Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Properties of High Strength Self-Compacting
Concrete with Copper Slag and Steel Fibres
Dr. R. Elangovan1, Dr. D.L. Venkatesh Babu2, Dr. R. Venkatasubramani3
1Associate Professor, Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and
Technology, Coimbatore, India 2 Professor & Head, Civil Engineering, ACS College of Engineering, Bangalore, India 3Professor & Head, Civil Engineering, Dr. Mahalingam College of Engineering and
Technology, Pollachi, India
Abstract
This study investigates the possibility to use of waste copper slag as
fine aggregate replacement to produce High Strength Self-Compacting
Concrete (SCC). Copper slag proportions ranging from 0% to 60% are
used to prepare SCC specimens. Test procedures followed to verify the
characteristics of SCC in fresh state include Abrams slump flow, L –
Box, U – tube and V – funnel test. Properties of SCC in hardened state
like density, compressive, flexural, split tensile strength and modulus
of elasticity were studied. Test Results show an increase in
workability, compressive and flexural strength with increase in copper
slag percentage. Copper slag up to 30% replacement as fine aggregate
resulted in an increase of 7% in compressive strength and 7% in
flexural strength when compared with that of control mix. The above
strengths reduced on further additions of copper slag. Results indicate
that copper slag can be effectively used as a fine aggregate
replacement in producing sustainable self-compacting concrete.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete, workability, segregation,
strength, filling ability, passing ability, water-powder ratio, copper
slag, fly ash
International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 12 2018, 1031-1050ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu
1031
1. Introduction
In construction industry, concrete is a proven material due to its strength and
durability. Construction of tall and complex structures needs concrete with higher
strength and superior performance. Due to the serious research is going on to
improve the properties of concrete, high performance concrete (HPC) was
introduced. HPC has better segregation resistance and less viscosity, no external
mechanical is needed during concrete casting. Due to these advantages, SCC has
been readily accepted in construction works.
Copper slag is a waste material generated during the manufacturing copper from
copper ore. It contains highly toxic elements like arsenic, barium, cadmium, copper,
lead and zinc. Copper slag releases these elements into the environment causing
pollution of soils, atmospheric air, surface waters and groundwater. Copper
smelters release copper and selenium. They are highly toxic if present
overabundant, contaminating the soil in the vicinity of smelters, destroying the
vegetation. Approximately 3 tons of copper slag is generated while producing 1 ton
of pure copper. Copper slag is used for several purposes, mainly for land filling and
grid blasting. This process consumes about 15% to 20% of the slag generated [27].
Although there are research works on the use of copper slag as fine aggregate or
coarse aggregate to manufacture concrete, there has been little research on using
copper slag as fine aggregates particularly to manufacture high strength SCC using
locally available materials.
2. Literature Review
A fine example of using waste materials for the manufacture of concrete is
using waste copper slag. Khalifa S. Al-Jabri et al (2009) [21] attempted to use
copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in High Strength Concrete
(HSC). Concrete and mortar mixes were made using copper slag proportions varying
from 0% to 100% as partial replacement to fine aggregate. Compressive strength
test was conducted on Cement mortar mixes, concrete mixtures for workability,
density, compressive, tensile, flexural strength and durability tests were conducted
on concrete mixes, proposed to use 40–50% of copper slag as a replacement for fine
aggregates. Wei Wu et al (2010) [28] suggested that copper slag increases the
strength and durability of high strength concrete, less than 40% copper slag as fine
aggregate replacement achieved a HSC better than the control mix, more than 40%
decreases the properties significantly. Ayano and Sakata [6] reported that the lesser
size of waster copper slag particles cause significant delay in the setting time. M.
Najimi, J. Sobhani and A.R. Pourkhorshidi concluded that the compressive, split
tensile strength of concrete made with waste copper slag as partial fine aggregate
replacement are more than that of control mixtures [23].
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1032
3. Research Significance
In the recent past, construction works has increased many times in different
parts of the world. Faster growth in construction activities depends on the
availability of cement, coarse and fine aggregates. Higher production of cement,
serious mining of aggregates exploits the environment. This causes change in
climatic conditions, reduction of ground water table and non-uniform rain fall
pattern. The availability of natural resources for the manufacture of cement, and
construction works is reducing seriously.
