NTIA Report 88·232

Propagation and PerformanceMeasurements Over the

Berlin-'Socksberg Digital Troposcatter.Communications Link

JohnJ. LemmonTimothy J. Riley

u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEC. William Verity, Secretary

Alfred C. Sikes, A$sistant Secretaryfor Communications and Information

. March 1988

CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2 . BACKGROUND

3. MULTIPATH MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE AND EQUIPMENT

4. TEST CONFIGURATIONS AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

5. DATA PROCESSING

6.1 Summary of Propagation and Performance Data

6.2 Comparison of Measured and Theoretical Values of Delay Spread

7. CONCLUSIONS

8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

9. REFERENCES

APPENDIX A: Average Power Impulse Functions

APPENDIX B: Cumulative Distributions of Pulse Width

APPENDIX C: Cumulative Distributions of Pulse Width Rate-of-Change

APPENDIX D: Cumulative Distributions of RSL

APPENDIX E: Cumulative Distributions of l-Second BER

APPENDIX F: Meteorological Data

6.

5.1 PN Probe Data

5.2 RSL Data

5.3 Spectral Data

5.4 Digital Performance Data

5.5 Meteorological Data

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

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Figure I.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

Figure 9.

Figure 10.

Figure 1I.

Figure 12.

Figure 13.

Figure 14.

Figure 15.

Figure 16.

Figure 17.

Table I.

Table 2.

Table 3.

Table 4.

LIST OF FIGURES

Average BER vs. 2a/r.

Path profile.

Probe block diagram.

Test configuration--Bocksberg site.

Test configuration--Ber1in site.

Signal spectra: Averages of 100 spectra of the PNchannel probe signal. Left': (a) horizontalpolarization and (b) vertical polarization duringa period of poor propagation conditions. Right:(a) horizontal polarization and (b) verticalpolarization during a period of good propagationconditions.

Values of 2a and BER, February 14-28, 1986.

Pulse width, receiver 1 and BER, February 14-28, 1986.

Pulse width, receiver 4 and BER, February 14-28, 1986.

Pulse width rate of change and BER, February 14-28,1986.

Received signal level (medians), receivers 1 through 4and BER, February 24-28, 1986.

Received signal level, receiver 1 and BER,February 14-28, 1986.

Received signal level, receiver 4 and BER,February 14-28, 1986.

Values of 2a and BER, February 24-28, 1986.

Pulse width rate of change and BER,February 24-28,1986.

Pulse width rate of change, Mode 2 and BER,February 24-28, 1986.

Geometry for path-length calculation.

LIST OF TABLES

Characteristics of the Pseudonoise (PN) Probe

Test Configurations

Recorded Analog Signals and Sample Rates

Time Blocks and Number of 5-Second Records Processedon Tape-by-Tape Basis

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addressed many facets of troposcatterattempts to bring all of these facetscomplete description of the troposcatterfuture digital upgrades of existing

PROPAGATION ANDPKRFORKANCE MEASUREMENTS OVER TIlE BERLIN-BOCKSBERGDIGITAL TROPOSCATTER COMKUNICATIONS LINK

John J. Lemmon and Timothy J. Riley*

This report discusses propagation and performance measurementsthat were obtained over a digital troposcatter communication linkbetween Bocksberg, West Germany, and West Berlin. The measurementswere unusual because three general types of data were collectedsimultaneously over the link: propagation data, digital performancedata, and meteorological data. The propagation data include receivedsignal level (RSL) and multipath measurements made with a channelprobe; the performance data consist of bit-error data obtained from a1. 544 < Mbps TI bank; and the meteorological data (in the form ofradiosonde messages) have been used to generate profiles of the radiorefractive index over the link.

Th,e basic principles and instrumentation of the channel probeand the test configurations used to obtain these data are discussed.Then the results of analyses of these data are presented anddiscussed. These results include the measured impulse response ofthe, channel, delay spread, RSL, bit-error ratios, and refractiveindex profiles. Potential relationships among these results areinvestigated in order to assess the impact of various troposcatterchannel conditions on digital radio performance. In particular, thereport discusses both the definition and methods of utilizing theall-important parameter of delay spread. These considerations rangefrom the simple parameter of 2a values to a more complete evaluationof the dynamic properties of delay-spread derived from the channelprobe data.

Previous studies havepropagation. This reporttogether, to present a morechannel, and to enhancetroposcatter links.

Key words: troposcatter; multipath; PN channel probe

1. INTRODUCTION

The U. S. Army recently completed equipment installation of a digital

troposcatter communication system between Bocksberg, West Germany, and West

Berlin. The radio system is composed of a modified Army AN/GRC-143 tactical

troposcatter radio operating with the MD-918/GRC Digital Data Modem at a

nominal bit rate of 10 Mbps. This is the first digital upgrade of an existing

analog troposcatter link in the Defense Communications System (DCS) in Europe

*The authors are w,ith the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences, NationalTelecommunications &nd Information Administration, U.S. Department of Co~erce,

Boulder, CO 80303.

and it was, therefore, important to evaluate both the propagation factors and

the digital performance over this link. Moreover, the·Defense Communications

Agency (DCA) required a formal link acceptance test prior to the cutover of the

link to operational traffic.

One of the most important parameters to be measured is the delay spread of

the signal in the propagation path. The measurement of delay spread over the

Berlin-Bocksberg link was specified as part of the test and acceptance program,

which was conducted by GTE Government Systems Corporation, Communication System

Division, Needham Heights, MA, under contract to the U.S. Army. The instrument

required to make the delay. spread measurement was a pseudonoise (PN) channel

probe, designed and built by the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences

(ITS), Boulder, CO. The purpose of this report is to outline the support that

was furnished. by ITS to GTE in performing the channel probe measurements during

the test and acceptance program and to summarize the data that were obtained by

ITS.

The primary objective was to obtain propagation data, including

measurements of delay spread and rece.ived signal level, in conjunction with

measurements of digital transmission performance. The simultaneous collection

of propagation and performance data over the same transmission chartnel can

provide new insights into performance criteria and adaptive techniques that

will be valuable to the Army as well as the DCA in planning and implementing

future digital upgrades of other troposcatter links. It is also expected that

the data will be useful in enhancing analytica.1 models of digital troposcatter

systems.

2. BACKGROUND

A common propagation problem in both line-of-sight and transhorizon radio

links is caused by multipath, resulting from reflections or refraction/scatter

in the transmission medium. Multipath can be more detrimental in the digital

transmission mode than .in its analog counterpart. A significant number of

performance measurements have been reported that demonstrate the catastrophic

effect that multipath can have on digital transmission. Examples of specific

measurements have been discussed by Dougherty and Hartman (1977), Anderson

et a1. (1978), Barnett (1978), and Hoffmeyer et a1. (1986); a review of this

field. with extensive references has been given by Hubbard (1984). However,

2

there are techniques that use the mu1tipath to provide a form of in-band

diversity improvement; such is the case with the MD-918. The modem is designed

to take advantage of the delay spread of the signal over a certain range.

Fi~~~~ ..-!. (from Gadoury, 1983) shows plots of laboratory measurements of

average bit-error-rates (BER) of the MD-918 versus delay spread for various

values of Eb/No' The delay spread is expressed as the ratio of the two-sided

root-mean-square (rms) width of the power impulse response (2a) to the data

symbol time T. For 10 Mb/s quadrature phase shift-keyed (QPSK) modulation such

as that used in the MD - 918, the symbol time is twice the bit time (twice

100 ns). The curves in Figure 1 clearly show the improvement in modem

performance as 2a/T increases from zero. However, when 2a/T is greater than

about 0.7 (2a greater than 140 ns) BER increases with increasing delay spread.

It is, therefore,important to know what values of delay spread are encountered

in practice.

The primary purpose of ITS in the test and acceptance program for the

Ber1in-Bocksberg digital tropo link was to furnish the equipment necessary for

the delay-spread measurements. The PN channel probe, described in Section 3,

was interfaced to the modified AN"/GRC-143 radio at the 70 MHz IF point.

Details of the interface arrangement are discussed in Section 4.

The test signal was propagated over the path in the 4.5 to 5 GHz band. The

path length is approximately 210 km~ The path profile for the link, shown in

Figure 2, indicates that the dominant propagation mechanism is expected to be

troposcatter, but that the link may be diffractive under subrefractive

conditions. The data presented in this report were collected during the last

2 weeks of February 1986, during which time the signal was transmitted from

Bocksberg, with Berlin as the receive site.

3. KULTIPATH MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE AND EQUIPMENT

Delay spread has been measured previously over a few selected troposcatter

links using a system commonly known as a RAKE communication system (Price and

Green, 1958; Barrow et a1., 1969; Sherwood and Suyemoto, 1977). The RAKE

system measures the value of a correlation function at the output of a finite

number of taps along a tapped~de1ay line. The test signal uses a pseudonoise

(PN) code, which is cross '-correlated in the receiver with a locally generated

replica of the PN code.

3

19~ 1

19- 3

19- 4a::wcol.LJ<.!:l

.c:(a:: 19- 5w>c:(

19- 6

19-7

18- 8 \

19- 9

16 dB

la- 1~ ~ SS' sa sa - - - - - N. • • . . . . .sa N ..... en CD sa N ..... en CD sa

20fT 10,160-83

Figure l. Average BER vs. 2a/r.

4

BLN

_0.2°

,---- ...... -- ... " ,

/"" SEA "', " .....

/ "/ "/ ::t (~ "./ ~~ t-", ,

/ " ~< '/ ,/ \

\/ "

/ \I ,

I \I \

I \./ \

I \I \

I \I \,

I ,I \I

-0.46°~

~//ABBG Af t . 1° ;.7\... ~~ \\ -0.7700

900

800

1000

1100

o 20 40 60 80 100 120 140DISTANCE (KILOMETERS)

160 180 200 220

Figure 2. Path profile.

The instrumentation used in the ITS PN channel probe is similar to that of

the RAKE system, with the exception of the correlation process. The ITS system

uses a time-multiplex type correlation detector in the receiver as opposed to

the tapped-delay line used in the RAKE system. Delay between the received code

.and the locally generated replicum is achieved by clocking the PN generator at

a slightly slower rate in the receiver than in the transmitter. In this

manner, delay is continuously varying, thereby enabling one to measure the

correlation function (impulse response of the radio channel) as a function of

time delay. The rate of delay change is variable, and the code length and

clock rate can be selected over specified ranges to meet different transmission

channel conditions. A detailed description of the theory and implementation of

the ITS channel probe is given by Linfield et al. (1976). Delay spread

measurements taken over troposcatter links in the past using the ITS probe have

been discussed by Hubbardl .

The correlation process in the prpbe receiver takes advantage of time­

bandwidth tradeoff, which permits the data to be recorded at a relatively low

rate (small bandwidth), but with high equivalent time resolution. For example,

the bit time for a PN code clocked at 10 MHz is 0.1 ~s. For a 511 bit code at

this clock rate, a code word is 51.1 ~s in length. If a correlation function

were developed for each code word, the bandwidth requirement for the data

acquisition system would be quite broad. However, this data rate is not

necessary if the dynamic changes in the transmission channel are 'much slower.

In the PN channel probe receiver the correlation process is slowed so that many

code words are processed while one correlation function is developed. For

example, the data rate for the tests described here was selected to be one

correlation function per second. However, the range of time delays over which

the correlation function is measured corresponds to the 51.1 ~s period of the

PN code. Thus, 1 s of processing time in the receiver corresponds to 51.1 ~s

in channel response time (a time-bandwidth factor of approximately 2 x 104).

A simplified block diagram of the probe is shown in Figure 3. For UHF

band and troposcatter systems, an IF of 70 MHz and a PN clock rate of 10 MHz

are used. These values were chosen to make the system compatible with existing

lHubbard, R.W. (1983), Delay-spread measurements over troposcatter links, NTIATech. Memo. 83-84, March (limited distribution).

6

(a) TRANSMITTER

"'-'-'---11.J;~~~~RI,

PNGEN.

•

QUADHYBRID

(b) RECEIVER

POWERDIVIDER

10 MHz I ~

REF

70 MHz.AMPLIFrE~

-....J

FREQ.SYNTHE­

SIZER

PNGEN.

Figure 3. Probe blockdia,gram.

communication systems that use a standard 70 MHz IF and to limit the PN test

signal bandwidth to a value commensurate with the power amplifiers of those

systems. In order to maintain frequency coherence between the tropo radio and

the probe, the 10-MHz reference from the radio interface rack (LORAN C) was

used as the probe reference signal in parallel with the tropo radio.

The receiver of the probe is configured for dual-channel operation, but

only one channel is illustrated in Figure 3. The two independent channels

allow data to be collected simultaneously from two diversity links, as was done

during the tests discussed in this report. The probe receiver develops

four signals from each channel. Two correlators are used to develop the

in-phase and quadrature components of the equivalent low-pass impulse response

of the transmission channel. Relative phases between multipath components can

therefore be determined. The third signal is developed from the sum-of-the­

squares processing of the in-phase and quadrature signals, which is the power

impulse response of the channel. The fourth signal is the received signal

level (RSL) , measured as a power level in the IF amplifier stages. All of

these signals were recorded on digital magnetic tape for this test program.

Specific formats are discussed in Section 4. A list of the PN probe

characteristics as it was configured for this program is given in Table 1.

4. TEST CONFIGURATIONS AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

The basic test configuration was established by the prime contractor for

the project (GTE) to meet the requirements of the test and acceptance

procedures. The GTE tests included the measurement of the received signal

levels (RSL) and other parameters pertinent to the performance of the radio

system. Digital performance was measured with an appropriate bit error

detector using a predetermined digital test signal at the designated

transmission rate.

The only part of the basic test configuration that was furnished by ITS

was the PN channel probe system. The PN test signal requires the total

baseband of the radio , and thus cannot be transmitted simultaneously with the

data test signal. However, the troposcatter radio system uses quadruple

diversity in a dual space/dual frequency configuration, so that probe data and

digital performance data can be obtained simultaneously over the link if the

radio is configured· for dual diversity operation. In other words,

8

Table 1. Characteristics of the Pseudonoise (PN) Probe

(a) Transmitter

,',. '

Reference FrequencyCenter FrequencyTest SignalPN Shift Register

PN Code LengthPN Clock RateModulationPower Amplifier Output

(b) Receiver

TypeDynamic Range (RSL)Dynamic Range (Power Impulse)Number of ChannelsReference FrequencyCenter FrequencyPN Clock Rates

Impulse Data Frame Rates

Impulse ResolutionMaximum Delay ResponseData, Signals (Each Channel)

9

10 MHz70 MHzPN Binary Coden=9 states

(2n -1) 511 bits10 MHzBiphase5 dBm (maximum)o dBm .(nomina1)

Multiplex Correlation60 dB30 dB210 MHz70 MHz10 MHz nominal; variable forthe following data rates.1, 2, 5, 10, and 50 frames/s;Operator selectable.0.1 J..Ls51.1 J..LSCo-phase ImpulseQuad-phase ImpuisePower ImpulseLog Power ImpulseReceived Signal Level (RSL)

one diversity pair can be used to receive the probe signal while the other

diversity pair is receiving the digital performance test signal. This and the

other configurations that were used in the test are listed in Table 2. The

frequency diversity signals are transmitted with different polarizations

(horizontal and vertical) and are identified by polarization rather than by

frequency throughout this report.

The control for the various configurations was provided at the transmitter

terminal through the use of coaxial switches to change the input test signals.

Command signals for the coaxial switches were sent via the service channel from

the receive site to the transmit site. The order and timing used for the

configurations were determined by GTE. The test proceeded through the various

configurations in a cyclic fashion, operating in a given configuration for a

duration of 13 minutes before proceeding to the next configuration. At the

transitions between configurations, the system was put into configuration 1 for

a duration of approximately 2

period of 1 hour. The complete

form in Figures 4 and 5.

recorded data. Thus, the test

minutes, during which time GTE processed and

cycled through all four configurations over a

test configurations are shown in block diagram

Table 2. Test Configurations

ConfigurationNumber Active Receivers Diversity Test Signals

(Mode Number) (Being Recorded) Horizontal Vertical

-I Receivers 1 and 4 MD 918 Data MD 918 Data.2 Receivers 1 and 2 Probe Data MD 918 Data3 Receivers 3 and 4 MD 918 Data Probe Data4 Receivers 1 and 4 Probe Data Probe Data

10

H

v

D TA

PN PROBETX

10 MHz REFERENCE(RADIO INTERFACE)

PN DATATEST SIGNAL

RX 1

RX 2

RX 3

RX 4

MD-918MODU­LATOR

MD-918DEMOD­ULATOR

CLOCK

ORDER WIRE(FROM BERLl N)

Figure 4. Test configuration--Bocksberg site.

11

I-'N

H

V

H

V

I. GTESPECTRUM\

~ ANALYZERS I-+- CONTROLTXl r--DATA

JI1;JJ-TX 2 LOG-LIN IF~AMPLIFIERS ACQUISITION ERROR SECONDS

PN PROBE SYSTEMRX

j

SWITCH -- --- -- --------- --,CONTROL --I

I

MD-918MODU-LATOR -

I1\~ I Ir-O ~~ RX 1I~..,.,.

II '-\d ~--" RX 2 MD-918POWER 1

15 I DEMOD-..,..)f 2..,--'" ULATOR3

5-5000 SES--" RX 3

~DIVIDERS--"'"1 ~ o--J' I DETECTOR.., c. ~2--'" RX 4 ~~-

Figure 5; Test configuration--Berlin site.

In addition to the data accwnulated by GTE, ITS enhanced the test program

by acquiring data in an independent data system. The data acquisition system

is based on an LSI-ll/23 minicomputer system with digital magnetic tape as the

storage mediwn. It also uses a dual floppy-disk drive for both program control

and data storage. An operator's CRT/printer terminal is also an integral part

of the :system. Data are acquired in I-second intervals (coincident with the

errored-second performance monitoring instrwnents discussed below). The .data

are double~buffered at the input, compiled into a 5-second file, and recorded

on the magnetic tape. One buffer is acquiring new data as the other buffer is

being read to the tape.

Two different data recording protocols are available; data can be recorded

onto magnetic tape only when digital errors are detected or data can be

recorded continuously. However, in test configuration 4, only the PN probe

signal was transmitted, so that the bit error detector used by GTE generated

continuous errors by comparing the probe signal to the digital test signal.

Thus, data were recorded continuously in test configuration 4 regardless of the

data recdrding protobol.

The ITS acquired a total of 32 magnetic tapes of test data in parallel

with the GtE system. . Data were recorded continuously on 5 of the tapes and

only when bit errors were detected for the remaining 27· tapes. An on-line

storage (variable persistence) . oscilloscope was used to monitor continuously

the power impulse response from the probe receiver and a strip-chart recorder

was used to monitor the RSL. A standard IRIG Code B time-code generator was

used to record time and date information on all data tapes . The following

signals were recorded:

1. in-phase and quadrature components of the impulse response and the power

impulse response from each of the two channels of the PN probe receiver

2. RSL (received signal level) of each tropo receiver and the two channels of

the PN probe receiver

3. spectrwn of the received signal in each diversity polarization. These data

include both the probe and digital test signal in accord with the

applicable test configuration discussed above.

4. digital performance (error) data

5. test configuration nwnber

6. time code

13

The latter two signals were used in the data processing procedures discussed in

Section 5.

The RSL and spectral data were developed from the 70 MHz IF signals at the

receivers, using power dividers and. log~linear amplifiers. The latter isolated

the ITS data system from that used by GTE, where a common IF signal is fed to

each data system. Two commercial spectrum analyzers were used at the outputs

of the log-linear amplifiers and the spectra for recording were taken from the

vertical display outputs of these instruments. The two instruments were

connected s.o that two spectral measurements were made each second, one on the

horizontally polarized signal and one on the vertically polarized signal.

The ITS instrumentation also included a method for recording the

configuration of the test system via two TTL signals that were provided by GTE.

Each of the two signal levels could assume either a high or a low value, and

each of the four possible combinations corresponded to a particular test

configuration number.

Analog data inputs were sampled at different rates, commensurate with the

Nyquist requirements for the various signals. For example, the impulse

functions from the PN probe require the highest sampling rate for the necessary

resolution. Therefore, these functions (total of six signals) were sampled at

a rate of 4 kHz. The response was measured once per second in the first 20 ms

only, as this part of the function includes time delays to beyond 1 ~s. Thus,

each response was sampled 80 times. Four additional AID channels were sampled

at a 100-Hz rate. These were used to record the received signal spectra from

the tropo receivers and the RSL of the two channels of the PN probe receiver.

The remaining six AID channels were sampled at a 10-Hz rate and were used to

record the RSL of each of the four tropo receivers as well as the two TTL

signals used to determine the test configuration number. Table 3 lists the

recorded signals and sampling rates that were used in each of the

16 AID channels.

The digital performance data were measured in the ITS system using a

recording error analyzer (Tau Tron S-5000) operating in the external error

mode. This instrument measures synchronous errored seconds (SES) and registers

the number of bit errors in each errored second. The data source for the

instrument was an error pulse train developed in the bit error detector

(HP 3764A Digital Transmission Analyzer) used by GTE to measure the radio

14

performance. In this manner, the two sets of d~ta (ITS and GTE) are completely

coherent· and complimentary. The arrangement also provided isolation between

the two instruments so that there was no danger of one loading the other.

