Properties Properties Chapter 1Chapter 1

Physical – characteristicsPhysical – characteristics• Quantitative: measurements using numbers and units.Quantitative: measurements using numbers and units.

Mass (grams)Mass (grams) Volume (liters)Volume (liters) Length (meters)Length (meters) Temperature (Kelvin or Celsius)Temperature (Kelvin or Celsius) Pressure (kPa, atm, or mmHg)Pressure (kPa, atm, or mmHg) Density (g/ml)Density (g/ml)

• Qualitative: descriptions using the five senses.Qualitative: descriptions using the five senses. ColorColor TextureTexture SmellSmell

Chemical - behaviorsChemical - behaviors• ToxicityToxicity• FlammabilityFlammability• CorrosiveCorrosive• RadioactivityRadioactivity

Properties of Acids & Bases Properties of Acids & Bases Chapter 14Chapter 14

Acids Bases

Taste SourH+ > OH-pH below 7pOH above 7Conducts ElectricityCorrosiveReacts with Base to form Salt H2OTurns Indicators Red

Taste BitterOH- > H+pH above 7pOH below 7Conducts ElectricityCorrosiveReacts with Acid to form Salt H2OTurns Indicators BlueFeels Slippery

Nitric AcidNitric Acid

Old fashioned name: Aqua FortisOld fashioned name: Aqua Fortis• strong waterstrong water

Only acid that reacts with copper.Only acid that reacts with copper. The acid in acid rain.The acid in acid rain. Highly CorrosiveHighly Corrosive PoisonousPoisonous

Properties: Metals & Nonmetals Properties: Metals & Nonmetals Chapter 5Chapter 5

Metals NonMetals

Mostly Solids (Hg is only liquid)Hard (Dense)Lustrous (Shiny)Malleable (Bend, Dent, Flatten)Ductile (Stretches into Wires)Great Conductors of Electricity80% of Periodic Table

7A & 8A Gases (Br is only liquid)All others are Solids (Iodine)Solids are Brittle7A Gases are diatomic molecules8A Gases are unreactive (stable)Poor Conductors of Electricity20% of Periodic Table

Lab Equipment Lab Equipment Chapter 2Chapter 2

Polystyrene Bottle (type of plastic)Polystyrene Bottle (type of plastic) Scale measures mass in grams.Scale measures mass in grams. Graduated Cylinder measures Graduated Cylinder measures

volume in milliliters.volume in milliliters. Beaker is best for mixing solutions.Beaker is best for mixing solutions. Flask is best for storing solutions.Flask is best for storing solutions.

Types of Chemical ReactionsTypes of Chemical ReactionsChapter 8Chapter 8

SynthesisSynthesis A + B A + B C C DecompositionDecomposition C C A + B A + B Single DisplacementSingle Displacement A + BC A + BC B + AC B + AC Double DisplacementDouble Displacement AB + CD AB + CD AD + AD +

CBCB CombustionCombustion CCxxHHyy + O + O2 2 COCO22 + H + H22OO

NeutralizationNeutralization Acid + Base Acid + Base Salt + H Salt + H22OO Redox ReactionsRedox Reactions Oxidation and ReductionOxidation and Reduction

Phase Labels Phase Labels Chapter 10Chapter 10

Solid (s)Solid (s) Liquid (l)Liquid (l) Gas (g)Gas (g) Aqueous (aq) = dissolved in waterAqueous (aq) = dissolved in water

Structural Formulas Structural Formulas Chapter 6Chapter 6

Ionic Bonds – transfer of electrons from cation to Ionic Bonds – transfer of electrons from cation to anion.anion.• Goal is to have 8 valence electrons to be stable like a Goal is to have 8 valence electrons to be stable like a

noble gas.noble gas.• No lines connecting the atoms.No lines connecting the atoms.• Write the ions charges.Write the ions charges.

