l4nceo6 ter?& rel4te to phyic4l p4rt onl o6 ori5in4lly le4e< pre?ie 4n<i on ter? ?4teri4lly <ierent 6ro? the ?4in le4e

• Alte2nate testB i6 By the tr4n4ction& the leee con>ey hi entireter? or hether he ret4in hi re>erion4ry interet.M

o If ent2e te2< ass9n<ent

o

If 2etans 2e>e2son

s6blease %ee A?eric4n Co??unity %tore > #e?4n• Hel7B a 290t of 2eent2 s a 2e>e2sona2 nte2est s6;ent to

6alf a t2ansfe2 of 290ts 6n7e2 a lease a92ee<ent as a s6blease2at0e2 t0an an ass9n<ent

• Ret4ine< re>erion4ry interet nee< not Be 6or uBt4nti4l perio< o6 ti?ein or<er 6or 4n 45ree?ent to Be coni<ere< 4 uBle4e @4 little 4 ( <4y ienou5h=

P45e ((' o6 (+7




• Ten4ntW 5r4nt to uBten4nt o6 ri5ht to e;ercie re?4inin5 rene4loption in pri?e le4e <i< not ?4e tr4n6er 4n 4i5n?ent 4 prohiBite<By pri?e le4e ten4nt 5r4nte< uBten4ntW option to rene uBle4e inor<er to e;ten< their ter? 6or nu?Ber o6 ti?e ten4nt coul< e;ten< pri?ele4e& 4n< <i< not 5r4nt uBten4ntW ri5ht to 4ctu4lly e;ten< pri?e le4epuru4nt to ten4ntW option to rene.

Conent

, must consent to the sublease or assignment before # can transfer his interest in property:

%houl< 4 re4on4Blene reKuire?ent Be re4< into 4 cl4ue reKuirin5 LL9conentQ

• #o: Aerchants /o= %orp v Aerchants /o= $A (88*

• -e: 0ark 0lace 4nterprises v 0ark 0lace Aall #ssociates T# (88*o Thee c4e t4te it 4pplie eKu4lly to 4i5n?ent 4n<

uBle4e @Kendall v 4rnest 0estana Inc CA (802 – conent ?4yBe ithhel< in 4 co??erci4l le4e only 6or 4 co??erci4llyre4on4Ble oBection=

Tr4<ition4l rule >. Julian 4ppro4ch• Julian: i6 le4e cont4in ilent conentM cl4ue pro>i<in5 th4t ten4nt

?ut oBt4in l4n<lor<W conent in or<er to 4i5n or uBle4e& uchconent ?4y not Be unre4on4Bly ithhel<.

o Thi i 5ener4lly 4ccepte< in co??erci4l le4e& i6 LL h4 not (=e;prely ret4ine< ri5ht to Be 4rBitr4ryunre4on4Ble

• 3raditional rule: i6 le4e cont4in ilent conentM cl4ue pro>i<in5 th4tten4nt ?ut oBt4in l4n<lor<W conent in or<er to 4i5n or uBle4e&l4n<lor< ?4y ithhol< uch conent e>en hen <oin5 o i 4rBitr4ry orunre4on4Ble

o thi till pre>4il in ?4ority o6 uri<iction in rei<enti4l c4e

Conent Cl4ue $4y ReKuire LL9 Conent $4y #ot !e Unre4on4Bly "ithhel<• Thi reKuire court to ?4e thi <eter?in4tion

%t4tutory Tre4t?ent o6 Conent Cl4ue• Kendall rule co<ie< By CA Le5. in CC Z(882.7(71/7

o %t4tute only inect re4on4Blene t4n<4r< into co??erci4lle4e

• #- Le5 pro>i<e< rule 6or 4i5n?entuBlettin5 o6 rei<enti4l le4eo rt 4i5n?ent T c4nnot 4i5n ithout LL9 conent LL

?4y ithhol< conent ithout c4ue But i6 LL unre4on4Bly ithhol< conent& T rele4e< 6ro?

le4e on /7 <4y notice i6 conent re4on4Bly ithhel< T ?4y not 4i5n

le4e t4n<

P45e ((0 o6 (+7




o rt uBlettin5 T h4 ri5ht to uBlet ith conent o6 LL& hich?4y not Be unre4on4Bly ithhel<

T ?ut uB?it ritten propo4l 6or uBlet conent4u?e< i6 no reply in /7 <4y

I6 re4on4Bly ithhol< conent uBle4e ineecti>e le4e t4n<

I6 unre4on4Bly ithhol< conent T ?4y procee< ithuBle4e

%uBle4e not co?portin5 ith t4tute ?4y Be B4i 6ore>iction

o Le4e pro>iion c4nnot 4i>e the t4tute

"4y Court c4n 4>oi< Contruction4l Iue• Fin<in5 no conent nee<e< un<er l4n5u45e o6 the cl4ue

• Rule in &umporNs %ase En5. (+7/o Once LL conent to 4i5n?ent o6 le4e puru4nt to conent

cl4ue& the conent cl4ue i <ee?e< to Be per?4nently 4i>e<o Thu& no conent nee<e< 6or uBeKuent re4i5n?ento Thi rule till 4pplie in ?4ny A?eric4n uri<iction

4estraints on lienation

( Di4Blin5 Retr4int: t4e 44y your poer to ?4e 4 tr4n6er.( For6eiture retr4int: I6 you 4i5n the le4e ithout conent& you

6or6eit the le4ehol< et4te.( Pro?iory retr4int: Ten4nt pro?ie not to 4i5n or uBlet

ithout L conent. I6 the ten4nt pro?ie& the 4i5n?entoul< Be eecti>e. -ou 4re li4Ble 6or <4?45e& But it <oenWt 4yyou <i<nWt h4>e the poer. -ou <onWt loe the et4te.

D. %u??4ry: Ai5n?ent 4n< %uBle4e

A M (an7lo27 5 M O29nal Tenant C M Ass9nee o2 S6blessee

Ass9n<ent bTenant

S6blease b Tenant

Consent L4n<lor<9 conent?4y Be reKuire< Byle4e

L4n<lor<9 conent ?4yBe reKuire< By le4e

P45e ((8 o6 (+7




P2>t ofEstate

A 4n< C A 4n< !

P2>t ofCont2a;t

A 4n< ! A 4n< !

! 4n< C @i6 contr4ct

4u?e<=

(ablt fo2Co>enants n(ease

C li4Ble to A on 4llco>en4nt th4t run ithl4n< Bec4ue o6 pri>ityo6 et4te

! re?4in li4Ble to A6or rent 4n< 4ll otherco>en4nt in le4eBec4ue o6 pri>ity o6contr4ct

C not li4Ble to A on 4nyco>en4nt in ori5in4l le4e4n< c4nnot en6orce A9co>en4nt

! re?4in li4Ble 6orrent 4n< 4ll otherco>en4nt in le4e 4n<c4n en6orce A9 co>en4nt

C li4Ble to ! 6or rent @i6contr4ct 4u?e<=

P45e (*7 o6 (+7




CONCURRENT ESTATES%ARITA(PROPERTY o62 as to 7>7e 32o3e2t one2s03 ;on;622entlB

Ten4ncy in Co??on

• Applie hene>er preent poeion o6 property i one< By ?ore th4none peron

• "i<epre4<o "hen property p4e By intet4te ucceiono "hen couple <i>orce out ettle?ent <i>i<in5 their ointly one<

propertyo "hene>er people Buy property to5ether ithout cre4tin5 hol<in5

corpp4rtnerhiptrut to hol< the titleo "hen people in hi5h1cot houin5 4re4 Buy ?ultiple1unit Buil<in5

6or their oint ue ithout cre4tin5 con<o 4oc. or cooper4ti>e• Pit64ll

o Conict poiBilitie Bec4ue o6 <eciion re: ue& ?4inten4nce&i?pro>e?ent 4n< 4le

C4re6ully <r4n 45ree?ent c4n pro>i<e ?ech4ni? 6oreniBle property ?4n45e?ent 4n< <ipoition o6 h4re inthe e>ent o6 <i>orce& <e4th or <eire to c4h out

i6 no 45ree?ent& or inherite< property rule pro>i<e< Byl4 5o>ern uch <ipute @ee Belo=

• Alien4Bility

o 6ll alenable: ten4nt c4n tr4n6er interet in<epen<ently<urin5 li6e& throu5h ill or By intet4te ucceion

Contitution4l Ri5ht to <i>>y up 4 TICQ

• To? > %4n Fr4ncico: Hi5h cot o6 re4l et4te p4rtie Buyin5?ulti1unit Buil<in5 4 TIC 4n< <i>i<in5 4?on5 the?el>e& 5i>in5 e4choner ERO in 4 <ellin5

Hel7B O27nan;e 32o0btn9 a92ee<ents b tenants n ;o<<onof <6lt*6nt b6l7n9s t0at 9a>e ea;0 one2 an e@;l6s>e 290tof o;;63an; n 3a2t;6la2 7elln9 6nts >olate7 t0e tenants;onstt6tonal 290t of 32>a;.

• Autono?y pri>4cy interet e;it in chooin5 the peron ith ho?one ill rei<e 4n< in e;clu<in5 other 6ro? one9 pri>4te rei<ence

• Gener4l ri5ht to pri>4cy in one9 ho?eo the <eire to h4>e pri>4cy in one o6 thee TRO9& puru4nt to

45ree?ent 4?on5 the coten4nt& i 4 re4on4Ble one no re4on4Ble peron oul< conent to h4>in5 their

nei5hBor 4n<er throu5h one9 ho?e

P45e (*( o6 (+7




oint Ten4ncy ith Ri5ht o6 %ur>i>orhip

• Fully 4lien4Ble inter >i>o But in4lien4Ble 4t <e4tho Inte4< o6 p4in5 to heir or <e>iee& property re?4inM ith

the ur>i>or@= Cl4i? th4t uu4lly c4n Be ?4<e 454int property o6 4

<ece<ent By t4; collectorcre<itor64?ily ?e?Ber 4rethu 4>oi<e< throu5h oint ten4ncy unle 4ltere< Byt4tute

o I6 oint ten4nt tr4n6er interet in<epen<ently <urin5 li6e their interet con>ert into 4 ten4ncy in co??on& <etroyin5 theur>i>orhip ri5ht

o C4nnot Be tr4n6erre< By ill <oe not p4 By intet4teucceion

• Popul4r Bec4ue it i e4y& 4>oi< proB4te 4n< i che4per th4n 4 truto Ue< p4rticul4rly By poue But 4lo in other 64?ily itu4tion

• Uu4lly 4n irre>oc4Ble 5i6t

o "4y to 4>oi< thi hile 4lo 4>oi<in5 proB4te: ue POD @p4y4Bleon <e4th= cl4ue in <ee< hich 5i>e the property to ho?e>erupon <e4th ithout cre4tin5 oint Ten4ncy

o62 Untes G 2e62e7 fo2 TRoS 6ntl 2e;entl

Ti?e. P4rtie h4< to t4e poeion i?ult4neouly

Title. H4< to t4e un<er 4?e intru?ent

Interet. H4< to h4>e et4te o6 the 4?e type 4n< <ur4tion

Poeion

. 4ll h4< to h4>e un<i>i<e< interet in property• Dr4B4c

• E4y to <etroyi. Any con>ey4nce ill <o o

%ee %?olen > %?olen: Hel7: All oint ten4nt poenot only 4n interet in the oint ten4ncy But 4lo thepoer to tr4n6er uch interet 4n< e>er the ten4ncy.For?er i6e 4n< huB4n< hel< re4l property 4 ten4ntin co??on 6olloin5 huB4n<W tr4n6er o6 hi interetin property to re>oc4Ble trut& <epite <i>orce <ecreehich t4te< th4t property in Kuetion h4ll re?4in in

oint ten4ncyM <ecree cre4te< oint ten4ncy Beteen

6or?er huB4n< 4n< i6e& replete ith 4llch4r4cteritic 4ttriBut4Ble to th4t et4te un<erco??on l4& inclu<in5 poer o6 either huB4n< ori6e to unil4ter4lly tr4n6er interet 4n< ter?in4teet4te.

ii. %o?eti?e people ?4e 4 con>ey4nce ithout ?e4nin5 to<o o

(. %o?e le4e @e.5. hich 5o Beyon< the li6e o6 4 ointten4nt= e>er the oint ten4ncy

P45e (** o6 (+7




%peci4l ProBle? TRO%

EKe;t of %o2t9a9e on T

• Lien theory: 4 ?ort545e i only 4 pro;y 6or the property ?ort545e< itcre4te 4 lien on the property ?ort545e<& But <oe not p4 title to the?ort545e

o %ee People > #o54rr CA: HE(DB ?ort545e <i< not <etroy the ointten4ncy The ?ort545e lien 4tt4che< only to the interet th4t C h4<in the re4l propertyVhen hi interet ce4e< to e;it& then the lieno6 the ?ort545e e;pire< ith it.

The u<5?ent lien upon the interet o6 4 oint ten4ntter?in4te on the <e4th o6 ?ort545or oint ten4nt.

• Title theory: i6 you 54>e o?eone 4 ?ort545e& you oul< 5i>e the? title ino?e con<ition4l ene 4n< thi con<ition4l interet 4 e;tin5uihe<hen you p4i< o the lo4n. !ut there9 no interet in the title in the ?e4nti?e.

o Un<er thi 4ppro4ch& i6 you9re the ?ort545or 4n< it in>ol>etr4n6errin5 title& you Bre4 the unity o6 title @?4yBe not yourintention=.