Since the SES data were taken on a I-second interval, they can readily )~e

correlated with the impulse response functions taken over the same time

interval. The HP3764A monitored the error performance of one Tl bank in an

AN/FCC-99 multiplexer. The other five Tl banks were loaded with another PN

code stream that was looped back and forth over the link to si~ulate full load

conditions. At no time during the tests was the error performance of the full

mission bit stream monitored.

The ITS provided additional support to the test and acceptance program by

obtaining. available meteorological data from the U. S. Air Force in Berlin.

These consisted of radiosonde data that can be used to develop refractive index

profiles for the link. The radiosonde launch sites were at Lindenberg, East

Germany; Hannover, West Germany; and Berlin. Computer programs developed at

ITS were used on-site to compute and plot these profiles during the tests. The

objective was to correlate test results with features of these profiles.

Table 3. Recorded Analog Signals and Sample Rates

AID Channel

o123456789

101112131415

Signal

Impulse response on probe channel AImpulse response on probe channel BCo-phase of impulse response on channel AQuad-phase of impulse response on channel ACo-phase of impulse response on channel BQuad-phase of impulse response on channel BSignal spectrum on tropo RXISignal spectrum on tropo RX4RSL on probe channel ARSL on probe channel BRSL on tropo RXIRSL on tropo RX2RSL on tropo RX3RSL on tropo RX4Test configuration numberTest configuration number

15

Sample Rate

4 kHz4 kHz4 kHz4 kHz4 kHz4 kHz

100 Hz100 Hz100 Hz100 Hz

10 Hz10 Hz10 Hz10 Hz10 Hz10 Hz

The data

5. DATA PROCESSING

The magnetic tape recordings and radiosonde data were returned to the ITS

laboratories for processing and analysis. ITS has developed a set of computer

programs to perform a variety of analyses on the data described above. The

computer systems used for this purpose are the LSI-ll/23, a TD-IOO Time Series

Analyzer, an FPS -100 Array Processor, and associated peripherals.

analyses that can be performed include the following:

1. average impulse response

2. probability density functions' (pdf) and cumulative

distribution functions (cdf) of the impulse width

3. pdf and cdf of the time rate-of-change of the impulse width

4. computation of the two-sided rms width of the average power impulse

response (2a)

5. average signal spectrum

6. pdf and cdf of RSL

7. cdf of I-second BER

8. profiles of refractive index

The individual impulse response functions that were used to compute the

averages were first normalized so that each response had the same peak value.

If the value of the average impulse power function at a time delay 1"i is

denoted by P(1"i), then a is defined as

a =

N~ P(1"i) (1"i - ;)2

i=l

1/2

N~ P(1"i)

i=l

where N is the number of sample points (80) and 1" is the mean time delay:

N~ P( 1"i) 1"i

1" = i=l

N~ P( 1"i)

i=l

The impulse width is defined as the width of an individual power impulse

function at a threshold just above the noise floor of the PN probes, and the

pulse width rate-of-change is computed as the difference between the pulse

16

width of an impulse function and the pulse width of the previous (1' second

earlier) impulse.

It should De noted that during the test configuration setupforPhaseIr"

(transmit' from Berlin and receive at Bocksberg), several changes to 'the

equipment configuration were made. Both antennas at Bocksberg were realigned;

a baseband interface problem between the MD-918 modem and the KG-81 encryption

unit which caused intermittent burst errors was discovered and fixed, and one

antenna feedhorn at Bocksberg was replaced. Anyone or combinatiorts of these

changes could impact the absolute accuracy of the data analyses presented

herein. Thus, no attempt has been made to compare the results of the data

analyses to' appropriate performance criteria, the responsibility for which

resided with the p'rime contractor for the test and acceptance program. Rather,

the primary objectiVe of the data analyses has been to identify those periods

during which the radio system performed relatively poorly, and to relate the

performance to propagation conditions in the transmission channel.

5.1 PN Probe Data

The first step'in computin.g average impulse functions and distributions 6f

impulse width was to define the time blocks and test configurations over which

each' analysis was performed. Since the primary objective of the analyses was

to':telate system performance to propagation conditions, it was desirable to use

time blocks that were small in comparison to the time scales over which

pr6pagation conditions -and performance could vary significantly (several

hours). ' On the other hand, time and cost constraints imposed a practical limit

on the"number of'individual analyses that could be performed. As a compromise,

the PN probe data analyses were performed on a tape-by-tape' basis. Since the

datawere'col1'ected only for those 5 - second blocks during which at least

one digital error occurred, the time blocks corresponding to the various tapes

are variable (approximately 3 to 17 hours), depending on the error performance

of the nidi0 system. In addition, there were periods of time during which no

data were collected due to equipment failures and periodic RSL calibrations.

However, most of the tapes span time blcicksof approximately 6 hours.

As discussed above, four different test configurations were used during

the test and acceptance program. However, only during test configuration 4 was

data collected on a continuous basis, due to the error-recording protocol. For

17

this reason, emphasis was placed on this latter test configuration for the

analyses of impulse response data, in order to obtain results that are not

biased by the error performance of the radio system. In test configuration 4,

channels A and Bof the probe were interfaced to tropo receiver 1 (horizontal

polarization) and tropo receiver 4 (vertical polarization), respectively,

thereby enabling the impulse response to be analyzed in both polarizations.

The results of the PN probe data analyses on a tape-by-tape basis have

been collected in Appendixes A through c. Analyses were performed for test

configuration 4 on all of the tapes; in addition, analyses were also performed

for test configurations 2 and 3 on the last 10 tapes (February 23-28). The

time blocks corresponding to the tapes and the number of 5-second data blocks

that were processed on each tape are listed in Table 4. Throughout this report

all times are given in terms of Universal Time (UT); in Germany, local time is

1 hour ahead of UT.

Appendix A contains the average power impulse functions. No scale appears

on the vertical axes because the PN receiver does not have a local signal

source, and thus the impulse response magnitude could not be calibrated;

however, the impulse functions are plotted on a linear scale and relative power

levels within a given impulse function can be determined accordingly. The

legend in each plot gives the start and end times for the analysis and the

value of 2a. The test configuration number ("mode number") is also shown· in

each legend. ; "

The impulse functions corresponding to vertical polarization typically

have a steep leading edge, followed by a tail with a relatively small amount of

distortion corresponding to signal energy arriving at relatively .large delay

times. On the other hand, the impulse functions corresponding to horizontal

polarization show a pronounced shoulder on the trailing edge and occasionally a

distinct secondary peak, suggesting a mixed mode of propagation. Exceptions to

this pattern can be seen in some of the impulse functions (for example, those

corresponding to the time block on February 23, in which distinct shoulders

appear on the leading and trailing edges for both horizontal and vertical

polarization). These features of the impulse functions are discussed further

in Section 6.

Appendix B contains cumulative probability distributions of the base width

of the power impulse function. The data analysis software can also develop

18

Table 4. Time Blocks and Number of~5-Second Records Processed on ,a Tape-by-Tape Basis"

Tes,t Test No. or Test ,Test No. or~Block Configuration 5-Seqond Records ~ ConCiguratlon 5-Second Records

2/111, 15:56~- ,: 555 2/23, 09:50- 1 2722/111, 20:01 2 676 2/23, 23:33 2 629

3 461 3 434II 509 II 865

2/15, 11: 40- II 850 2/23. 23:41- 1 2222/15, 16:18 2/24, 10:26 2 320

3 1212115, 16 : 29- II 576 II 1.5282/15, 23:51

21211. 11:51- 1 7522/16, 10:511- II 791 2/211. 18:47 2 5082/16, 15:57 3 1167

II 4202/16, 16:10- 4 1,0112/16, 22:49 2/24, 22:117- 1 128

2125, 16:09 2 4752/16. 23:09- 4 1,732 3 2762117,11:03 4 1,328

I-'2117, 13:21- II 1,020 2/25, 16:18- 1 589~

2117, 20:18 2125, 21 :03 2 5413 410

2118, 06:511- 4 510 4 6802118, 10 :42

2125, 22:10- 1 1322118, 10:46- 4 678 2126, 11:01 2 1372118. 16:38 3 111

II 1,8692/18, 17:07- II 3282/18, 20:37 2126, 11 :36 1 196

2126, 18:33 2 6712119, 08: 10- 4 792 3 5922/19, 13:116 II 795

2119, 111:42- 4 719 2126, 21:22- 1 2162119, 19:115 2127, 09:27 2 37

3 2002/20, 01:30- 4 317 4 1,7802/20. 04:42

2/27, 09:35 1 922/20, 15:25- 4 850 2/27, 18:43 2 732120, 21:05 3 36

4 1,3582121. 15:27- /I 5102122. 01:20 2/27, 21:011":" 1 100

2/28, 08:38 2 302122, 11:01- II 9110 3 372122, 23:03 II 1,1195

probability density functions of pulse width; however, these are not shown

since they convey the same information as the cumulative distributions and the

latter enable one to determine the median values more readily.

Appendix C contains cumulative probability distributions of the pulse

width rate-of-change. Each individual rate-of-change was computed as the

difference between the pulse width of an impulse function and the pulse width

of the previous (1 second earlier) impulse. As with the pulse width data,

probability density functions can be developed, but the cumulative

distributions have proven to be more useful.

After the above analyses were completed, it seemed appropriate to examine

the values of 20- and pulse width rate-of-change over smaller time blocks for

the period February 24-28. Therefore, these analyses were also performed for

time blocks of approximately 1 to 4 hours over· this period. In addition,

certain analyses were performed over selected time blocks as deemed

appropriate. The results of these analyses and further discussion of the probe

data are presented in Section 6.

5.2 RSL Data

For the reasons given at the beginning of Section 5.1, the RSL data, like

the probe data, were analyzed on a tape-by-tape basis. Although the RSL was

monitored in both channels of the probe as well as in the four troporeceivers,

only the latter have been systematically analyzed, since they, rather than the

probe RSLs, are relevant to the performance of the radio system.

Both channels of the probe were calibrated in 5 dBm increments from

-30 dBm to -110 dBm (noise) at the beginning of the test program by injecting

known IF signal levels into the probe receiver. GTE personnel conductedRSL

calibrations of the tropo receivers on a daily basis, which indicated that no

significant drift of the calibrations or deviation from linearity occurred over

the 2-week period during which ITS collected data. The tropo receivers were

calibrated at power levels of -60 dBm, -80 dBm, and noise (approximately

-100 dBm); calibration data were collected by ITS at the beginning of the test.

Appendix D contains cumulative proba.bility distributions of RSL for the

four tropo receivers on a tape-by-tape basis for test configuration 4 for all

of the tapes. In addition, RSL distributions are presented for test

20

configurations 1, 2, and 3 for the last 10 tapes. The results are discussed in

Section 6.

5.3 Spectral Data

Signal spectra from tropo receivers 1 and 4 were collected once per second

using two commercial spectrum analyzers. Although the data processing software

enables time averaged spectra to. be computed, we have not developed soft,ware

that would enable quantitative computat~ons of spectral distortion, due to the

fact that the characterization of spectral distortion is not straightforward

ahd lies outside the scope of the present project. For this reason, the

spectral data have not been systematically analyzed. However, it is

interesting to observe the qualitative effects of propagation on the signal

spectra. Figure 6 shows averages of 100 spectra of the PN channel probe signal

with horizontal and yertical polarization during periods that are identified in

Section 6 asperiod~of·relatively good and relatively poor radio performance.

No axes are shown in the figure; however, for a 10 Mbps QPSK signal the null­

to-null width of the central spectral lobe is 20 MHz. Note that the sharp

sidelobe structure that is present during favorable propagation conditions is

almost entirely absent during conditions of poor performance.

5.4 Digital Performance Data

The'; digital performance data were processed by computing cumulative

probability distributions of I-second bit error rates (BER) for test

configurations 1, 2, and 3. As explained above, no performance data were

provided during test configuration 4 because the PN probe signal was

transmitted over both diversity p~irs. In calculating BER distributions, it is

important that error-free seconds as well as errored seconds be taken into

account. Since data were recorded only for those 5-second time blocks during

which at least one bit error occurred, all seconds for which no data were

recorded must be treated as error-free. For this reason, the BERdistributions

could only be computed overtime blocks during which the radio system was

continuously running, since periods of time during which the system was down

(due to equipment failures and/or RSL calibrations) would otherwise be treated

as error-free. As it turned out, the system was running continuously during

21

---_ .. -----

b b

Figure 6. Signal spectra: Averages of 100 spectra of the PN channel probesignal. Left: (a) horizontal polarization and (b) verticalpolarization during a period of poor propagation conditions.Right: (a) horizontal polarization and (b) vertical polarizationduring a period of good propagation conditions.

22

the time blocks spanned by some of the, tapes. HQwev,er, other tapes h..;l.d ,t;o,~

spli~into, as many as, three time blocks.

Appendix ,E contains the cumulative probability distributi<;>ns of 1.,second,- --' '. ',.. .' ", c: _- :"". . ',~

BERs for test, configurations l, 2 "and 3 over .time blocks dtJ,r~ng w;hic};l the

system was continuously running. Each plot includes the start and end times

for the analysis and the test configuration number (referred to as the mode

number) . Since transitions froJY./ one test configurat,ion to another sometimes

occu,rred <iurlng error-free periods. when no da1:;liwere ,r~corded, the, l.,se~ond

interva1s within each such time period could not be unambiguously, asso<;iated

with a particu1a:rtest cpnfig:uration. These time periods were therefore

excluded ,fr:om the analyses,. and the .number of such sec.onds divid~d by. tllet,~tal_

number of secondsQ,'ver which an analysis was performed is indicated in each

pl<;>t, as . the ','nebul,osity ," expressed q,S a percentage. . ,:!-,henebulps;ty can

therefore l:>e·viewedas an uncertainty i,n the calculated BEE. ,distrib:ution, and

is typically a few percent.

The upper and lower limits ofBERJn the plots wer.egeterlllined by the bit, . -. ~., " ' .

rate of the Tl· bank, (1. 544 Mbps) whose performance ;was monitore4. Since

one bit error is the small-est number of; bi,t error~ ,that. gaIl. oycur .in anyt:i,me

interval, the smallest l:-second BER that could be measured wa~ 1/~1.544~~06),

or: 6 ..48xlO-7 ." On the other hand, the Tau Troninstrumen,ts,sat:urat,e ,at.- ~, " .

105 bit errors. Therefore, the largest .i-second BERthat coul<i bem~a~ured wa~

10.5/(1.544x106); or 6.48xlO- 2 . , ..' ~.:

5.5 Meteorological Data

The. meteorological data consist of ,radiosonde messages that include values

of atmQspheric temperature, pressure, and dew point departure at various

heights. These data can be used to compute the atmospheric refractive index

using,the Smith-Weintraub relation (Smith and Weintraub, 1953), which expresses

the refractive index in terms of temperature, pressure, ,and water vapor

content. The radiosonde data were" used to develop profiles of temperature,

relative humidity, and index of refraction. TIle results have been comp~led in

Appendix F.

Each· plot ·is labeled by time and date and by the radiosonde launc,h site

(Hannover, Lindenberg, or Berlin), Also, the elevations of the two ends of the

link (Berlin and Bocksberg)' are shown on the plots.

23

In addi tion to the

profiles of temperature, 'relative humidity, 'and refractivity (measured in

N-units), each plot shows two other profiles labeled as "normal" and ftducting. it

These latter two profiles illustrate the refractivity gradients that correspond

to a normal atmosphere (-40 N-units/km) and to ducting conditions ( -157 N­

units!km).

6. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

In this section the results of the data analyses are summarized and

discussed. Emphasis has been placed on the relationships between propaga.tion·

parameters and radio performance. Then the measured values of delay spread are

compared with theoretical values derived by applying ray theory to the Berlin­

Bocksberg path profile. This analysis indicates that the measured values of

delay spread are often larger than theoretical expectations and provides

additional insight into the effects of propagation on radio performance.

6.1 SU1lllll8IY of Propagation and Performance Data

For ease of presentatioIl, the results of the data analyses in Appendix,esc>A

thrQugh E have been summarized in graphical form. Figures 7-16 each contain

two set~ of line plots; the upper and lower plots in each figure correspond to

propag~tion and performance data, respectively. The performance (BER) data is

discussed below; here we wish to focus attention on the propagation data.

Fig\,lre 7 shows a line plot of 2a versus time on a tape-by-t;ape basis for

test configuration 4. The values of 2a were obtained from the plots in

Appendix A; the number of samples used to compute each value is five times the

number>'of 5-second records listed in Table 4. The value for each tape is

plotted at the time that corresponds to the Center of the time block for that

tape.

The 2a values for receiver 4 (vertical polarization) vary from

approximately 90 ns to 140 ns, with the exception of the value on February 23

(170 ns), which corresponds to the unusual impulse functions that were

mentioned in Section 5.1. For receiver 1 (horizontal polariiation), the

2a values are somewhat larger, varying from approximately 140 ns to 180 ns.

When interpreting delay spread measurements, it should be recognized that

the measured impulse response is actually the convolution of the impulse

response of the transmission channel with the impulse response of the PN probe

24

1Il0E 4 -RlI

·_·-Rl4

$ 160

'"3 140~

~ lZO

100

SO

. /' ~ ~/-.\~ ,.--/ -- -------- ----- '.____ /""'" __-------------- \\ 140[ ----._----_.,/; ----? ~"'------------'-----------"'''' J ..........._ ... - ..... - ......------- • ---------- 100'

It' I

14 15 ' 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 'FE8RUARY 1986

8IT ERROR RATIO (p. 0.9)

10.2

IIlOE 1 --1Il0E 2 ----

10'3I,

I ,IIlOE 3 _._- 10.4, ,

lJ\ \\ 10.51/ , \

t· \\ 10-6

10.7

26 27 28252423

r­, \

:." \;,..;.~\ 1/ "\'\

" ,'1 "' \../'·,\:i \. \/ ','" \ "../" . .~ ' ....,

22212019

"" ,, ,-" "-----" "............. --- -- ", ,

_ ...... \ f'.-.-.-' ......~ I\ .....

I,.... ' I ...

"

18171615

- ... ..,,'---- -- \ '\ i"

.. f..... l I

.......... i ._._._\\ "....../ ;. '", "., ,

" '

-.".

14

10.2

N 10-3\J1

10.4

~

~ 10-5

10-6

10'7

FEBRUARY 1986

Figure 7. Values of 20 and BER, February 14-28, 1986.

HOO[4 RXI

-----------.r- ~ __ HIN

1000

900

800

_700c

~ 600

;' 500~

~ tOO

300

200

100

HAX

HEOIAN

14 15 16

FEBRUARY 1986

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25" 26 27 28

N0'\

BIT ERROR RATIO (p. 0.9)

10.2

HOOE 1....",, ,

...., "... ~-~~ . '-------\ , '.,,"

, I.-..... , I'._.-.- ......\:

'\.

--".... ' I "

"-- .. ..,,~---- - ,,' ,\ ,I ,

/ ......_._._\\ I..... • • , I

........ I ", I.....,; i ','

-- "" ( " 10.3

...... \ ' \ '\ II)OE 2· ----

:r" \ / " HOOE 3 _.-. 10-4

/. "''' /" \,.' \\ !i " '. 10-5

,1 .\ J ',' 6'. .\ 10·

I I I I I I I I I , I I I I I I 10.7

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

10-2

10- 3

10-4

~

~ 10. 5

10-6

10-7

rEBRUARY 19B6

Figure 8. Pulse width, receiver 1 and BER, February 14-28, 1986,

MODE 4 R X 4

'~1 ----------------- IlAX

900

800

700

600

SIlO~ l ~--- --- ~ ....... ./ "- ~ "- HEOIAN

~400

300 ~I

------- "- ---- "'"~HIH

~

~ 200

100I

I I I14 I IS 16 17 lB 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 2B

FEBRUARY 1986

tv'-I

BIT ERROA RATIO (p. 0.9)

10.2

HOOE 1 --HOOE 2 --,_. 10.3

HOOE 3 -'-', 10.4

10·S

10.6

10.727 2B26

"/ \

: \ /\, \ / \

: (''''\ " ll''. \I .• II '\

,~i /'....'.\;. "\

2S• 2423

',"'-\:!-... \

"" ...., 1/ \ \" ,'1 \ \/"', \ /i \. '.

./" ',~' \~,~/ ~ ....

zz21

j .... , .....- ,I" .'_.,_...... , f0_.- .......\'

.... I\'.

2019

"/ ,/ ,

/ ,---- '-------\

lB

. .-.,/\ I ......

;' "v" /\ ' .;"

i

1716

--. /------ " /',.., \ "",,,,,'" "\ "

. i..... \ ''-'. i ----\\ "

....., ,',,'." I\ ',I

IS

FEBRUARY 1986

14

10.2~I --

10.3

10.4 t ........