Day by day, more waste materials are produced in industries that need to be safely
disposed or recycled. These waste materials may be reused in construction related
works. It is necessary to identify the area where the waste materials can be used,
suitable technology to use them. This eliminates our dependence on new raw
materials for construction works. Copper slag may be used to make SCC. Tests
must be conducted to determine the strength and durability properties of SCC.
These investigations demonstrate whether copper slag can be effectively used in the
manufacture of SCC. To utilize copper slag in large volumes in the manufacture of
SCC, tests must be carried out to verify the strength and durability of SCC. This
study aims to investigate whether copper slag can be used to make SCC, if possible
to develop an economical procedure for utilizing copper slag to produce SCC and its
optimum dosage.
4. Research Objectives
This investigation aims to formulate a standard procedure to use locally
available materials and copper slag to make SCC. The main objectives of this
experimental study are
1. To investigate whether copper slag can be used to replace fine aggregate.
2. To determine the properties of SCC made with copper slag at fresh and
hardened state.
3. If copper slag could be used in the manufacture of SCC, determine the
optimum proportion of copper slag that may be added without affecting the
strength and durability of SCC.
5. Research Methodology
In the present research work, a SCC mix, having a characteristic strength of 60
MPa had been studied with varying content of copper slag from 0% to 60%. Super
plasticizer (SP) and viscosity modifying agent (VMA) were added to obtain the SCC
characters at fresh state. Density, compressive, tensile, flexural strength and
modulus of elasticity of the SCC mix were investigated. The methodology followed
in the current investigation is presented in the form of a flow chart in figure 1.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1033
5.1 Materials
Ordinary Portland cement OPC – 53 grade, adhering to ASTM C150 / C150M –
12[5] was used for making the SCC specimen. Locally available river sand, with a
maximum size of 4.75 mm, as per ASTM C33 / C33M – 13[3] was used. Crushed
angular granite aggregates, 12.5 mm size, as per ASTM C33 / C33M – 13 was used
as coarse aggregate. Potable water according to ASTM C1602 / C1602M – 12[11],
being suitable for drinking purposes was used for casting and curing.
Superplasticizer – Glenium B233 and Viscosity Modifying agent – Glenium Stream
II were added to improve the workability of SCC.
5.1.1 Cement : OPC of 53 grade with the following properties. Fineness ( based on
the weight of residue) 7%, Specific Gravity of cement 3.12, Initial setting time
of cement 40 min, Final setting time was 230 min, Soundness (Le-chatelier –
mm) 1.0 mm, Compressive Strength of cement was 30.5 MPa on the 3rd day,
45.5 MPa on the 7th day, 57 MPa on the 28th day.
5.1.2 Fine Aggregate : Locally available river sand, Specific Gravity of FA 2.76,
Fineness Modulus of FA 2.67, water absorption was 1.07%, Density of FA was
Fig 1 : Research Methodology
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1034
2.28 gm/cm3, Dry rodded Bulk Density was 1615 kg/m3, Loose Bulk Density
1430 kg/m3, river sand free from clay / organic matter.
5.1.3 Coarse Aggregate : Crushed angular granite aggregates with size 12.5
mm, Specific Gravity of CA 2.62, Fineness modulus of CA 5.89, Dry rodded
bulk density of CA 1482 kg/m3, Loose bulk density of CA 1285 kg/m3
5.1.4 Fly ash : Specific Gravity of fly ash 2.20, freely passing
through IS Sieve 75 micron sieve, fineness of fly ash 290
m2/kg, color was light grey, SiO2 69.13%, Na2O 0.36%, CaO
0.91%, Fe2O3 3.72 %, Al2O3 21.29%, K2O 0.19%, SO3 0.08%,
MgO 3.82%
5.1.5 Copper Slag : Color was Grey to black, bulk density being
2.26 gm/cm3, Specific Gravity 3.65, water absorption was
0.27%, fineness modulus 3.16, chemical composition SiO2
31.40%, Fe2O3 4.36%, CaO 54.25%, Al2O3 4.30%, MgO 2.41%, SO3 1.79 %,
K2O 0.79%
5.1.6 Steel fibres : Steel fibres are added to provide toughness and flexural
capacity. Optimization of steel fibre volume fraction was carried out by
adding different volume fractions of steel fibres and evaluating the flow
properties using slum cone studies. The dosage of steel fibres is 0.5%. the
aspect ratio of the fibres is 65 and the tensile strength is 1100 MPa.