• %o7e2n a332oa;0 c4ll it 4 lien 4n< <oen9t <etroy oint ten4ncyVri ith4t i6 the ?ort545or <ie& the interet 5oe up in ?oe

ont Tenan; an7 C2e7to2s

• oint ten4nt9 cre<itor& lie cre<itor o6 ten4nt in co??on& c4n re4chthe 4et o6 the coten4nt <urin5 li6eti?e @unle 4et i e;e?pt= 4n<coten4nt9 interet c4n Be ol< to p4y the <eBt

o %uch 4le <etroy the oint ten4ncy ri5ht o6 ur>i>orhip ten4ncy in co??on

• I6 reKuire only one peron9 li4Bility 4n< th4t peron <ie cre<itor%oL

o "hen 4 propecti>e len<er reKuire Both oint ten4nt to 4u?eli4Bility 6or <eBt cre<itor9 lien i not 4ecte< By <e4th

EKe;t of D>o2;e on ont Tenan; • court uu4lly B4e their <eciion on the intent o6 the p4rtie

o %t4tute in ?ot t4te pro>i<e th4t ill pro>iion in 64>or o6 4poue 4re re>oe< By <i>orce

Unlate2al se>e2an;e of ont tenan;es

• oint ten4ncie c4n Be <etroye< unil4ter4llyo /iddle v Harmon C4l Ct App (807: Ri<<le ter?in4te< oint

ten4ncy By <ee< 5r4ntin5 herel6 one1h4l6 interet in property 4ten4nt in co??on 4n< recitin5 th4t purpoe o6 the <ee< 4 toter?in4te the oint ten4ncy ith her huB4n<

• Le5il4ti>e reponeo CA le5il4ture repon<e< to /iddle By p4in5 CCC Z+0/.*:

A ritten <ecl4r4tion<ee< i not eecti>e to ter?in4teri5ht to ur>i>orhip o6 4 oint ten4ncy unle: (= recor<e<in county here property i loc4te< Be6ore <e4th o6e>erin5 ten4nt or *= e;ecute< Be6ore not4ry puBlic /<4y Be6ore <e4th o6 e>erin5 ten4nt 4n< i recor<e< in

P45e (*/ o6 (+7




county here re4l property i loc4te< no l4ter th4n ' <4y46ter <e4th o6 e>erin5 ten4nt

%o7e2n Role of t0e 4 Untes

• the unitie el<o? pl4y 4 <ecii>e role in c4e ince the (827 i6 theintent o6 the p4rtie c4n Be 4cert4ine<

o they typic4lly 4re ue< to re4ch 4n outco?e th4t oul< 4lo Bere4che< By en6orcin5 the intent o6 the p4rtie

Ten4ncy By the Entirety

• fo2 <a22e7 ;o63les onl& e;cept t4te 5r4ntin5 thi ri5ht to <o?eticp4rtner=

• Ri5ht o6 ur>i>orhip 4 in oint ten4ncy

• Hoe>er& coten4nt c4nnot tr4n6er their interet in<epen<entlyi. Ten4nt c4nnot 4cKuire ri5ht to ell their interet or the hole

property& or <ipoe By ill& ithout per?iion o6 Bothpoue @e;cept in c4e o6 <i>orce=

•

"hen you <i>orce

Beco?e oint ten4ncy or ten4ncy in co??on

Co??unity Property

• fo2 <a22e7 ;o63les onl& e;cept t4te 5r4ntin5 thi ri5ht to <o?eticp4rtner=

• C4n only Be tr4n6erre< inter >i>o i6 Both poue oin in thecon>ey4nce

• !ut c4n Be <ipoe< o6 By ill

ProBle? ith %h4rin5 Poeion

•

Coten4nt in 4ll on un<i>i<e<M h4re in the l4n<o E4ch 4 ri5ht to poe 4n< enoy 4ll the l4n<o #o one h4 the ri5ht to e;clu<e other

• #o one i le54lly in ch4r5eo Coten4nt ho 4u?e reponiBility h4 no ri5ht to

co?pen4tion• E4ch coten4nt entitle< to poeion o6 entire property 4n< reponiBle

6or hiher h4re o6 ?4inten4nce e;peneo !ut no ?ech4ni? 6or collecti>e <eciion ?4in5

De64ult Rule 6or Di45ree?entP4rtition

Tenants b t0e ent2et an7 ;o<<6nt 32o3e2t one2sB• I6 they c4n9t 45ree on ?4n45e?ent or <ipoition o6 ?4rit4l property

court ill <i>i<e Beteen the? on <i>orceTenants n ;o<<on an7 ont tenants

• E4ch coten4nt c4n ell hi h4re in<i>i<u4lly& But e>eryone h4 to45ree to ell the hole thin5

• I6 they c4n9t 45ree 45ree to ell court ill on petition o6 4nycoten4nt:

P45e (* o6 (+7




o P0s;all 7>7e the property Beteen the?o Or<er the property ol< 4n< <i>i<e the procee< in 4n a;ton of

3a2ttono CO*OWNER HAS A5SO(UTE RI#HT TO PARTITION UN(ESS

5ARRED 5Y WAIER @Le5=• %ee Le5 > !o;ler : Hel7B Pro>iion in ten4ncy in co??on @TIC=

45ree?ent 6or property ori5in4lly 4cKuire< 4 lon51ter? >4c4tionho?e& t4tin5 th4t hen 4 coten4nt recei>e 4 Bon4 <e oer 6or itpurch4e 6ro? 4ny other peron or entity& the other Oner h4ll h4>ethe rt ri5ht o6 re6u4l to purch4e the ellin5 OnerW Interet in theProperty 6or the price 4n< on the ter? pro>i<e< 6or in uch Bon4 <eoer&M <o7Je7 the t4tutory ri5ht to p4rtition 4n< reKuire< theellin5 coten4nt to rt co?ply ith the ter? o6 the ri5ht o6 rtre6u4l pro>iion Be6ore eein5 p4rtition.

• Re?e<ie hort o6 p4rtition:o A;ton fo2 a;;o6ntn9 6or rent or prot recei>e< By 4nother

coten4nt

o A;ton fo2 ;ont2b6ton 6or 4<>4nce ?4<e to p4y 4nothercoten4nt9 h4re o6 t4;e& ?ort545e p4y?ent 4n< nece4ry?4inten4nce e;pene

• Action 6or 4te ?4y Be 4>4il4Bleo !ut e;ploit4tion 6or n4tur4l reource uu4lly 5i>e rie to 4ction

6or 4ccount o6 prot r4ther th4n 4n 4ction 6or 4teDs36tes o>e2 Ca22n9 C0a29es

• %ao2t 26le: 4 coten4nt ho i not in poeion ?4y cl4i? 4cre<itoet 6or the >4lue o6 the occupyin5 coten4nt9 ue oroccup4tion 454int hi li4Bility 6or contriBution to the c4rryin5 ch4r5eo6 the property

o Other rule: 4 coten4nt ?4y not h4>e to p4y rent 6or the other&

But the nonpoein5 coten4nt ?4y not nee< to p4y c4rryin5ch4r5e

• %no2t 26leB thi i contr4ry to the B4ic ri5ht o6 coten4ncyonerhipM @e4ch coten4nt h4 the ri5ht to occupy the hole=

P4rtition

E>e2 3a2tton a;ton n;l67es an e6table Jnal a;;o6ntn9Cre<it 6or:

• E;pen<iture in e;ce o6 co1ten4nt9 6r4ction4l h4re 6or nece4ryrep4ir i?pro>e?ent th4t enh4nce the >4lue o6 the property t4;ep4y?ent o6 princip4l 4n< interet on ?ort545e other lien

inur4nce 6or co??on Benet protection 4n< preer>4tion o6 title!ut ee "4ll4ce > D4ley:

• In 4n 4ction to p4rtition re4l property By 4le 4n< <i>iion o6 theprocee<& pl4inti co1oner 4 not entitle< to 4ny cre<it 6or 4nincre4e in the >4lue o6 the property c4ue< By i?pro>e?ent he?4<e to the property herel6 Be6ore or 46ter 4cKuirin5 her interet&0e2e at all 2ele>ant t<es 3lantK 2e<ane7 an o27na2tenant 6n7e2 a <ont0 to <ont0 tenan; 2ental a92ee<ent

P45e (*2 o6 (+7




hich pro>i<e< th4t pl4inti 4 to 4u?e 4ll cot 4n< li4Bilitie 6orrep4ir& 4lter4tion& 4n< i?pro>e?ent. Un<er th4t pro>iion& ?4<e Bypl4inti in e;ch4n5e 6or >4lu4Ble coni<er4tion in the 6or? o6 4 lo?onthly rent4l ch4r5e& pl4inti B4r54ine< 44y 4ny ri5ht he ?i5htotherie h4>e h4< to co?pen4tion 6or the i?pro>e?ent.R6leB "here ten4nt cre4te the rel4tion o6 l4n<lor< 4n< ten4nt

Beteen the?el>e& i?pro>e?ent By 4 coten4nt in poeion4 4n or<in4ry ten4nt& ?4<e olely 6or hi in<i>i<u4l purpoe&c4nnot 6or? the B4i o6 4 cl4i? 6or contriBution 454int hicoten4nt upon p4rtition.

Outer

• Court h4>e <e>elope< contructi>e outer 4n< preu?pti>e outero Def i the ron56ul <ipoeion or e;cluion By one ten4nt

o6 hi coten4nt or coten4nt 6ro? the co??on property o6 hichthey 4re entitle< to poeion.M (e9al 6eston

OB>iou e;4?ple: ch4n5in5 loc& potin5 no trep4in5

i5n 4n< <enyin5 coten4nt 4<?itt4nce @ Maslo==• Outer& couple< ith rule 4lloin5 oet o6 >4lue o6 occupyin5 co1T9

poeion in 4ction 6or contriBution to pr4ctic4lly nulli6y rule th4t4ny Co1T ?4y occupy the pre?ie rent16ree re54r<le o6 the ie o6hiher econo?ic t4e in the property

• $4lle4Ble concepto Coten4nt in poeion o6 64?ily 64r? hel< to h4>e oute< their

i<oe< iter in l4 By tellin5 her they <i<n9t 4nt to h4>eher on the pl4ceM 4n< he 4 not to co?e B4cM Aauch vAauch O3 (8++

o E;1i6e <i< not out her e;1huB4n< By tellin5 hi? not to le4>e

4n< th4t he9< c4ll the l4 8itLgerald v 8itLgerald FL (887o Loc ch4n5e i not outer Spiller v Aackereth AL (8'+o Loc ch4n5e i outer Aorgan v 8riedlander AS (80

• O6ste2 >a le9al ;atons?

• %ee Et4te o6 Hu5he > P4ttono Hel7B ABent 4n outer& 4 coten4nt out o6 poeion h4 no

ri5ht to reco>er the rent4l >4lue o6 the property 6ro? 4 coten4ntin poeion.

o the con<uct o6 the <ece<entW poue in lin5 petition&4ertin5 the poueW ole onerhip o6 the property& ?4y h4>econtitute< outer o6 the other coten4nt heir. J the poueWpetition 4lle5in5 th4t he 4 entitle< to (77 percent o6 the

property 4 the 6unction4l eKui>4lent o6 tellin5 hi coten4ntth4t they coul< not enter the pre?ie.

The 64ct th4t outer ?4y occur in 4 pe4ce6ul&non455rei>e ?4nner throu5h l46ul ?e4n i conitentith the policy un<erlyin5 the en4ct?ent o6 Ci>. Co<e& Z0/ @outer et4Blihe< By nonco?pli4nce ith coten4ntW<e?4n< 6or concurrent poeion=.

P45e (*+ o6 (+7




o In 4<<ition to tri55erin5 4n oBli54tion to p4y rent& 4n outer6urnihe the ten4nt in poeion 4 Benet& ince it t4rt theti?e in hich the ten4nt in poeion ill hol< the property4<>erely. The outer By one coten4nt o6 other c4n reult in theten4nt in poeion oBt4inin5 title to the property& i6 theoccupyin5 ten4nt otherie 4tie the reKuire?ent 6or title

By 4<>ere poeion. Geor5e le< petition in (80* thi c4e Brou5ht in (88'

APo Court ?4y et4Blih e6table esto33el o2 a>e2 in li5ht o6

heir9 64ilure to ee p4rtition 5i>en the <el4y 4n< incre4e inproperty9 >4lue

Other $4rit4l Property

E<b2os

• ,i4Bility re?4in the critic4l point 4t hich they Beco?epeople@D4>i citin5 Roe=

o "e conclu<e pre1e?Bryo 4re not trictly pe4in5 peronor property But occupy 4n interi? c4te5ory th4t entitle the?to peci4l repect Bec4ue o6 their potenti4l 6or hu?4n li6e 4ny interet the p4rtie h4>e i not 4 true property interet

• R90t of P2o;2eatonal A6tono<o Contitution4l ri5ht to pri>4cy 5o>erno Ri5ht inclu<e ri5ht to procre4te 4n ri5ht to chooe not to

procre4teo the e;itence o6 the ri5ht itel6 <ict4te th4t <eciion4l

4uthority ret in the 54?ete1pro>i<er 4lone their interet 4re entirely eKui>4lent

•

%ee Da>s > Da>so Dipute in>ol>in5 <ipoition o6 pre1e?Bryo pro<uce< By in

>itro 6ertili4tion @I,F= houl< Be reol>e<& rt& By looin5 topre6erence o6 pro5enitor 4n< i6 their ihe c4nnot Be4cert4ine<& or i6 there i <ipute& then their prior 45ree?entconcernin5 <ipoition houl< Be c4rrie< out.

o I6 no prior 45ree?ent e;it Beteen pro5enitor 4 to<ipoition o6 pre1e?Bryo pro<uce< By in >itro 6ertili4tion @I,F=&then rel4ti>e interet o6 p4rtie in uin5 or not uin5 pre1e?Bryo ?ut Be ei5he< i6 4 <ipute 4rie 4 to cuto<y.

o Or<in4rily& p4rty ihin5 to 4>oi< procre4tion houl< pre>4il i6there i <ipute 4 to cuto<y o6 pre1e?Bryo pro<uce< By in

>itro 6ertili4tion @I,F=& 4u?in5 th4t other p4rty h4 re4on4BlepoiBility o6 4chie>in5 p4renthoo< By ?e4n other th4n ue o6pre1e?Bryo in Kuetion But i6 no other re4on4Ble 4ltern4ti>ee;it& then 4r5u?ent in 64>or o6 uin5 pre1e?Bryo to 4chie>epre5n4ncy houl< Be coni<ere< hoe>er& i6 p4rty eein5control o6 pre1e?Bryo inten< ?erely to <on4te the? to4nother couple& oBectin5 p4rty h4 5re4ter interet 4n< houl<

P45e (*' o6 (+7




pre>4il.