5 10-5

10-6

10.7

Figure 9. Pulse width, receiver 4 and BER, February 14-28, 1986.

MODE 4

R , 1R 1 4 • _

"

MOOE 4

MODE 4

-RXl "

,'" ---- R X 4 I' "-.RXl :' ". I' "---- R 1 4 ,"'.. '- , ,

/r--_,.. ./\. ,,/.,/ "__ '" ....._ .-. '_"'" :"," .. " ..., ',,'

~ 100 \~ , J. ,,' ~ ,.-

~ . ' ,.' '. ,_ .J . /

:s .' "I

~ 50 t . ./ / -/

I I I ~ 114 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 I 23 I I I I I I

fE8RUARY 1986 24 25 26 27 28

200

c

: 150

!o

NCO

BIT ERROR RATIO (p. 0.9)

- ...-... .",'- .--- --\

\ "l.... \ I• , __ ",-__,\ I

'. ! \ \ 1

.....1 \ " "., 1

" '

10.2

MODE I -MODE 2 ____ 10-3

MOOE 3 ..,.--- \0-4

10.5

10-6

10.7

27 2826

,I1 I, ,

I \ 1\, / \, \ I \,r". \ 1/\ \

'i'. \ I/" ',"I. \' L" . \1/ /'.....V '.~

252423

r-','.\ \

..........\ /.' \ \\ // ,,"

/''''',\,Ii \. \./" .,~' '. ' ....

"./ ). ....

22212019

"" ,, ,_/ ....

-- ./". '-------, J' ..../ .... \ ' .... //", \'

......". A. ...... _._._._............', ,I

" I\).

lB

"... ' I "

'I

17161514

10-2

10-3

10.4

«~ 10.5

10.6

10-7

FEBRUARY 1986

Figure 10. Pulse width rate of phange and BER, February 14-28, 1986.

-40

-50

-60-J5 -70"g-...J -80V')a:

-90

-100

-11024 25 6

1,''1';'

F~BBUA~Y 1986

~R Xl...,,...., R X ~

--~ X ~:1

"'--- R Xf

MPO~ J ~MODE ~ .... '!'" .... -

, i

::'

MOD~i ~ ..."", ........, \

AI \, ,

, \ I,, I ,t , ...... \ I,I' \" l/\ \~/ \\ i' ,,'\

(,f '\ (l '-.\

25 26FE~RUARV 1~8~

Figure 11. Received signal 1eve,t (me~ian~), r~ceiver~ 1 ~hrou~h 4 ~r4 ~~~lFebruary 24-28, 1989.

29

=fIIOOE 4 RSl R X 1

~ /\ ;;:----; :IAN-so

~

! -70

~~ -80u

-90

-lOll

-110I I , I , I ,

W 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 280 FEBRUARY 1986

lIT £JIOII RATIO (p. 0.9)

'";" \, \

//\ \II '\'. . \

'.\

,... 4JI#' ....", ....."........ \

,,~, ..., ...'-- . "/'. -- -----," '. "'. ./. '. \

..../ /\. '._._.-.-........'.' ."'I\....

" ,--- '......... ' - - " I ".'. ~ '. "", " "-

...... f..... ' I......... i ._._-\\ ".~ ,",,'

.... I'. """"'. I

10.2

IlOO( 1 -.IlOO( 2 10.3

IlOO( ~ _._. 10-4

10.5

10.6

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 10.714 15 16 17 11 19 ZO 21 ZZ ZJ 24 25 26 Z7 ZI

f(JllUAIYl_

10.2

10.3

10-4

'"'= 10-5

101

10.7

Figure 12. Received signal level, receiver 1 and BER, February 14-28, 1986.

I()OE4 RX4-30

-40

-SO

I-60~ -70

-80

-90

-100

., -110

W/-'

14 15 16

FEBRUARY 1986

17 18 19 20 21 l2 23 24 25 26

, MAx

I I I27 Z8

lIT ERIIllR RATIO (p. 0.9)

10·l

IlllllEl --

/\ IIlO[ 1 10.3

I \iI', \ IlOIlE 3 _._. 10....

II \'. '- \"\ 10-5

10-'

Z5 l' l7 10.7

zal4ZJ

" .." .....,, ......... ,..... ..... ", \

zz21zo19II

"... ' , ,'I

",",, ,,. ,--,- /." '-------,

/\v.(\'...·.... ·.......... ///\'""" _._._.....~\I .... / ._. ...., ,.. .... ,//\ ~

17l'15

mRUART 1916

~" ,---- --, ,-"'-~' '\ "

...... ,....._._-\\ ,..... • • , I

...... I ", I

.........,. \ ','

14

10·l

10-3

10"

'"=-: lQ-5

10"

10-7

Figure 13. Received signal level, receiver 4 and BER, Pebruary 14-28, 1986.

170

160

150

140

1301/1c:- 120b

N

110

100

90

80

MODE 4 2 (j

R X 1 --

R X 4 ----

"' .... __ ~\ I

1 I \ l'~ I I \\

\ .--' \ \ ..~/ \ I \. /' , ........

\ ~/ ' \ I '" J \ \ I \.

~ ... '" ,,! ,: \ '\__ I \1 \ /' .../

- J V

24 25 26FEBRUARY 1986

27 28

28

MODE 1

MODE 2

MODE 3

27

1\/ \, \

,\ /\,\ / \

I r'\ \ I \I' \ \ //\ \,/ .\ I? " \

,I \\ .t· . \. \ I' '.\

25 26FEBRUARY 1986

24

r­, \, A. \I i'\ \

'.I \ "'I . \I \,. . \

,I \ \I • \, \ ". .....

~ ...........

10-5

10-6

10-7 J.-~ +- -+------+-------+------t

Figure 14. Values of 20 and BER, February 24-28, 1986.

32

200

.......Vl

:--... 150Vlc::

wc.!Jz:e:(:J::U

lJ...0 100wl-e:(0:

:J::I-0......:3

W 50V)

-I=>0..

--,r'", \, \, ,, ', \

I \ .... -,"', :I \J

I'I \

I \,\ I \I \ II \ '

,I \ ", I \ ," \1

MODE 4 R X 1

R X 4

, ....," ',,4\

\\ ,

\\\\.

24 25 26

FEBRUARY 198627 28

Figure 15. Pulse width rate of change and HER, February 24-28, 1986.

33

250.1II t --R X 1

I I 1\I I

"----- R X 2

Vl I ,........ , IVl I I \l:: 200 ,

II--- {,

I"lLJ , \

"(,!) IZ ,

JI I I

c.:: I I I I I:c ( ,U I I I

" I II

Il.L. Ia

,I I

\ I150 '~ I- I

lLJ Il-

I I

"

,c.:: \ , I ~

0::: I I " I:c I , I' Il- I I ICl

,I...... I

I I \3: I

I I I /, ,lLJ 100 I /Vl

, ,..J

, I I II:;) , , , , I

Cl.. \ I\ , I /

\~I II III

50

'---t---------If--------ll-- _ t------I---------t24 25 26

FEBRUARY 198627 28

10-2 r-, \I~ \ A MODE 1

10-3 , I \ / ,,,'\, I \MODE 2,. \ I \ /\or::: \......

10-4 I . \ , \ I \. co I \ \I r'\ \ / \ MODE 3

'i " \ I· \ \ //, \

10-5 " . \ , I . \ /. . \, \ '" . \ \ II" \

,I .\ /.. . \

10-6 . " t1~ "- ' \ '.\"

10- 724 25 26 27 28

FEBRUARY 1986

Figure 16. Pulse width rate of change, Mode 2 and BER, February 24-28, 1986.

34

used to make the measurement. The probe response is the autocorrelation

function of the PN code, which is a triangular pulse whose base width is equal

to twoPN bit times (200Ils for a 10 Mbps clock rate) . The power impulse

response of the probe is, therefore, the square of the PN autocorrelation

function. It is straightforward to calculate 2a (twice the standard deviation)

for such a pulse: the result is 63.2 ns. Thus, a nondispersive channel would'

have a measured 2a equal to 63.2 ns.

If one iittributes the multipath dispersion of the transmission channel to

the difference between the measured 2aand the value of 2a that would be

measured for a nondispersive channel (63.2 ns), the results presented herein

imply multipath dispersions that vary from less than 30 ns to greater than

100 ns. Expressed in terms of the syinbol time T (200 ns), 2a/T' varies from

approxima:tely 0.15 to 0.5 . From this point of view, the curves in Figure 1

that· show BER versus 2a/T for the MD-9l8 imply that' the median values of

multipath dispersion encountered on the Berlin-Bocksberg link are well within

the dynamic range of adaptive equalizers in the modem.

Figures 8 and 9 contain line plots of the pulse widths for receivers 1 and

4," respectively, for test configuration 4. Each figure shows three, plots of

pulse 'width, which correspond to the minimum, median, and maximum values, of

pulse width; obtained from the distributions in Appendix B. Although' the

maximum pUlse widths are greater (by approximately 50 ns) for receiver 4

(vertidll polarization), the median and minimum pulse widths are' greater (by

approximately 50 ns) for receiver 1 (horizontal polarization).

Lin~ plots of the median pulse width rates-of-change for receivers 1 and 4

(test configuration 4) are shown in Figure 10. The median values were obtained

from' the 'cUmulative distributions in Appendix C and require some explanation.

The distributions have odd symmetry about zero rate-of-change, and, therefore,

the median values are also zero. In order to parameterize the pulse widthi

dynamics, the values corresponding to a 'cumulative probability of O. 75 are

plotted in the figures. Due to the symmetry of the distributions, these values

are ac'tually the medians of the absolute value of the pulse width

rate-of-change.

The median rates-of-change vary from approximately 20 ns/sto 200 ns/s and

are greater for receiver 4. In view of the fact that median pulse widths are

35

typically on the order of 400 ns, these results indicate that the troposcatter

channel is dynamic over time scales on the order of or less than 1 second.

Figure 11 shows plots of the median RSLs (obtained from the distributions

in Appendix D) for receivers 1-4 (test configuration 4) for the period

February 24-28. The trends are similar in all four plots. However, receiver 1

had the highest RSLs. Receiver 2 was down from 1 by approximately 1 dB,

receiver 3 was down from 1 by approximately 9 dB, and receiver 4 was down from

1 by approximately 5 dB. Thus, the horizontally polarized diversity pair

(receivers 1 and 2) had, on the average, approximately 7 dB greater RSL than

did the vertically polarized diversity pair.

Figures 12 and 13 show RSL plots for receivers 1 and 4, respectively, for

the period February 14-28 (test configuration 4). Each figure has three RSL

plots, corresponding to the minimum, median, and maximum values of RSLobtained

from the cumulative distributions in Appendix D. Although RSL has not been

converted to path loss, the median RSLs vary from approximately -45 dBm to

-90 dBm, corresponding to a 45 dB variation in path loss.

The BER data for all three diversity combinations are summarized in the

lower potions of Figures 7 -16. The values that are plotted correspond to a

probability of 0.9 in the distributions in Appendix E. A probability of 0.9

was chosen rather than 0.5 (corresponding to the median value) because the

median value was often less than the measurement resolution (6.48x10-7 ).

As expected, the quadruple diversity had lower BERs thanefther of the

dual diversity configurations. However, the vertically polarized diversity

pair consistently had higher BERs than the horizontally polarized diversity

pair. Thus, the horizontal diversity pair had higher RSLs, larger delay

spreads, and lower BERs than the vertical diversity. Since a higher RSL is

expected to improve performance, whereas a larger delay spread is expected to

degrade performance, it appears that the differences in RSL (between the two

diversities) influenced performance mOI,'e strongly than differences in delay

spread.

Furthermore, comparing the BER data with the delay spread results in

Figures 7-9 and the RSL data in Figures 11-13 indicates that within a given

channel, variations in RSL correlate with performance more closely than

variations in delay spread. For example, the periods of good performance on

the mornings of February 17, 24, 25, and 26 are accompanied by corresponding

36

rises in RSL, whereas the 2a and pulse width values ,are not partic1-l1at:1Y;~Il\~11

at these, times (with' the exception of the 2a values, on th~lJ).orn~ng,,:of;

February 17). Also, the exceptionally large ,delay spreads on Fel>r~ary,:2~'140,

not corre:spond to particularly poor performance. However, it sq9u1d" be

recognized that the adaptive equalization in the MD-918 is designed to

compensate ,for mu1tipath dispersion, which is consistent with the observation.

that delay ;spread and performance are not well ,correlated.

, On the other hand, the gross variations in the pulse width rates:.,ofOichange-: ;

in Fitgure 10 appear to track the variations in BER. The fact that the 'rates­

of-change were generally greater for receiver 4 (higher BERs) thapfor

receiver 1 (lower BERs) corroborates the view that greater rates-of-change are

associated with higher BERs.

In order to investigate the variations in delay spread with finer time

resolution, values of 2a and pulse widthrates-of-change were computed for the

period February 24-28 using time blocks of 1 to 4 hours. The results are shown

iriFigures 14 and 15. Although the 2avalues do not appear to correlate well•

wi!th 'performance, the gross variations in the pulse width rate.s- of- change

appear ,to: track the variations in BER over this period. This trend can" also be

seen in; Figure 16, which shows the pulse width rates-of-change for the :sam~

tiline' blocks. a~ the' previous two figures,· but for testcOl}figuration 2 't

(receivers! and 2, both horizontal polarization). Note that the peaks in the;

rates-of'-change are larger for test configuration 2 than for 4. This further

supports the idea that' greater rates-of-change correspond to higher BER, since!

in test configuration 2 delay spread data were collected only, during those

5-'sec'ond' blocks thatcont:ained errored seconds, whereas data were ~ollect~d

continuously'in ,tes,t configuration 4.

'The, meteorological profiles in Appendix F have been examined for features

that correlate with periods ,of good and poor performance; however, no obvious

trends have been no:ted. The surface refractivity showed little variation

during the period February 14-28, and was closE~ to 310 N-units. T:his value is

consistent with other refractivity ,measurements in continental, temperate

climates during the winter:season (Bean et 'a1., 1966; CCIR, 197~D.

The refractivity gradients were generally close to that of a standard

atmosphere (-40 N-units/km), with a tendency to be slightly, subrefractive

(smaller gradients): Occasional discontinuities in the refractivity ,gradient

37

(indicating the presence of atmospheric layers) appear in the refractivity

profiles, artd are often accompanied by temperature inversions. However, these

inversions and/or layers do not appear to correlate· in any obvious way with

periods of good or poor performance. Similarly, no unusual features are

apparent in the profiles during periods of unusually large or small delay

spread.

It should be recognized that the radiosonde data are rather sparse; in

tact, adjacent data points in the profiles are often separated by several

hundred meters. Thus, the presence of thin reflecting/refracting layers would

not generally appear in the profiles. Moreover, seasonal variations in

refractivity could not be observed over the two week period during which data

were collected.

6.2 Comparison of Heasured and Theoretical Values of

Delay Spread

The values of delay spread reported herein are comparable to those found

by previous measurements over other troposcatter paths. For example, Sherwood

and Suyemoto (1977) reported values of 2u which varied from 50 ns to 370 ns

with a mean of 180 ns, and Hubbard (1983, op. cit.), who reported values of

pulse width measured with the PN channel probe, found values ranging from less

than 200 ns to greater than 1 JLS. However, Sherwood and Suyemoto pointed out

that their measured values of 2u were somewhat larger than those predicted by

the Bello (1969) channel model when standard input assumptions were made.

The Bello model, and variations of it, use turbulent scattering thepry to

compute the differential scattering cross section in the common volume, thereby

determining the amount of scattered energy received from each point in the

common volume. Ray tracing is then used to compute the relative delay times

from each point in the common volume and the power impulse function is

developed by integrating the received power over the common volume for each

value of delay time. The delay spread can therefore be estimated by

calculating the spread in arrival times of rays propagating from the

transmitter to the receiver via scattering in the common volume.

The location of the common volume for the Ber1in-Bocksberg link is

illustrated with the path profile in Figure 2. The upper two rays correspond

to the half-power beamwidths of the antenna patterns and the lower two rays

38

correspond to the antenna boresites. The common volume is the region enclosed

by these rays. The take-off angles of the rays were determined by positioning

the boresites on the radio horizons. For 30-foot antennas operating in the

4.5-5.0 GHz band, the half-power beamwidths are approximately 0.5 degrees. The

rays corresponding to the half-power beamwidths therefore have take-off angles

0.25 degrees above boresite. Using this construction, the positions of the

extremities of the common volume can be obtained directly from the path profile

in terms of elevation above sea level and lateral distance along the path.

The path lengths for the various rays were then calculated using the

construction shown in Figure 17. The ray paths are assumed to be straight

lines over an earth of effective radius Re . For a standard atmosphere,

Re = 8497 km. The angle ~ for a point in the common volume can be expressed in

terms of its lateral distance dc along the path as ~ = dc/Reo . Applying the law

of sines to the triangle in Figure 17 implies that the ray path length de is

given by

dO (Re+h)sin~ /cos(O-~),

where h is the antenna elevation and 0 is the ray take-off angle measured

downward from the horizontal.

It was found that the path length difference for rays propagating through

the highest and lowest points in the common volume is only 1 til, implying a

delay spread of only several ns. For the rays propagating through the

two lateral extremes of the common volume (in the plane of the propagation

path), the path length difference is 6 m, which translates into a delay spread

of approximately 20 ns. Of course, this calculation does not take into account

the lateral extent of the common volume transverse to the propagation path.

However, it is easy to show that the delay spread due to lateral spreading of

the beams is comparable to that due to spreading in the vertical dimension

(~ 1 ns). Thus, for pure troposcatter propagation one expects a measured value

of 2a which is approximately 20 ns greater than that measured for a

nondispersive channel (63.2 ns), or approximately 85 ns.

This was occasionally observed for vertical polarization, in which case

the power impulse function consisted of a sYmmetric peak with very little

distortion in either the leading or trailing edges. The fact that much larger

39

-----------------

COMMONVOLUME

\-.,.-,.-..

Figure 17. Geometry for path-length calculation.

40

values of 20- were measured when shoulders appeared on the leading and/or

trailing edges of· the impulse functions suggests that these feature/:! were due

to non-troposcatter Inodes of propagation. However, the ray tracing

calculations discussed above imply that diffraction, foreground effects (if any

are present), and/or reflections from atmospheric layers generate small

(~ 1 ns) contributions to delay spread, to be compared to discrepancies of. tens

of nanoseconds ~ .

If the large delay spreads are not attributed to nontroposcatter modes of

propagation,then a possible explanation is that fluctuations in the refractive

index structure caUse the ray paths to deviate from the straight lines. shown in

Figures 2 arid 17, so that the common volume is substantially larger than that

suggested by the naive ray tracing calculations discussed above. A second

possibility is that fluctuations in channel conditions cause the time of

arrival of signal energy to vary by tens of nanoseconds over the time interval

during which the impulse response is measured. If this is the case, then the

troposcad:er channel is dynamic over time scales on the order of several

milliseconds.

The question remains as to why the horizontally polarized diversi~y pair

consistently had larger delay spreads and higher RSLs than the .vertically

polarized diversity pair. It was pointed out in Section 5 that several

hardware" problems with the radio system were discovered and fixed after the.

data discussed herein were obtained. Also, the horizontally arid vertically

polarized signals were transmitted from different antennas at Bocksberg.

7. CONCLUSIONS

The primary'objective of this work, to obtain delay spread measul;'ements in

c6njunction with digital performance data over the Berlin-Bo.cksberg tropo link,

has been met. The PN channel probe proved to be quite valuable for this

purpose; various propagation modes can readily be discerned from the impulse

response data and dynamic changes in the transmission channel can be observed

and analyzed.

The values of' delay spread that were obtained over this link are

comparable to those obtained from previous measurements over other troposcatter

paths and are often larger than the value expected for pure troposcatter

propagation. In particular, the values of the two-sided rms width of the power

41

impulse function, 20-, varied from less than 90 ns to 180ns, to be compared

with a value of· approximately 85 ns expected for pure troposcatter propagation.

Ray tracing calculations suggest that the unexpectedly large values of delay

spread are due to fluctuations in the refractive index structure over the link,

although this could not be verified from the radiosonde data that were

collected.

The variety of data that were collecteq result in a large number of

possible analyses, not all of which were performed due to time and budget

constraints. For example, scatter· plots and correlation coefficients between

propagation and performance data were not generated. However, the analyses

that were performed illustrate the trends and gross relationships in the data.

Variations in performance appeared to correlate well with variations in RSL, as

expected. Delay spread did not correlate well with performance, which implies

that the multipath dispersion encountered over the Berlin-Bocksberg link is

within the dynamic range of the adaptive equalization of the MD-918.

It was also observed that channel dynamics is related to radio

performance; in particular, periods of relatively poor performance were

accompanied by large values (greater than 150 ns/s) of the pulse width rate-of­

change. This indicates that the troposcatter channel is dynamic over time

scales on the order of or less than I second and portends the need to take into

account channel dynamics in the design of adaptive equali:?;ation techniques.

