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Properties of Solutions. Solutions. Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated (Demo sodium acetate). Solution Concentration. A 10.7 m soln of NaOH has d = 1.33 g/cm 3 . Calc. a) mole fraction of NaOH b) the weight % of NaOH c) the M of the soln. answers. a) 0.161 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Properties of SolutionsProperties of Solutions
SolutionsSolutionsSaturatedUnsaturatedSupersaturated (Demo sodium acetate)
Solution ConcentrationSolution Concentration
A 10.7 m soln of NaOH has d = 1.33 g/cm3. Calc.
a) mole fraction of NaOH b) the weight % of NaOH c) the M of the soln
answersanswers
a) 0.161 b) 30.0% NaOH c) 9.98 M
Temperature and SolubilityTemperature and Solubility
If delta H is positive (endothermic) If delta H is negative (exothermic)
Energy Changes in the Solution Energy Changes in the Solution ProcessProcess (slide 264 + 265) (slide 264 + 265)
Three steps in the solution process 1)solute particles are separated delta H1 = positive 2) solvent particles are separated delta H2 = positive 3) solvent and solute mix delta H3 = negative
Heat of solution = H1 + H2 + H3
If H3> H1 +H2 the soln is exothermic - solute dissolves and solution warms
If H3< H1 +H2 the soln is endo - solute dissolves and soln cools
If H3<<< H1 +H2 the solute may not dissolve
Ionic Solutes - heat of hydrationIonic Solutes - heat of hydration
Process same as last slide Hsoln = Hsolute + Hhydration
Ion size and charge determines hydration energy - charge density
Which has the higher charge density? a) Na+ or Cs+ b) Sr2+ or Rb+
Which has the larger Hhydration? a) Mg2+ or Ba2+ b) Mg2+ or Na+
What generalization can we make about size, charge and solubility?
NH4Cl diss. in water - endothermic
a) is Hlattice for NH4Cl larger than Hhydration??
ans: lattice must be > hydration
b) Given the answer to a) why does the solution form??
ans: entropy
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting Solubility
Molecular Structure - list generalizations
Ex. polar sub. dissolve polar
which of the following will result in a more concentrated solution Explain
KNO3 in water or KNO3 in CCl4?
Factors Affecting SolubilityFactors Affecting Solubility
Gas Pressure - Henry’s Law - Sgas = KH x Pgas
Ex. degasing chlorine
The PP of CO2 inside a soda btl. is adjusted to 4 atm. What is the solubility of CO2? KH CO2 = 3 x 10-2 mol/L*Atm
ans: 0.1 mol/liter
Colligative PropertiesColligative PropertiesVapor Pressure of SolnsVapor Pressure of Solns
Raoult’s Law
VPsoln = Xsolvent x VPsolvent
X = mole fraction
Calculate the Vapor Pressure when 0.137 mol of glycerol (C3H8O3, MM = 92 amu) is added to 27.4 mol of water at 50 C. (VP of water at this T is 92.5 torr).
Problem SolutionProblem Solution
mole fraction of solvent = 27.4 mol H2O = 0.995 27.4 + 0.137 mol glycerol
VP = 92.5 torr x 0.995 = 92.0 torr
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
boiling point elevation(phase diagram)
freezing point depressiondelta T = Kbmi kb = 0.512 C
delta T = Kfmi Kf = 1.86 C
Boiling Point ElevationBoiling Point Elevation
If 1.00 kg of antifreeze (MM = 62.07 - non volatile, non dissociating) is added to 4450 g of water what is the boiling point of the solution?
Problem SolutionProblem Solution
mole of antifreeze = 1.00 x 10 3 g/62.07 = 16.1 mol
molality = 16.1 mol/ 4.450 kg solvent = 3.62
molality problem solutionmolality problem solution
Tb = Kb x molality x i
= 0.512 C/m x 3.62 m = 1.85 C
Therefore BP = 101.85 C
Collig. Prop. MM calcCollig. Prop. MM calc
1 mol of napthalene is diss. in 1000 g of benzene - the FP changes from 5.51C to 0.41 C. When 20. g of an unkwn is diss. in 500 g benzene the Fp of soln is 5.00C. What is the MM of the unkwn. (Hint: find Kf for benzene and appl. to unknown)
AnswerAnswer
Kf(benz) --> Tf = m x Kfxi
5.1 C = 1 m x Kf Kf = 5.1 C/m then for unknown 0.51 C = X (5.1C/m)X = 0.1 mol/Kg next 0.1 mol/kg (0.5kg)=0.05 mol unknown
ans cont’dans cont’d
finally 20g unknown/0.05 mol = 400 g/mol
Colligative PropertiesColligative Properties
antifreezemaking ice creamsalt on the streets
Lab: Let’s make Ice CreamLab: Let’s make Ice Cream
Osmotic PressureOsmotic Pressure
Pressure = MRTi Isotonic solutions (IV drip)Killing slugs(the idea here (which most north carolinians can
relate to) is that you can either put salt on them or put them in water. Either way their death is related to the osmotic flow of water in or out of the cell).