5.1.7 Water : Potable water according to ASTM C1602 / C1602M – 12[39].
5.1.8 Super Plasticizer (SP): Glenium B233 from BASF chemicals, color was
brown, specific gravity was 1.2, Relative Density at 25C was 1.09 ± 0.0,
Chloride iron content lesser than
0.2% and pH value greater than 6.
5.1.9 Viscosity Modifying Agent
(VMA) : Glenium Stream II from
BASF chemicals, colorless, freely
flowing liquid with a Specific
Gravity of 1.2, Relative Density at
25C was 1.01 ± 0.0, Chloride iron
content lesser than 0.2% and pH
greater than 6.
Sieve analysis was conducted to
obtain the gradation of sand and copper
slag. Both materials satisfied the particle
size requirements of zone 1 grading limits.
Fig 3 : Sieve analysis of sand and copper slag
Fig 2 : Copper Slag used as fine aggregate
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1035
5.2 SCC Mix Design
The SCC mix had been designed for a characteristic strength of 60 MPa. The
SCC mix was designed by changing the paste volume, maintaining a constant
volume of coarse and fine aggregate. The mix proportion was designed as per
EFNARC guidelines. The coarse aggregate contains 8~10 mm and 12.5 mm in the
ratio 9:6. The total powder content has been fixed in between 450-600 Kg/m3.
Maximum water content not to exceed 200 lt/m3. The details of the SCC mix is given
in Table 1
Table 1 SCC Mix Design
5.3 Casting the test specimens
Coarse aggregate was first placed in the concrete mixer, then fine aggregate was
placed. 20~25% of the total quantity of water was then added. The concrete mixer
was rotated for 30 seconds to 1 minute, then fly ash and cement were added.
Approximately 40~50% of the total quantity of water was added to the concrete
mixer, the materials were mixed for another 1 minute. SP and VMA were added to
the balance quantity of water, added to the mixer. Mixing was going on for another
1 to 2 minutes.
5.4 Tests on fresh concrete
After thorough mixing, Slump flow test, L – Box test, U – Box test, V funnel test
were used to evaluate the fresh concrete properties of SSC.
5.5 Curing the specimen
Cement Fly
ash
Fine
Aggregate
Coarse
Aggregate
Water Super
Plasticizer
Viscosity
Modifying
Agent
8~10
mm
12.5
mm
kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3
352 250 819.7 440 435 176 2.112 0.634
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1036
After casting, the top surface of the SCC specimens was smoothly finished with a
steel trowel. The SCC specimens were stored in room temperature for the next 24
hours. After hardening, the SCC specimens were taken out from the moulds, kept
inside potable water for curing. After the curing period, SCC specimens were taken
out from the curing tank, permitted to dry.
5.6 Tests on hardened concrete
The dry concrete specimens were tested as follows.
Table 2 Tests on hardened concrete
6. Test Results and Discussion
6.1 Fresh Concrete
Test methods adopted to study the properties of fresh concrete are slump test, U
– box, V – funnel and L – Box test to evaluate the filling, passing ability and
resistance to segregation of the SCC mix. The results of workability tests on fresh
SCC mixes are listed in Table 3.
S.