Suchan approach could greatly enhance the capability to combat the effects of

multipath dispersion on digital transmission systems.

8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to acknowledge R. W. Hubbard for his many contributions

and helpful suggestions throughout the course of this work. They also wish to

acknowledge the contributions of L.E. Pratt in developing the hardware for the

channel probe; E.M. Gray for her assistance in preparing the figures and

appendixes; S. Bernal for manuscript preparation; GTE personnel for their

cooperation during the test and acceptance program; and helpful discussions

with W. Cybrowski, J.A. Hoffmeyer, G.A. Hufford, and S. Matsuura. This work

was supported by the U.S. Army.

42

9. REFERENCES

Anderson, C.W., S. Barber, and R. Patel (1978), The effect of selective fadingondig~tal ra.dio, International Commun. Conf., Toronto, Canada, June.

Barnett, W. i. (1978), Measured performance of a high capacity 9 GJiz di'gitalradio system, International Commun. Conf., Toronto, Canada, June.

Barrow, B.B., F.G. Abraham, W.M. Cowan Jr., and R.M. Gallant (1969), Indirectatmospheric measurements utilizing RAKE troposcatter techniques, Proc.IEEE 57, April, pp. 537-551.

Bean, B.R., B.A. Cahoon, C.A. Samson, and G.D. Thayer (1966), A World Atlas ofAtmospheric Radio Refractivity, ESSA Monograph I, (NTIS Order No.AD 648-805).

Bello, P .A. (1969), A troposcatter channel model, IEEE Trans. Commun. Tech.COM-17, April, pp. 130-137.

CCIR (1978), Radiometeoro1ogical data, Report 563 -I, Vol. V, Propagation inNon-ionized Media, Recommendations and Reports of the CCIR, 1978,pp. 69-89.

Dougherty, H.T., and W.J. Hartman (1977), Performance of a 400 Mbit/s systemover a 1ine-of-sight path, IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-25, No.4, April,pp. 427-432.

Gadoury, J.B. (1983), Error performance characterization study of a digitaltroposcatter modern (MD-9l8/GRC), Final Tech. Report DCA100-82-C-0031,July.

Hoffmeyer, J.A., L.E. Pratt, and T.J. Riley (1986), Performance evaluation ofLOS microwave radios using a channel simulator, IEEE 1986 Military Commun.Conf., Monterey, CA, No. 4.3.

Hubbard, R.W. (1984), A review of atmospheric mu1tipath measurements and. digital system performance, NATO AGARD Conf. Proc. No. 363, PropagationInfluences on Digital Transmission Systems: Problems and Solutions,Athens, Greece, No. 10, June.

Linfield, R.F., R.W. Hubbard, and L.E. Pratt (1976), Transmission channelcharacterization by impulse response measurements, aT Report 76-96,August, (NTIS Order No. PB 258-577).

Price, R., and P.E. Green, Jr. (1958), A commun.ication technique for multipathchannels, Proc. IRE 46, March, pp. 555-570.

43

Sherwood, A., and L. Suyemoto (1977), Mu1tipath measurements over troposcatterpaths, USAF/ESD, Report No. ESD TR-77-252.

Smith, E.K., and S. Weintraub (1953), The constants in the equation foratmospheric refractive index at radio frequencies, Proc. IRE 41, August,pp. 1035-1037.

44 )

APPENDIX A

Average Power Impulse ~Inctions

45

ooo

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL 8lil..---.,------------- ---------

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 2:D

ID

NCDID

~NCDID,

~IDID

NCDID,

TIME

ooo

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL Alil~""'-------

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 2

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL Alil,-----=----:.....::::.::...:..::::.:......:::.::....::.:..::.;:.::.:::--...:::.:==-.2-----.

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 3

:DWID0'::JlllI-IDH

~:D ~~~ ~<eNwffi ~~, ~

58 a~o 0o

CD~ CD

~ ~'o-+.-"""'"--r----.,...---"--....----.-----+ N:+- -,- -, ..- ...,.... .....j

TIME200(. 400. d) 600. BOO. 1000. 'D. 200. 400. 600. 800. 1000.

nana-secon s TIME (nana-seconds)IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL B

-----------~START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 3~

IDWID

g~I-IDH

~:D~ID

<eN'"WID

~I

58 0~o 8

CD CD~ ~

lil,+.-!t.:..-_.,. -,~__--.,...---.,..--~_+ lil,+- -,-__..;..._ __....----..---------.-----l'D. 2()0. 400. 600. 800. 1000. 'a. 200. 4bo. 6bo. 800. 1 00.

TIME (nano-seconds) TIME (nano"'"secands)~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNa A ~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL 8lil.,...-----------S-T-A-R-T-T-I-ME--·--2/-1-4-15-:-5-6:-5-3--, lil ---- START TIME- 2/1-4-1-5-:5-6-:53

END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55 END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MOOE-4 ~ MODE-42SIGMA - 124.3 ns:g 2SIGMA - 124.6 ns

NCDID

:DWID

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~:D~ID

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58 8~o 0

CD '"~ ~o,+__..L.,. --,,::~__.,... -,- -+ ~+------r-----.----r----...,....---....j':'0. 00. O. 200. 400. 600. BOO. 1000.

TIME (nana-secands)IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL B

START TIME- 2/1-5-1-0-:-40-:-19-'~END TIME- 2/15 16: 17: 59MODE - 42SIGMA - 114.0 ns

~lDID

NCDID

CD~oN

~IDID

NCDIDI

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL Alil.,...----------·START TIME- 2/15 10: 40: 19

END TIME- 2/15 16: 17: 59MODE - 42SIGHA • 148.6 ns:D

WID

g~I-IDH

~:;;::l::lD<l:C\i

'"WID~I

sg g~o 0

CD CD..,. ..,.o 0N+---_--,------,----..-----,----i 7+------,------------,-----r----.,....----1'd. 200. 400. 600. 800. 1000. O. 200. 400. 600. BOO. 1000.

TIME ~ano-seconds) TIME ~ano-seconds)

46

1000.

1000.

START TIME- 2/15 16: 29: 20END TIME- 2/15 23: 49: 57MODE - 42SIGHA - 102.8 ns

START TIME- 2/16 16: 13: 34END TIME- 2/16 22: 48: 59MODE - 42SIGMA - 93.9 ns

START TIME- 2/16 10: 54: 15END TIME- 2/16 15: 55: 58

~g~~MA ~ 107.2 ns

IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL 8

2bo. 4bo: 6bo. 8bo.TIME (nano-seconds)

IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL 8

200. 400 . 600 . 800,TIME (nano-seconds)

IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL 8

rotoNCDto

~NCDto,oooCD.. ~---:il+ -,_-..,.__.,- --,,-_,-_.,- --j

'a. 200. 400. 600. 800. 1000.TIME ~ano-seconds)

000

CD..0N

.....totoNCDto

.....totoNCDto,00·0

CD..0N

1000. 'a.

CD..0N

.....totoNCDto

.....to~NCDto,000

CD..0N

1000. 'a.

CD..0N

ooo

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE. AVERAGE ~. CHANNEL Alil...-----....:..--

START TIME- 2/15 16: 29: 20END TIME- 2/15 23: 49: 57MODE - 42SIGMA - 150.5 ns

200 . 400. 600. 800.TIME (nano-seconds)

~ II:IPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHAN~EL Alil,------'--'------S-T~A-R-T-'-T-I-M-E--2-'-/-16-1-6:-1-3-:3·-4----,

END TIME- 2/16 22: "48: 59MODE - 42SIGMA - 145.1 ns

rowto0'::J~l-toH

iiro::::Eto<N

CDWtoUJIsg0.0

CD..o'i'o-t.----T----,-----,-----.-----i

200. 400.. 600. 800.TIME (nano-seconds)

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL Alil...----------'--ST-A-'-R-T~T-I-'-M-E--2-/-16-1-0:-5-4·-:-15---;

END TIME- 2/16 15: 55: 58MODE - 42SIGMA - 144.6 nsro

wto

§llil-toH

iiro::::Eto<N

CDWtoUJIsgf-----0.0

CD..oN+----...,------,-----r----,_-------j10.. ,

rowto

§llil-toH

iiro::::Eto<N

CDWtoUJ'

580.0

CD..oN+-----r--~-__,-----r----,_----i

'a. 200. 400. 600. 800. 1000.TIME ~ano-seconds)

.....totoNCDto,

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL 8:il.,----'--·--'------S~T-A-RT,-·-T-I-'-ME---2/~1-6--23-:-9:-5-51

END TIME- 2/17 11: 2: 57..... MODE - 4:g 2SIGHA - 96.8 ns

NCDto

~ . IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL Alil.,------------S-T-A~R-'-T-T-I-ME~.-2-/1-6-23-:-9-:5-5-'

END TIME- 2/17 11: 2: 57MODE - 42SIGMA - 144.7 ns

.....towto

§llil-toH

e[·ro::::Eto<N

CDWtoUJ'sg g0.0 0

CD CD

~ ~ f--'-~-

'i'0".----'-2'O-0-.----,4oro-.---6To-o-.---8rOO-.---l'000. 'i'0-t.----2T"00-.---4"'OrO-.---6TO-0-.---80r O-.----i1000 .

TIME (nano-seconds) TIME (nano-seconds)

47

1 00.

1000.

START TIME- 2/18 S: 54: 3600 TIIlE- 2/18 10: 40: 52MOllE - 42SIGMA - 108.0 n.

IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CIWI£L 8

2 O. 400. 6 O. 800.TIME (nana-seconds)

200. 40a. 600. 800.TIME ~ano-seconds)

IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL a-r--------

START TIME- 2/17 13: 25: 51END TIME- 2/17 2a: IS: 59MODE - 42SIGMA - 139.2 ns

000

<Ii..,0N

.....1.01.0

NlD1.0

.....1.01.0

NlD1.0,::>::>::>

Il...::>:\l

1000. 'a.

lD...0N

.....lSNlD1.0

.....1.01.0

NlD

'I'000

lD...0N

1 00. '0.20. 40. 600. 80.TIME (nano-seconds)

ooo

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL A1a-r------------S'-T-A-R-T-T-I-ME----'2-/1-7-13-:-2-5,-'5-1---'

END TIME- 2/17 20: IS: 59MODE - 42SIGMA - 170.4 ns

~ IMPULSE AESPOKSE AVERAGE - CtwNa. A~.,....---------------------,START TIME- 2/18 ~54:36

00 TIME- 2/18 10: 40: 52MODE - 42SIGMA - 151.6 nl

.....1.0

WI.O

§~1-1.0H

ctfD::£1.0<t N

lDWI.OUl'-'01-----irg

lD..,o':'a+.-----2rbo-.---4'b-0-.---sTb-a-.---aaro-.----i

TIME (nano-seconds)

raWI.O

§~1-1.0H

ctfD::£1.0<tN

lD

~'l'5g 1-----0.0

~

~-1----"""----'----"-----r'---_l'0.

IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHAhtlEL8

200. 400. 5 O. 800.TIME (nano-seconds)

1000.

1000.8 O.

START TIME- 2/18 17: 7: 59END TIME- 2/18 20: 35: 55MODE - 42SIGMA - 86.7 n.

START TIIlE- 2/18 10: 45: 58ENJ TIME- 2/18 16: 3S: 58MODE - 42SIGMA .. 106.4 n.

2 O. 400. 500.TIME ~ana-secands)

IMPULSE RESPONSE AVEAAGE - CHANNEL 8

lD...0N

.....1.01.0

NlD1.0

.....1.01.0

NlD

'I'000

lD...0N

'D.

ui...0N

......1.01.0

NlD1.0

.....IQ1.0

NlD1.0,000

lD...0N

1000. 'a.

~ IMPlJLSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL A~-r------------S-T-AR-T-TI-ME---2-/-18-1-0:-4-S:-5-8--'

ENJ TIME- 2/18 IS: 3S: 58MODE - 42SIGMA 146.6 n.

.....wlS§~1-1.0H

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5g'--'--­0.0

lD..,1a+-----,-----,----:1:-'"---:r::----i'a. 2 O. 400. 600. 800.

TIME (nana-seconds)

.....wlS§~1-1.0.....ctfD::£1.0<to

~,5gl-----0.0

lD...~,4----....,..-----,r-----,._----r---_l'a. 2 O. 400. 600.

TIME ~ana-secands)

~ IMPULSE AESPOHSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL A~-r----""::"'------:"--'--S-T-AR-T-TI-M-E---2-:/-18-17:-:-:-7:-:5:-9'

ENJ TIME- 2/18 20: 35: 55MODE - 42SIGMA - 149.4 n.

48

ooo

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL A1(l'.,..---------""---S-r-A-R-T-r-I-ME-.-2-/1-9-8-:-1-0:-5-2--

END TIME· 2/19 13: ....: 59NOOE .. 42SIGMA • 149.8 na

~ IIFULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL Are-.-----------------------,

START TIME· 2/19 1..: "2: 55EhD TIME· 2/19 19: "5: 1MODE" 42SIGMA • 144.8 na

go

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CIWlNEl. Sre,------------------..::.:..:.....----,

START TIME· 2/19 8: 10: 52ragE ..T~ME. 2/19 13: 44: 59

2SI6MA· 96.9 na

,,..w:Sg~t-IDH..J,..

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llif~g 0~o g

m m• •re+-----r----..,_---......----...-----l ~+----...,...---..,.----..,-----r----t'0. 200. 4 O. 600. BOO. 00. O. 200. 400. 600. BOO. ,1 00.

TIME (nano-seconds) TIME (nano-seconds)

,..w:Sg~t-IDH..J,..

!i::s<ni

llif~g 0~o g

m m• •ta ~+----"""-----'----""----"""T""--""--l'O-+;------,----..-----6rOO-.---S.,.0-0..;..---l1 00. '0. 200. 400. 600. BOO. 1 00.

TIME (nano-seconds)~ IMPlLSE RESPO~E· AVERAGE - ,CHAht£L:-Bre-.-----------'-----"''--------,

START TIME· 2/19 1..: ..2: 55EhD TIME· 2/19 19: ..5: 1MODE· ..2SIGMA· 99.7 na

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CIWIlEL Bre-.----""------"'--S-T-AR-r-T-I-ME-.--2/-2-0--1:-3-1:-..-,

EhD TIME· 2/20 ..: ..0: 58MODE ....2SIGMA· 98.6 na

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~l'il+-----,---""---,------:::r:----::r.:----:;i.

100. '0. . 2 O. "00. 600. S 0.1000..TIME (nano-seconds)

~ II4PULSE RESPONSE AVERAG!' - CIWI£L Bre-.----~:..--------:S-:T:':'AR::T:'-:-TI::ME=-."":2/:-:::20:-:-15::-·-:26:':'·"":2::3..,

EhD TII4I;· 2/20 21: 1: 51MOOE • ..2SIGMA • 105.4 na

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00 TIME;' 2/20 21: 1: 51MODE .. ..2SIGMA· 143.1 na

~ IMPIl.SE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CIWIEL Are-.----'-...:.;.~:..:.:.....:---S...;,T--AR-T-·--T:"IME-=-.-2"":/::"20::-:':'1:"":3--1-:c..:-1

EhD TIME· 2/20 4: ..0:5SMODE • ..2SIGMA • 144.8 na

IiiWIDg~t-IDH

~Iii::E:ID<ni

mWIDU),..J 0 1--'---- 0

~g gm ~l--__-

~+_---_r---.....,:-:-----::c---:r::----j re+-----..,------,:-:------:::r:----:r::----j70 . 200. 400. 600. BOO. 1000. '0. 200. "00. 600. SO. 1900 .TIME (nano-seconds) TIME (nano-seconds)

49

200. 4 O. 600.TIME (nano-seconds)

aa~

~ . IMPuLSE RESPONSE AVERAGE -CHANNEL B~....----'--'---------S-T-AR-T-TI-ME---2-:/2-1-15-:-2-7:-1-6--,

END TIME- 2/22 1: 19: 58MODE - 42SIGMA - 133.9 n8

go

~ II4PIA.SE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHAtH:L A~....--------------------,START TIME- 2/21 15: 27: 16

EN! TIME- 2/22 1: 19: 58MOllE - 42SIGMA - 154.8 n8

r;:;WUl

§~I-Ul.....~r;:;::EUl<.~

WUlUll

:5g~o

m~aN1-I----..,....----.----__r-----r----1'a. 200. 400. 600. 800. 1000.

TIME (nano-secon~s)

r;:;WUl

§~I-Ul.....~r;:; r;:;~~ Ul~ N

~f f5gl---- a~o g

m m~ ~

~+_---'T"---....---_r---__r----_l a'a. 2 O. 4 O. 1 00. '1"O-l.----2-r-O-.---4....0-.-----6rOO~.---8T'0-.----il 00.TIME (nanD-seconds) TIME (nanD-seconds)

~:T""----_I_MPlA.SE-_RE-SP-OHSE--A-VERA--GE---ClWl£L---A---, IIof'ULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CIWIEL BSTART TIME- 2/22 11: 1: 41 START TIME- 2/22 11: 1: 41EN! TIME- 2/22 23: 2: 59 EN! TIME- 2/22 23: 2: 59MOllE - 4 MOllE - 42SIGI4A - 157.6 n8 2SIGI4A - 140.5 n8

1 00

go

~I----

1 00. ~0+.---2.,...0-.---4rbo-.--·-:166C":0-.--aoo.--.TIME (nanD-seconds)

o.

IMPll.SE REsPoNsE AVERAGE - CHANNa A--_._-------- ._----START TIME- 2/23 !l: 51: 14EtIl TIME- 2/23 23: 32: IllIMOllE - 2

2bo. 460. 660';-TIME (nanD-seconds)

'a.

50

o 0o 0o 0

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL A ~ IMPULSE RESPO/ISE A~ERAGE - CHANNEL a

1000.a o.

START TIME- 2/23 23: 44: 55END TIME- 2/24 10: 25: 56MODE - 2

IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL a

-~o. 4bo. sbo.TIME (nano-seconds)

'"....oN

tolQ

N

'"lQ

tolQ

N

'"'l'

!:i! IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL Blil"'T"'"----- ---------.

START TIME- 2/23 23: 44: 55END TIME- 2/24 10: 25: 56MODE - 42SIGMA - 118.1 RS

ooo

'"....lil,+---,-...,.------,r----.,----,..-,---;'0. 200. 400; 6 o. aoo. 1 00.

TIME (nana-seconds)!:1 IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE ~ CHANNEL alil!..,...------·--~--~~-----~~----,

START TIME- 2/23 23: 44: 55END TIME- 2/24 10: 25: 56MnOE - 3

ooo

'"....lil

00. 'd.

~N:'T"'_~-,--=I~MP~UL:.:·:.:S::.E_RE..::.:..SP_O_N_S_E_A_V_ERA_G_E_-_C_HA--:NN-:-E:-L_A_~=-.,.,START TIME- 2/23 23: 44: 55 .END TIME- 2/24 10: 25: 56MODE - 2

'"....oN

to~~:::Ill!I-lQH

~to:::ElQ

<cJ'"WlQ

en'Sga.o

'"....lil+-.+-'"--+--"--,...---"T::----:r::-~~-:i'0. 200. 400. sao. aoo. 1000.

TIME (nano-seconds)

~.:,.;;."._;;."...,.....:I:.MP::.;UL:.:;:S::E:.:RE=SPD:.;·::.N:.:S::.E_A_V::.EA....A_G_E_-_C_HA_NN-:-E_L_10_._--,.,.,START TIME- 2/23 23: 44: 55END TIME- 2/24 10: 25: 56MODE - 3

toWlQ

§!1II-lQH...Jg;~<.

~~sga.o

'"....oNI+~--...,.-----,r-----',,----"""-'0. 200. 400. sao. aoo.

TIME (nano-seconds)

toWlQ

§!1II-lQH

~to ~

:::ElQ ~<. N

~: : ~ _. I~+----,---r.-----....--r---~ ;,+--~.,___..___r____'___1~'d. 2 O. 400. sao. aoo. 1000. o. 200. 400. sbo. abo. 1000.

TIME (nano-seconds) TIME (nano-seconds)

IMPULSE RESPl»lSE AVERAGE- CHANNEL A

START. TIME- 2/23. 23:~.. 4.: 55.·1EN) TIME- 2/24 10:25:56MOOE - 42SIGMA - 142.5 RS

51

O. 1 00.

TIME

START TIME- 2/24 22: <47: 1700 TIME- 2/25 16: 8: 157MODE - 42SISMA - 104.6 nl

TIME

~ IMPULSE AI1SPQljSE AV~GE - CIWlNEL Blil:-r-'--:-,----:-,--.,..'-'-".....-'-S-T-A'""RT--T-IME----2-/-2<4-1-1:....5-s:-·-1-'

END TIME- 2/2<4 18: 41: 59MOllE - 2

og~'---­

~0'-l.-----2.,.-0-.---"""'<4T"o-.------Soro-.'-----,-----i

TIME (nana-seconds)

IIfIll.SE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CIWlNEL B

oooIII...lil,+-----.---__..,..-__--..,..-__--r----;·0.

ooo

~ IMPULSE REsPONSE AVERAGE - CIWIlEL Blil:-r·----:..-----'---'---"--~--"-___,

START TIME- 2/24 U: 56: 1END TIME- 2/24 18: <41: 511MODE - 42SIGMA - 105.6 nl

cD...0N

!8~

!8~'f'00~

~lil

1 00. 'd.

g~ IIfIll.SE RESPONSE AVERASE - CIWlNEL Alili-r-----:-.------S-T-AR--T--::TI--ME=-_-=2/-:2--4:-:-:U--:--58:--'-1--''.