• Kass v Kass #- (880: couple i5ne< 45ree?ent th4t i6 they coul<n9t?4e <eciion re: <ipoition o6 e?Bryo& I,F Pro5r4? houl< <ipoethe? 6or 4ppro>e< ree4rch

o !rmed 454int i6e9 4r5 th4t he houl< Be 44r<e< thee?Bryo

• Hecht v Superior %ourt C4l (88/o Hel7B <ece<ent h4< ri5ht to le4>e 6roen per? to o?4n ith

ho? he li>e< 6or 2 ye4r prece<in5 hi <e4tho Dece<ent9 other chil<ren6or?er poue ere not entitle< to

or<er <irectin5 it <etruction

P45e (*0 o6 (+7




(fet<e #fts Not n T26st

present0 outright transfer of an interest in property made without consideration. ll that is

required is that donor transfer property to donee with intention of making a gift0 and that donee

accept. !-#)# D *),-E)4< D )&#)"

• %t4tute o6 6r4u< 4pplie rt l4n<o I6 l4n< intention ?ut 4ppe4r in ritin5 i5ne< By <onoro Otherie ?4y Be e;pree< or4lly or in6erre< 6ro?

circu?t4nce urroun<in5 the tr4n6er• Ditinction Beteen li6eti?e 4n< tet4?ent4ry 5i6t

o (fet<e 9fts c4n Be ?4<e or4lly Li6eti?e 5i6t preently tr4n6er o?e interet in property to

the <oneeo Testa<enta2 9fts ?ut Be ?4<e in i5ne< ritin5 in tet4tor9

h4n<ritin5 or 4ttete< By to itnee no <eli>ery nece4ry

Inter ,i>o Gi6t

• Inter >i>o irre>oc4Ble preent tr4n6er o6 onerhip

• To ?4e 4 >4li< inter >i>o 5i6t there ?ut e;it:o (= Intent on the p4rt o6 the <onor to ?4e 4 preent tr4n6ero *= Deli>ery o6 the 5i6t @4ctu4l or contructi>e=o /= Accept4nce By the <oneo Proponent o6 4 5i6t ?ut pro>e e4ch ele?ent

• %ee Gruen > Gruen: Hel7B A >4li< inter >i>o 5i6t o6 4 ch4ttel ?4y Be?4<e here the <onor h4 reer>e< 4 li6e et4te in the ch4ttel 4n< the<onee ne>er h4 h4< phyic4l poeion o6 it Be6ore the <onor9 <e4th

o (= tet: hether <onor inten<e< 5i6t to h4>e no eect until 46terhi <e4th& or hether he inten<e< to tr4n6er o?e preentinteret

un4?Bi5uouly et4Blihe< th4t 64ther inten<e< to ?4e4 preent 5i6t to on o6 title to p4intin5 hile 64therret4ine< 4 li6e et4te

o *= A <onor ?4in5 4 5i6t o6 4 re?4in<er interet in 4 ch4ttel6olloin5 4 li6e et4te i not reKuire<& to 4ti6y <eli>eryreKuire?ent o6 4 5i6t& to phyic4lly <eli>er the ch4ttel into the

<oneeW h4n< ith <onee re<eli>erin5 the ch4ttel to the <onor.o /= %on preente< cle4r 4n< con>incin5 proo6 o6 hi 4ccept4nce o6

4 re?4in<er interet 5i>en By hi 64ther in p4intin5 By e>i<enceth4t he ?4<e e>er4l conte?por4neou t4te?ent4cnole<5in5 the 5i6t to hi 6rien< 4n< 4oci4te& e>enhoin5 o?e o6 the? hi 64therW 5i6t letter& 4n< th4t he h4<ret4ine< Both letter 6or o>er (' ye4r to >eri6y 5i6t 46ter hi64ther <ie<

P45e (*8 o6 (+7




C4u4 $orti Gi6t

• Ca6sa <o2ts 4t ti?e o6 4lle5e< 5i6t& (= <ece<ent inten<e< to ?4e4 5i6t& *= <ece<ent 4pprehen<e< <e4th& /= re o6 inten<e< 5i6t 44ctu4lly or contructi>ely <eli>ere<& 4n< = <e4th 4ctu4lly occurre<

o #ot nece4ry the <onor 4y he noBelie>e he i <yin5 it

?4y Be in6erre<o %uce i6 4t ti?e o6 5i6t& <onor Belie>e< he 4 5oin5 to <oe

oon& 4n< th4t <e4th 4ctu4lly <i< enue ithin 4 re4on4Ble ti?eo A 5i6t causa mortis <ier 6ro? other 5i6t only th4t it i ?4<e

hen the <onor Belie>e he i 4Bout to <ie& 4n< i re>oc4Blehoul< he ur>i>e

• %ee In Re Et4te o6 %?ith en<orin5 c4u4 ?orti 4n< re6uin5 tore>oe chec uici<4l <onor rote prior to uici<e

o $4ority: Policy: c4u4 ?orti 6urther puBlic policy 454int uici<e

ince <onor ?4y retrie>e the 5i6t i6 uici<e i not

co?plete< A 5i6t causa mortis <ier 6ro? other 5i6t only th4t it i

?4<e hen the <onor Belie>e he i 4Bout to <ie& 4n< ire>oc4Ble houl< he ur>i>e

o Dient: !ec4ue uici<e ?4y Be re4<ily 4B4n<one< other

uri<iction hol< uici<e <oe not er>e 4 the 6oun<4tion6or 4 5i6t c4u4 ?orti @?ore nor?4l circu?t4nce 4reicneperil<4n5er=

C4u4 ?orti 5i6t l4c re5ul4r 46e5u4r< 4or<e< By l46or <ipoition o6 property in 4n e;ecute< ill thu&trict proo6 i reKuire< to n< uch 5i6t e;it

Policy:• Co??on l4 <oe not re4r< one ho <oe not

loo out 6or hi on 46ety• PA9 policy o6 protectin5 hu?4n li6e hon in

t4tute cri?in4liin5 4ite< uici<e By uphol<in5thi 5i6t& the ?4ority re4r< the <onor 6or hiuici<e

• I <eli>ery o6 chec eecti>eQo %?ith ye @?inority rule=o "oo > %?4rt no

A <onor9 on chec <r4n on 4 peron4l checin5

4ccount i not& prior to 4ccept4nce or p4y?ent By theB4n& the uBect o6 4 >4li< 5i6t c4u4 ?orti @?4orityrule=

Deli>ery4 Ritu4l 6unction: $4e i5nic4nce o6 5i6t cle4r 4n< concrete to <onor:

<onor uer the `rench o6 <eli>ery.` There i no Kuetion 4Bouthether he re4lly ?e4nt to 5i>e the 5i6t.

P45e (/7 o6 (+7




4 E>i<enti4ry 6unction: pro>i<e uneKui>oc4l proo6 to the itnee o6 thetr4n6er& 4n< pro>i<e <onee ith pri?4 64cie e>i<ence in 64>or o6 4lle5e<5i6t

B I CAN REO$E G NOT EECTIE DE(IERY =e@;e3t ;a6sa <o2ts

Const26;t>e Del>e2

• "hen the uBect ?4tter o6 4n or4l 5i6t i not re4<ily 4>4il4Ble orc4p4Ble o6 ?4nu4l h4n<in51o>er& court reco5nie 5i6t eecte< By<eli>ery o6 ?e4n o6 54inin5 4cce to the uBect ?4tter

o Gi6t o6 6urnihin5 in 4 houe eectu4te< By h4n<in5 o>er theey @-ibel v %orcoran 34n (8+8=

o Gi6t o6 c4r ?4<e By h4n<in5 o>er ey to the c4r in 4state of

-ines #- (828• Dicloure o6 the loc4tion o6 the ite? ?4y er>e 4 <eli>ery

o ,4li< 5i6t hen tet4tor <icloe loc4tion o6 Burie< c4h @"aite

v +rubbe Or (87/=o ,4li< 5i6t By <icloin5 co?Bin4tion to 4 46e @3eague v #bbott I#

(8(*=

S<bol; Del>e2 an7 Del>e2 to a T027 Pe2son

• Inte4< o6 <eli>erin5 uBect ?4tter o6 4 5i6t& <onor c4n <eli>er 4y?Bol @title& etc.=

o I6 <on4ti>e intent cle4r court ?4y uphol< 5i6t o6 ch4ttel Byy?Bolic <eli>ery

o 7eck v +ivens: 5i6t o6 heep uphel< By <eli>erin5 intru?entpurportin5 to Be Bill o6 4le to <one& thou5h <onor ret4ine<heep

• "ia #hird person:

• Gi6t ?4y Be ?4<e By <eli>erin5 uBect ?4tter to thir< peron ith

intruction to <eli>er to <one i??e<i4tely or 4t o?e ti?e in the6uture

o E;cept 4 5i6t i otherie re>oc4Ble& 4tte?pt By <onor to ret4inpoer to re>oe i liely to c4ue trouBle 5i6t 64il 6or l4c o6<eli>ery i6 <onor ret4in e;pre poer to re>oe

C4n ue 4 re>oc4Ble trut to 4cco?plih the 4?e 5o4lo T027 3e2son s0o6l7 be n7e3en7ent o2 a9ent of 7onee

PRO!LE$%( "hether there 4 <eli>ery.

4 Uu4lly co?e up 46ter tet4tor <ie. Uu4lly the heir 5ht ith

the peron th4t recei>e< the 5i6t.( "hether the 5i6t 4 re>oe<.( %ausa Aortis

4 %o?eti?e& the peron ?4<e 4 5i6t& 4n< then cl4i? causamortis ut Bec4ue they 4nt it B4c.

( Ue o6 incorrect intru?ent4 Di< you re4lly ?e4n to ?4e 4 5i6t <urin5 li6eti?e& or 4 5i6t th4tW

eecti>e only 4t <e4thQ

P45e (/( o6 (+7




4 Di< you ue the ri5ht 6or?Q I6 you ue< 4n inter >i>o 5i6t& Butnothin5 i uppoe< to p4 to <onee until <e4th& then you ue<the ron5 intru?ent. -ou houl< h4>e ue< 4 ill. "e no4ccept 4 i<e r4n5e o6 ill uBtitute& Bec4ue there h4 Beenincre4in5 <i64>or 6or proB4te proce. @P4y on <e4th<ei5n4tion=.

GOOD PRACTICE( Ue 4 ritten intru?ent

4 ReKuire< 6or tr4n6er o6 l4n<4 #ot reKuire<& But 4 5oo< i<e4 6or 6uture interet

( !e ure to inclu<e:4 P4rtie4 DonorW intent to ?4e 4 5i6t4 I<enti6y property to Be tr4n6erre< to <onee4 %i5n4ture

oint !4n Account 4n< Don4ti>e Intent• oint B4n 4ccount ith ri5ht o6 ur>i>orhip o6ten ue< By couple

ith intention th4t 4ny p4rty ?4y ith<r4 4ll 6un< 4n< re?4inin56un< Belon5 to ur>i>or

• Other 4ccount th4t 4re Better uite<:o Paable on 7eat0 a;;o6nt: i6 O <oen9t 4nt A to h4>e 4ny

ri5ht to ith<r4 until O i <e4<o Poe2 of atto2ne a;;o6nt: inte4< o6 o1c4lle<

Con>enen;eM 4ccount O inten< to 5i>e A 4cce to 6un< top4y O9 Bill in the e>ent O Beco?e inc4p4cit4te< But <oe notinten< th4t the B4l4nce o6 the 6un< 5oe to A on O9 <e4th

• Unfo2< P2obate Co7eB li6eti?e ith<r44l ri5ht B4e< on the netcontriBution o6 e4ch p4rty

o Other t4te: e4ch p4rty entitle< to ith<r4 eKu4l h4re o6 the4ccount

• A6ter <e4th o6 <epoitor& ?ot t4te 4llo et4te to cl4i? the B4l4nceo6 the 4ccount By cle4r 4n< con>incin5 e>i<ence th4t con>enience4ccount 4 inten<e<

o In 4 6e t4te& preu?ption th4t ur>i>orhip ri5ht ereinten<e< i conclui>e

P45e (/* o6 (+7




THE %ODERN REA( ESTATE TRANSACTION

CO#TRACT% FOR %ALE2tandard procedure: 3uyer and seller enter into contract. )%change of money !earnest money ordown payment". #hen0 a period of time between when the contract is signed and when the

closing takes place. #his is an escrow. )scrow is used to clear the state of the title. Get a title

search done0 and if there are problems0 this gives seller time to clear it up. 3uyer will also make

inspections of the property. *epending on the contract0 the seller will have time to remedy the

problems. -t allows the buyer to arrange financing. t end of escrow0 money is paid into the

escrow agent who then uses it to pay off the e%isting loan and any other encumbrances on the

property. t end of the closing0 the money will be delivered to the seller. #he deed to the buyer

and the mortgage will be recorded and given to the buyer.

%t4tute o6 Fr4u<

2ets out the requisite formalities to create a binding contract of sale for real property

4 Ori5in: 6eu<4l l4 reKuire< 6eo?ent @cere?ony=. Then c4?e %t4tute o6Ue @(2/+=& hich 4lloe< con>ey4nce By <ocu?ent& cre4tin5 4neKuit4Ble et4te th4t the t4tute turne< into 4 le54l et4te. %t4tute o6Fr4u< @(+''= 4i< th4t no 6reehol< et4te coul< Be cre4te< or tr4n6erre<ithout 4 ritten intru?ent i5ne< By the 5r4ntor.

4 P623ose: to protect property hol<er 6ro? tru?pe<1up cl4i? th4t otherone< interet in their property

a Re62e<entsBi $ut Be ritten: either 6or?4lly or in 4 ?e?o• Peron4l property <oenWt h4>e to Be in ritin5. It c4n ut

Be h4n<e< o>er.i Decription o6 property

• %o?e t4te 4re ticier 4Bout <ecription o6 propertyth4n other& 4n< reKuire 4 6ull le54l <ecription. Other 4lloyou to ue ut the 4<<re.

i I<entic4tion o6 the p4rtie o6 the contr4cti The price 4n< ?4nner o6 p4y?enti %i5n4ture o6 eller 4n< Buyeri Cloin5 <4te

4 E@;e3ton: A p4rty to 4n or4l 45ree?ent @not 4ti6yin5 %OF= ho h4?4<e part performance th4t in<ic4te e;itence 4n< 5ener4l content o6the 45ree?ent ?4y ee specic performance i6 to o6 the 6olloin5 4re?et:

i 0ossession o6 the l4n<i $4in5 substantial improvement to the l4n<i 0ament o6 4ll or p4rt o6 the purch4e price

Fin4ncin5 con<ition

P45e (// o6 (+7




• In the 4Bence o6 4n e;pre pro>iion& Buyer i not e;cue< 6ro?per6or?4nce Bec4ue he l4c the 6un< to p4y the purch4e price

o French: Buyer ?4y 4nt to pell out pro>iion @interet r4te& etc.=

• ProBle?4tic l4n5u45e:o uBect to 4<eKu4te n4ncin5M @n4ncin5 in ne4rBy city Buyer

Bre4che< oBli54tion to ue re4on4Ble eort= Aoore v Aooreo contin5ent on the Buyer oBt4inin5 4 ?ort545e 4t hi ter?M@con<ition n<in5 4 re4on4Ble 4?ountM o6 n4ncin5 i?plie<=+rason v -a7anche

• "4i>in5 4 con<ition c4n Be <4n5erouo Fin4ncin5 con<ition 4i>e< By ecurin5 e;tenion o6 ti?e 6or

per6or?4nce 46ter 64ilin5 to Ku4li6y 6or B4n ?ort545e lo4npurch4e c4nnot re>i>e 4i>e< con<ition hen 4ltern4ti>e n4ncin54rr4n5e?ent 64ll throu5h "illiams v ;baldo

• "h4t i6 Buyer loe oBQo 3 contin5ent on Buyer oBt4inin5 ?ort545e co??it?ent three <4y

prior to cloin5 Buyer lot oB 4n< len<er c4ncelle< co??it?ent

puru4nt to ri5ht to ter?in4te i6 Borroer9 e?ploy?ent ch4n5eBuyer in Bre4ch 4n< eller entitle< to ret4in <epoit Aalus v Hager

I6 the p4rtie ih to pro>i<e in their contr4ct 6or 4ne>entu4lity uch 4 thi& they 4re 6ree to <o o. "e <ecline&hoe>er& to i?poe the ri o6 4n otherie r? <e4lunr4>ellin5 upon 4n unnoin5 4n< Bl4?ele eller& le4>in5hi? ith no 4Bility to recoup hi incre4e< e;peneM

$4ret4Ble Title

• i?plie< By court in e>ery 3 6or 4le o6 propertyo purpoe: to protect le5iti?4te e;pect4tion o6 Buyer

hen 6oun<& eller ?ut ; proBle?encu?Br4nce or letBuyer out o6 3& re6un<in5 e4rnet ?oney or <on p4y?ent

• ?4y Be 4ltere< or eli?in4te< By p4rtie ho 45ree th4t title ?ut Be 5oo<record title or ?erely insurable title or th4t Buyer ill purch4e onlyh4te>er interet eller h4

o i?plie< 4rr4nty o6 ?4ret4Ble title hi6t Bur<en o6 ne5oti4tion toBuyer ho 4nt 5oo< recor< titletitle 6ree o6 e4e?ent 6or >iiBleencu?Br4nce

o it hi6t the Bur<en o6 ne5oti4tion to the eller ho i only illin5 or4Ble to pro>i<e le th4n 4 ?4ret4Ble title

• proBle? o6 ?4ret4Bility:o hen eller la;s 9oo7 ttle @ee Conlin=o hen selle2 s ;otenant an7 ot0e2 ;otenants 0a>ent one7 in

4le @eller li4Ble – ee "arner v &avis=o hen property s lan7lo;e7 G

property out 4cce i un?4ret4Ble @$yerBer5 %4yer Rue > A5ee $D=

l4c o6 4cce 4ect >4lue& not title %in > 34rleint @IL(802=

P45e (/ o6 (+7




o hen property i uBect to encu?Br4nce @e4e?ent& retricti>eco>en4nt or ?ort545e= not ?entione< in 4le 3

26leB e;itence ren<er title un?4ret4Ble so<e 62s7;tonsB e;ception o?eti?e ?4<e 6or >iiBle

encu?Br4nce lie electric linero4<• Buyer 4i< to ?4e e;ception 6or thee e4e?ent

<epite l4n5u45e in 3

a A7>e2se Possesson

title based on & can be a marketable title

i I6 the poeion h4 Been 6or 4 lon5 perio< o6 ti?ei I6 the ri the recor< oner ill ue 4ppe4r to Be >ery re?otei I6 the proB4Bility o6 the recor< onerW ucce in uch 4 uit

4ppe4r to Be ?ini?4l

See %onklin v. &avi # :• When prospective vendor's title is grounded upon adverse possession or contains some

apparent flaw of record, vendor may at once 1) bring action to quiet title, 2) action to

cancel outstanding encumbrance, or whatever other appropriate step may be necessary to

perfect record title, or, in the alternative, 3) he may enter into contract of sale, hoping

to convince purchaser or, if necessary, a court, that his title is marketable, but latter

course is available only where contract of sale does not require vendor to give title valid

of record, but title that is marketable or insurable.

