Properties and Application of Metals

7/26/2019 Properties and Application of Metals

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Chapter 13 - 1

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...

Chapter 13: Properties and

Applications of Metals

• How are metal alloys classified and what are their

common applications?• What are the microstructure and general characteristics of

cast irons?

• What are the distinctive physical and mechanical properties of

nonferrous alloys?



Chapter 13 - 2

Adapted from ig!

13!1" Callister &

Rethwisch 9e.

Classification of Metal Allos#etal Alloys

$teels

errous %onferrous

Cast &rons

'1!(wt)C 3-(!*wt)C

$teels'1!( wt) C

Cast &rons3-(!* wt) C

e3C

cementite

1+,,

1(,,

12,,

1,,,

,,

+,,

(,,, 1 2 3 ( * + +!.

/

γ

austenite

γ 0 L

γ 0 e3Cα

ferriteα 0 e3C

α 0 γ

L0 e3C

δ

e C o " wt) C

utectic4

utectoid4,!.+

(!3,

.2.5C

11(5C

T 5C microstructure4 ferrite"graphite6cementite

ig! 11!23" Callister & Rethwisch

9e!7Adapted from 8inary Alloy 9hase

:iagrams" 2nd edition" ;ol! 1" <! 8!

#assals=i ditor-in-Chief" 1>>,! eprinted

@y permission of A$# &nternational"

#aterials 9ar=" H!B



Chapter 13 - 3

8ased on data provided in <a@les 13!1@" 1(!(@" 13!3" and 13!(" Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

Steels

/ow Alloy High Alloylow car@on',!2* wt) C

#ed car@on,!2*-,!+ wt) C

high car@on,!+-1!( wt) C

ses autostruc!sheet

@ridgestowerspress!vessels

cran=shafts@oltshammers@lades

pistonsgears wearapplic!

wearapplic!

drillssawsdies

high <applic!tur@inesfurnaces

;ery corros!resistant

Dample 1,1, (31, 1,(, (3(, 1,>* (1>, 3,(" (,>

Additions noneCr";%i" #o

noneCr" %i#o

noneCr" ;"#o" W

Cr" %i" #o

plain H$/A plainheat

treata@leplain tool stainless%ame

Hardena@ility , 0 0 00 00 000 varies

<$ - , 0 00 0 00 varies/

0 0 , - - -- 00

increasing strength" cost" decreasing ductility



Chapter 13 - (

Refine!ent of Steel fro! Ore

&ron reCo=e

/imestone

3C 0e23→2e03C2

C02

→C2

C2 0C→2C

CaC3→ Ca0C2

Ca 0 $i2 0 Al23→ slag

purification

reduction of iron ore to metal

heat generation

#olten iron

8/A$< %AC

slagair

layers of co=e

and iron ore

gas

refractoryvessel



Chapter 13 - *

"erro#s Allos

&ron-@ased alloys

%omenclature for steels A&$&6$A

1,DD 9lain Car@on $teels 11DD 9lain Car@on $teels resulfuriEed for machina@ility

1*DD #n 1!,, - 1!+*)

(,DD #o ,!2, F ,!3,)

(3DD %i 1!+* - 2!,,)" Cr ,!(, - ,!>,)" #o ,!2, - ,!3,)

((DD #o ,!*)

where DD is wt) C D 1,,

eDample4 1,+, steel G plain car@on steel with ,!+, wt) C

$tainless $teel 11) Cr

• $teels

• Cast &rons



Chapter 13 - +

Cast Irons

• errous alloys with 2!1 wt) CG more commonly 3 - (!* wt) C

• /ow melting G relatively easy to cast

•Ienerally @rittle

• Cementite decomposes to ferrite 0 graphite

e3C 3 e α 0 C graphite

G generally a slow process


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/properties-and-application-of-metals 7/15Chapter 13 - .

"e$C Tr#e E%#ili&ri#! Dia'ra!