00 TIME- 2/24 18: 41: 511MOOE - 42SISMA - 145.9 nl

~...,:...,__-..::I:::MPlI.SE~==.~.. RE=SPQNSE==~..:.:A:..:.VERA::.::..:..:6E:.:.....-_CIWlNEL::....::..::__:...A_____,

START TIIE- 2/24 22: <47: 17END TIME- 2/25 1S: 8: 157MOllE - 42SISMA - 148.3 nl

UJ!8c·~mI-l...J...~18c('"~,...Jol-----~g g~ ~lili~_--r-----r-----r--~-:------:1 ~1+-_--r-----r---:t:':-----:t::------:1·0. 2 O. <4 O. 1 00. O. 200. <4 o.

TIME (nano-seconds) TIME (nano.,.seconds)~ IMPIA.SE RESPONSE AVERA6E - CIWlNEL A ~ II4PIJLSE RESPONSE AVERA6E - CIWlNEL Blil:-r---'---"::':~=-==::"':':';:;:'-:S-:T::'AR:"'T=-TI-ME":-:":'-2/"":"2-<4-1-1-:56--:-1"'" lili-r-----------S-T-AR-T-TIME-_-2"":"/2-<4-1-1-:56:--'-1--'

00 TIME- 2/2<4 18: <41: 69 00 TIME- 2/2<4 18: <41: 59MODE - 3 MODE - 3

18~

UJ!8c'~mI-l...J...~18;,5gCl.o

III...lil+-----r-----..,..------r:__---:T:_---:i'0. 20. 40. 100.

TIME (nano-seconds)

~i"", """,::IMPI1.SE.::...=:.:::...:RE=:SPONSE:...::..;:;:.·....;.A:...VERA:....::..:...6E::._-_CIWlNEL_--:-_A_:__--:--1START TIME- 2/24 U: 515: 1END TIME- 2/24 18: <41: 511MODE - 2

52

1 00.

START TIME- 2/24 22:47: 17all TIME- 2/2516: B: 57MOllE - 3

IMPl.t.SE RESPONSE AVERAGE. -.CIWIIEl B

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERA6E - CHANNEl. 8~,...--~~~-----------------,

START TIME- 2/24 22: 47: 17all TIME- 2125 16: B: 57MODE - 2

TIME

~ IMPlA.SE RESPONSE AVERAGE - ClWIEL 8~!_~-_"::'::==-:'::::"='=-':':S':':T:':AR:':T:':"TI""ME':'-=-2/---25:':"1:"8:-'1-8:-'4-B1,

all TIME- 2/25 21: 2: 55IS MODE - 3

i

~ IMPll.SE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEl. 8,~:...---_"=':-==-:'::::"='=-":':"':::':':':':""":':':""":':-:"'_-..,

START TIME- 2/25 18: 18: 48all TillE- 2/25 21: 2: 55MODE - ..2SI6I4A - 108.3 nl

g~i+-__-..- ,.... .--__.,..., -l

1 00. '0. 1 00.

g

;4'---~-----""T"---...,...---,------l1 00. O. 200. 4 O. O. 1 00.

TIME (nana-seconds) ,

000

CD...0N

ISNCDUI

ISN,000

CD...0N

1 00. '0.

800.

START TIME- 2/25 16: 11: 4Ball . TIME- 2/25 21: 2: 55MOllE" 3

START TIME- 2/25 16: 11: 48all TIME- 2/25 21: 2: 55MOllE - 42SI6I4A - 151.1 nl

START TIME- 2/24 22: 47: 17ElD TIME- 2/25 16: 8: 57MOOE - 2

START TIME-2/2.. 22: ..7: 17all TIME- 2/25 16: 8: 57MOllE - 3

IMPILSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CIWIlEL A

IMPll.SE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL A

IMPll.SE RESPONSE AVERAGE- CHANNEL A

IMPll.SE RESPONSE AVERA6E - CHAIf£l A

8~CD...~

...wlil

~~H-I...§:lil<.

N

~,

580..0

CD...0

'0.

lD...~

wiO'

~~H-I...§:lil< .'~,-1 0

~8CD...~,1 0 .

TIME

~~

wio'~iH-I...§:lil<.~,-1 0::»00..0

lD...~'0.

CD...~

wi0"

~~H-I...§:18<'N~,

580..0

CD...

TIME

53

g~ . IIRA.SE RESPONSE AVERAGE- CtwtEL A~~-r----'-;-~-------~-------'-;--,

START TIlE· 2/25 16: 18: 48EhIl TIlE· 2/25 21: 2: 65MODE· 2

TIME

aaa

~-r-__--,-.:II4Pl:Jl..:·._._SE.--RE....o...:.SP.:OHS:...:.....E-'_AV_ER_·_AGE~·.;..·-_.-,-CHANNEL-,-.~·~··~B ..-.-.,

START TIME· 2/25 16:18:48END TIME· 2/25 21: 2: 65MODE· 2

TIME

START.TINE-2/211 22: 11: 2. EhIl· TIME- 2/211 11: 1: 7

MIlIlE - ::I

~ I~ .RESPONSE AVERASE- CHAN£L B~i.---..,..--,--:--,---,---_,:,:"-,:,,,:,,::,,::::~---......,

START TIlE- 2/211 22: 13: 2Ell! TIlE- 2/211 11: 1: 7MOllE • 42SI6I4A - 107.5 nl

o. .(nano-s8conda)

~ III'UUlE RESPONSE AVERASE - awtEL B~:""------=-------""""----S-T-AR"""T-'-TI...IE.....'.-.·...a-/2-5-..2-2:-13:-·-2-0

Ell! TIME- 2/26 11: 1: 7MOOE - 2

TIME

III'f'aaa

~~1+-__-r----......,._---r----r-----:'1

100.0. 100.

START TIlE· 2/25 22: 13: 2EhIl TIlE· 2/2611: 1: 7MODE • ::I

IMPll.SE RESPONSEAVERASE-CHAtfEl. A

TIME

TIME

TIME

CD IMPI1..SE RelPONSE AVERASE - .CHAtfEl. A~""";'-"";"'----------S-T~AR-T-TI-IE-.-2/-211-2-2:-1-3:-2-'

Ell! TIlE· 2/26 11: 1: 7MllOE • 42SI6I4A • 160.1 nl

O. 40. 60.(nano-seconds)

. ~;.,....... .:I=-MPI1..SE-,..:.=-.:RE-=--SPONSE-,.'.;..'.;..'.:...-,AVERA_.-:6E:-:--:-::-CIWIlEI._-:-.=-:A:::-:-:---::ISTART TIlE· 2/25 22: 13: 2EhIl TIlE· 2/26 11: 1: 7MOOE - 2

54

I. 00.

§~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVEJIAGE - CHAIE.. Iili1lr---..:---.;::.::;..:,:,;:::·,;;,;,;::::.::::..~==:....:..--....,

START TIlE- 2128 11: 38: 27Ell) TIME- 2128 1.8: 33: 2'MOllE - ..2SI6MA - 109.3 nl

2 O. o.TIME (nano-seconds)

~ IMPULSE RESPONSE AVEJIAGE - CHAIf£L IIli1.,....'-----..:....------------..:....--....,START TIlE.. 2/26 21.: 29: 57Ell) TIME- 2/27 9: 25: 56MOOE - ..2SIGMA • 106.2 nllD

ID

NCDID

~ IMPILSE IESPONSE AVEJIAGE - OWIEL Ali1:..,-.......-----·----S-T-ART--TI-ME.,.·...,.-'-21-28-1-1-:38:-'-27--',

00 TIlE- 2/28 18: 33: 2MOOE - 2

oooCD

~'+-__-"----r-'-~-...,.------.-----t'0.

ogCDl--~_

~':l---"""---"""--~..,...----r-----l1 00. O. 2 O. .. O. 600. O. 1 00.

TIME (nano-seconds)~ IMPILSE IESPONSE AVEJIAGE - CHAttEL Blill,-----------: '--":-----:--,

START TIlE- 2128 U: 3&:2700 TIME- 2128 I.S: 33: 2MODE - 3

START TIIE-2/2S il.:!!It 117ENl . TIME· V27 It 211: 1I8MOOE ....WIlMA - 151. 1 1\1

TIME

2 O. .. O. 6.TIME (nano-seconds)

IJIlWE'~ AVE/WlE - awfEl. 8

TIME (nano-aBC'Qf\ds)IMPIUE~ AYERA8E - CHANNEL A

'0.

10 .

§, ~. ~.~veRABE - etWf£L Alil:-.----~-..;::,:::;;'';'::':~~'';;'S:':':T;:'AR:;'T:;'T-I·-ME'';;'-''':'-'2I":''''28''':'-'I-I.:-38:-'-2-7''

00 TIME- 2/28 I.B: 33: 2MOOf - ..2S16MA - 156.4 III

O. .. . "(nanp..seco"ds)~ l~ "8PONsE AVERAGE - CIWIEL Alil~..,...---.:.:.::..:;:;~~::..::.:;:.~:;.:.:.:.::........::.:.;;.:.~:.----.,

START TIllE- 2128 U: 38: 2700 TIME- 2128 1.8: 33: 2MOOE - 3

55

1 00.

1 O.

STAAT TIME- 2l27ll: SlUgEND TII4l!- 't/27 1B:Sll: 80MODE - ..29IGMA - 103.1 ne

'--200~~"'-;-&OO:- ,.TIME {nanO-8eCOlJd9),;;:~ebo.

INPUlSE ASSPOHllEAVERAE ,,:9'WN'L 8

~ ,IMPULSE AESPOIjSE AVEAAS!E- CHANNEL B~i"------'~---------'---'----c-:-------"",

STAATTIME'; ~7279: 35: 59END TIME- 2/27 1S:'35: 50MODE - 3

TIME

IS,§

J+-----r---.----.........~-.....,.-.:......:...~1 00. O. 1 00.

g.o

~.~

1 no. !o.

o.

sbo. ---::-•.

8TART TIME- 2/27 ll; .85: 11900 TIME- 2/27 18: Sll: 50I400E - ..2SIllNA - 145.0 ne

START TIME- 2/26 21: 29: li700 TIME- V27 9: all: 114MOllE - 3

TIMEIZl . IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE :"~L Ag+-----~-..,.......:.,~--.,.----~------~-,

STAAT TIME- V27 9:35:59END TIME- 2/27 18: 35: 50MODE - 3ID

UJID

§~I-IDH

...J"~:s-t.~

UJIDtn'5g~--- gCl.o 0

~ ~~ ~+--...,.---r--.,---,----.,.--,-.,.----r-------l10'~.--'---2-r-O-.-.,.-----4r .0-,.----,Soro-.-,---S',o-0-.---I1 00. 'a. 100.

TIME (nano-seconds)

TIME

UJ!8o'::JlllI-IDH...J .....Cl.ID~ID-t.

UJl8

Ltn'::SgCl.oa:i'"...'0' .

70

• ...._-.....--2fo":. ..bo..·· ,TIME {nano-secondsl

56

1 0'

START TIIE- 2/27 21: 104: 1I8END TIME- 2/28 I: 304: lIlIMODI! - 2

2 o. .. O. 6 O. 1 00TIME ~ana-secands)

IIFIUE REBPllNllE AVeRA&e - CHANI£\. B

2. ..bo.TIME (nano-seconds)

IMPULSE RESPONSE AVERAGE - CHANNEL B....--...:.._---

STAAT TIME- 2/27 21: 1..: 36END TIME- 2/28 B: 3..: 53MODE - 3

og~lil->-----r--'---.-----,...,--.--....----l'0.

§i..- I::.MPUL::...:.. BE RESPONSE AVERAGE. - CIWfe. B

START TIME- 2/27 II: 3ll: 118~ }~ME- 2/27 ill: 3a: 50

~N

lflg0

~

1 00. ~o.

cD...0N

,..lSNID10

~

;'+----'--r---.......,.---..------r---~1 00. O. 2 O. o.

TIME (nana-seconds)lJolPWlE RESPONSE AVERAllE - CIWflEL B

STAAT TIME- 2/'CT 21: 104: 3600 TIME- 2/28 8: 304: 153MODE - ..2S16MA - 104.7 nl

IMPIl.SE AESPONIIE AVeRAllE - CHANNa. A

START TIME- 2/'CT II: 35: saeNl TIME- 2/27 18: 3a: 110MODE - 2

• .. O. 8 O.(nano-seconds)

IMPlLSI! IESPON8EAVeRAGE - ClWN3. A----,

START TIME- 2/27 21: 104: 311all TIME- 2/28 8: 3-4: 53MOllE - ..2SIllIIA .. 146. 3 nl

TIME

~ IIflULSE RESPOHSE AVeRAGE - CHANNEL Alil"-~-------- STAAT TIME- 2/27 21: 1..: 36

END TIME- 2/2B 11:3":53MOOE - 3

TIME

,..wlSo'~~H....J,..~lSetN~fsg0.0

'"...lili+-----r----..----,-----,----j'0. 1 00.

,..wlS§!li1-10H

~lD%10etN~lflsg0.0 . I

;0-+.----2'T'0-0.--·-..rbO-.--.-,,6b,..0-;-...,--B....b~0~.~·~OO.TIME (nana ...secands)

IMPIA,SE RESPONSE AVWGE - ~,_A__

STAAT TIIIE- 2/2721: 1..: 3BEll] TIIIE- 2/2B 8: 3..: 53NOOE -.2

57

APPENDIX B

Cumulative Distributions of Pulse Width

59

o

8.... ...:P:...:U::L=SE~H~ID=T=H=D;I;S;;TR;;;I;;;BU.;.T~I:'"ON~--.C-:-HA-=-NN-:7E"7L--:A::-:::::-~1START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 2

o8 PULSE HIDTH DISTRIBUTION - CHANNEL B'-----------------_.

ME- 2/14 15: 56: 53NO TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55

MOOE - 2

1 00.

PULSE HIDTH DISTRIBUTION - CHANNEL B-------.:..:..:~==;;;I?'M~E-:.:.::2=/=14:..:15-:-56-:-5-3-'

END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 4

r-­lDlD

o

mo

oo

[;;lD

o

oo

o+----~---r_--__.,r_--__.----l

~lTl

o

f8o

lTllTllTl.,;

8 PULSE WIOTH DISTRIBUTION - CHANNEL B"';~---'::":"::----=":":~'==~~~::::-:-::J

IME- 2/15 10: 40: 19END TIME- 2/15 16: 17: 59MODE - 4

r-­lDlD

o

lTllTllTl

o

o:>:>+----~---r_.--__,r__-

1 00. "'0. 260. 520. 7ao. 1b40.PULSE WIDTH (nano-seconds)

o8-.- ...;PIJL..::=SE:..::H=ID:.:T:.:.H..;D::I::.sm:.:.::I::.BUT:..:.::I.:.:DN.:--_C:...HA;...NNEL:....-:....-A__-,

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53ENe TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 4

.r--gs~a: oa.w~~r-lTl4: .-Jo::l~

::l jWo 0o 0

0-l----d...,---r----,---~----:i o+-------...L.---r-_-,--_-,-----i9> 260. 520. 7BO. 1040. 1 00.9>. 260. 520. 7BO. 1040. 1300.

. PULSE WIDTH (nano-seconds) PULSE WIDTH (nano-seconds)

8.,-- ...:P:...:UL:::SE:::H=ID=T=H=D=I=ST=R;I~BUT~I~DN~-;.C:HA~NN~E;L~A~~~ 8__- PULSE HIDTH DISTRIBUTION - CHANNEL BSTART TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53 IME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55 END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 3 MODE - 3

.r--gs~a: oa.w>HlTl

~~-Jo::l~

nooo~~ -r- -.- -r .,._

9>. 2 O. 520. 7BO. 1040.PULSE WIDTH (nano-seconds)

8..-r-' ..:.P..:U:::LS::E:..:.:.HI::D:..:.T:..:.H..:D:.:IS:.T:..:.R:.:IB:.:U:..:.T:=-IO=:N=-:;;C,...HA-.N-.N-.EL:-:-A:-:~:7"1IME- 2/15 10: 40: 19

END TIME- 2/15 16: 17: 59MODE - 4

.r--gs~a: oa..w~~I-lTl<{.-JO::l::E::lW o 0

o 0

o:-l--~-....--...L---r----r-----:T~---:l 0

9>. 260. 520. 7BO. ) 1040. 1300. cb-+.--....::::2:;6:...0-.----,52r-0-.---7r-Bo-.----1....04-0-.---,1 00PULSE WIDTH (nano-seconds PULSE WIDTH (nano-seconds) .

60

PULSE WIDTH DISTRIBUTION - CHANNEL B

E- 2/15 16: 29: 20ND TIME- 2/15 23: 49: 57

MODE - 4

I'>I'>I'>

o

....toto

o

ooo;-r-----sru~:2i1516:29::Wl

og PULSE WIDTH DISTRIBUTION - CHANNEL B,-----

IME- 2/16 10: 54: 15o TIME- 2/16 15: 55: 5B

MODE - 4

I'>I'>I'>

o

....toto

o

oo0+-__c---.- ...... ..,.- -.- ---1

00. CU. 260. 5~0. 7BO. 1040. 1300.PULSE WIDTH (nano-seconds)

PULSE WIDTH DISTRIBUTION - CHANNEL A

DolE- 2/15 16: 29: 20END TIME- 2/15 23: 49: 57MODE - 4

ooo-r---------~=~_:_:_:::_:_:__=_=_:_:I

,....~~a: oCl.

UJ>HI'>

f-::J<t.-l0::::J::E::::JU o

o~+-----,-~----,r-----...-CU. 260. 520. 7BO. 1040.

PULSE WIDTH (nano-seconds)o00 PULSE WIDTH DISTRIBUTION - CHANNEL A,----------==;:::='?;"::=:::-:-:::-::-:--:-:::I

START TIME- 2/16 10: 54: 15END TIME- 2/16 15: 55: 5BMODE - 4

.....~~a: oCl.

UJ>HI'>f-gJ<t.-l0::::J::E::::JU o 0

o 0O+- -.--J.::-_--,,..- ,- -,- -i O+- .....,...:..__--,,..- ,- .,.- ---iCU. 260. 520. 7aO. 1040. 1300. CU. 260. 520. 7BO. 1040. 1300.

PULSE WroTH (nanD-seconds) PULSe WIDTH (nano-seconds)og PULSE WIDTH DISTRIBUTION - CHANNEL B.,.---------

STA IME- 2/16 16: 13: 34TIME- 2/16 22: 4B: 59

MODE - 4

I'>I'>I'>

o

....toto

o

oo PULSE WIDTH DISTRIBUTION - CHANNEL Ao,-_----~------=-------__,

T TIME- 2/16 16: 13: 34END TIME- 2/16 22: 4B: 59MODE - 4

.....~~a: oCl.

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MSE WIDTH DISTRIBUTION - .C/WINa B

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PULSE IIIDTH DISTRIBUTION - CH4NNEL 8

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PULSE IIIDTH DISTRIBUTION - CHANNEL A----T TIME- 2/27 9: 35: 59

END TIME- 2/27 1B: 35: 50MODE - 2

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START T - 2/27 21: 14: 36END - 2/28 e: 34: 53II 2

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71

APPENDIX C

Cumulative Distributions of Pulse Width Rate-of-Change

73

500.

go Pll.SE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL 8..:T--------..:..:.~S;;T;:AR~TrT:TI~ME~-~~~~r.i:51f.3i"1

END TIM 11<4 20: 0: 50MODE -

o

mo

oo

o:-F===::::::=r---~---r_--..,....--__l

g PU...SE MIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL A0:..- -=_------.STA TIME- 2/1<4 15: 56: 53

TIME- 2/1<4 20: 0: 5014 E - <4

g0;1""-.:....::::::...:...::::..:.:..::.:..:..:....~~~~ii'"1

mo

o

g:-t====::;:..---..-----.....,..------.---....J500. 0_ 00. - 00. -100. 1 O. 500.

RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)- 00. -100. 1 O. 300.

RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

C>

g MSE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL A..,,-----------S=T::"AR=T=-=TI::-I4=--==l;:;O=:<4==0"':-19-'

Ell! • 2/15 16: 17: 3<414

500.- 00. -100.RATE OF CHANGE

g0...-- P_ll.::.:S.:.E...:.W.:.ID:..TH...:...,;RA.::.;.;,:TE:...:.0F:.-::C::.:HAN6~E:...:.CHAINa:.::..:.:==;..:8:...:._~

START TIME- 2/'11JUiI-e!l:?!1l""ENO TIME 23: <49: 57MODE -

og'-F.........---..----..------.-----.----l

mo

1 O. 300.(nsec/sec)

MSE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHAtH:l A

START T : 9:20ME- 2/15 23: <49:57

14 E - <4

ailSO.0: 0a..UJ>",~moC(....Jo::l:E::lU o

oo:~===::;:::=-_-.--__-.--__-r-_-.-.j

- 00. -100.RATE OF CHANGE

og Pll.SE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEl.. 8.,.;;r------------~S;;:;T:;AR;,T;-;.TI;;;ME;.::-;21m~::;.d:f.15r'1

ENO TIllE- 6 15: 55: 58MODE - <4

ooo~:::::--..._---...._--.......,---...,.---~

5 O.

g:.- .:PU-=SE=-.::W::ID:.TH:.:.:...:RA.:.:.:...TE:...:.OF::::-C=HAN:-::GE=::::CHA:::::;NNEI.::;:;:;:=A~:_::_::;_,STAR - 2 16 10: 5<4: 15

TIllE- 2/16 15: 55: 5814 - <4

74

g PULSE WIDTH' RATE·Qf CHANGE CHANNEL Ao,r-"---------=:::::::-::::::--:-;=:;:;;::~:7"1

START TIME- 6: 13: 34Elil T 2/16 22: 48: 59M....

~~a:oa.w

~m<[ •.../0

!f::lU o

o

~-I--.:::::::;.....,----...,..,----.-----,----;- 00. -100. 1 O. 5 o.

RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

PULSE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL 6

START TIME- 2/16 . .Elil TIME- 22: 46: 59MODE - 4

go,4==:;...--..,------r-----.-----,----:i

- 00. -100. 1 O. 500.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

500.- 00. -100.RATE (IF CHANGE

PlLSE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE,CHANNEL B

START TIME- 2/16Elil TIME- 2 11:MODE - 4

............o

C>

o P1LSE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL A0.,.- .-:....:.::..:..__:.-:. -:-~:-::;;;:;:_:'_:::1

START TIME- 3: 9: 55Elil TI /1.7 11: 2:57MOOE -....

~~a:oa.w>:::m<[ ..../0::l:::E::lU o

oo:+:_-=::::::::.,.-__"-;-- r-__~r:__--_::t

0- 00. - 00. . -100. 1 o.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

PULSE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL B

START TIME-Ell) TIMODE -

C>o0:-F====:,----r-------,,.---...,---.--1

~ 00. . -100. 1 O. 300. 500.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

....~~a:oa.w> ....:::1:1<[ ..../0::l:::E::lU o

oo:.+- ;::::::::..__r-__--..,,-__--:-I -=I300.

o

g;,- PlL_...;SE-,-W_ID.;...TH_RA_TE_OF=CHAN:::-,:G:::E::C:-:HANNEL::::;;::;;:;::;:=;A~~~START 17 13: 25: 51

IME- 2/17 20: 16: 59M - 4

5 O.

PULSE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANIEL B

START TIME- 2/16Elil TIME­MOOE - 4

C>

ooo:T- --r----r:---...,-:----r----:l

oo PlLSE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL Ao;r__--. -=:::::::-::=--:::::::::;:;::;~:::I

START TIME- : 54: 3600 TI 2/16 10: 40; 52MODE....

~~a:oa.w>:=~<[..../0::l:::E::lU o

oo+-_::::::::__,.- r-__---,,..--__--:t -:{

- 00. -1.00. 1 O. 300. 500.0

- 00. - 00. -100. 1 O. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec) RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

75

a8..-r--'-----------------=--,

- O. -100. 1 O. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

a8r ...:PIl.-=S::..:E::....::.WI::..:D:..:.TH~RA........:TE~OF=CHAN6E=-:::-:::CHA--;II£I.:-;;:.;--;-8;:-:::::;;;;;:>1

START TIME· 2/1EILI TIlE·MODE· ..

aa04==:---r----r-----,-----,.----:l.

- 00. -100. 1 O. 300. 5 O.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

5 O.

500.

START TIME· 2/19 8: 10:EN! TIME· 2/1MODE·"

START TIME· 2/19 1..: ..2:EN! TIME· 2/1 •MODE· ..

PIl.SEWIDTH RATE OF CHAN6E CHAII£I. B

PIl.SE WIDTH RATE OF CHAN6E l:HAHL 8

- 00. -100. 1 o.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

- 00. -100. 1 O. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

a8:,..-_-'-_..,:P..,:IA..:.-SE-...:.;W::..:ID_T_H_RA_TE:.._OF_CHAN__6_E_CHA-'-II£I.-:-._8_........-:71

START TIME· 2/18 .EILI TIME· 20: 35: 55MODE· ..

ma

...ll:a

...UlUl

a

~

'"a

aa~

aaa..;

Iii~a

~'"0

aa~

5 O.

aa~

ooo+- ...,- ..,- -r ...,.. -I

500. 0_ 00. - 00. -100. 100. 300~ 500.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

- 00. -100. 100. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

a8 PIl.SE WIDTH RATE OF CHAN6E l:HAHL A

-r---.",..-------S'":T-AR:":T-T:-I-ME-.---2/-:---::=:..::::2:==55....--.

EN! TIME- 9 19: ..5: 1MODE· ..

PIl.SE WIDTH RATE OF CHAN6E CH.W£L A

START TIME· 7: 7: 59EN! TI 118 20: 35: 55MODE·

a8 PIl.SE WIDTH RATE OF CHAN6E l:HAHL A..r-'--~---------;S:::T::AR;;;T;-::TI::ME::OOO.-:-;:=::;;;·:;1:::'0:~5::2:1

EN! TI 19 13: ....: 59MODE •....

~~era0-

W

~~1-",<.....JO::l::E::lU o

aa0-+-

00".=-'---"'-00-.---'1-0-0-,--"'"1

1r O-.---.-----i

RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

....~~era0-

W

~~1-",<.....Jo::l::E::lU oaa

o_'.,f.-0-0=.~-_~0-.----rl0-0-.--"'"110rO-.---3.,.-0-. ---;

RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

76

og PII..SE IIIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CIWI£L 8...-.------------S-T-AR-T-TI-ME-.-2'/2-0-1-:--""

00 TIME- 2/MOllE - ..

f8o

o

ooo+- ..,- r--__---,,--__..,.,_- -:I

- 00.' -100. 1 O. 300. 500.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

.....~~a:o0-

W:>...~mct·...JO:::J~:::JU o

oo0_-1-oo...==--7"0-o-.-'----.-1o-o-.--"'1'0-.----.-----1

RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/secl

og Pll.SE IIIDTH RATE OF CIWl6E CIWf£L A...;r~~:---------:S::T::AR::T:-::TI::ME=--':2-;:/:::::;;:::3;:;1;=':~..:1

EN) TIME- 0 ..: ..0: 58MOllE - ..

- OO~ -100. 1 o.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/secl

f8o

PtLSE IIIDTH RATE OF CHANSE CIWIEI. 8

START TIME- 2/2Ell) TIME- 21: 1: 51MODE - ..

g0-F=-__,, .,... -r ....,.._-'-_--1

5 O.

o00 Pll..SE IIIDTH RATE OF CHAN6E CIWf£L A;,..---_........_----=:=:-:::=""':'::::;::::;:::=~:::I

START TIME- 15: 26: 23EN) TIME- /20 21: 1: 51MOllE - ..

.....~~a:o0-

W

~m1-...ct·...Jo:::J~:::JU o

ooo_+--==.,...---.,...-----...,...-~--ro:-~--:I

- O. -100.100. 3.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/secl

5 O.

PtLSE IIIDTH RATE of CHAH6E~ B

START TIME- 21.=2:=1~~~.EN) TIME- 2MODE - ..

- 00. -100. 1 O. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (hsec/secl

ooo

,.............------.........------------..................---'-71

:;;III

o

ooo -1-........----.-- -,-----,-----,.------j

.....~~teo0-

W

~m~"!...JO:::J~:::JU o

o"~+==:::"'~.,...---.,...-- .,...----r::---~-:I

- 00.' -100. 100. 3 0.' 5 o.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/secl

go-.---,-,---,--_Pll.._SE...;.'_II.,..ID_TH_RA...;.'_TE_OF_CHAN__SE_ClWf£L A--:===--1

... STAAT TIME- 2/2 7: 1600 TIME- 21: 19: 58MODE - ..

I'll.SE IIIDTH RATE OF CHAH6E CIWf£L B

START TIME-2/22 11:EN) TIME- 2MOllE - ..

ooo;,....----------------.,Pll..SE IIIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CIWf£L A

START TIME- 21 : 1:"1EN) TIME- 2 23: 2: 59MODE - ..

:;;III

o

o

0_ 00. - 00. -100. 1 O. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/secl

- 00. -100. 1 O.RATE OF CHANGE {nsec/secl

77

PULSE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEl 8

START TIME- 2/ .: 14EN) TIME- 23 23: 32: 55MODE -

!8a

ma

aaa T"-------__=:---=--:-=;;==;"'~~

.....:g~a:o0-

W> ...::~< .-1 0

::::l::E:::::lU oa a

a a-t--....:==T:-:---r----.....----,--~ 0-e====:,...---.---_.....,..-__----r__-l

0_ 00. - 00. -100. 100. 3 O. 5 O. 0_ 00. -300. -100. 100. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec) RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec) 500.

PULSE WIDTH RATE OF CHAHGE CIWf£l 8

START TIME- 2/23EIt) TIME-MODE - 4

ma

!8a

00 PULSE WIDTH RATE OF CHAHGE CIWf£L II;,.--...,...---------::::=:-::=-:;-;:::;:==:;::r.:;~

START TIME- 2/ .: 55EN) TIME- 4 10: 25: 56MOllE - 4

.....:g~a:o0-

W>~a<.-10

::::l::E:::::lU o a

a g0-l====-T"'"" .--__......,,.....__--, ~ -t----,------r----,------,----i0_ _ 00. -100. 1 O. 300. 500. 0_ 00. -300. -100. 100. 300. 500.

RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec) RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

500.

PULSE WIDTH RATE OF CHAN6E CIWf£l B

START TIME- 2/24 11:EIIl TIME- 2/ . 41: 54MODE _ 4

- 00; -100. 1 O. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

aaa+----.......----,,---...------r----;

ma

!8a

PULSE WIDTH RATE OF CHAH6E CIWf£l II

START TIlE- 2/24 • 1EN) TIME- 18: 41: 54MOllE - 4

.....:g~a:o0-

W

~~1-...<.-10

::::l::E:::::lU o

aa0_:-+==---""_'0-0-.----'10-0-.---1,..0-.---30,..-0-.----""::I

RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

500.

STAAT TIlE- 2/24 22: 47:EN) TIME- 2/25 : 57MOllE - 4

PULSE WIDTH RATE OF CHAHSE CIWf£l B

- 00. -100. 1 O. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

PlI.SE WIDTH RATE OF CHAH6E CIWf£l II

STAAT TIIE- 2/EN) TIME- 5 16:MODE - 4.....

:g~a: o0-

W

~l:l1-...<.-10

::::l::E:::::lU o

a

:_:-i-=O:::O=.::'---"0-0-.--""-'10-0-.---1,..00-.---3T"00-.--.........j

RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

78

500.

oo0" PlUE WIDplRATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL A~;""_-"'-"":"'_--'----_"":--:"'_----:':"''''':-_-''''

START TIME- 21.2c::5:Ij,a;...I:tr."'l1ll00 TIME- 2/ 2: 55MODE • ..

.,...mIDo~(1:00-

UJ>P'IH trl~"!..Jo:::l

~U o

o0:-t-----__r_---__r_....,----r--------r-----1

-300. . -100. 100. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

og PULSE WIDTHRATE OF· CHANGE CHANNEL .. B....r---....,..-77""------~...,:........:..::.:;;.;:~::'O"" ......."""""T1

START TIME- 2/25 16: 18:EIIl TIME- 2/25 ., •._-....,MODE .. "

roID

o

mo

~OO.

500.- 00. -100. 100. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (n~eclsec)

mo

og PULSE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE ctWflEL B....,,...-----...,:...----~-------__n

START TIME· 2/25 22: 1 .EIIl TIME- 2/2MODE· "

o

:q_~_--:"'-_Pt1._-SE-.W~I-D-TH-RA-TE-·_OF~S:;:TAR;jCHAH;;T:-:·T~G:~ME;;:~~.;2/7;;j;A;;~2r100 TIME· 6 11: 1: 7MODE· ".,...

mIDo~a:o0-

UJ>P'IHP'I

~"!..Jo:::l~:::lWo

o

~:-F==i=::::=--r-------r---------r-----r-----:..l-300. . -100. 100. 300. 500.

RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

500.- 00. -100. 1 O. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

ooo~--_r---..---_.,..----~-,----___i

P'IP'IP'I

o

og:.,..~ P_lL_SE_WI_D_TH_RA-T-E-OF-CHA-N_,GE-~---B--"'7l.... START TIME· 212

00· TIME-MODE - "

roID

o

START 11:36:27;00 IME- 2/26 18: 33: 2MO ."

Pt1.SE WIDTH RATE OF CHAHGE CHANNEL. A

- O. -100. 100. 300~

RATE OF CHANGE (nsec/sec)

79

500.

og PULSE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL B...-r--------'---:...-----...;.S~TA-R-T-. T-:-:it-:-:iME-.-2-/2....:6::....2.::.1-:-29~:~...,.,

END TIME· 2/27 • :56MODE • ..

lOlD

o

ooo+----,----,-----.------'--,----1

500. 0_ 00. -300. -100. 100. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec!sec)

og Pll.SE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL A...-r---------'-----------------==:>"1

START TIME· 2/ .. 7END TIME· 7 9:2~56MODE • <4

500.... 00. -100. 100. 300.RATE OF GHANGE (ns'ec./sec)

,...,lDlD

o

ooo+----,--,;,,--,--,...---.-----,r-----!

og Pll.SE WIDTH RATE, OF CHANGE CHANNEL 8.....--------'----'---'---'-""'------------'---n

. START TIME· 2/27 ,9=",-":r.!!!"'"""'"END TIME· 2/MOOE • <4

- 00. -100. 100. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec!sec)

oo Pll.SEWIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL A~il'--r7""..,.--------'---;;S;;TA;;R;:;T:-:T;;I~ME;;:.~;;;:::;;~.3;;5r.'::59n

END TI /27 18:35:<45MOOE·

500.-300. -100. 100. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec!sec)

oo0,__-

og PULSE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL B...,.------'-..,.----------------:---------,----,-n

START TIME· 2/2Elil TIME·MODE • <4

CTlCTlCTl

o

500.- 00. -100. 1 O. 300.RATE OF CHANGE (nsec!sec)

ogPll.SE WIDTH RATE OF CHANGE CHANNEL A,'';l,--::-..,.---::----::------;;ST;.A;;;R;:;T-::T;:;I~ME;;:-~;;:;;r.::::r.r.<4:=;3:':61

END ·2/28 8: 29:57MO

80

APPENDIX D

Cumulative Distributions of RSL

81

-10.

o8...--. ....:R.:.::S.=L....:A....:M....:PL;I;,...T_UD..:E_D_I_S_TR_I_B_UT_I_0_N...-_T_R-:D_PO:-:-R=-Xl-=:_::::.

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 2

to'"o

::l'"o

oo RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RXI0...-- ..:..:.:.::..:..:..:-:;......:... -:---:-::-:-:-::--::::--:::1

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53ENO TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 1

,r-

~~0: 00-

W

~::lt-",<to-1 0;:)::;:;:)W o

o 8~_-tl-l-0-.-.L.__'g-o-.----,-7'O-.----T:"0-.---_t'30=-,---_110 :+---~-r- L L 0

• -110. -go. -/0. -00. -.Received Signal Level (dBm) Received Signal Level (dBm)

-10.

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX2----START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 2

ooo

ooo,....-------:-----------------,

ooo +-_L-_.......,... ,......_-'--. --,.__~

::l'"o

::l'"o

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX3

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 1

oo RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX20...- ---", --,

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 1

ooo .,.---

.r-

~~0: 0

0-

W~(")t-l:l<to-1 0;:)::;:;:)

W o 0o 0o 00--+

1-1-0

-.-L-.,----...----_LO~·.----L3-:0-.---1-1'0. 0_+1"":'1:"0-.-..L..,----..-----_r

O-.----,...30-.----J-

10.

Level (dBm) Level (dBm)

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX3

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END • TIME- 2/1420: 0: 55MOOE .. 2

.r-

~~0: 0

0-

w~::lt-",<t '-1 0;:)::;:;:)Wo

o

:_-tl-l-0~• ..L-_,g-0-.-----,-7'o-.----LO:-".----L30=-.---1_10 • 0-110 • ~~O. -70. -50.- o.Received Signal Level (dBm) Received Signal Level (dBm)

-10.

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX4

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 2

ooo;....--------..."..~--~---~-

r­IO

'"o

ooo

'"::lo

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX4

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 1

ooo

.r-

gs~0: 0

0-

W>H'"t-::l<to-1 0

::J::;:::JW o

oo

0--+1'-1-0-.--''---~rgO-.-----r7-0-. ---_T"o-.---~ .-----11O. 0-'1-1-0-.---"'---'g-o. -70 , -50 • -----=30~

Received Signal Level (dBm) Received Signal Level (dBm)

82

-10.

- O. -30.Level (dBm)

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RXI

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE· 4

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION ~ TROPO RX2

START TIME- 2/14 15:56:53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 4

ooo +-_.........~---,--._--.---,-----j

ooo,.,----'-

ooo-f--"""""'-r-

8o -,--------;:0-------:-'-----,

roLO

o

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION -TROPO RX2

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 3

RSi.. AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RXI-----START TIME- 2/14 {51 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 3

og

....oo .,----

.....~~0: 0a.UJ

;::;~1-",<.-Jo::>::E::>U o

oo0_+1-10-.--e.~-----,r-----r---·--r------"-I-l0. 0_110 .

Received

.....~~0: 0a.UJ

;::;~1-",<.-Jo::>::E::>U o

o0+-__",,-....-o-liO. - O. -~O. -:ro-. -~o.

Received Signal Level (dBm)

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION -TROPO RX3

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 4

g:...--------,...-------'---'-------,

'"'"'"o

roLO

o

ooo..;

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPlr RX4

START TIME- 2/1415: 56: 53END TIME" 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 3

.0oo

og RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX3

-r---'- START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 3

.....~~0: 0a.UJ

;::;~1-",<.-JO::>::E::>U o 0

o 0

~--+1-1-0-• ...L-..,..----...--·---r-----,-----;_IO. ~_-+1-10-.-c-........------,---"""'i_["""0-.---~3rO-.---;-10.Level (dBm)

RSL AMPLITUDE OISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX_4__.

START TIME- 2/14 15: 56: 53END' TIME- 2/14 20: 0: 55MODE - 4

.....~~0: 0a.UJ>>-<'"I-~<.-Jo::>::E::>U o 0

o 0O+-_--L---,,-__-, ,- r ---j o+-~.-L.-,-----r-_:__--""'C---t::--.--;

o-liO. - O. -30. -10. 0 -liO. -10.Level (dBm)

83

"------ ----

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RXI

START TIME- 2/15 1S:-29:~END TIME- 2/15 23: 49: 57MODE - 4

ooo

'"'"'"o

ooo

-10. 0_-f1--1-0 -.-...c:_-r90~'--'~-=70~------=so.------~----'-:.10.

Received Signal Level (dBm)

og RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RXl,.-------

START TIME- 2/15 10:40: 19END TIME- 2/15 16: 17: 59MODE - 4

.r-

~~(IOa..lU>H'"1-::1«...JO~

:>:~U o

oo0-+1-1-0-.---""--_T"90-.---~--=50~- --~o'.---

Received Signal Level (dBm)

-10.

og RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX2..,.....-~--

START TIME- 2/15 16:-29: 2~END TIME- 2/15 23: 49: 57MODE - 4

I[DID

o

'"'"'"o

og

ooo-!---'--,

-90. -70. -50.Received Signal Level (dBm)

og RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX3

..,.....----- START TIME- 2/15 16: 29: 20END TIME- 2/15 23: 49: 57MODE- 4

r­IDID

o

'"'"'"o

-10. 0_ 110 .-30.

RSL. AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROP.O RX2

START TIME- 2/15 10: 40: 19END TIME- 2/15 16: 17: 59MODE - 4

- ,0. -50.Signal Level (dBm)

oo RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX30..,..... -----------

START TIME- 2/15 10: 40: 19END TIME- 2/15 16: 17: 59MODE - 4

uoo,.---,----'----'--------:;~----'---------,

.r-~:g(IOa..UJ

~::11-",«...Jo~:>:~U o

oo+-__oL--, -,_---r----,-o~ 110. - O. -30.

Level (dBm)

--"'~-O-.-J~~----=70. -50.Received Signal Level (dBm)

og RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX4

..,.....---. START TIME- 2/1516:29:20'1'END TIME- 2/15 23: 49: 57MODE-4 .

r­IDID

o

'"'"'"o

ooo-j----"'.I,

-30.