• Law will imply that title must be marketable, even where contract for sale of realty is

silent upon the point.• Under contract of sale providing that title to be conveyed should be marketable and

insurable, at regular rates, by any reputable title insurance company, purchasers were

not entitled to insist upon receiving a good record title and a title that was

marketable and insurable, though imperfect of record, would meet terms of

contract.

• It is not necessary for vendor to join as parties all possible claimants with outstanding

interests to obtain judgment of marketability leading to affirmative relief by way of

specific performance or denial of purchaser's claim to rescind, but, to reach that result,

court must conclude that outstanding claimants could not succeed were they in fact

to assert claims and that there is no real likelihood that any claim will ever be

asserted.• Title resting in adverse possession, if clearly established, will be held marketable.

a Defe;ts n ttle t0at may 2en7e2 t non <a2etable

P45e (/2 o6 (+7




i De6ect in recor< ch4in: $4y Be un?4ret4Ble i6 eller <oen9ton the property Bec4ue o6 <e6ect in o?e prior intru?entcontitutin5 p4rt o6 the ch4in o6 title

i En;6<b2an;es: Encu?Bere< title 4re 5ener4lly un?4ret4Ble.$4ret4Ble title 4re unencu?Bere< 6ee i?ple propertyinteret in other people other th4n eller contitute

encu?Br4nce hich ?4e title un?4ret4Ble( E;4?ple o6 encu?Br4nce: E4e?ent& ?4rit4l interet&

<oer ri5ht& retriction on ue o6 property @co>en4nt=.$ort545e 4n< other lien ?4y Be encu?Br4nce& But noti6 eller p4y it o Be6ore cloin5

i Zonn9 2est2;tons: Do not 5ener4lly ?4e title un?4ret4Ble( 3ruck South v 0atel1 <ico>ery o6 4ter 6e<er4lly

protecte< etl4n< 4 Bur<en But not 4n encu?Br4nce&lien& e4e?ent& etc.

* !ut e;itin5 >iol4tion o6 puBlic re5ul4tion <o ren<er thetitle un?4ret4Ble

4. !uyer h4 oBli54tion to no o6 re5ul4tion lie the

Co4t4l Co??iion& etc. th4t 4re puBlic e>en i6they ?4y li?it property ri5ht

P2esen;e of 0aLa27o6s aste on 32o3e2t 7oesnt 2en7e2ttle 6n<a2etable

iii !ut ee %echret > %4ol: Hel7: Contr4ct hich pro>i<e< th4tpurch4erW oBli54tion un<er the contr4ct ere con<itione< onpurch4erW oBt4inin5 6ro? the proper puBlic 4uthoritie 4llper?it 4n< other 4ppro>4l re4on4Bly nece4ry 6orcontruction o6 4 in5le164?ily rei<ence <3le7l ;ontane7an obl9aton on t0e 3a2t of 362;0ase2 to 6se 2easonableeKo2ts to obtan s6;0 a332o>al.

a Was a2o6n7 a22ant of <a2etablt

-mplied warranty is a default rule that can be circumvented if parties agree either that it must

be a valid record title0 or an insurable title.

i Inur4Ble Title: A reput4Ble title inur4nce co?p4ny illinure at regular rates.

I6 itW not 4t re5ul4r r4te& you ill proB4Bly h4>etrouBle ellin5 it.

title co?p4ny pro?ie to p4y cot o6 <e6en<in5uBeKuent cl4i? Brou5ht 454int the inure< By 4p4rty cl4i?in5 to h4>e uperior title 4n< to in<e?ni6ythe inure< in c4e it loe

i ,4li< Recor< Title: a perfect chain of title 5oin5 B4c tothe o>erei5n

P45e (/+ o6 (+7




a Re<e7es fo2 non*<a2etable ttle

-f not marketable0 buyer must alert seller and give reasonable time to cure defects. otice

must specify nature of defects.

i !uyer re?e<ie Be6ore cloin5:( Reciion: unil4ter4l un?4in5 o6 4 contr4ct( D4?45e: 5et ?oney 6ro? the court( %pecic per6or?4nce: ?4e eller turn o>er l4n< ith

abatement of purchase pricei $er5er: I6 Buyer per?it cloin5 to occur& the contr4ct ?er5e ith

<ee<& 4n< selle2 0as no lablt fo2 <3le7 a22ant of<a2etablt

Int4ll?ent L4n< 39

• Un<er thee 39& Buyer oBt4in poeion i??e<i4tely 4n< ioBli54te< to p4y int4ll?ent on the purch4e price 6ro? ti?e to ti?e

• Upon co?pletion o6 4ll p4y?ent& eller <eli>er 4 <ee< to the Buyer• T2a7tonall le< to h4rh reult

o E.5. eller ho ?4e ((8 o6 (*7 p4y?ent But ?ie the l4tone <e64ult 4n< eller c4n ret4in purch4e price 4lre4<y p4i< 4ell 4 title

• Re;entl& court inter>eneo "ilson v 3alor $I: li?itin5 6or6eiture to u? till oin5o -ambert v Ac&aniel #C: Buyer h4 ri5ht to re<ee? it interet

on <e64ult By p4yin5 re?4inin5 <eBto /estatement d Aortgages O.:?b!1 contr4ct 6or <ee< cre4te

?ort545e uBt4nti>e rule 4n< protection o6 ?ort545e l4

4pply On <e64ult& property ill Be ol< 4n< eller i entitle< only

to re?4inin5 B4l4nce o6 price e;pene

Ri o6 Lo EKuit4Ble Con>erion

• "hen contr4ct i ilent& ho Be4r ri o6 lo <ue to<4?45e<etruction o6 property Beteen 3 i5nin5 4n< cloin5Q

• Court 5i>e <ierent 4nero %ao2t =3la;es 2s on b6e2B

7rant 4ppro4ch: <epreci4tion By <4?45e<etruction itre4te< the 4?e 4 4ppreci4te 4n< <epreci4tion <ue to 4

64llin5 ?4ret: it Belon5 to the Buyer i6 the 4le ico?plete<& either >olunt4rily or trou5h the 5r4nt o6pecic per6or?4nce

o %no2t =3la;es 2s on selle2B

D4?45e<etruction By reoo<c4t4trophe 4re BorneBy eller until cloin5

o Unfo2< en7o2 an7 P62;0ase2 Rs A;t =1& states n;l.CA

P45e (/' o6 (+7




Pl4ce ri o6 lo on eller until <eli>ery o6 poeion ortitle to Buyer @hiche>er i e4rlier=

• P4rtie ?4y 4>oi< <e64ult rule By pro>i<in5 6or ri o6 lo

• Either neither or Both p4rtie ?4y h4>e inure< the property ho ientitle< to procee<Q

o Un<er ?4ority rule: Purch4e i eKuit4Ble oner But <oen9t recei>e Benet o6

inur4nce @In re G4y 3-= Contr4ct purch4er @3in5 > Dunl4p T#= !uyer entitle< to procee< to e;tent o6 i?pro>e?ent

?4<e eller entitle< to B4l4nce @Goet > F4r?er in Coo6 "4hin5ton "A=

E6table ;on>e2son

• EKuit4Ble con>erion – i6 you h4>e 4 pecic4lly per6or?4Ble ri5ht inproperty& eKuity ill tre4t you 4 the oner o6 the property

o Thi i 4n eKuit4Ble interet r4ther th4n 4 le54l interet

o !ut 6or o?e purpoe the Buyer ill Be tre4te< 4 the oner o6the property 4n< ill Be re54r<e< 4 h4>in5 4n interet in re4lproperty hile the eller ill h4>e the ri5ht in peron4l property

P4y?ent peron4l property con>ey4nce o6 l4n< re4lproperty

o Ue< in c4e o6 lo But 4lo i6 the oner <ieo Alo 4pplie< By court to ol>e other re4l1et4te ?4tter

• Au?e %! i5n 4 3 6or ! to Buy !l4c4cre 6ro? % Be6ore cloin5&Both <ie %9 ill le4>e re4lty to %( 4n< peron4lty to %* ! le4>ere4lty to !( 4n< peron4lty to !*

o %lapp v 3o=er #D: procee< on re4le o6 re4l property 46tere;ecutor c4ncelle< contr4ct ?4<e By <ece<ent ?ut Be4ccounte< 6or 4 peron4l property o6 the et4te

C4>e4t E?ptorQ

• Thi 4 lon5 the <o?in4nt ruleo Acti>e ?irepreent4tion oul< Be 4ction4Ble But 64ilure to

<icloe 4 non <e6ect oul< not e;poe the eller to li4Bilityo Thi till control in #- elehere

• Incre4in5ly& hoe>er& court 4re reectin5 thi ruleo here the eller o6 4 ho?e no o6 64ct ?4teri4lly 4ectin5

the >4lue o6 the property hich 4re not re4<ily oBer>4Ble 4n<4re not non to the Buyer& the eller i un<er 4 <uty to <icloethe? to the Buyer.M Johnson v &avis FL (802

D6t to 7s;lose

• recently en4cte< t4tute i?poe <uty o6 <icloure on eller o6rei<ence @e.5. C4li6.=

• 4nother 5roup o6 t4tute relie>e eller 6ro? <icloin5 th4t theproperty 4 pre>iouly inh4Bite< By 4 peron ith AID% or th4t 46elony 4 co??itte< in the houe

P45e (/0 o6 (+7




E@;e3ton to Ca>eat E<3to2 fo2 Ne Ho<es

• >irtu4lly 4ll uri<iction ?4e Buil<er>en<or o6 ne ho?e li4Ble topurch4er 6or <e6ect un<er theory o6 i?plie< 4rr4nty o6 tne

o econ< oner ?4y h4>e c4ue o6 4ction i6 re4le occur ithin 4re4on4Ble ti?e @!l455 > Fre< Hunt Co AR (80(=

Co<32e0ens>e En>2on<ental Res3onse, Co<3ensaton an7 (abltA;t =CERC(A 1/'-

• property oner st2;tl lable fo2 0aLa27o6s <ate2als on theirproperty e>en i6 they <i<n9t <ich4r5e the ?4teri4l

• Buyer ?4y Be 4Ble to ut4in CoA 454int eller 6or 64ilin5 to <icloethe proBle?& But Buyer i till li4Ble i6 ue< By 6e<er4l 5o>ern?ent ornei5hBor 6or cot o6 cle4nin5 up property

o thu Buyer ?ut ?4e in<epen<ent 4e?ent o6 theen>iron?ent4l con<ition o6 the property Be6ore Buyin5

Re?e<ie 6or Bre4ch o6 4le contr4ct

4 Le54l re?e<y: $onet4ry re?e<yi D4?45e

( LiKui<4te< <4?45e: %eller uu4lly reKuire Buyer to<epoit ?oney @up to (7 o6 4le price= in e>ent Buyer<e64ult in per6or?4nce. %eller ?4y ret4in liKui<4te<<4?45e @<epoit=& unle cert4in con<ition 4renWt ?et@?4ret4Ble title: ee %onklin v. &avi [4Bo>e\=

( Dierence Bt contr4ct price 4n< ?4ret >4lue o6 l4n< on<4te o6 Bre4ch

4 EKuit4Ble re?e<ie: Inunction <icretion4ry ith court uu4llynot 44r<e< unle p4rty h4< Beh4>e< in 4n eKuit4Ble 64hion?ore <r4tic Bec4ue it oper4te on the peron reKuirin5 the? to

<onot <o o?ethin5i %pecic Per6or?4nce

3uyer7s remedy: )quity court order seller to convey title if buyer pays. *amages

!legal remedy" inappropriate because buyer gets land0 and land is unique.

( I6 eller c4nWt 5i>e ?4ret4Ble title& pecicper6or?4nce reKuire tr4n6er ith abatement of price.

The Dee<Cl4ic4tion o6 <ee<:

• (= 5ener4l 4rr4nty <ee<o 5r4ntor 4rr4nt 5oo< titleM – title 454int <e6ect 4riin5

Be6ore 4n< <urin5 the ti?e the 5r4ntor 4 unconnecte< iththe l4n<

i6 untrue& thi outM the Buyer& or Buyer h4 4ction 6or<4?45e

• *= peci4l 4rr4nty <ee<

P45e (/8 o6 (+7




o 5r4ntor 4rr4nt title 454int <e6ect 4riin5 <urin5 5r4ntor94oci4tion ith the l4n< But not 454int <e6ect 4riin5 Be6oreth4t ti?e

?uch ?ore li?ite<

• /= Kuitcl4i? <ee<o 5r4ntor 4rr4nt nothin5 ?erely tr4n6er h4t title he h4& i6

4ny%6st t2ansfe2 be <an6al?