Iraphite formation

promoted @y

• $i 1 wt)

• slow cooling

ig! 13!2" Callister & Rethwisch 9e. 7Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase

Diagrams" <! 8! #assals=i ditor-in-

Chief" 1>>,! eprinted @y permission of

A$# &nternational" #aterials 9ar=" H!B

1+,,

1(,,

12,,

1,,,

,,

+,,

(,,, 1 2 3 ( >,

L

γ

0 L

α 0 Iraphite

/iJuid 0

Iraphite

e C " wt) C

, !

+ *

.(,KC

T KC

γ 0 Iraphite

1,,

11*3KCγ

Austenite (!2 wt) C

α + γ


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/properties-and-application-of-metals 8/15Chapter 13 -

Tpes of Cast Iron

Iray iron

• graphite fla=es

• wea= L @rittle in tension

• stronger in compression

• eDcellent vi@rational dampening• wear resistant

:uctile iron

• add #g and6or Ce

• graphite as nodules not fla=es

• matriD often pearlite G stronger

@ut less ductile

igs! 13!3a L @"

Callister &

Rethwisch 9e. [Courtesy of C. H.

Brady and L. C. Smith,

National Bureau of

Standards, Washington,

DC (now the National

Institute of Standards

and Technology,

Gaithersburg, MD]


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/properties-and-application-of-metals 9/15Chapter 13 - >

Tpes of Cast Iron (cont.)

White iron• ' 1 wt) $i

• pearlite 0 cementite

• very hard and @rittle

#allea@le iron

• heat treat white iron at ,,->,,KC

• graphite in rosettes• reasona@ly strong and ductile

igs! 13!3c L d"

Callister &

Rethwisch 9e.

CourtesyofAm

castIndustria

lCorpora

tion

Reprintedwith p

ermissionofthe

IronCastings

S ociety,DesPlaines,IL


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/properties-and-application-of-metals 10/15Chapter 13 - 1,

Tpes of Cast Iron (cont.)

Compacted graphite iron

• relatively high thermal conductivity

• good resistance to thermal shoc=

• lower oDidation at elevated

temperatures

ig! 13!3e" Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

C

ourtesyofSinter-Cast,Ltd.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/properties-and-application-of-metals 11/15Chapter 13 - 11

Prod#ction of Cast Irons

ig!13!*" Callister & Rethwisch

9e. (Adapted from W. G. Moffatt, G. W.

Pearsall, and J. Wulff, The Structure and

Properties of Materials, Vol. I, Structure, p.

195. Copyright © 1964 by John Wiley &

Sons, New York. Reprinted by permission of

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)



*i!itations of "erro#s Allos

1 elatively high densities

2 elatively low electrical conductivities

3 Ienerally poor corrosion resistance



8ased on discussion and data provided in Chapter 13" Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

+onferro#s Allos

%onerrousAlloys

• Al Alloys

-low ρ4 2!. g6cm3

-Cu" #g" $i" #n" Mn additions-solid sol! or precip!

strengthened struct!aircraft parts

L pac=aging• #g Alloys-very low ρ4 1!. g6cm3

-ignites easily-aircraft" missiles

• efractory metals-high melting T’s -%@" #o" W" <a• %o@le metals

-Ag" Au" 9t-oDid!6corr! resistant

• <i Alloys-relatively low ρ4 (!* g6cm3

vs .!> for steel-reactive at high T’s -space applic!

• Cu Alloys

8rass4 Mn is su@st! impurity costume Newelry" coins"corrosion resistant8ronEe 4 $n" Al" $i" %i aresu@st! impurities@ushings" landinggearCu-8e4precip! hardenedfor strength



Chapter 13 - 14

• Ferrous alloys:-- steels

-- cast irons

• Non-ferrous alloys:

-- Cu, Al, Ti, and Mg alloys; refractory alloys; and noble metals

Summary



Chapter 13 - 1*

Core 9ro@lems4

$elf-help 9ro@lems4

A++OU+CEME+TS

eading4

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Properties and Application of Metals