No Type of test Specimen details Reference
1
Compressive strength
( 3rd, 7th, 14th, 28th,
56th and 90th days )
Cube – 150 x 150
x 150 mm
Tests carried out as per BS
1881: Part 116 [41], IS:516-
1959 (Reaffirmed 2004)
2
Split tensile strength
( 3rd, 7th, 14th, 28th,
56th and 90th days )
Cylinder – 150
mm diameter
and 300 mm long
Tests carried out as per
ASTM C496-96 [37], IS5816-
1999 (Reaffirmed 2004)
3
Flexural strength
( 3rd, 7th, 14th, 28th,
56th and 90th days )
Prism – 100x 100
x 500 mm
Tests carried out as per
ASTM C78-94 [32], IS:516-
1959 (Reaffirmed 2004)
4 Modulus of elasticity –
on 28th day
Cylinder – 150
mm diameter
and 300 mm long
Tests carried out as per
ASTM C469-14 [36], IS:516-
1959 (Reaffirmed 2004)
5 Change in density – on
28th day
Cube – 150 x 150
x 150 mm -
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1037
Table 3 Test results of fresh concrete properties of SCC
CM = Control Mix ( 100% Sand + 0% Copper Slag ), S = Sand, CS = Copper slag
Figure 4 shows the variation of slump
flow with Copper Slag content. For the
SCC mix CM ( 100 % sand, 0 % copper
slag ) the slump flow was 665 mm and
for SCC mix M6 ( 40 % sand, 60 %
copper slag), the slump flow was 690
mm. The workability of SCC increases
with the increase in copper slag
percentage. Moderate bleeding without
segregation was noticed for SCC mixes
with higher copper slag contents.
S.
N
o
Detail
CM
100%S
+
0%
CS
M1
90% S
+
10%
CS
M2
80% S
+
20%
CS
M3
70% S
+
30%
CS
M4
60% S
+
40%
CS
M5
50% S
+
50%
CS
M6
40% S
+
60%
CS
Range
1
Slump flow
by Abrams
cone
665
mm
673
mm
675
mm
682
mm
684
mm
688
mm
690
mm
650 ~ 800
mm
2 T50cm
Slump flow
5
Sec
5
Sec
4
Sec
3
Sec
3
Sec
2
Sec
2
Sec 2 to 5 Sec
3 V funnel
Test
13
Sec
10
Sec
10
Sec
10
Sec
8
Sec
8
Sec
7
Sec 8 to 12 Sec
4 V funnel at
T5 minutes
16
Sec
13
Sec
13
Sec
12
Sec
11
Sec
10
Sec
9
Sec 0 to +3 Sec
5 L Box Test 0.79 0.84 0.83 0.87 0.89 0.9 0.91 h2/h1 = 0.8
to 1.0
6 U Box Test 27 26 26 24 24 23 21 h2 - h1 = 0
to 30 mm
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1038
6.2 Hardened Concrete
6.2.1 Density
The variation of the density of SCC with
Copper Slag content is given in Table 4. For the
SCC mix CM ( 100 % sand, 0 % copper slag ), the
density was 24.83 kN/m3 and for SCC mix M6 (
40 % sand, 60 % copper slag), the density
increased to 26.12 kN/m3. The density of SCC
increases with the increase in Copper Slag
content. The density increased approximately by
4% when compared with the control mix.
Table 4 Test results of hardened concrete properties of SCC
CM = Control Mix ( 100% Sand + 0% Copper Slag ), S = Sand, CS = Copper slag
6.2.2 Compressive Strength
Three SCC specimen, each having a size 150 x 150 x 150 mm were tested to
evaluate the compressive strength on 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days. The compressive
strength on 28th day for the control mix ( 100% sand and 0% copper slag ) was 60.80
MPa. With the replacement of FA with copper slag, the compressive strength
increased upto 64.81 MPa for Mix M3 ( 70% sand and 30% copper slag ).
Compressive strength increased approximately by 7%. Further replacement of FA
with copper slag resulted in a reduction of compressive strength. The compressive
strength of Mix M6 ( 40% sand and 60% copper slag ) was 60.11 MPa. The test
results are given in Table 5.
S.