• 0henneger v Kendrick IL: <eli>ery i eenti4l to ?4e 4 <ee<oper4ti>e& But no p4rticul4r cere?ony i nece4ry.M

o $4y Be or< ithout 4ct 4ct ithout or< or Botho Intention i the controllin5 ele?ent re: hether 4 <ee< h4 Been

<eli>ere< 4n< it <epen< in 5re4t ?e4ure upon the p4rticul4rcircu?t4nce o6 4 c4e

• I <eli>ery 4<eKu4te here 5r4ntor 5i>e photocopy o6 <ee< to 5r4ntorBut ret4in ori5in4l 6or 46eeepin5Q

o $4teri4l 64ct Kuetion re: <eli>ery @E>4n > "4<<ell AL (88'=

&27*Pa2t Inte2<e7a2 Del>e2• E>en thou5h 5r4ntee <oen9t recei>e Benet o6 property 4t the ti?e o6

the <eli>ery& court typic4lly hol< uch <eli>erie >4li< 4 lon5 45r4ntor p4rte< ith control o>er the <ee<

o I6 <ee< i uBect to Bein5 rec4lle< By 5r4ntor Be6ore <eli>ery to5r4ntee no eectu4l <eli>ery @uciency o6 <eli>er principle=

• %ee Ch4n<ler > Ch4n<ler: HE(DB " Ch4n<ler& 4t the ti?e he <eli>ere<the <ee< to the B4n 6or 46eeepin5& poee< the reKuiite intent torelinKuih control o>er the <ee< 4n< h4>e it t4e eect 4 4 preentcon>ey4nce& 5i>en the teti?ony o6 B4n peronnel 4n< the tot4lity o6the circu?t4nce

• DssentB A lon5 4 5r4ntor reer>e locu penitenti4e& ether Bye;pre reer>4tion or By not pl4cin5 the <ee< Beyon< hi control 44 ?4tter o6 l4 he h4 not 6ore5one hi ri5ht o6 re>oc4tion

o Citin5 %ulver v %arroll (8((: i6 the <ee< i pl4ce< in the h4n<o6 4 thir< peron& 4 the 45ent& 6rien< or B4ilee o6 the 5r4ntor&6or 46e1eepin5 only 4n< not 6or <eli>ery to the 5r4ntee J thenuch tr4n6er o6 the ?ere intru?ent 64il <oe not contitute 4<eli>ery& 4n< the intru?ent 64il 6or 4nt o6 e;ecution.M

o29e7 Dee7s

• For5e< <ee< i >oi< 4n< 5r4ntor recei>e no title

$er5er Doctrine

Upon <eli>ery o6 <ee<& 3 o6 4le ?er5e into <ee< 4n< <i4ppe4r unlep4rtie pro>i<e otherie

• E;ception: coll4ter4l pro?ieo E;pre 4rr4nty to contruct 4 houe in 4 5oo<or?4nlie

?4nner coll4ter4l @D4>i > T4eell Pl4ce Aoci4te ,A=o %eller9 pro?ie to pl4ce ?ort545e it recei>e 6ro? Buyer in

poition uBor<in4te to other ?ort545e not coll4ter4lcl4ue?er5e< into <ee< @7 #orth Corp > $orrell "- (880=

P45e (7 o6 (+7




o Pro>iion 5i>in5 eller option to repurch4e property coll4ter4l@!ru55e?4n > erry9 Enterprie $I## (880=

o "4rr4nty th4t plu?Bin5he4tin5electric4lAC yte? 4re inorin5 or<er on <4te o6 poeion coll4ter4l @L4nter?4n >E<4r< IL (880=

Co>en4nt 6or Title"4y to protect onerhip ri5ht

• (= title inur4nce to protect 454int uperior title

• *= title co>en4nt – 4rr4nt th4t 5r4ntee9 title i 5oo<title co>en4nt 4re preent co>en4nt or 6uture co>en4nt

32esent ;o>enants – 5u4r4ntee 4 <ecriBe< itu4tion e;it 4t the ti?e theco>en4nt i ?4<e

• Co>enant fo2 sesn: 5r4ntor 5u4r4ntee he on the et4te he icon>eyin5.

• Co>enant of t0e 290t to ;on>eB 4?e 4 eiin But the 5r4ntor

?4y h4>e the ri5ht to con>ey But not Be the oner o6 the et4te he orhe i purportin5 to con>ey @e.5. i6 con>eyin5 the l4n< un<er 4 poer=

• Co>enant a9anst en;6<b2an;esB 5r4ntor 5u4r4ntee there 4re no?ort545elienu<5?ent liene4e?entco>en4nt retrictin5 ue o6 the l4n<& etc. 454int the l4n< con>eye<

f6t62e ;o>enants

• ;o>enant of 6et eno<ent an7 ;o>enant of 9ene2ala22antB thee 4re B4ic4lly the 4?e 4n< ?e4n the 5r4ntor5u4r4ntee purch4er ill not Be <iturBe< in the 6uture By the 5r4ntoror o?e p4r4?ount cl4i? e;itin5 4t the <4te o6 con>ey4nce

o co>en4nt not Broen unle there i 4 <iturB4nce @outer 6ro?

poeion By one h4>in5 p4r4?ount title 6orecloure o6?ort545e en6orce?ent o6 co>en4nt retrictin5 ue o6 the l4n<&etc.=

o i6 purch4er p4y o outt4n<in5 ?ort545e on l4n< ?4y Be<iturB4nce e>en thou5h purch4er i not oute< 6ro?poeion

• ;o>enant fo2 f62t0e2 ass62an;esB 5r4ntor pro?ie to <o 6urther4ct ithin hi poer to ?4e purch4er9 title 5oo<

The %4le: C4li6. pr4ctice

Calfo2na 32a;t;e

• L4n< tr4n6erre< >i4 5r4nt <ee< or Kuitcl4i? <ee<

• Dee< ?ut:o !e in ritin5o DecriBe p4rtie properlyo P4rtie ?ut Be co?petento Property ?ut Be <ecriBe< to <itin5uih 6ro? other p4rcelo $ut Be 5r4ntin5 cl4ue @I hereBy 5r4ntM=o Dee< ?ut Be i5ne< By p4rtie ?4in5 the con>ey4nce

P45e (( o6 (+7




o $ut Be <eli>ere< 4n< 4ccepte<

• Coni<er4tion not nece4ry 6or >4li< tr4n6ero !ut l4c o6 coni<er4tion ?4y 4ect 5r4ntee9 ri5ht 454int

thir< p4rtie& Bec4ue ?4ny t4tute 4re <ei5ne< to protectBon4 <e purch4er

• A;nole79<ent i 4 6or?4l <ecl4r4tion Be6ore 4n 4uthorie< ocerth4t the e;ecution i the e;ecutor9 4ct 4n< <ee<

o %46e5u4r< 454int 6or5ery64le i?peron4tiono "on9t Be in>4li<4te< By 4Bence o6 <4te i6 ucient in other

repecto #o 4cnole<5?ent houl< Be reco5nie< i6 ocer h4 peron4l

interet in the tr4n4ction unle there i 4nother neutr4l4uthorier

• Pa2tes <6st 7s;lose 6na22ante76na6t0o2Le7

en;6<b2an;es of t0e2 32o3e2t on t0e o;al 2e;o27so $ot intru?ent 4ectin5 re4l property ?ut Be e;ecute< 4n<

4cnole<5e< or pro>e< By the oner o6 the property Be6ore the

intru?ent i eli5iBle 6or recor<4tion A5ree?ent 6or 4le& option& <epoit receipt 4ll 4pply

o Any intru?ent tr4n6errein5 or encu?Berin5 co??unityproperty ?ut Be e;ecute< By Both huB4n< 4n< i6e

• Re;o27atono Dee< in9t in>4li< i6 unrecor<e<& But i?port4nt to protect 5r4nteeo I6 5r4ntee 64il to recor< 4n< 4nother <ee< i recor<e< rt

5r4ntee i in eop4r<y

Del>e2

o L4 preu?e >4li< <eli>ery i6 <ee< i 6oun< in poeion o65r4ntee or i recor<e<

o

Or<in4rily 4 <ee< c4nnot Be 5i>en eect until 4ccepte< By the5r4ntee

T3es of 7ee7s

o Gr4nt <ee< – 4rr4nt 5r4ntor h4n9t con>eye< it to 4ny otherperon 4n< et4te i 6ree 6ro? encu?Br4nce inclu<in5 t4;e&4e?ent 4n< other lien

Applie only to 5r4ntor9 4ct& not othero )uitcl4i? <ee< – con>ey h4te>er the peron h4o "4rr4nty <ee< – cont4in e;pre co>en4nt o6 title

Unco??on to reli4nce on title inur4nce in CAo Trut <ee< – /1p4rty ecurity intru?ent con>eyin5 title to l4n<

4 ecurity 6or per6or?4nce o6 oBli54tiono Recon>ey4nce <ee< – con>ey title to property 6ro? trutee

B4c to trutor on ter?in4tion o6 the truto %heri9 <ee< – heri hol< thi <ee< on 6orecloure o6 4

property title i only th4t 4cKuire< By the t4teheri 4n<cont4in no repreent4tion4rr4ntie h4toe>er

o Gi6t <ee< – 5r4ntor ?4y ?4e 5i6t o6 property to 5r4ntee 4n< ue5i6t <ee<

#ee< not peci6y re4on i lo>e 4n< 4ection

P45e (* o6 (+7




$4y Be et 4i<e i6 ?4<e to <e6r4u< cre<itor

o7 7ee7s

o (= <ee< 6ro? inc4p4cit4te< peron @u<ici4lly <eter?ine<=o *= 6or5e< <ee<o /= <ee< 6ro? ?inoro

= <ee< e;ecute< in Bl4n here 5r4ntor9 n4?e i inerte<ithout 4uthori4tion or conent o6 5r4ntoro 2= <ee< purely tet4?ent4ry in ch4r4cter – here 5r4ntor

inten< <ee< not Be oper4ti>e until <e4th >o7able 7ee7s

o (= 6ro? peron o6 unoun< ?in< @not u<ici4lly <eter?ine<=o *= prior to (8'*& 4 <ee< 6ro? peron (01*( ye4r ol<& e;cept

6ro? 4 l46ully ?4rrie< peron o>er (0

THE RECORDI#G %-%TE$Re;o27n9 Sste<

•

Co??on1l4 rule: rt in ti?e& rt in ri5hto Thi till 4pplie hen no 4pplic4Ble recor<in5 t4tute

Purpoe: to pro?ote recor<in5 4n< punih thoe ho<on9t

#2anto2*#2antee In7e@ T2a;t Sste<

• #2anto2*92antee n7e@

o To in<e;e @one 6or 5r4ntor& one 6or 5r4ntee= litin5 4ll peoplein the county ho h4>e recor<e< tr4n4ction

o !y 5oin5 Beteen the to you c4n n< out ho your 5r4ntorBou5ht 6ro?& 4n< o on& repe4tin5 the proce

• T2a;t n7e@o %o?e t4te 4llo thi type o6 in<e;& hich ho con>ey4nce

o6 e4ch lot in the county• Co<bnaton t2a;t an7 92anto2*92antee n7e@

o County i <i>i<e< into Bloc con>ey4nce o6 l4n< in th4t Bloc4re in<e;e< By p4rty n4?e o you c4n loc4te your re6erence By5r4ntor15r4ntee ?etho<

• Des;ent o2 7e>se of lan7o neither yte? 4ccount 6or title p4in5 on <e4th o6 onero %o i6 your in<e;e< ch4in o6 onerhip h4 4 54p& it i proB4Bly

<ue to it p4in5 By <ecent or <e>ie

ClassJ;aton of Re;o27n9 A;ts• (= 8362e: not;e stat6tes =%A – pl4ce no pre?iu? on r4ce to

recor<er9 oce 4n< protect Bon4 <e purch4er hether he or herecor< rt or not

o i6 you Buy out notice o6 o?eone ele9 interet& you t4e 6reeo6 it

• *= 2a;e*not;e stat6tes =CA – pl4ce 4 pre?iu? on r4ce to recor<er9oce 4n< protect Bon4 <e purch4er only i6 he or he recor< rt

P45e (/ o6 (+7






P loe c4e 454int title inurer& Bec4ue e4e?ent 4nWt in ch4in o6title: 4 4 ìl<` e4e?ent.

• R6le: 4n intru?ent e;ecute< By 4n oner hich i recor<e< Be6ore4cKuiition or 46ter relinKuih?ent o6 title i outi<e the ch4in o6 title

4 Prior 5r4ntee not connecte< to ch4in o6 title• Aorse v. %urtis: Not;e stat6te =%assB Gr4ntor ?ort545e< property

to A @ho <i<nWt recor<=& then to ! @ho h4< notice o6 A=. ! recor<e<& 4n<then A recor<e<. ! then 4i5ne< ?ort545e to C @ho h4< no notice o6 A=.Court hel< th4t C 5et the title: I6 4 purch4er& upon e;4?inin5 there5itry& n< 4 con>ey4nce 6ro? the oner o6 the l4n< to hi 5r4ntor&hich 5i>e hi? 4 per6ect recor< title he i entitle< to rely upon uchrecor< title& 4n< i not oBli5e< to e4rch the recor< 46ter4r<& in or<er toee i6 there h4 Been 4ny prior unrecor<e< <ee< o6 the ori5in4l oner.

4 Dee< 6ro? co??on 5r4ntor o6 4<4cent lot• 7uDalo #cadem of the Sacred Heart v. 7oehm 7ros 1 The <eBtor 45ree< to

<ich4r5e 4n in<eBte<ne to the cre<itor By con>eyin5 to the cre<itor5oo< 4n< ?4ret4Ble title to cert4in re4lty. The p4rtieW contr4ct pro>i<e<th4t i6 title houl< pro>e un?4ret4Ble& the <eBtor oul< p4y the cre<itor4 pecie< u? in c4h. The cre<itor re6ue< to 4ccept the <ee< ten<ere<By the <eBtor& on the 5roun< th4t the title 4 un?4ret4Ble. The loercourt 5r4nte< u<5?ent in 64>or o6 the cre<itor& 4cceptin5 the cre<itorW4r5u?ent th4t 4 <ee< con>eyin5 6our lot in the uB<i>iion in hich there4lty 4 loc4te< prohiBite< the erection 4n< oper4tion o6 54oline llin5

t4tion 4n< the 4le o6 ?otor oil 4n< 6uel on 4ny other lot loc4te< in theuB<i>iion. The court re>ere<& conclu<in5 th4t the uBect co>en4nt 4peron4l to the 5r4ntor& coul< not Be i?pree< upon 6uture oner o6other pre?ie in the uB<i>iion& 4n< ne>er 4tt4che< to the lot l4tertr4n6erre< to the <eBtor. $oreo>er& e>en 4u?in5 the co>en4nt to Beone th4t r4n ith the l4n<& it 4 not en6orce4Ble Bec4ue the re?4inin5lot in the uB<i>iion ere ol< By <ee< th4t ?4<e no ?ention o6 theco>en4nt.