Molecular Bonds – share electrons between two Molecular Bonds – share electrons between two nonmetal anions.nonmetal anions.• Line connects the atoms, represents a shared pair of Line connects the atoms, represents a shared pair of

electrons.electrons.• Do not label charges.Do not label charges.• Creates a VSEPR shape: linear, bent, triginal planar, Creates a VSEPR shape: linear, bent, triginal planar,

pyramidal, tetrahedral, or complex.pyramidal, tetrahedral, or complex.• Can be polar or nonpolar depending on the differences Can be polar or nonpolar depending on the differences

in electronegativity. in electronegativity. (Periodic Trends - Chapter 5)(Periodic Trends - Chapter 5)

Nomenclature Nomenclature Chapter 7Chapter 7

Roman Numerals – represents the charge on a B Roman Numerals – represents the charge on a B metal.metal.

Common Names – Sodium Hydroxide is lye. Common Names – Sodium Hydroxide is lye. Nitric Acid was once known as Aqua Fortis.Nitric Acid was once known as Aqua Fortis.

Nonmetals – end in “ide”.Nonmetals – end in “ide”. Metals – just say the name.Metals – just say the name. Molecules – Molecular Compounds (NM,NM)Molecules – Molecular Compounds (NM,NM) Formula Units – Ionic Compounds (M,NM)Formula Units – Ionic Compounds (M,NM) Polyatomic IonsPolyatomic Ions

Mole Review Mole Review Chapter 7Chapter 7

1Mole =1Mole =• Molar MassMolar Mass• 6.02x106.02x1023 23 particlesparticles• 22.4L of a gas at STP22.4L of a gas at STP

Standard TempStandard Temp 0K = 273˚C 0K = 273˚C Standard Pressure Standard Pressure

• 101.3kPa = 1atm = 760mmHg = 760torr101.3kPa = 1atm = 760mmHg = 760torr

More ReviewMore Review

Metric Conversions (1L=100ml, 1kg=1000g)Metric Conversions (1L=100ml, 1kg=1000g) Density = Mass/VolumeDensity = Mass/Volume

• of H2O = 1g/1ml (1ml=1cmof H2O = 1g/1ml (1ml=1cm33)) TemperatureTemperature K = C + 273K = C + 273 Conservation of Matter and EnergyConservation of Matter and Energy Limiting Reactants Limiting Reactants (Chapter 9)(Chapter 9)

PV=nRTPV=nRT R=8.31kPa*L/mol*K R=8.31kPa*L/mol*K (Chapter 11)(Chapter 11)

Molarity= moles solute/liters solution Molarity= moles solute/liters solution (Chapter 12)(Chapter 12)

Equilibrium & Keq (Constant) Equilibrium & Keq (Constant) (Chapter 18)(Chapter 18)

Fume HoodFume Hood

Keeps dangerous odors out of the Keeps dangerous odors out of the classroom.classroom.

ParafilmParafilm

Wax Paper – Lab GradeWax Paper – Lab Grade Can StretchCan Stretch Bubbles up if gas builds up in bottle.Bubbles up if gas builds up in bottle. Relieves pressure so bottle does not Relieves pressure so bottle does not

expand and potentially break.expand and potentially break.

Nitrogen DioxideNitrogen Dioxide

Brown, Highly Corrosive GasBrown, Highly Corrosive Gas Lung Irritant, Respiratory InfectionsLung Irritant, Respiratory Infections Produced by factories, volcanoes, cars, etc.Produced by factories, volcanoes, cars, etc. Combine with other molecules to produce smog.Combine with other molecules to produce smog.

SafetySafety

GogglesGoggles Acid – rinse graduated cylinder thoroughly.Acid – rinse graduated cylinder thoroughly. Rinse paper towels that were used to Rinse paper towels that were used to

clean up spilled acid.clean up spilled acid. Loosen the cap on the bottle containing Loosen the cap on the bottle containing

conversion reaction one.conversion reaction one. Use the fume hood.Use the fume hood. Wash your hands before leaving.Wash your hands before leaving.

Reaction Indicators Reaction Indicators Chapter 8Chapter 8

Bubbles, Smoke, Gas, Bubbles, Smoke, Gas,

Heat, Light production.Heat, Light production. Temperature change Temperature change

not create by equipment.not create by equipment. Color change not created with dyes.Color change not created with dyes. The formation of a precipitate (solid).The formation of a precipitate (solid). Odor change.Odor change.