No Detail
CM
100% S
+
0% CS
M1
90% S
+
10% CS
M2
80% S
+
20% CS
M3
70% S
+
30% CS
M4
60% S
+
40% CS
M5
50% S
+
50% CS
M6
40% S
+
60% CS
1 Density @ 28
days ( kN/m3 ) 24.83 25.49 25.52 25.65 25.81 25.98 26.12
Fig 4– Variation of workability with copper slag
proportions
Fig 5– Variation of density of SCC with copper slag content
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1039
Fig 6– Variation of compressive strength of SCC with copper slag content
Table 5 Test results of hardened concrete properties of SCC
CM = Control Mix ( 100% Sand + 0% Copper Slag ), S = Sand, CS = Copper slag
6.2.3 Flexural Strength
Three prisms, each having a size 150 x 150 x 500 mm were tested to evaluate
the flexural strength on 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days. The flexural strength on 28th
day for the control mix ( 100% sand and 0% copper slag ) was 5.91 MPa. With the
replacement of FA with copper slag, the flexural strength increased upto 6.32 MPa
for Mix M3 ( 70% sand and 30% copper slag ). Flexural strength increased
S.
N
o
Detail
CM
100% S
+
0% CS
M1
90% S
+
10% CS
M2
80% S
+
20% CS
M3
70% S
+
30% CS
M4
60% S
+
40% CS
M5
50% S
+
50% CS
M6
40% S
+
60% CS
1
Compressive
Strength @ 28
day (MPa)
60.80 62.54 63.76 64.81 63.24 61.66 60.11
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1040
CM = Control Mix ( 100% Sand + 0% Copper Slag ), S = Sand, CS = Copper slag
approximately by 7%. Further replacement of FA with copper slag resulted in a
reduction of flexural strength. For Mix M6 ( 40% sand and 60% copper slag ), the
flexural strength was 5.75 MPa. The test results are given in Table 6.
Table 6 Test results of hardened concrete properties of SCC
6.2.4 Split Tensile Strength
Three cylinders, each having a size 150 mm diameter and 300 mm long had been
tested to evaluate the split tensile strength on 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days. The split
tensile strength on 28th day for the control mix ( 100% sand and 0% copper slag )
was 4.96 MPa. With the replacement of FA with copper slag, the split tensile
strength decreased to 4.88 MPa for Mix M3 ( 70% sand and 30% copper slag ).
S.
No Detail
CM
100% S
+
0% CS
M1
90% S
+
10% CS
M2
80% S
+
20% CS
M3
70% S
+
30% CS
M4
60% S
+
40% CS
M5
50% S
+
50% CS
M6
40% S
+
60% CS
1 Flexural Strength
@ 28 day (MPa) 5.91 6.09 6.14 6.32 6.15 5.64 5.75
Fig 7– Variation of flexural strength of SCC with copper slag content
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1041
Further replacement of FA with copper slag resulted in a reduction of split tensile
strength. The test results are given in Table 7.
Table 7 Test results of hardened concrete properties of SCC
CM = Control Mix ( 100% Sand + 0% Copper Slag ), S = Sand, CS = Copper slag
The variation of workability of SCC with compressive, flexural and split tensile
strengths are shown in figure 8, 9 and 10.
S.
N
o
Detail
CM
100% S
+
0% CS
M1
90% S
+
10% CS
M2
80% S
+
20% CS
M3
70% S
+
30% CS
M4
60% S
+
40% CS
M5
50% S
+
50% CS
M6
40% S
+
60% CS
1
Split tensile
Strength @ 28 day
(MPa)
4.96 4.81 4.84 4.88 4.72 4.68 4.37
Fig 8– Variation of split tensile strength of SCC with copper slag content
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1042
Fig 9– Variation of workability of SCC with compressive strength
Fig 10– Variation of workability of SCC with flexural strength
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1043
6.2.5 Modulus of Elasticity
Three cylinders, each having a size 150 mm diameter and 300 mm long had been
tested to evaluate the modulus of elasticity on 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days. The
modulus elasticity on 28th day for the control mix ( 100% sand and 0% copper slag )
was 33135 MPa. With the replacement of FA with copper slag, the modulus of
elasticity increased upto 33613 MPa for Mix M4 ( 60% sand and 40% copper slag ).
Table 8 Test results of modulus of elasticity of SCC
S.