. %ao2t 26le =folloe7 n NYB 4 purch4er o6 4 lot hich 6or?e<p4rt o6 4 l4r5er tr4ct i not ch4r5e< ith notice o6 retricti>eco>en4nt cont4ine< in 4 prior <ee< 6ro? the 4?e 5r4ntor to 4nyother lot or p4rcel o6 the 4?e 5ener4l tr4ct

. In t0e absen;e of e@;e3tonal ;2;6<stan;es, NY s0o6l7follo t0e 9ene2al ell*settle7 32n;3le t0at a 362;0ase2taes t0 not;e f2o< t0e 2e;o27 onl of en;6<b2an;es n0s 72e;t ;0an of tttle

1. e;ception: contructi>e notice hen houe on 4 treet 4ll utout the 4?e 4?ount or encu?Br4nce i otherie >iiBle

. %no2t 26leB recor<in5 o6 uch 4 <ee< By 4 co??on 5r4ntor4or< notice to 4ll hi uBeKuent 5r4ntee

>. %ee %4nBorn > $cLe4n $I:

P45e (2 o6 (+7




>. D9 one< houe in hi5h1en< uB<i>iion ou5ht to Buil< 54t4tion in the re4r. P cl4i?e< 4 reciproc4l ne54ti>e e4e?ent on hiproperty 4n< the $cLe4n9 property pre>ent the $cLe4n9 6ro?uin5 their lot 6or 4nythin5 But rei<enti4l purpoe. The ori5in4loner <ee<e< o?e o6 the l4n< in the uB<i>iion ith retriction4n< o?e ithout.

>i. Hel7B The $cLe4n h4< inKuiry notice o6 the e4e?ent. !ec4uethe $cLe4n coul< not h4>e helpe< But notice th4t 4ll o6 the lot inthe uB<i>iion ere Bein5 ue< 6or rei<enti4l purpoe& theyhoul< h4>e inKuire< into the e;itence o6 retriction 4n< ne54ti>ee4e?ent. %i?ply e;4?inin5 the title 4n< 4in5 the 5r4ntor i6there ere 4ny retriction <i< not uce 4 4<eKu4te inKuiry 4ny<eeper inKuiry oul< h4>e re>e4le< the e4e?ent.

Ttle Ins62an;e4 Denition: Title inur4nce 5u4r4ntee th4t the inur4nce co?p4ny h4

e4rche< the puBlic recor< 4n< inure 454int 4ny <e6ect in thepuBlic recor<& unle uch <e6ect 4re pecic4lly e;cepte< 6ro?

co>er45e in the policy. Accor<in5ly& the t4n<4r< policy inure only 45oo< recor< title 4 o6 the policy9 <4te.

4 "ho i inure<: Title inur4nce c4n Be t4en out either By the oner o6the property or By the ?ort545e len<er. The inur4nce only protectthe peron ho on the policy. Policy <oe not run ith the l4n< touBeKuent purch4er.

4 E;cluion: The t4n<4r< title inur4nce policy <oe not inure 454inti Lien i?poe< By l4 But not hon on puBlic recor<i A<>ere poeion cl4i? not hon on the puBlic recor<i Encro4ch?ent 4n< Boun<4ry <iputei I?plie< e4e?ent or co>en4nt 4n< e4e?ent By neceity or

precriptioni Go>ern?ent re5ul4tion retrictin5 l4n< ue

P45e (+ o6 (+7




PROTECTION A#AINST DISCRI%INATION5a;92o6n7 an7 Stat6tes

( Hitoric4lly& 4 l4n<lor< 4 6ree to rent to ho?e>er he ple4e<. !ut no&6e<er4l 4n< t4te t4tute prohiBit <icri?in4tion in rent4l o6 property onthe B4i o6 r4ce& reli5ion& or n4tion4l ori5in.

( 14t0 A<en7<entBi #o t4te h4ll <epir>e 4ny peron o6 li6e& liBerty& pr property out

<ue proce o6 l4( C>l R90ts A;t of 1'"" =aa F 1/'!

i !4r r4ci4l or ethnic <icri?in4tion onlyi Applie to 4le or rent4l o6 all 32o3e2t not li?ite< to houin5i #o e;plicit ?etho< o6 en6orce?ent& But court h4>e 64hione<

re?e<ie inclu<in5 inunction 454int l4n<lor< or <4?45e( C>l R90ts A;t of 1/"'* a2 Ho6sn9 G 4! USC &"-4

i En4cte< 4 Title ,III o6 Ci>il Ri5ht Act o6 (0++ 4pplie to 4le orrent4l o6 7elln9s onli ProhiBit:

1 Dicri?in4tion B4e< on r4ce& color& reli5ion& e;& n4tion4lori5in& 454int peron ith chil<ren e;cept in enior citienhouin5& 4n< 454int h4n<ic4ppe< peron

1 Dicri?in4tin5 in ter? o6 rent4l on 4?e B4e1 A<>ertiin5 or ?4in5 4ny puBlic t4te?ent th4t in<ic4te

4ny <icri?in4tory pre6erence1 Repreentin5 th4t 4 pl4ce i un4>4il4Ble B4e< on 4?e

B4e hen it i 4>4il4Ble1 For prot to in<uce or 4tte?pt to in<uce 4nyBo<y into ellin5

or rentin5 B4e< on propecti>e entry into co??unity o6people o6 4 cert4in r4ce& etc. E@e<3tonsB

( Pri>4te cluB 4n< <ellin5 6or reli5iou or54ni4tion 4ree;e?pt 6ro? FHA

( A peron le4in5ellin5 4 in5le164?ily <ellin5 he on ie;e?pt i6 he

4 Doe not on ?ore th4n three uch <ellin54 Doe not ue 4 Broer4 Doe not 4<>ertie in 4 ?4nner th4t in<ic4te her

intent to <icri?in4te( A peron i e;e?pt i6 he i oerin5 to le4e 4 roo? in 4

<ellin5 in hich he li>e in& 4n< in hich no ?ore th4n in<epen<ent 64?ilie li>e& 4n< <oe not 4<>ertie in 4<icri?in4tory ?4nner =%2s. %6230s E@;e3ton

a NoteB F 1/'! <oe not pro>i<e 6or $r. $urphy9E;ception o 4 peron c4n ue un<er F 1/'! i6 <enie<4<?itt4nce

a E;4?ple: O inert 4< in nep4per oerin5 to rent 4roo? in her houe to 4 hite peron. O i in >iol4tiono6 FHA prohiBition 454int <icri?in4tory 4<. 56t i6 O

P45e (' o6 (+7




<oe not 4<>ertie& he i e;e?pt 6ro? li4Bility un<erFHA9 $r. $urphy9 e;ception hoe>er& he oul< Beli4Ble un<er Z (80* hich <oen9t h4>e th4t e;e?ption

b %ee F4ir Houin5 Council > Roo??4te: Hel7B The FHA<oenWt 4pply to the h4rin5 o6 li>in5 unit& 4n< it inot unl46ul to <icri?in4te in electin5 4 roo??4te.

A the un<erlyin5 con<uct i not unl46ul& Roo??4teW64cilit4tion o6 <icri?in4tory roo??4te e4rche <oenot >iol4te the FHA.• The ri5ht to enter into 4n< ?4int4in cert4in

inti?4te hu?4n rel4tionhip i ecure< 454int thet4te9 inter>ention

• The ri5ht to 4oci4tion i?plie 4 ri5ht not to4oci4te

• %t4tute ?ut Be re4< to 4>oi< contitution4l<icultie

>. En6orce?ent: An 455rie>e< peron ?4y ue l4n<lor< in 6e<er4lcourt court ?4y 5i>e 4n inunction& 4ctu4l <4?45e& 4n< puniti>e<4?45e

P2efe2en;es n A7>e2tsn9

• $e<i4 c4rryin5 <icri?in4tory 4< c4n Be li4Bleo /agin v *G3 *< Cir (887: !l4c propecti>e ho?e purch4er

4n< eKu4l opportunity or54ni4tion t4te< cl4i? 454intnep4per puBliher 6or puBlihin5 houin5 4<>ertie?entin<ic4tin5 r4ci4l pre6erence& in >iol4tion o6 F4ir Houin5 Act&here they 4lle5e< lon51t4n<in5 p4ttern o6 puBlihin5 re4let4te 4<>ertie?ent in hich ?o<el o6 potenti4l conu?er

ere 4ll hite hile Bl4c ?o<el l4r5ely portr4ye< er>icee?ployee& e;cept 6or e;clui>e ue o6 Bl4c ?o<el 6or houin5in pre<o?in4ntly Bl4c nei5hBorhoo<& 4n< th4t p4tternreecte< t4r5etin5 o6 r4ci4l 5roup.

o !ut ee Housing (pportunities Aade 4qual v %incinnati 4nquirer +th Cir (88(: A55re54te eect o6 nep4perW puBlihin5?ultiple 4<>ertie?ent By unrel4te< re4ltor hich 6e4ture<only hite ?o<el <i< not >iol4te F4ir Houin5 Act& epeci4llyhere e4ch in<i>i<u4l 4<>ertie?ent 4 le54l.

• LL e;prein5 pre6erence 6or 4 cert4in type o6 ten4nt c4n >iol4te Title,III

o Jancik v H;& 'th Cir (882: rent4l 4<>ertie?ent 6or ?4ture

peronM <icri?in4te< 454int 64?ilie ith chil<reno Holmgren v -ittle Fillage %ommunit /eporter #D Ill (8'(:

nep4per 4<>ertie?ent hich e>ince< pre6erence on p4rt o6eller 4n< l4n<lor< to h4>e purch4er 4n< ten4nt ho poecert4in l4n5u45e contitute< in<ic4tion o6 pre6erence 6orperon o6 cert4in n4tion4l ori5in& or 4t le4t intention to ?4euch pre6erence thu uch 4< ere unl46ul <epite contention

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th4t the purpoe o6 l4n5u45e reKuire?ent 4 to 6oterco??unic4tion 4n< un<ert4n<in5 Beteen the p4rtie.

T0e A;t at Wo2

• Property oner9 4oci4tion i li4Ble i6 it Bloc ?inority purch4e o6 4unit By e;erciin5 ri5ht o6 rt re6u4l

o 0hillips v Hunter 3rails %ommunit #ssn 'th Cir (80*• LL c4nnot ue Kuot4 in 4itin5 lit to ?4int4in r4ci4l B4l4nceM or

pre>ent hite i5htMo ;S v Starrett %it #ssociates *< Cir (800: court o6 4ppe4l hel<

Kuot4 ille54l& re6uin5 to tre4t the? 4 >4li< 4r?4ti>e 4ctionpl4n Bec4ue the ue o6 r4ci4l <itinction 4 not <ei5ne< 44 te?por4ry ?e4ure to 4chie>e 4 <ene< 5o4l

4pt. ou5ht to ?4int4in r4ci4l B4l4nceinte5r4tion >i4Kuot4

truc <on By court

• LL ?4y >iol4te FHA throu5h policie h4>in5 <icri?in4tory eect e>en

thou5h they in>ol>e no <icri?in4tory 4ctiono %i5nic4nt <icri?in4tory eect o6 onin5 <eciion >iol4te FHA

– Aetro Housing &evel %orp v Fillage of #rlington Heights 'th Cir(8''

o I6 et4Blihe< th4t r4ce pl4ye< o?e p4rt in re6u4l to <e4l >iol4tion o6 the 4ct – Aoore v 3o=nsend 'th Cir (8'2

o %teerin5 to cert4in 4pt. In 4 co?ple; B4e< on r4ce >iol4te the4ct Bc it <enie 4cce to eKu4l houin5 opportunitie – ;S vAitchell 2th Cir (80+

o FHA prohiBit <irect <icri?in4tion 4 ell 4 pr4ctice r4ci4lly <icour45in5 eect& 4n< teerin5 e>i<ence 4n intent toinuence the choice o6 the renter on 4n i?per?iiBle r4ci4l

B4i – ;S v Hensha= 7ros ED ,4 (8'• FHA prohiBit <icri?in4tion in the e;tenion o6 cre<it in re4l1et4te

tr4n4ction Z/+72 4n< in ?e?Berhip in4cce to re4l et4te Broer9or54ni4tion 4n< $L% er>ice Z/+7+

Dicri?in4tion !4e< on R4ceA P2ote;ton 6n7e2 abo>e stat6tes A;ts1 e7e2al ;onstt6tonB 14t0 A<en7<ent

• Shelle v. Kramer : Retricti>e co>en4nt ere in pl4ce retrictin5property to Bein5 ue< By C4uc4i4n. The %t4te court h4< uphel< theco>en4nt& But the %upre?e Court re>ere< on (th A?en<?ent

5roun<. It sa7 t0at t0e state 630ol7n9 t0e ;o>enants ase6>alent to state a;ton t0at as 7s;2<nato2, 7es3tet0e fa;t t0at t0e2e as no stat6te 2e96latn9 t0e <atte2. Thecourt conclu<e< th4t Bec4ue o6 petitionerW r4ce or color& they ere<enie< ri5ht o6 onerhip or occup4ncy enoye< 4 4 ?4tter o6 coureBy other citien o6 <ierent r4ce. R4ther th4n <eci<e thi on 5roun<o6 touch 4n< concern or horiont4l pri>ity @hich the court coul< h4>e

P45e (8 o6 (+7




<one=& they <eci<e< thi on contitution4l 5roun< to et 4 prece<ent4Bout r4ci4l <icri?in4tion

2. /ivil Rights Act o 1;<< an air 5ousing Act

• Jones v. #lfred Aaer %o: "hether congress has the po=er to prohibit private parties from refusing to sell their propert on racial grounds.Repon<ent re6ue< to ell petitioner 4 ho?e Bec4ue he 4 Bl4c.

The loer court <i?ie< Bec4ue Z (80* only 4pplie< to t4te 4ction4n< <i< not B4r pri>4te in<i>i<u4l 6ro? re6uin5 to ell B4e< on r4ce.

The Court re>ere< Bec4ue F 1/'! ba22e7 all 2a;al 7s;2<natonb 32>ate one2s an7 36bl; a6t0o2tes n t0e sale o2 2ental of 32o3e2t. The pl4in l4n5u45e o6 the t4tute 5r4nte< to 4ll citien the4?e ri5ht to purch4e property 4 enoye< By hite citien. TheCourt 4 unillin5 to re4< into Z (80* 4n e;ception 6or pri>4te

con<uct hen the le5il4ti>e hitory <i< not 6urnih the li5htet64ctu4l B4i 6or 4n e;ception.

Dicri?in4tion 454int the h4n<ic4ppe<i Hill v. %ommunit of &amien of Aolokai: AID%: H4n<ic4p. %uB<i>iion

ith co>en4nt. #on1prot or54ni4tion hich h4 Bou5ht 4 houe onone o6 the lot to Be ue< 6or AID% p4tient. The people ho ?4<e theco>en4nt ue< 6or 4n inunction& 6orcin5 people to ?o>e out 4n< ue it6or ìn5le 64?ily purpoe only.` TC 6oun< th4t it 4 not ue< 4 4in5le 64?ily rei<ence& 4n< it >iol4te< the co>en4nt. %C o6 #e$e;ico re>ere<. They rule< th4t thi <i<nWt <e6y the co>en4nt. !ute>en i6 it h4<& the ;o>enant as n>al7, be;a6se t >olate7 t0e

HA. They 4i< th4t the ho?e oper4te 4 4 64?ily unit: they treth4t they 4ll help e4ch other out n4nci4lly& e?otion4lly& piritu4lly.