Neutralization Reaction Neutralization Reaction Chapter 15Chapter 15

Acid and Base create salt and water.Acid and Base create salt and water. Hydrogen ion concentration would Hydrogen ion concentration would

equal the hydroxide concentration to equal the hydroxide concentration to make water.make water. HH++ + OH + OH-- H H22OO

Neutralization Formula: NNeutralization Formula: NAAVVAA=N=NBBVVBB

Balancing Balancing Chapter 8Chapter 8

Conservation of MassConservation of Mass Use whole number coefficients to Use whole number coefficients to

balance the atoms on both sides of balance the atoms on both sides of the equation.the equation.

Never change the correct compound Never change the correct compound formula’s subscripts.formula’s subscripts.

Acids Acids Chapter 14Chapter 14

Sour, corrosive, good conductors of electricity. Sour, corrosive, good conductors of electricity. High Hydrogen Ion Concentration: Arrhenius.High Hydrogen Ion Concentration: Arrhenius. Hydrogen Donor: Bronsted-Lowry.Hydrogen Donor: Bronsted-Lowry. Electron Acceptor: Lewis.Electron Acceptor: Lewis. Neutralized by Bases to form Salt WaterNeutralized by Bases to form Salt Water Strong Acid = Weak Bonds, Easily IonizedStrong Acid = Weak Bonds, Easily Ionized Weak Acid = Strong Bonds, Hard to IonizeWeak Acid = Strong Bonds, Hard to Ionize Naming:Naming:

• Hydro-----ic (Hydrogen + NM)Hydro-----ic (Hydrogen + NM)• -----ic (Hydrogen + Polyatomic ending in “ate”) -----ic (Hydrogen + Polyatomic ending in “ate”) • ------ous (Hydrogen + Polyatomic ending in “ite”)------ous (Hydrogen + Polyatomic ending in “ite”)

Bases Bases Chapter 14Chapter 14

Bitter, slippery, corrosive, good conductor of Bitter, slippery, corrosive, good conductor of electricity.electricity.

High Hydroxide Ion Concentration: Arrhenius.High Hydroxide Ion Concentration: Arrhenius. Hydrogen Acceptor: Bronsted-Lowry.Hydrogen Acceptor: Bronsted-Lowry. Electron Donor: Lewis.Electron Donor: Lewis. Neutralized by Acids to form Salt WaterNeutralized by Acids to form Salt Water Strong Base = Weak Bonds, Easily IonizedStrong Base = Weak Bonds, Easily Ionized Weak Base = Strong Bonds, Hard to IonizeWeak Base = Strong Bonds, Hard to Ionize Also called alkali substances.Also called alkali substances.

• NaOH is commonly known as Lye.NaOH is commonly known as Lye.

Concentration Concentration Chapter 12Chapter 12

Molarity = moles of solute / liters of Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution = Molal concentration = Msolution = Molal concentration = M

MM11VV11 = M = M22VV22 Dilutions Formula. Example: Dilutions Formula. Example: HCl from the factory is 12M. It is diluted HCl from the factory is 12M. It is diluted with water to create a 6M solution. with water to create a 6M solution.

When making dilutions always add the When making dilutions always add the acid or base to the water. acid or base to the water.

Molality = moles of solute / kg of Molality = moles of solute / kg of solution = molal concemtration = solution = molal concemtration = mm

Litmus Paper Litmus Paper Chapter 14Chapter 14

Acid/Base IndicatorAcid/Base Indicator Blue Paper is turned Red by AcidBlue Paper is turned Red by Acid Red Paper is turned Blue by BaseRed Paper is turned Blue by Base Litmus is a chemical which red in the Litmus is a chemical which red in the

presence of an acid and blue in the presence of an acid and blue in the presence of a base.presence of a base.

Water BathWater Bath Used for regulating the temperature of substances at lower Used for regulating the temperature of substances at lower

than 100˚C.than 100˚C. Used to heat substances, which can't be heated directly.Used to heat substances, which can't be heated directly.