No Detail
CM
100% S
+
0% CS
M1
90% S
+
10% CS
M2
80% S
+
20% CS
M3
70% S
+
30% CS
M4
60% S
+
40% CS
M5
50% S
+
50% CS
M6
40% S
+
60% CS
1 Modulus of Elasticity @
28 day (MPa) 36522 38916 40256 36560 32175 31907 30365
Fig 11– Variation of workability of SCC with split tensile strength
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1044
Fig 12– Variation of modulus of elasticity of SCC with copper slag content
CM = Control Mix ( 100% Sand + 0% Copper Slag ), S = Sand, CS = Copper slag
Modulus of elasticity increased approximately by 1.5%. Further replacement of
FA with copper slag resulted in a reduction of modulus of elasticity. For Mix M10 (
0% sand and 100% copper slag ), the modulus of elasticity was 31894 MPa. The
reduction in modulus of elasticity was 4% when compared with the control mix. The
variation of modulus of elasticity of SCC with Copper Slag content is given in Table
6.
7. Conclusions
Based on the results of the experimental investigation, the following conclusions
are arrived at within the limitations of the results.
• The properties of SCC at fresh state are within the limits of SCC.
Moderate bleeding without segregation was noticed for SCC mixes with
higher copper slag.
• Copper slag has water absorption 0.27% and fine aggregate has water
absorption 1.07%. If the percentage of copper slag increases, the free
water content in SCC mixes also increases, causing an increase in the
workability of SCC. The presence of steel fibres reduce the flow.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1045
• The increase in free water content in the SCC mix could be the reason for
the moderate bleeding noticed for SCC mixes with higher copper slag
content.
• With the increase in copper slag percentage, the density of SCC increases
as shown in Table 4. Copper slag has a specific gravity of 3.68, higher
than the specific gravity of OPC (3.09) and fine aggregate (2.78). Hence
replacement of FA with copper slag leads to the production of SCC with
higher density.
• Copper slag up to 30% replacement as fine aggregate showed an increase
of 7% in compressive strength, 7% in flexural strength and 2% decrease
in split tensile strength when compared with that of control mix. When
copper slag is used in a concrete mix, it reacts with water, increasing
Ca(OH)2 to form more calcium - silicate - hydrate ( CSH ) gel. The
additional CSH densifies the concrete matrix, increasing the strength
properties.
• Further additions of copper slag showed a decrease of the above strengths.
If the percentage of copper slag increases, the free water content in SCC
mixes also increases. This may lead to reduction in strength. Further
research work may be undertaken with lesser water content particularly
at higher copper slag proportions.
• The compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths of SCC increases, up
to 30% addition of copper slag when compared with CM. Further additions
of copper slag caused a reduction in the above strengths as listed in Table
4. Hence 30% replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag may be
considered as the optimum proportion for fine aggregate replacement.
8. Limitations and Future Research
The study is confined to the strength properties of SCC only. The durability of
SCC has not been included in the current investigation. Hence the future research
can attempt to include the durability of SCC.
9. Acknowledgement
The authors sincerely thank the Management, and the Principal of Sri Krishna
College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore and ACC Limited, Coimbatore
for their support while carrying out this investigation. The authors gratefully
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1046
acknowledge the research assistants and the supporting staff for their timely help
to carry out this experimental investigation.
References
1. ACI Committee 211 (1997), “State of the Art Report on High Strength
Concrete”, ACI Journal proceedings 81(4), pp. 364-411.
2. Al-Jabri KS, Hisada M, Al-Oraimi SK, Al-Saidy AH (2009), “Copper slag
as sand replacement for high performance concrete”, Cement Concrete
Composites 31, pp. 483–488.
3. ASTM C33 / C33M – 13 (2013), Standard Specification for Concrete
Aggregates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
4. ASTM C78 - 10e1 (2010), Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of
Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading), ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA
5. ASTM C150 / C150M – 12 (2012), Standard Specification for Portland
Cement, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
6. ASTM C469 – 14 (2004), Standard Test Method for Static modulus of
elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression, ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA
7. ASTM C496 – 11 (2004), Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile
Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens, ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA
8. Ayano T, Sakata K, (2012). “Durability of concrete with copper slag fine
aggregate”. ACI, SP-192. pg. 141–58.