There i 4n e;ception to the t4tute th4t itW not <icri?in4tion to <enyrentin5 to 4 peron ho ill 4ect the 46ety o6 the nei5hBorhoo<. TC6oun< th4t there 4 incre4e< tr4c& But th4t it <i<nWt 4ect the46ety o6 the nei5hBorhoo<. Uu4lly& thi i reer>e< 6or <4n5erou`people.` Three 4r5u?ent 6or hy it >iol4te< the t4tute:

• #hree arguments for violation of statute:

i Ds;2<nato2 ntent: They <i<nWt oBect until they

6oun< out th4t it 4 4 ho?e 6or AID% >icti?i Ds3a2ate I<3a;t: People ith cert4in in< o6<i4Bilitie nee< 5roup ho?e& 4n< i6 in5le 64?ilynei5hBorhoo< 4re 4lloe< to ue onin5 or co>en4nt toeep the? out& thi ill h4>e h4r?6ul i?p4ct on peopleith <i4Bilitie.

• Reasonable a;;o<<o7aton: It oul< h4>e Been 4re4on4Ble 4cco??o<4tion i?ply to not en6orce theco>en4nt.

P45e (27 o6 (+7




W0at 0a33ens f o6 t2 to 32e>ent a sale to a 92o63 0o<e?

• The Act 4pplie to 4 Buyer ho purch4e 4 property ith the intentiono6 pre>entin5 the purch4e By 4n entity pl4nnin5 to ue the property 44 5roup ho?e 6or ?e?Ber protecte< un<er the 4ct

o StepCbCStep Inc v -aLarus PA (88'

• u<5?ent oBt4ine< 454int nei5hBor ho le< uit to intention4llyBloc 4le o6 property 6or ue 4 4 ho?e 6or ?ent4lly ret4r<e< chil<ren

o ;S v "agner #D Te; (88+

A ban >olates HA b Jnan;n9 a 7s;2<nato2 362;0ase

• !4n >iol4te< the FHA hen it n4nce< the purch4e o6 4 property iththe intention o6 4i<in5 the purch4er in eepin5 the ho?e 6ro? Bein5purch4e< By other Buyer ho ere 4oci4te< ith ?ent4lly illperon @U% > Hu5he& D.C. #eB (88=

W0at s a 0an7;a3 6n7e2 t0e HA?

•

Z/+7*@h=: 4 phyic4l or ?ent4l i?p4ir?ent hich uBt4nti4lly li?itone or ?ore o6 4 peron9 ?4or li6e 4cti>itieM

o reco>erin5 4lcoholic 4re co>ere<: %it of 4dmonds v (xford

House& (882=o o 4re <ru5 4<<ict @U% > %outhern $4n45e?ent Corp th Cir

(88*=• B4ttere< o?en4t ri chil<ren <o not contitute h4n<ic4ppe< peron

o 0ark=ood #ssn v %apital Health care Investors #C Ct App (888:en6orcin5 the co>en4nt <i< not li?it the 4>4il4Bility o6 houin5on the B4i o6 h4n<ic4p

Zonn9 Inte2fe2n9 t0 (o;aton of #2o63 Ho<es olates t0e HA

• Sonin5 li?itin5 the nu?Ber o6 unrel4te< peron ho c4n li>e to5ether4re not e;e?pt 6ro? the Act 4 re4on4BleJretriction re54r<in5 the?4;i?u? nu?Ber o6 occup4nt per?itte< to occupy 4 <ellin5M 4n<<icri?in4te 454int 5roup ho?e 6or the h4n<ic4ppe< @%it of4dmonds v (xford house& (882=

o Re6u4l By tonhip to ?4e re4on4Ble 4cco??o<4tion inonin5 >4ri4nce 4 <icri?in4tory 454int 5roup ho?e 6orthe <i4Ble< @Hovsons v 3o=nship of 7rick /< Cir (88+=

• Re4on4Ble 4cco??o<4tion pro>iion reKuire ?unicip4litie toch4n5e4i>e?4e e;ception in onin5 rule to 5i>e thoe ith<i4Bilitie the 4?e opportunitie 4 thoe ithout @HoriLon House

&evelopment Services v 3o=nship of ;pper Southampton /< Cir (88/=

Dicri?in4tion on B4i o6 64?ili4l t4tu45e

• Simovits v. %hanticleer %onominium #ssRn: Con<o?iniu? 4oci4tionh4< 4<opte< 4 no1chil<ren policy. %o?eone ho Bou5ht in un<er there5i?e i uin5. "hen they trie< to ell& the co>en4nt pre>ente<propecti>e Buyer ith chil<ren 6ro? Buyin5 it. %o they h4< to loertheir price& 4n< p4y 4n e;tr4 ?ort545e. They 4re uin5 6or econo?ic

P45e (2( o6 (+7




<4?45e. The Bo4r< c4lle< the l4yer 4yin5 th4t o?eone 4nte< toell to i< hich >iol4te< the co>en4nt. The l4yer c4lle< the%i?o>it 4n< thre4tene< the?. Then& the 4?e l4yer& 5oe B4c tothe Bo4r< 4n< tell the? th4t thi i ille54l. He ?ut h4>e re4lie<l4ter th4t he ?ee< up. The Bo4r< <ire54r< hi 4<>ice& 4n<<icri?in4te< 4ny4y. They t4e the ri 4ny4y& 4n< ulti?4tely 5et

puniti>e <4?45e.• & A;t6al 7a<a9es, 36nt>e 7a<a9es an7 n6n;t>e 2elef a2e

a>alable to t0e S<o>ts an7 Ho3e, b6t not e<otonal 7st2ess7a<a9es

o %i?o>it h4>e not hon 4 c4u4l connection Beteen their4lle5e< inurie 4n< the 4oci4tion9 con<uct

Ol=person e>emption:

@*= A ue< in thi ection& houin5 6or ol<er peronM ?e4n houin5V@A= pro>i<e< un<er 4ny %t4te or Fe<er4l pro5r4? th4t the %ecret4ry<eter?ine i pecic4lly <ei5ne< 4n< oper4te< to 4it el<erlyperon @4 <ene< in the %t4te or Fe<er4l pro5r4?= or@!= nten7e7 fo2, an7 solel o;;63e7 b, 3e2sons "! ea2s of

a9e o2 ol7e2 or@C= inten<e< 4n< oper4te< 6or occup4ncy By peron 22 ye4r o6 45e orol<er& 4n<V

@i= 4t le4t 07 percent o6 the occupie< unit 4re occupie< By4t le4t one peron ho i 22 ye4r o6 45e or ol<er S<o>ts;o6l7nt s0o

@ii= the houin5 64cility or co??unity puBlihe 4n< 4<here

to policie 4n< proce<ure th4t <e?ontr4te the intent reKuire<un<er thi uBp4r45r4ph 4n< S<o>ts ;o6l7nt s0o@iii= the houin5 64cility or co??unity co?plie ith rule

iue< By the %ecret4ry 6or >eric4tion o6 occup4ncy& hich h4llV

@I= pro>i<e 6or >eric4tion By reli4Ble ur>ey 4n<4<4>it 4n<

@II= inclu<e e;4?ple o6 the type o6 policie 4n<proce<ure rele>4nt to 4 <eter?in4tion o6 co?pli4nceith the reKuire?ent o6 cl4ue @ii=. %uch ur>ey 4n<4<4>it h4ll Be 4<?iiBle in 4<?initr4ti>e 4n< u<ici4lprocee<in5 6or the purpoe o6 uch >eric4tion.

1st Amenment imensions

Smith v. 8air 4mploment : L h4< 4 policy o6 not rentin5 to un?4rrie<couple Bec4ue he h4< 4 Belie6 th4t i6 he <i< th4t& Go< oul<pre>ent her 6ro? ?eetin5 her <ece4e< huB4n< in the 46ter li6e. %he

P45e (2* o6 (+7




re6ue< to rent to the?. They ere proB4Bly teter& ettin5 her up&Bec4ue they h4< he4r< 4Bout her <icri?in4tory pr4ctice. T c4lle<ue< her 6or >iol4tion o6 FEHA: you c4nWt <icri?in4te 454int peopleB4e< on ?4rit4l t4tu. It 4 cle4r th4t he h4< <icri?in4te<. Theyreol>e the c4e By 4yin5 th4t the Bur<en 4nWt uBt4nti4l on herreli5iou pr4ctice: itW not lie 6ol ho ere re< Bec4ue they

oul<nWt or on %4tur<4y. %heW 4 c4pit4lit. %he c4n <eploy herc4pit4l in o?e other 6or? o6 in>et?ent th4t oul<nWt >iol4te herreli5iou Belie6. "e <onWt re4ch the iue o6 hether CA h4 4co?pellin5 interet in pre>entin5 <icri?in4tion 454int un?4rrie<couple in the houin5 ?4ret.

o r4ie Q: c4n you <icri?in4te 454int un?4rrie< couple inrentin5Q

Fe< t4tute: no prohiBition on <ic. 6or ?4rit4l t4tu !ut t4te t4tute o6ten co>er ?4rit4l t4tu

State n>est9atons of >olatons fo2 f2ee s3ee;0 onl ;an >olatet0e la

• %ee ulie "4lt Firt A?en<?ent Policy @C4l Dept o6 F4ir E?pl Houin5=

o ProhiBit the <ep4rt?ent 6ro? in>eti54tin5 citien 6or houin5<icri?in4tion olely on the B4i o6 6ree peech 4cti>ity&inclu<in5 pe4in5 4t puBlic ?eetin5& 4n< ritin5& <itriButin54n< <ipl4yin5 i5n or nep4per 4rticle critic4l o6 puBlichouin5 proect& e>en i6 they 4ppe4r to 4<>oc4te <icri?in4torypolicie.

• Ditinction Beteen thi l4<y9 co??entin5 4n< one 4ctu4lly doing the<icri?in4tion

$an %e deny housing based on a criminal record&

• CA %t4tute 4llo <eni4l o6 houin5 to o?eone ho poe 4 <irectthre4t to 46ety

P45e (2/ o6 (+7




N6san;e

PuBlic #ui4nce Rest To2ts !7 F '!15B P6bl; N6san;e

• (= A puBlic nui4nce i 4n unre4on4Ble inter6erence ith 4 ri5htco??on to the 5ener4l puBlic.

• *= Circu?t4nce th4t ?4y ut4in 4 hol<in5 th4t 4n inter6erence ith4 puBlic ri5ht i unre4on4Ble inclu<e the 6olloin5:

o @4= "hether the con<uct in>ol>e 4 s9nJ;ant nte2fe2en;e

t0 t0e 36bl; 0ealt0, t0e 36bl; safet, t0e 36bl;3ea;e, t0e 36bl; ;o<fo2t o2 t0e 36bl; ;on>enen;e& or

o @B= hether the con<uct s 32os;2be7 b a stat6te,o27nan;e o2 a7<nst2at>e 2e96laton& or

o @c= hether the con<uct i o6 4 contn6n9 nat62e o2 0as

32o76;e7 a 3e2<anent o2 lon9*lastn9 eKe;t& 4n<& 4 the4ctor no or h4 re4on to no& h4 4 i5nic4nt eect uponthe puBlic ri5ht.

Rest To2ts !7 F '!1CB W0o Can Re;o>e2 fo2 P6bl; N6san;e

• (= In or<er to reco>er <4?45e in 4n in<i>i<u4l 4ction 6or 4 puBlicnui4nce& one ?ut h4>e s6Ke2e7 0a2< of a n7 7Ke2ent f2o<t0at s6Ke2e7 b ot0e2 <e<be2s of t0e 36bl; e;erciin5 the ri5htco??on to the 5ener4l puBlic th4t 4 the uBect o6 inter6erence.

• @*= In or<er to ?4int4in 4 procee<in5 to enoin to 4B4te 4 puBlicnui4nce& one ?ut

o @4= h4>e the ri5ht to reco>er <4?45e& 4 in<ic4te< in%uBection @(=& or

o @B= h4>e 4uthority 4 4 puBlic oci4l or puBlic 45ency torepreent the t4te or 4 politic4l uB<i>iion in the ?4tter& or

o @c= h4>e t4n<in5 to ue 4 4 repreent4ti>e o6 the 5ener4lpuBlic& 4 4 citien in 4 citienW 4ction or 4 4 ?e?Ber o6 4 cl4in 4 cl4 4ction.

%ee $4r > %t4te Dept o6 F":Un<eire< nu<e e;poure puBlic nui4nce

• Citin5 7lagen v Smith: P9 one< l4n< 4<4cent to Brothel inunction5r4nte< on 5roun< o6 puBlic nui4nce

o Gener4l rule: Brothel pri>4te nui4nce i6 it ren<er thenei5hBor9 pre?ie unt 6or co?6ort4Ble or repect4Bleoccup4tion 4n< enoy?entM

• In thi c4e& court hel< puBlic nui4nce & n<in5 the h4r? <ierent6ro? th4t uere< By the puBlic 4 4 hole Bec4ue here By re4ono6 the 32o@<t o6 uch property to the puBlic nui4nce& <i5utin5cene 4n< oun< s0o; t0e sense of t0ose 0ose 32o3e2t, o2

P45e (2 o6 (+7




t0e eno<ent t0e2eof, s aKe;te7 t0e2eb& the inury ut4ine< inece4rily <ierent in in< 6ro? the puBlic 4t l4r5e.M

Pri>4te #ui4nceRest To2ts !7 F '!1DB P2>ate N6san;e

• A 32>ate n6san;e s a nont2es3asso2 n>ason of anot0e2snte2est n t0e 32>ate 6se an7 eno<ent of lan7.

a' (ature of interest invaded B It i oB>iou 6ro? the hitory o6 the4ction 6or pri>4te nui4nce th4t the interet ori5in4lly protecte< ereinteret in the ue 4n< enoy?ent o6 l4n<& inclu<in5 interet in theue 4n< enoy?ent o6 e4e?ent 4n< prot. Thee interet continueto Be the interet th4t 4re protecte< By 4ction 6or pri>4te nui4nce."hen there i 4n in>4ion o6 thee interet& the pl4inti ?4y reco>ernot only 6or h4r? 4riin5 6ro? 4ct th4t 4ect the l4n< itel6 4n< theco?6ort4Ble enoy?ent o6 it& But 4lo 6or h4r? to ?e?Ber o6 hi64?ily 4n< to hi ch4ttel.

Rest To2ts !7 F '!1EB W0o Can Re;o>e2 fo2 P2>ate N6san;e• For 4 pri>4te nui4nce there i li4Bility only to thoe ho h4>e property

ri5ht 4n< pri>ile5e in repect to the ue 4n< enoy?ent o6 the l4n<4ecte<& inclu<in5

o @4= poeor o6 the l4n<&o @B= oner o6 e4e?ent 4n< prot in the l4n<& 4n<o @c= oner o6 nonpoeory et4te in the l4n< th4t 4re

<etri?ent4lly 4ecte< By inter6erence ith it ue 4n<enoy?ent.