Reaction Rates Reaction Rates Chapter 17Chapter 17

TemperatureTemperature Pressure (of gas reactions only)Pressure (of gas reactions only) Concentrations of ReactantsConcentrations of Reactants Surface Area/Particle SizeSurface Area/Particle Size Catalyst/InhibitorCatalyst/Inhibitor

Temperature Temperature Chapter 17Chapter 17

Temperature changes the rate of a Temperature changes the rate of a reaction.reaction.

Increase temperature and the reaction Increase temperature and the reaction proceeds faster. (hot water bath)proceeds faster. (hot water bath)

For every 10°C that the temperature is For every 10°C that the temperature is increased, the reaction rate doubles.increased, the reaction rate doubles.

Decrease temperature and the reaction Decrease temperature and the reaction slows down. (ice water bath)slows down. (ice water bath)

Temperature changes do affect the pH. Temperature changes do affect the pH. Therefore, pH must be measured at room Therefore, pH must be measured at room temperature (RT).temperature (RT).

CatalystCatalyst

Speeds up a chemical reactionSpeeds up a chemical reaction Does not get used up. Does not get used up. Neither a reactant or a product.Neither a reactant or a product. Written above the arrow in a Written above the arrow in a

chemical reaction.chemical reaction. Lowers the activation energy.Lowers the activation energy. Biological catalyst is an enzyme.Biological catalyst is an enzyme.

Chapter 17Chapter 17

Energy of the Reaction Energy of the Reaction Chapter 16Chapter 16

Exothermic – Exothermic – reaction produces reaction produces energy. Reaction energy. Reaction feels warm/hot.feels warm/hot.

Endothermic –Endothermic –reaction absorbs reaction absorbs energy. Reaction energy. Reaction feels cool/cold.feels cool/cold.

Filter PaperFilter Paper

Fold in half once.Fold in half once. Fold in half again.Fold in half again. Open one pocket.Open one pocket.

DecantDecant Means to pour the liquid (supernatant) Means to pour the liquid (supernatant)

off leaving the solid (precipitate) off leaving the solid (precipitate) behind.behind.

In this lab we always want the solid. In this lab we always want the solid. The liquid is the waste material.The liquid is the waste material.

In other labs, the liquidIn other labs, the liquid

(supernatant) might be (supernatant) might be

what we want to keep.what we want to keep. The solid is the pellet.The solid is the pellet.

CentrifugeCentrifuge

A piece of equipment that spins the A piece of equipment that spins the solution in extremely fast circles. Ex: solution in extremely fast circles. Ex: 3500rev/min.3500rev/min.

Never open the lid while the centrifuge is Never open the lid while the centrifuge is still spinning.still spinning.

Useful for separating liquids and solids.Useful for separating liquids and solids. If the solid is more dense than the liquid it If the solid is more dense than the liquid it

forms a pellet at the bottom of the tube.forms a pellet at the bottom of the tube. The liquid above the pellet is known as the The liquid above the pellet is known as the

supernatant.supernatant.

VortexVortex

Also called an Agitator.Also called an Agitator. Used to help mix substances.Used to help mix substances.

Drying OvenDrying Oven

Warm oven used to quickly and Warm oven used to quickly and completely evaporate water off of completely evaporate water off of our product.our product.

When we get our final When we get our final measurements, measurements,

we only want copper,we only want copper,

not the acetone and not the acetone and

excess water.excess water.

Percent Yield Percent Yield Chapter 9Chapter 9

Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield x 100Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield x 100 Amount of Cu recovered/ the original Amount of Cu recovered/ the original

amount of Cu you started with amount of Cu you started with multiplied by 100.multiplied by 100.

Percent Error = 100% - % YieldPercent Error = 100% - % Yield % Error + % Yield = 100%% Error + % Yield = 100%

HomoethermicHomoethermic

Warm-blooded.Warm-blooded. Requires lots of food.Requires lots of food. Can live in a variety of climates. Can live in a variety of climates.