9. Behnood A (2005), “Effects of high temperatures on high-strength
concretes incorporating copper slag aggregates. In: Proceedings of seventh
international symposium on high-performance concrete. ACI SP 228-66,
Washington, USA; 2005. p. 1063–7
10. BS 1881-116:1983, (1983), “Testing concrete. Method for determination of
compressive strength of concrete cubes”, British Standards Institution,
London (UK)
11. Caliskan S. and Behnood A (2004), “Recycling copper slag as coarse
aggregate in concrete”, Proceedings of seventh international conference on
concrete technology in developing countries, Malaysia, pg 91-98.
12. CRRI Report (2006), ‘Feasibility study on the use of copper slag wastes in
Road and Embankment Construction’, CRRI New Delhi, pp. 21-25
13. EFNARC, (2002), “Specification and Guide lines for Self Compacting
Concrete”, Farnham, Surrey GU9 7EN, UK
14. Hajime Okamura and Masahiro Ouchi (2003), “Self-Compacting
Concrete”, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, Vol.1, No.1, pg 5 –
15.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1047
15. Hwang C.L, and Laiw J.C (1989), “Properties of concrete using copper slag
as a substitute for fine aggregate”, Proceedings of the 3rd international
conference on fly ash, silica fume, slag, and natural pozzolans in concrete,
SP-114-82, pp. 1677-95.
16. IS:516-1959 (Reaffirmed 2004), ‘Methods of tests for strength of concrete’,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
17. IS:5816-1959 (Reaffirmed 2004), ‘Methods of splitting tensile strength
concrete-Method of test’, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
18. Kamal H Khayat and Joseph Assaad (2002), “Air-void Stability in Self-
consolidating concrete”, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.99 No.4, July-Aug, pp.
408 – 416.
19. Kamal H Khayat, Patrick Paultre and Stephan Tremblay (2001),
“Structural Performance and In-place properties of Self Consolidating
Concrete used for Casting Highly Reinforced Columns”, ACI Materials
Journal, Vol.98 No.5, pp. 371 – 378.
20. Khayat, K. H., Hu, C. and Lay, J.M (2002), ‘Importance of Aggregate
Packing Density on Workability of Self Consolidating Concrete’,
Proceeding of First North American Conference on Design and use of Self
Consolidating Concrete, November, pp. 55-62
21. Khalifa S. Al-Jabri, Makoto Hisada, Salem K. Al-Oraimi, Abdullah H. Al-
Saidy (2009), “Copper slag as sand replacement for high performance
concrete”, Cement & Concrete Composites 31, pp. 483–488
22. Mostafa Khanzadi, Ali Behnood (2009), “Mechanical properties of high-
strength concrete incorporating copper slag as coarse aggregate”,
Construction and Building Materials 23, pp. 2183-2188.
23. M. Najimi, J. Sobhani, A.R. Pourkhorshidi (2011), “Durability of copper
slag contained concrete exposed to sulfate attack”, Construction and
Building Materials 25, pp. 1895–1905
24. Naik, T.R., Kraus, R.N., Chun, Y.M., Ramme, B.W., Singh (2003), S.S,
Properties of Field Manufactured Cast-Concrete Products Utilizing
Recycled Materials, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering ASCE, pp.
400-407.
25. Naik, T.R, Patel, V.M., Parikh, D.M, Tharaniyii, M.P (1994), “Utilization
of Used Foundry sand in Concrete”, Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering 6(2), pp. 254-263.
26. Rafat Siddique (2009), “Utilisation of spent foundry sand in making
durable concrete”, Advances in concrete :An Asian Perspective – pp. 373 to
382
27. Rajmane N.P., Dattatreya J.K, Madheswaran C.K., and Ambily P.S.,
(2010), “Studies on Copper Slag Waste as Sand Replacement for
Construction”, Advances in Concrete : An Asian Perspective, Dec 2010, pg
805-814
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1048
28. Wei Wu, Weide Zhang, Guowei Ma (2010), “Mechanical properties of
copper slag reinforced concrete under dynamic compression”, Construction
and Building Materials 24, pp. 910–917
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
1049
1050