Rest To2ts !7 F '!1B S9nJ;ant Ha2<

•

There i li4Bility 6or 4 nui4nce only to thoe to ho? it c4uei5nic4nt h4r?& o6 4 in< th4t oul< Be uere< By 4 nor?4l peron inthe co??unity or By property in nor?4l con<ition 4n< ue< 6or 4nor?4l purpoe.

• b' Liability)Damages)*njunction' The rule t4te< in thi %ection4pplie only to tort li4Bility in 4n 4ction 6or <4?45e. J et0e2 a36bl; o2 a 32>ate n6san;e <a be enone7 be;a6se 0a2< st02eatene7 th4t oul< Be i5nic4nt i6 it occurre<& 4n< th4t oul<?4e the nui4nce 4ction4Ble un<er the rule here t4te<& 4lthou5h noh4r? h4 yet reulte<. J T0e 2e;o>e2 of 7a<a9es n a to2t a;tons, 0oe>e2, l<te7 to t0ose 0o 0a>e n fa;t s6Ke2e7s9nJ;ant 0a2< o6 the in< t4te< in thi %ection.

Rest To2ts !7 F '!!B #ene2al R6le

• One i uBect to li4Bility 6or 4 pri>4te nui4nce i6& But only i6& hicon<uct i 4 le54l c4ue o6 4n in>4ion o6 4notherW interet in thepri>4te ue 4n< enoy?ent o6 l4n<& 4n< the in>4ion i either

o @4= ntentonal @ee 0*2= an7 6n2easonable @ee 0*+= oro @B= 6nntentonal an7 ot0e2se a;tonable 6n7e2 t0e

26les ;ont2olln9 lablt fo2 ne9l9ent o2 2e;less

P45e (22 o6 (+7




;on76;t, o2 fo2 abno2<all 7an9e2o6s ;on7tons o2a;t>tes =S(

Rest To2ts !7 F '!)B Intentonal In>ason

• An in>4ion o6 4notherW interet in the ue 4n< enoy?ent o6 l4n< or4n inter6erence ith the puBlic ri5ht& i intention4l i6 the 4ctor

o @4= 4ct 6or the purpoe o6 c4uin5 it& oro @B= no th4t it i reultin5 or i uBt4nti4lly cert4in to reult

6ro? hi con<uct.

Rest To2ts !7 F '!"B Un2easonableness of Intentonal In>ason

• An intention4l in>4ion o6 4notherW interet in the ue 4n< enoy?ento6 l4n< i unre4on4Ble i6

o @4= the 92a>t of t0e 0a2< o6te90s t0e 6tlt o6 the4ctorW con<uct& or

o @B= t0e 0a2< ;a6se7 b t0e ;on76;t s se2o6s an7 t0eJnan;al b627en of ;o<3ensatn9 fo2 t0s an7 s<la2

0a2< to ot0e2s o6l7 not <ae t0e ;ontn6aton of t0e;on76;t not feasble.

Rest To2ts !7 F '!+B #2a>t of Ha2<B a;to2s In>ol>e7

• In <eter?inin5 the 5r4>ity o6 the h4r? 6ro? 4n intention4l in>4ion o64notherW interet in the ue 4n< enoy?ent o6 l4n<& the 6olloin564ctor 4re i?port4nt:

o @4= The e@tent o6 the h4r? in>ol>e<o @B= the ;0a2a;te2 o6 the h4r? in>ol>e<o @c= the so;al >al6e th4t the l4 4tt4che to the type o6 ue or

enoy?ent in>4<e<o @<= the s6tablt o6 the p4rticul4r ue or enoy?ent in>4<e< to

the ch4r4cter o6 the loc4lity 4n<o @e= the b627en on the peron h4r?e< o6 4>oi<in5 the h4r?.

Rest To2ts !7 F '!'B Utlt of Con76;t G a;to2s In>ol>e7

• In <eter?inin5 the utility o6 con<uct th4t c4ue 4n intention4l in>4iono6 4notherW interet in the ue 4n< enoy?ent o6 l4n<& the 6olloin564ctor 4re i?port4nt:

o @4= t0e so;al >al6e th4t the l4 4tt4che to the pri?4rypurpoe o6 the con<uct

o @B= the s6tablt of t0e ;on76;t to the ch4r4cter o6 theloc4lity 4n<

o @c= the <32a;t;ablt o6 pre>entin5 or 4>oi<in5 the in>4ion.

Rest To2ts !7 F '&1B #2a>t >s Utlt G Con76;t Uns6te7 to(o;alt

• An intention4l in>4ion o6 4notherW interet in the ue 4n< enoy?ento6 l4n< i unre4on4Ble i6 the h4r? i i5nic4nt& 4n<

o @4= the p4rticul4r ue or enoy?ent inter6ere< ith i ell

s6te7 to the ch4r4cter o6 the loc4lity 4n<o @B= the 4ctorW ;on76;t s 6ns6te7 to the ch4r4cter o6 th4t

P45e (2+ o6 (+7




loc4lity.

Per?4nent D4?45e > Inunction

• "halen rule @ol< #- rule=: here 4 nui4nce h4 Been 6oun< 4n< herethere h4 Been uBt4nti4l <4?45e hon By the p4rty co?pl4inin5&

4n inunction ill Be 5r4nte< <epite <ip4rity in econo?icconeKuence

• See 7oomer v #tlantic %ement1 @ne #- rule=: "here nei5hBorin5l4n<oner ut4ine< inury to property 6ro? <irt& ?oe 4n< >iBr4tione?4n4tin5 6ro? <e6en<4ntW ce?ent pl4nt& 4n< <e6en<4ntW in>et?entin pl4nt 4 in e;ce o6 N2&777&777 4n< o>er /77 people eree?ploye< in the pl4nt& 4n< it 4ppe4re< th4t techniKue to eli?in4te4nnoyin5 By1pro<uct o6 ce?ent ?4in5 ere unliely to Be <e>elope<By 4ny ree4rch <e6en<4nt coul< un<ert4e ithin 4ny hort perio<&inunction oul< Be con<itione< on p4y?ent By <e6en<4nt 4n<4ccept4nce By l4n<oner o6 per?4nent <4?45e in co?pen4tion 6orer>itu<e on the l4n<.

$ic. #ui4nceR3a2an 7o;t2ne an7 en>2on<ental n6n;ton

• Rip4ri4n <octrine pro>i<e 4n 4<<ition4l t4n<4r< 6or <eter?inin5hether uptre4? 4cti>itie contitute 4 nui4nce

o In "halen& the <ontre4? 64r?er 4 entitle< to recei>e 4terun<i?inihe< in Ku4lityKu4ntity un<er the n4tur4l o <octrine

W0at s a stan7a27 3a<ent fo2 87a<a9es:?

• In e?inent <o?4in c4e <ierence Beteen 64ir ?4ret >4lue o6property Be6ore the inter6erence occurre< 4n< it >4lue 46ter the

inter6erence occurre<

S3te en;e Do;t2ne

• "hen 4 6ence i erecte< olely 6or the purpoe o6 ?4liciouly h4r?in5one9 nei5hBor court inter>ene 4n< ?4y reKuire re?o>4l o6 the6ence

• $o<ern <octrine:o court utilie pite 6ence <octrine here ri>4l co?petitor erect

6ence to Bloc >iiBility o6 co?petitor @?otel c4e – Sundo=ner v King=

o court ue pite 6ence <octrine to enoin Blocin5 o6 4 BillBo4r<

By 4 ri>4l BillBo4r< – Hullinger v 0rahl=• 4lo 4pplie to ?4liciou ue o6 4ter reource

o 64ilure to c4p one9 4rtei4n ell olely out o6 ?4liciou pite o6<r4in5 <on the preure c4p4city o6 4 nei5hBor9 ell i4ction4Ble

Ho <6;0 7oes n6san;e ;o>e2?

• H4l64y houeQ

P45e (2' o6 (+7




o -e – i6 rei<ent9 6e4r 4re re4l 4n< re4on4Ble& in?4te 4recon>icte< r4pit 4n< continuin5 4lcoholic 4n< property >4lue<ecline @ #/ /elease +uidance 8oundation v *eedler< #/=

o #o – ?ere <epreci4tion o6 l4n< >4lue c4ue< By uBecti>e 6e4rcoul< not ut4in 4n inunction @*icholson v %onnecticut Half=a House< CT=

• Fe4r o6 pollutionQo #o – 6e4r o6 <io;in cont4?in4tion 6ro? uptre4? l4n<ll

inucient B4i 6or reco>ery on pri>4te nui4nce theory @%arter v Aonsanto ", *77*=

• H4rBorin5 <4n5erou 4ni?4lQ

• %tocpilin5 e4ponQ

• $4int4inin5 nucle4r 64cility ith hitory o6 le4Q

en9 s06 n6san;e?

• Pro 6en5 hui: H3 c4e – ne Buil<in5 <irupte< nei5hBorhoo<9 6en5hui – B4n ettle< By hirin5 e;pert to co?e cure the 6en5 hui >.

cere?ony• Anti 6en5 hui: nei5hBor uin5 H3 i??i5r4nt ho re?o>e tree th4t

4ren9t 6en5 hui 6ro? nei5hBorhoo< on 5roun< th4t they pro>i<epri>4cy 4n< 5reen the nei5hBorhoo<

In6n;ton as fa>o2e7 2e<e7

• #or?4lly& <4?45e i the 64>ore< re?e<y& not inuncti>e relie6

• !ut in nui4nce c4e – epeci4lly thoe conitin5 o6 4ct oeni>e to5oo< ?or4l – inunction i the nor?4l 4n< tr4<ition4lly 64>ore< re?e<y

Enonn9 32ostt6ton an7 st2eet 9an9s

• Protitutiono %it of Ail=aukee v 7urnette *77(: per?4nent inunction

454int protitution 4cti>itie in 4 cert4in 4re4 4 hel< p4rtly>4li<p4rtly >oi<

• G4n5o 0eople ex rel +allo v #cuna CA (88': uphel< <eter?in4tion

treet 54n5 4 4 nui4nce (= inunction <i<n9t >iol4te (t 4?en<?ent 4oci4tion4l

ri5ht *= %treet Terrori? Pre>ention t4tute not e;clui>e

?e4n o6 enoinin5 cri?in4l treet 54n5 /= con<uct o6 54n5 ?e?Ber Ku4lie< 4 puBlic nui4nce

i proper uBect o6 inunction

S3a;n9 Co<3etn9 Uses

• 4irport c4eo 4merald &evelopment v Ac*eill AR *77/: to 4irport 6ou5ht 6or

4?e 4ir p4ce 5o>t pro>i<e< e;itence o6 Both 4irport oul<cre4te unKuetion4Bly <4n5erou itu4tion reultin5 in ?i<14ircolliion P9 4irport pre1<4te< D9 By /7 ye4r

P45e (20 o6 (+7




Inunction uphel<

• $4liBu ,ie c4eo /osenblum v Shane *77/: P ue< 46ter D Be54n contruction&

Blocin5 P9 >ie in >iol4tion o6 co>en4nt Hel<: oBtruction o6 4 >ie not 4 nui4nce

Ot0e2 n6san;es

• Genetic4lly ?o<ie< corno Starlink v #ventis IL1 <ie?in4tion o6 5enetic4lly ?o<ie< corn

to 64r?er coul< upport 4ction 6or puBlic 4n< pri>4te nui4nce• Electricity

o 0ublic Service %o of %(-( v Fan"k1 l4n< oner h4< >i4Blecl4i? 6or intention4l nui4nce 6or incre4e in line >olt45e e>enthou5h it 4 4ppro>e< By PUC

o Aartins v Interstate 0o=er %o IA1 <4iry 64r?er coul< ?4int4innui4nce 4ction 6or tr4y >olt45e out 4cco?p4nyin5ne5li5ence cl4i?

• Cell toero +34 Aobilnet v 0ascouet TX: (*216oot cell toer i 4 nui4nce

• Ani?4lo G4?ecoc1Bree<in5 oper4tion enoine< -ambert v Aatthe=s AS

o !4rin5 <o5 puBlic nui4nce 0atterson v %it of /ichmond ,Ao Poeion o6 li>e ti5er 4 nui4nce <epite t4te per?it to eep

the ti5er in the nei5hBorhoo< hile not lou< nor ?elly nor>iiBle& it i e;otic 4n< un<o?etic4Ble 4ni?4l 4n< ?ere ch4inlin 6encin5 oul<n9t hol< it B4c ?8airvie= 3o=nship v Schaefer PA (800=

$4n<4tory inunction 5r4nte<

•

Gun CluBo Gun cluB9 con<uct contitute nui4nce 4n< trep4 @%itiLens

for a Safe +rant v -one (ak SportsmenNs %lub $# *77(7

Li4Bility o6 L4n< OnerRest To2ts !7 F '&'B Possesso2 W0o als To P2e>ent N6san;e Ca6se75 A;t>t

• A poeor o6 l4n< upon hich 4 thir< peron c4rrie on 4n 4cti>ityth4t c4ue 4 nui4nce i uBect to li4Bility 6or the nui4nce i6 it iotherie 4ction4Ble& 4n<

o

@4= the poeor no or h4 re4on to no th4t the 4cti>ityi Bein5 c4rrie< on 4n< th4t it i c4uin5 or ill in>ol>e 4nunre4on4Ble ri o6 c4uin5 the nui4nce& an7

o @B= he conent to the 4cti>ity or 64il to e;ercie re4on4Blec4re to pre>ent the nui4nce.

• ee 8leischner v %itiLens /ealC4state Investment %o: LL ho renele4e 46ter cre4tion o6 nui4nce on the pre?ie i ch4r5e4Ble 6orcontinu4nce o6 the nui4nce

P45e (28 o6 (+7




Li4Bility o6 Go>t. in P4rticul4r

%ee $4r > %t4te Dept o6 F":%t4te i cle4rly i??une >i4 o>erei5n i??unity in 4ction 6or 7a<a9es

• But Bec4ue 4n n6n;ton <oe not in>ol>e potenti4l ?onet4ryli4Bility& it <oe not co?e ithin the <icretion4ry 6unction e;ception to

4 puBlic Bo<y9 li4Bility in tort• you h4>e ple4<e< ucient 64ct th4t thi <icretion4ry 6unction i not

Bein5 <one re: inunction& But you h4>e not ple4<e< ucient 64ct toho the t4te h4 4 non<icretion4ry <uty to control the Be4ch hichoul< 4llo <4?45e

#ui4nce 4 In>ere Con<e?n4tion

• Iss6eB hether& 4 4 ?4tter o6 64ct& the 5o>ern?ent4l 4cti>ity h4reulte< in o uBt4nti4l 4n inter6erence ith ue 4n< enoy?ent o6one9 l4n< 4 to 4?ount to 4 t4in5 o6 pri>4te property 6or puBlic ueMuch t4in5 ?ut Be o 455r4>4te< 4 to 4?ount to 4 co?plete outer

or <epri>4tion o6 the Beneci4l ue o6 the property.M• %ee $4r > %t4te Dept o6 F":

o Here& the nu<ity h4 not <epri>e< P9 o6 4ll 6e4iBle pri>4te ueo6 their property @they till li>e on it=& nor <o they 4ert theproperty h4 Beco?e >4luele

Documents

Property Outline (3).docx