RSL' AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX4

START TIME- 2/15 10: 40: 19END TIME- 2/15 16: 17: 59MODE - 4

-90. -70. -50.Received Signal Level (dBm)

0~il0.

oo

'0..,.....----'--~-'7_----------

.r-

gJ~(IOa..UJ>H'"'<~..Jo~:>:~U o

oo+-----"'---T~--r---

84

oo0 •.,.- RS_L_A_MP.::.TUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO.AX:._.

START TIME- 2/1616: 13:34END TIME- 2/16 22: 48: 59MODE - 4

,....CDCD

o

'"'"'"a

ooo

-10. 0-+1-10-.--.:::-;..90-.----=7o'~-- -50. --~30-.-----J_l0.Received Signal Level (clBm)

og RSL. A~PLITUOE DISTRIBUTION" TROPO RX!~,----'-~

START TIME- 2/16 10: 54: ISEND TIME- 2/16 15: 55: 58MDDE - 4

.,....~~0: 00-

W>H'"I-~<to-1 0

:J::l:::JU o

oo

4--------::..,..--0_ 110 . -90. -'70. -50. -30.

Receivecl. Signal Level (clBm)

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - THOPO HX~

START TIME- 2/16 16: 13: 34END TIME- 2/16 22: 48: 59MODE - 4

oo ,.------_.-,,,....--------------,

og .RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX2.. ;----'--~:----::,...;...-~...::...........::.:-__-:...:;:;.=----.

START TIME- 2/16 10: 54: 15END TIME- 2/16 15: 55: 58MODE - 4

IDCD

o

I

~+-.-.::r---.--,-----r-,----,--J-10. 0-110 . - O. -50. -30. -10.

Signal Level (clBm)-90. -'70. -50. ~o.

Received Signal Level (dBm)

g..,- -.:R"-=S=L-.:A.::.,M;;..PL::I~T.:.;UD::E~DI:...S:...T_RI_B_U_TI_O_N .....-~TR_:O:-P:-0_R_X-:3START TIME- 2/16 10: 54: 15END TIME- 2/16 15: 55: 58MODE - 4

g RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX3

~r--"""'----- START TIME- 2I1616:-I:i;'34lI ." END TIME- 2/16 22: 48: 59

1

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~~ CD

0: 0 0 I

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0

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Leve 1 (clBm) Rece i ved Signa 1 Leve 1 (dBm)

-10.

g RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPORX4

..;----- START TIME- 2/16 '16: 13;-34lEND TIME- 2/16 22: 48: 59MODE - 4

I,....CDCD

o

l::l'"o

. <:; RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION- TROPO RX4~...-:------.-r---------~""""'--'"

START TiME-2/16 10: 54: 15END TIME- 2/16 15: 55: 58MODE - 4

.,....~~0: 00-

W>~~<to_fO:J::l:::JU o

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Received Signal Level (dBm) Received Signal Level (dBm)

85

---------- -----------

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RXl- ----ART TIME- 2/16 23: 9: 55

NO TIME- 2/17 11: 2: 57MODE - 4

ooo

-90. - o. -50.Rece i ved Signa 1 Leve 1 (dBm)

-30.

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RXl

START TIME- 2/17 13: 25: 51EM) TIME- 2/17 20: 16: 59MODE - ~

'"'"'"o

ooo

-10. 0_:11:-:1-:"0-.--"..,--:-----r----_ro-.---_T'3-0-.---;-10.

Level (dBm)

RSL AMPLITIIlE DISTRIBUTION ... TROPO RX2

START TIME- 2/17 13: 25: 51EM) TIME" 2/17 20: 16: 59MODE - ~

!8o

RSL AMPLITUDE.D!STAIBUTION - TROPO RX2

ART TIME- 2/16 23: 9: 55NO TIME- 2/17 11: 2: 57

MODE - 4

ooo ....-'-------------,,------

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o 0o 00_4

1-1-0

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- O. -50. -30.Signal Level (dBm)

o

g:.-__--RS-L-AMPLooo.--I-TUD-::;:E_D-IS-TR-IBU-TI-ON---._T_ROP:--O_RX_3 :-J

START TIME- 2/17 13: 25: 51EtIJ TIME- 2/17 20: 16: 59MODE - ~

og

-lp. 0--+1-1-0-.-'-,.----..,------,----1"-----1_10

•

og RSL AMPLITUDE OISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX~

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'"'"'"o

.....toto

o

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX4

START TIME- 2/16 2; 9: 551END TIME- 2/17 11: 2: 57MODE - 4

ooo...;-.----

......@:g0:0a.w>H'"~~..JO:J:::;::JU o 0

o 0

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86

-10.

START TIME- 2/18 10: .6: 58EIII TIME- 2/18 16: 36: 58MODE - •

- O. - o.Level (dBm)

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RXl

START TIME- 2/1810: .6: 58END TIME- 2/l8 16: 36: 58MODE - •

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AX2

~0

'"'""?0

00~

-10.

00~

g RSL,AMPLITUOE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX20'T""__..;;.. --::_----'-------'-~-.....,

START TIME- 2/18 6: 5.: 3600 TIME- 2/18 10: .0: 52MODE - •

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RXl

START TIME- 2/18 6: 5.: 3600 TIME- 2/18 10: .0: 52MOD£ - •....

gj~0:: 0a.UJ

~:;l~"?....JO:::>::E::::>Wo

oO,+-__.£-...,... -.- """T -., -i0-110 . - o.

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....gj~0:: 0a.UJ

~::l.... '"< .....Jo:::>::E::::>Wo 0

g g'0_'-1

1-1-0

;".-""-..,_r-0-.---~---,.....----r-------;_10. 0_-+1-1-0

-.-....::..-.----..,...----.----....,..----_;10.

Received

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AX.

START TIME- 2/18 10: .6: 58END TIME- 2/18 16: 36: 58MODE - •

oo RSLAMPLlTUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AX30:'T""--~..:..;.:..,..----__:__:'::_::::_:::~7:":_:_::_:::-:::J

START TIME- 2/18 10: .6: 58END TIME- 2/18 16: 36: 58MODE - •

18o

::l'"o

RSl AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX.

START TIME- 2/18 B: 5.: 36END TIME- 2/18 10: .0: 52MODE - •

oo IlSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AX30:..,.. '-:7 ~-'--_-,

START rIME- 2/18 6:5.:3600 TIME- 2/18 10: .0: 52MODE - •

....gj~0:: 0a.w>::m<"?....JO:::>::E::::>W o 0

o 0

o+-_.....~_._---..,...---....,..-----....,..-----l ~:+_-- .......,...---.,..---_r_---....,..----I0-110 . - O. - 0; -10. 0-110.-O. - O. -10.

Level (dBm) Level (dBm)

87

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION --TRDPO AXl

START TIME- 2/19 8: 10: 52END TIME- 2/19 13: 44: 59MODE - 4

o

RSl AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - tROPO AXl

START TIME- 2/18 17: 7: 59END TIME- 2/18 20: 35: 55MODE - 4

......gj~a:o0-

W

~a<.-1 0::J::E::JU o 0,.g g

0_-1:1-1-0 -.-'---'--0-.---,----..,..---.....------l_10. 0_i

1:71

:'"0.'--_:::"_"C:"O.---I:':'""-----,C-0---.,----.:.-..j_l0.

- • - -30.Received Received Level (dBm)

-10.

RSL AMPLITUDE, DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX2

START TIME- 2/19 8: 10: 52END TIME- 2/19 13: 44: 59MODE - 4

ao

og+:-:--....,,£.,.----..----,----,.-----4

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TRDPOAX2

START TIME- 2/18 17: 7: 59END TIME- 2/18 20: 35: 55MODE - 4

ooo:,.----~~-===-------:---------,

......gj~a: o0-

w

~a<.-1 0::J::E::JUog

4---'-.........---,..----'-'-...,------,.---1

RSLAMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AX3

START TIME- 2/19 8: 10: 52END TIME- 2/19 13: 44: 59MODE - 4

ooo.,--------;r----..::...-..::...--....::-:..:.::.:.:-----.

ao

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPD AX3

START TIME- 2/18 17: 7: 59END TIME- 2/18 20: 35: 55MODE - 4

Cli-Aoo;,.------==----'-------:------.,

......gg-~a: o0-

w~l:l1,- ....<.-1 0::J::E::JU o 0

g g0_-1:1-10-.----,----..,..---.....----.,------1-10. 0_-1:

1'":'10:""......."--_T

O:"".---r-'--.,..---,r-----r----I

10Received -, .

-10.

RSLAMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AX4

START TIME- 2/19 8: 10: 52ENO TIME- 2/19 13: 44: 59MODE - 4

ooo,.------'----;?-------------,:;;CD

o

ao

ooo+---'--r-----r------....,....--~-----l

-10. 0-110 •- O. -30.Level (dBm)

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX4

START TIME- 2/18 17: 7: 59END TIME- 2/18 20: 35:55MODE - 4

ooo,,.-------:::==--------:-------,

......gj~a:o0-

W

~l;j.........<.-1 0

::J::E::JU o

oo+---<--..,.----""T"'"---..,....---...,...----i

88

RSL AMPLITUDE ,DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AX3

START TIME- 2/20 1:31: 400 TIME- 2/20 ·4: 40: 58NODE - 4

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX1

START TIME- 2/20 I: 31:4Ell) TINE- 2/20 4: 40: 58NODE - 4

o

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AX3

START TIME- 2ltS 14: 42: 55Ell) TIME-2/1S 19: 45: 1NODE - 4

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX1

START TIME- 2/19 14:4~55END TIME- 21t9 19: 45: 1NODE - 4

RSL AMPLITlIlE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX2

START TINE- 2/19 14: 42: 55Ell) TINE- 2/19 19: 45; 1NODE - 4

ooo:.-__---"7"-----------..,

oo,.-----~------._~~:...--...,

o8:.------.,--,,------'-------..,

.,...~~0: 0a.UJ

;::;:::1!<"'!...Jo~::E~

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.,...l!l~0:0a.UJ

;::;:::1!<"'!...JO

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.. -. -. -.. -HO. - O. - o. - o. ,.. O. -10.Received Level (dBm) Received Signal Level (dBm)

8:,r RSL AMPL..,..-;:,.ITlIl;,.;.;:.E;:,.·,;;,DI;;,;S:.;.T:;;RI;:B,;;,UT;,:I;:ON::....,-_T:..:.:R::;OP:.,:0:..R:.::X::2_.......,

START TIME- 2/20 1: 31: 4END TIME- 2/20 4: 40: 58MODE - 4

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX4

STARl' TIIlE-' 2/20 1: 31: 400 TIME- 2/20 4: 40: 58NODE - 4

8o"T'"""-----r------,--,-_,.._------,

mo

mo

~.,... ....;RSL=...;'AMPL.:.::,;;:I:..:TUD.=:E:...:.DI;;,;S:.:TR...I;;:BUT~I:..;ON__. _-..._TR_0:-P_0_RX_4~:-=-1START TIME. 2ltS 14: 4~ 5500 TINE- 2ltS 1S: 45: 1NODE" 4

.,...l!l~0: 0

a.UJ

;::;'"t-'"<"'!...Jo~::E~U o 0

8+-__'--r- ..,..- .,.- -r:--"'-_--I 8+-_.-L_...-____,-r----...,..----.-----Io-HO. -10. o-HO. -10.

89

RSL AMPLITUDE OISTRIBUT%ON - TROPO'RXl

START TillE- 2/21 15: 27: 16END TIME- 2/22 1: 19: 58MOOE - 4

l:l'"o

oo0+- ....... ...,- -.- -,-.....:...__--1

-w. ~1W. -w.

RSL:AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION- TROPO RXl

START TIME- 2/20 15: 26: 23Ell] TIME- 2/20 21: 1: 51MODE - 4

ooo.,.----~.......,--~~----~-----,

o-UO. - o.Received

-10.

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX2

START TIME- 2/21 15: 27: 16END TIME- 2/22 1: 19: 58MODE - 4

ooo;.,.-----------:-~-------:--------,

ooo+---~---,.-----,-----,----t

'"l:lo

o8.,-.....:...~__RSL__AMPL__I_TUD.,.....E-D'"'I_S-TR-I-B-UT-I-0-N----TR~OP-0-RX-2-_.....,

START TIME- 2/20 15: 26: 23Ell] TIME- 2/20 21: 1: 51MODE - 4

.....~~a: oc..w>:=~<.-1 0

=:J::E=:JU o

o0+- =::.- ...,- -.- .....,. -;o-UO. -10. o-UO.

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION -·TROPO RX3

START TIME- 2/21 15: 27:.16fill TIME- 2/22 1: 19: 58MODE -4

RSLAMPLITUDE DISTRI8UTION· ~ TROPO RX4

STAAT TIME- 2/21 15: 27: 16fill TIME- 2/22 1: 19: 58MODE - 4

go .,.-..;......-----,---------------,

t;'"o

ooo;.,.----------~----------------.

'"'"'"o

t;'"o

o

RsL Al4PLITlDE D.ISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX3

START TIME- 2/2ll 15: 26: 23Ell] TIME- 2/20 21: 1: 51MODE - 4

ooo.-r---:-----~--------:----_.,

.....~~a: oc..w>~m<.-1 0

=:J::E=:JU o 0

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Level (dBm)

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.....~~a: oc..w~l:l~"!-1 0

=:J::E=:JU oo 0

0-t-.....:...-L--r-.....:........:...-,...~--L':~--"""'l:':~~--1 80-110 • - O. -30. -10. 0_"1:

1-1-0

-• .....:...'""-..-~-...,_---_r-----r-----ILevel (dBm)

90

'4-10,

, . , .- ,"-70. -.50. "30.

Signal Level (dBm)

RSL AMPLITUDE OISTHIIlUTION - TROPO RXI

STAAT 1. ME- 2:23 . 9; 51; UEND IME- 2/23 23: 32: 55

- 4

og:,- ~RSl..___AMPl.::.I.::.TlIlE..::.:;;..:{).::.IS,;.;TR.:.=I8U:.::.;.T.::.IO:;,N:...--·....:T,;.;ROP:;..:O-RX..:.:.::I--.,

START TIllE- 2/22 11: 1: ~1END TINE- 2/22 2~ ~5SMODE - ~

ooo·;r

ii

.r-. ~,I

~ll! ~l0: 0 ,~ 0

1~ IHtr1 P1 i~~ Mi

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. -1'-10.

ASl. AMPL ITUt)1i UISTAIBUTION- TROPO AX2

STAAT IJoIE- 2/23 S: 51: UEND TIME- 2/23 23:32:55

• 4

oo

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I

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RSl AMPlITlIlE DISTRIBUTION - TROPD RX2

START TIME" 2/22 11: 1: ~1END TIME- 2/22 23: ~ 59MODE - ~

.r-.

~ll!0: 0 .~

UJ

;:;::1 .... I

5: ~~

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Received Signal Level (dBm) .

HilT lIME" 2/23 9: 51: 14cNJ TIHe- ?/23 23:32: 55MODE - 4

=70."-50'.' '--J.ro:'- .. -·10.Signal Level WB~

HSL AMPt.I IW!, DISTAIaUTION - TROPO RX]

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START TIME- 2/22 11: 1: ~1Elil TIllE- 2/22 23: 2: 59MODE - ~

.r-.

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UJ

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i1eceivedog...-_....;_...:RSl=...:AMPl.:..::.::;I;.;1UlE.::::...:.DI:,:STR..__I.::.BUT_I...ON_-__TR~OP:_O....RX-~-':":I

START TIllE- 2/22 11:1: ~1Elil TIllE- 2/22 23: 2: 59MODE - ~

-10.

o.,o~I­

II

,...;w'wi

~1,

.........<0,

RSL AMjJ( ITUDF. DISTRIBUTION •. TilOi'O RX~

5' .Ell TIMf.- 2/23 9: 51: 14lil lIME- 2i23 23: 32: 55

,",Oll£;- 4

,,":0·

91

---- -----

g RSL ANP~~E DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AXI....,.....-_--:.:.::,::START TIME- 2/23 9: 51: 14END TIME- 2/23 23: 32: 55MODE - 1

<><>~... RSL' AMPLITUDE, DISTRIBUTION -.TROPO AXI

_ •.• ~.__.... _.. ' 4----

START nME- 2/23 II: 51: 14END TIME- 2/23 23: 32: 55MODE - 2

.....~~ m~<> <>~ i

W 1~m !

~"! ~ ~ I~<> 0 i

~gl " !~_+~-10-.-"---r:o-.----T~-o.----,-5rO-.----T"~o·-.-----l10. ~d.o. ~·:·--~---=5o".·-~,---....~0-.-,-~10.

Received Signal Level (dBm) Received$ighal Level (dBm)

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION -TROPO RX2_._ ..- _._.' ".'-:;..--~_-':"''''''''--' __ .START TIllE- 2/23 9: 51: 14END TIME- 2/23 23: 32: 55MODE - 2

oo~...§ AIL Al4PLmDE DISTRIBUTION -TROPO RX2....,.....-_--:.

START TD4E- 2/23 II: 61: 14I!NO TOO:- 2/23 23: 32: Il6MODI! • 1

ailSo.~o

a.w

~m~o

ag ~ ~0_~.1-10-.-.L-.,.--.--..,_~ro~.----!Ior--.---..,r-§O. ..,10. 0-+

1-10-.--'- ·:ro·~--..,_~r-o·-.---_50...--.-----....0-.---1-10•

Received Signal Level (dBm) Received Signal Level (dB'll)

::.,...... ~:.:.:RSL~TIJOE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO _AX_3_

START TIlE- 2/23 9: 81: 14EKJ ' TIME- 2/23 23: 32: Il6MODE - 1

is RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AX3..; .------.-...../" START TIME- 2/23 9: 61: 14

/ END TIME- 2/23 23: 32:55MOOE - 2

ailS !io.~o 0 iw I

~a m " IC • II~o 0

~ ,I

Uo ---J~-:-11-1-0.--'"--"""'-.----""-0-. ---r--o:--~ -10. tl0. - o·.----~--:so:--··:ro-:--~o.

. ReceiVed S1gnal Level (dBm) Received Signal Level (dBm)

START TIME- 2/23 9: 51: 14 '1

1END TIME- 2/23 23: 32: 55MODE - 2 ,

START TIME- 2/23 9: 51: 14END TIME- 2/23 23: 32: 55MODE - I

g RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIIlUTION - TROPO AX4..;r--·'--···... 1

~jal '

°1 ;loLl .I 0 1 J

..,..----,-.-----1 ~ -.---.-..~- ....----r:-:- ...--.-.-r----.-4-50 -~o -10 -110. -90. -70. -DO. -30. -10.

Level '(dBm)' . . Received Signal Level (dBm)

og RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX4

~;r-'--'.w~m~"!...JO:::l::E:::lU og

4---..L..........--

92

START TIME- 2/23 9:51: 14END TI~E- 2/23 2~33: 0NOOE - 3

ai~ i~o I~ ilU !

~a I<. I~o I~ I,U o

:.110. :fo'''--'':-=7o'~-'--'-'~~ -'·'-~-'-'-·-:\O.Received Signal Level (dBm)

°g RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX1

~~r -----~~ IgOI II

U o '

~J10, ~----=7o.----:aO~----:ro-:----:L.Received Signal Level (dBm)

°°°... RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX3-' _ .....- '-'.' START TINE- 2/23- 9: 5t:'141

END TINE- 2/23 23:33:' 0NODE - 3

°g ASL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX2

~r---_.-.,.._-- ~RT H~: ~~~~ 2~ ~~i iflNODE - 3 i

~~I Ig:01 I~~i i~l:I, I

a1 IBol i° ,

o+-_...G--_-r--,--~o-,-·.··-.:ao:_·.-·,··-~o:_··-_io,

Aeceived Signal Level WBm)

93

°g ASL ANPLITOOE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX4

~r·-·--·- ,. START TIME,- 2/23 ';' 51: i4 '1END TIME- 2/23 23:33: 0NOOE-3

I

ai~j l~o i

~a Ijoi' :::>5 I IUgi !

~-+10. '-:go-:' ....' ~10, "'--=50',-' - -=3o~'--"'-:\o,Received Signal Level (dBm)

-10.

RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RXI

IME- 2/23 23: 44: 55END TIME- 2/24 10: 25: 56MODE - 2

....iso

og RSL AMPLITUOE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX1,-----------_.._-_.-.~-------,

START T ME- 2/23 23: 44: 55END IME- 2/24 10: 25: 56MODE 1

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START ME- 2/23 23: 44: 55END IME- 2/24 10: 25: 56MOO - 1

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START TIME- 2I2.U: Ill: I00 TIME- 2/24' Ill: 41: IIMODE - •

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96

g RSL AMPLITUDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AXl..·-r-----~--:----S-T-AR-T..:T-I-M-E--.;..2/":'"2-4-1-1..::5-6-:-1""

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START TI~E- 2/24 U: 53: 0END TI~E- 2/2418:44:59~ODE - 1

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START TIME- 2/24 11: 53: 0END TIME- 2/24 18: 44: 59MODE - 1

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END TIME- 2/24 18: 41: lI9MOllE - 2

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97

RSL AMPLITIIlE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AX2

START TIME- 2/24 22: 47: 17El(l TIME- 2/25 16: 8: 57MOllE - 4

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RSL AIlPLITlIlE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AXl

START TIME- 2/24 22: 47: 1700 TIME- 2/25 16: 8: 57MOllE - 3

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RSL AMPLITlIlE DISTRIBUTIOH- TAOPO AX4

START TIME- 2/24 22: 47: 1700 TIME- 2/25 18: 8: 57MODE - 4

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RSL AMPLITlIlE' DISTRIBUTION - TRlJ>O AX4

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98

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RSt AIIPlITUlE DISTRIBUTION - TAOPO AX1

START TIllE· 2/2" 22: "7: 17EtIl TIME· 2/25 1.6: 8: 57MODE • 2

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- o. 'Level '(dBm)

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RSL AIlPLIniJE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX2

START TIllE- 2/2.. 22: "7: 1.700 TIllE- 2/25 1.6: B: 57MODE • 2

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RSl AIIPlIT\.llE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO RX2

START TIME· 212.. 22: ..7: 1.7EtIl TIME. 2/25 16: B: 117MOOE • I.

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START TIME· 2/2" 22: "7: 17EtIl TIME· 2/25 16: 8: 57MOOE - 2

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START TIllE· 2124 22: "7: 1.700 TIllE· 2/25 16: B: 57MOllE • I.

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99

-10.

·10.

START TVE· 2/211 111: 111: ...00 TVE· 2/211 21: 2: IIIMalE· ..

RSL AIlPLITUlE DISTRIBUTION - mOPo AX 1

START TIME- 2/25 16: 18: -4e00 TIME- 2/25 21: 2: 55MODE - -4

.. AMPlIT\IlE DISTRIlIUTION - TAOPQ RX2

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START TIME-2/25 16: 16: -4800 TIME- 2/25 21: 2: 55MOllE - 3

ailSo·a:oc..UJ

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100

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START TIME· 2/25 16: 18: ~800 TIME· 2/25 21: 2: 55MODE.· 2

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STAAT TIME" 2/25 16: 18: ~8EN) TIME· 2/25 21: 2: 55MODE" 1

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RSL AMPLITuDE DISTRIBUTION - TROPO AX2

START TIllE· 2/25 16: 18: ~800 TIllE· 2/25 21: 2: 55MOllE • 1

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Received Received Level (dBm)

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START TIlE.. 2/25 22: 13: 2Ell) TIME- 2/28 11: 1: 7M - ~

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START T . - 2/25 22: 13: 2Ell) T ME- 2/26 11: 1: 7MODE - <4...

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27

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111

APPENDIX E

Cumulative Distributions of I-Second HER

Two aspects of the BER distributions in this appendix require explanation.

First, the values of BERs that are plotted have been scaled down from their

actual values by a factor of 6.280. The reason is because the BERs were

calculated assuming a bit rate equal to the 9.696 Mbps of the mission bit

stream, whereas only one 1.544 T1 bank was monitored. Thus, the actual BERs

are greater than the plotted values by the factor 9.696/1.544 6.280. For

example, a BER plotted as 10- 5 is actually equal to 6.28 x 10. 5 , etc.

Second, the BER scale is linear (not logarithmic) within each decade. For

example, a point half way between 10- 5 and 10- 4 is equal to 5.5 x 10- 5 , etc.

This peculiarity of the BER scale accounts for the scalloped appearance of the

BER distributions, but in no way affects their correctness. This rather

unconventional scale was chosen in order to simplify the software.

113

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONB.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo...;;""'F'====---------------------,

START TIME· 2/14 15:56:53 START TIME· 2/15 10: 40: 19END TIME· 2/1420: 00:55 g END TIME· 2/15 16: 17: 59MODE·1 NEBULOSITY· 0.3BX ~4-- -,- --r ~M~0=DE~.~1~~NE=B~U=LO=S~IrTY~.--=2~.6~0~X~

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0_ .0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0

Bit Error Rate (log ber) Bit ErrorRat~ (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

......UlUl

o

ooo...;r------------------~--___:----_::::::==-------__,

'1'11'11'1

o

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

START TIME· 2/14 15: 56:53 START TIME. 2/15 10: 40: 19

~~gE.2TIMENEBUc6§tTq~:g~~~i ~4-- _,_---_~~---~~~~=gE~.~2~T-IM-E~NE=B~U=c6=§~~rTY~1~-:=~7~.~~5~~~-6.0 - .0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0

- .0 -6.0. -.0 '-4.0 ,-3.. 0 -2.0Bi t Error Rate (log ber) Bit Error Rate (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

.....UlUl

o

ooo...r------------~/-=======::::::='-------------,

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

~1'1

o

START TIME· 2/14 15: 56:53 START TIME· 2/15 10: 40: 19END TIME· 2/1420: 00: 55 g END TIME· 2/15 16: 17:59MODE·3 NEBULOSITY· 0. 3BX 0+- .,- -.r ...::M:;::O:::DE:...-=3,---.:.=NE=:B:;::U:;LO=:S:.:;IrTY"'-.-=.2:.;:.6",,0,::.X-;

-6.0 - .0 -4.0 -3.0 ~2.0 0-7.0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber) Bit Error Rate (log ber)

114

oo B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONo,-============~_~ __~~_...,..., ....•

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo...-r::::========""'------~.....

START TIME - 2/15 16:45:01END TIME - 2/1520:23:58MODE-1 NEBULOSITY- 0.45~

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit. Error Rate {log ber)

rolQ

o

(TI(TI(TI

o

START TIME - 2/15 23: 00: 00o END TIME - 2/15 23: 49: 578J- ----,-------,----~M~0~DE~-~1..,-~NE=B~U~LO=S~IrTY~--=-0~.8~3~X~

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber)

START TIME - 2/15 16: 45: 01 START TIME - 2/1523: 00:00END TIME - 2/1520:23: 58 0 END TIME- 2/1523: 49:57MODE-2 NEBULOSITY- 0.45~ 8J- -,- --r ~M~0~DE~-~2~~NE=B~U~LO=S~IrTY~-~0~.8~3~~~

-6'.0' - .0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0_ .0 -6.0 -5.0 "'4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber) Bit Error Rate (log ber)

o8,.,.... ....:B::.:.:E~.R~.:......:..CU:.:.M.:.:U.:.LA:...T.:.:I_VE D_IS_T_R_IB_U_T_I_;:ON;:;---_,...

oo B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONo,.,.... ~'--~ -::>"__---,

rolQ

o

(TI(TI(TI

o

START TIME - 2/15 16: 45:01 START TIME - 2/1523: 00: 00END TIME - 2/1520: 23:58 8 END TIME - 2/1523: 49:57MODE-3 NEBULOSITY- 0.45~ 0+- -,- --r ~M~0~DE~-~3~~NE~B~U~L~OS~IrT~Y-~.~0~.B~3~~_1

-6.0 .0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0_ .0 -6.0 _ .0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bi t Error Rate !log ber) Bi t Error Rate !log ber)

oo B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION~;T---------------------:::::::======------I

(TI(TI(TI

o

o8.,.... ....:B::.:.:E.::.R.::.:......:..CU:.:,M:::.U.:.:LA.:.:T.:.:I_VE::·:;;:D;:IS_T_R_IB_U_T_IO_N

i...

115

B.E.R. CUIolULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo....;~----~-----------...;..-----,

B.E.R. CUIolULATIVE DISTRIBUTION, ,

,...toto

o

(Tl(Tl(Tl

o

START TIIolE - 2/16 10: 54: 15 6 START TIIolE - 2/16 16: 13:34END TIIolE - 2/16 15: 57: 09 0 END TIIolE. 2/16 22: 48: 59IolODE·1 NEBULOSITY- 2.10l 0,+- -,- --r ~1ol~0~D~E-~1~~N~EB~U~L~OS~IrT~Y.~3~.B~3~l_4

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0. 0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber) Bit Error Rate (log ber)

B.E.R. CUIolULATIVE DISTRIBUTION00~....

.....,...tol'!0

(Tl(Tl

C'"!0

B.E.R. CUIolULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

START TIIolE - 2/16 10:54: 15 START TIIolE. 2/16 16: 13: 34END TIME· 2/16 15: 57: 09 g END ,TIIolE _ 2/16 22: 4ij: 59IolODE·2 NEBULOSITY- 2.10l 0:+- -,- ~--r~~1ol~0~D~E.~2~-'~N~EB~U~L~OS~I~T~Y~~3~.8~3~l~

':'6 ..0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0- 7 .0 .,..6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0

.Bit Error Rate (logbe,r) Bit Error RateUog ber)

B.E.R. CUIolULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONoo B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION~;r======:::;::::==---~...-

10to.:;;

(Tl(Tl(Tl

o

START TIIolE· 2/16 10:54: 15END TIIolE· 2/16 15: 57: 09IolOOE-3 NEBULOSITY· 2.10l

-6.0 -5;0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bi t Error Rate (log ber)

START TIME - 2/16 16: 13: 34o END TIME. 2/1622: 48:59g-l- ---....,....---------.........---~M~0~DE:.:•..:3~-.::NE::.:B:.:U:::LO::.:S:.:I,..:.TY.:...-=.3.:.:.8:.:3:::,l-l0-7 . 0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0

Bit Error Rate (log ber)

116

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONa.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo

1===========-====-------:--1

"1010

o

(T)(T)(T)

o

START TIME· 2/1S 23:09: 55 0 START TIME· 2/17 13:25: 51END TIME· 2/17 10:59: 57 0 END TIME· 2/1720: 17: 54MODE·1 NEBULOSITY· S. B61 °-t- -r --....-....:.M.:=o=DE::..•...:1....-.:.::NE:::B::.:::U:::.LO::::S~Ir_TY.:...a----::.5~.2::.:3~1-l

-S.O -!i.6 -4'.0 -3.0 -2.00- .0 -S.O -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0

Bit Error Rate (log bar) Bit Error Rate (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo....:.....----~-----..,.-------=---,

101004-----

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

(T)(T)(T)

o

START TIME· 2/1S 23: 09: 55 START TIME· 2/17 13: 25: 5.1END TIME· 2/17.10:59: 57 g END TIME· 2/1720: 17: 54MODE·2 NEBULOSITY· 6.B61 ~ MODE·2 NEBULOSITY· 5.231

-S.O -S.O -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0--+-.-0------'S-.-0----'5-.-0-:.:;=--=-'4-.-0==::.::-"3:...:..-0..=="--i-2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber) Bit Error Rate (log bar)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONog:,....... " __...........-....B_._E.;...R_'._CU_M_U_LA_T_I_VE-,-D_IS_T_R_IB_U_T_I_ON

i....ooo....;-c======::======~-~1010

o

(T)(T)(T)

o

START TIME - 2/1623: 09: 55 START TIME. 2/17 13:25: 51END TIME· 2/17 10: 59:57 0 END TIME. 2/1720: 17: 54MODE·3 NEBULOSITY- 6.B61 g MOOE-3 NEBULOSITY- 5.231

-s.O -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0_-f7-.-0----Sr.-O----.--s.0·---:=~-'4-.-0===-3r-..:...O-=.:.=:~-2 .0Bit Error Rate (log bar) Bit Error Rate (log bar)

117

og B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION...;-r------,----,---:::======;....;.~;,;;,;.:.:~---,

oo::1:=======B=.:::E:::.R;.~CU~M;;;U,;;;LA;;.;T;.;;I~VE:..:D::.I:.:ST:.::R:.:IB:U:.:T..:I:::ON:...._-....--,

0_7 . 0

(Tl(Tl(Tl

o

START TIME - 2/1B 06:54:36END TIME - 2/18 10: 41: 47MODE-1 NEBULOSITY- 0.51X

.sfto Erro~5R~te C1690ber) -3.0 -2.0 0 .0

START TIME - 2/18 10: 46: 58END TIME - 2/18 13: 21: 52MODE-1 NEBULOSITY· 0.59X

-6.0 -5.0, -4.0-3 0 -2 0Bit Error Bate (log ber)' .

START TIME· 2/18 10: 46:58END TIME - 2/18 13: 21:52MODE-2 NEBULOSITY- 0.59X

-6 .. 0 " -.0· -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber)

., ; ~

(Tl(Tl(Tl

o

,....CDCD

o

og B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION...r-------------------~--=.----=.::.::.:.:.:=~=="""'-...;.;..,B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

START TIME - 2/1806:54: 36END TIME - 2/18 10: 41: 47MODE-2 NEBULOSITY· 0.51X

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0-7.0Bi t Error Rate (log berl

ooo"",....,--:--:--'--------:--------------------------------==-.

START TIME _ 2/1806:54:36 0 START TIME - 2/18 10: 46: 58END TIME - 2/18 10: 41: 47 0 END TIME - 2/18 13: 21:52MODE-3 NEBULOSITY- 0,51X' ~:+- -,- --r ~M~0~D~E-~3~~N~EB~U~L~OS~I~T~Y-~0~.5=9~X~

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0,0- .0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber) Bi t Error Rate (log ber)

ooo B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

og B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION...r-----=::==:::;::===-.:.--~

I~(Tl

o

118

START TIME - 2/18 15: 03:09 START TIME - 2/18 17: 14: 00END TIME - 2/18 16: 37: 58 g END TIME - 2/18 20: 36: 55MODE-1 NEBULOSITY" O. 18% o+----'_~-,- r_---'-M:.::O=DE=----=1T_-:.cN=EB=.:U:.:L:=O=S=rIIT;...:Y-.--O:...:.:...:4_=_9%~

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0-7 .0 -6.0 - .0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber) Bit Error Rate (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

(I')(I')(I')

a

aaa....;...-------~------::::==~------,

I"­ID

'ID

a

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION .aaa...--------~~-------....

aaa-r--~--------~~------==_"'.,

lD:4-----.-..---(I')(I')(I')

a

START TIME - 2/18 15: 03: 09 START TIME -2/18 17: 14: 00END TIME - 2/18 16: 37:58 a END TIME - 2/1820: 36: 55MODE-2 NEBULOSITY" O. 18% g+- -,. r-~M~0~DE~-~2T_-.-:;N::.EB::.:U=L:=0::.S=rIT:..:Y_=_.--'-0=-.:...;4=9::.%_t

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0. 0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber) Bit Error Rate (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE'OISTRIBUTION

START TIME - 2/18 17: 14: 00

g+- -,- r_---'-~:.::~=gE=..-=3,T_IM_E:...:N=~B=.:U:.=E=b=§~=rT'-'~_~~:...:g:...;~:...:~_=_gi'"-1.0-7. 0 -6.0 ~5.0 -4.0 -3.0 .0

Bit Error Rate (log ber)

(Tl(Tl(I')

a

I"­IDID

a

aaa....,----------====:::::::=----,

aa B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION0...- .,.--"'-7__---'.,.--_---'- -=:; ----,....

.,....mIDo~a: oQ.

w>H(I')

I-~<C •....Jo::l:::;:

Go START TIME.. 2/18 15: 03: 09END TIME - 2/18 16: 37:58

g+- -r ---,r------.:.;M=OD:::E=..-=3,---'-'N=EB=.:U:=L=0-=-SITT'-'Y.......:...:0:...;....::1-=-8%"---j0-7 .0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0

Bit Error Rate (log ber)

119

fi.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

START TIME - 2/1B 22: 35: 12END TIME - 2/19 02: 5B: 57MODE-I NEBULOSITY--O. 35X

-6.0 - .0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONoo0-r:::======B,,;'E;;..=R=.=C=U=MU;;;L;;.A;;.T.;.IV..;;E;..:;.OI;;:S:..;T;,:R::.:IB:.:U.,;.T;..IO::.N:..-__--,

r--~o

'"InIno

START TIME - 2/19 OB: 53: 01 START TIME - 2/19 14: 42: 55END TIME - 2/19 13: 45: 59 g END TIME - 2/19 19: 45: 01MODE-I NEBULOSITY- 1.55X 0 MODE-I NEBULOSITY- 2.04X

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 ~3.0 -2.0 0_+-.0-----Tl;-.0----r5.-0---"'=--'-,-4'.-0==:.:::-;~~..::..:0:..:..:.:::-.t_2 .0Bit Error Rate (log ber) Bit Error Rate (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo:-r-----------'----=----.B.E. R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

ooo

:;;CD

o

l:lIn

o

ESNTOART TTIIMMEE -_ 2

2//1

199

013B:. 545

3:. 059

1 00 START TIME - 2/19 14: 42: 55ENO TIME - 2/19 19: 45: 01MOOE-2 NEBULOSITY- 1. 55X 0+- -.__---r-~MO~O~Ec:.-2=-r-~N~E~B::::UL~0~S;I.!..TY!.:.-:c.·=.2~.O:.::4~X.._4

-6.0 _ .0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0- .0 -6.0 _ .0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0

Bit Error Rate (log ber) Bit Error Rate' (log ber) .

START TIME - 2/19 14: 42: 55ENO TIME - 2/19 19: 45: (UMOOE-3 NEBULOSITY- 2. 04X

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber)

v---.;'..-­r--CDCD

o

'"::1o

og B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION..;;r--------===::;:==~----,

START TIME - 2/19 OB: 53: 01END TIME - 2/19 13: 45: 59MOOE-3 NEBULOSITY- 1. 55X

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 _2.0°.... 0Bit Error Rate (log ber)

---------~/

0'0

~

L.-.r--

enlDo~a: o0-

w>H'"1-::1<{.-l0::J:::E::JU o

000_ .0

120

(Tl(Tl(Tl

o

I'­LDLD

o

o START TIME - 2/20 15: 26: 23o ENO TIME - 2/20 16: 51: 55o MODE-1 NEBULOSITY. 1.46~

0_:i7~.-0----,---'6-.-0-·---T5-. o----:==-.;~~~r-.0":':'::=~-';~~.!...0~~:.:!.!:~-2. 0

8i t Error Rate (log ber.)

o~ B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION....r====--~~------.:..--------,

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

START TIME - 2/20 01:.31: 04END TIME - 2/20 04: 42: 03MDDE-1 NEBULOSITYQ-0.26~

-6.0 - .0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.08it Error Rate110g beM

o.0o:~-~------::::===----;

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo....,-----------------:::::.=::=-----,

oo B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION0.-.- ..,,--------------__~~

(Tl(Tl(Tl

o

I'­LDLD

o

.1'-

cn LD

o~a:.0

0-

w>H(Tl

f-::i<to-1 0

::J::::E23 START TIME· 2/20 01: 31: 04 START TIME - 2/20 15:26: 23~~,"_~-':"~J END TIME· 2/20 04: 42: 03 ~ END TIME - 2/20 16: 51:55~ MODE-2 NEBULOSITYQ-0.26~ 0,4- -.:..~~---~----:M~0~D~E-~2~~N~E~BU~L~0:=S;IT~Y~.~1~.4~6=~~

0-'7.0 -6.0-5.. 0. -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0- 7 .0 -S.O -5.0 -~.O -3.0 -2.08i t Error Rate (log ber) 8i t Error Rate (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo-r------------=:=====---------,B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

ooo-r-----------------=~----,....

I'­LDLD

o

(Tl(Tl(Tl

o

START TIME - 2/20 01: 31: 04 0 START TIME - 2/20 15: 26: 23END TIME - 2/20 04: 42: 03 0 END TIME - 2/20 16: 51: 55MODE-3 NEBULOSITY--0.26~ 0~--~--r----r--~M~0=DE~.~3~~N=E~BU~L~0~S~IT~Y~-~1.~4~6~~.-1

~6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.00

- 7 .0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.08i t Error Rate (log ber) 8i t Error Rate (log ber)

121

-------

START TIME - 2/20 17: 06: 04 START TIME - 2/21 15: 27: 16END TIME - 2/20 21: 01: 51 g END TIME - 2/22 01: 19: 58MODE-1 NEBULOSITY- 2.801 0 MODE-1 NEBULOSITY- 1.021

l: 0+-----..,-,-----,-,--==-..,-- I ,---6.0 -0.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 - .0 -6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber) Bi t Error Rate (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooor==~~------------"":"""'-,

enenC'l

o

,...toto

o

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION00

~....

.,...(DIDCl~CIO0-

W>Henf-:::l«-JO:::J~:::JU

00

~0_ .0

START TIME - 2/20 17: 06: 04 0 START TIME - 2/21 15:27:16END TIME - 2/20 21: 01:51 '0 END TIME - 2/2201: 19: 58MODE-2 NEBULOSITY· 2.801 0-r-_, ..,-__~-,--~M~0=DE~-~2,'-~NE~B~U=LO~S~IrTY~-,~1~.0~2~1-1

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0_ .0 -S.O -5.0 -~.O -~.O -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber) Bit Error Rate (lo'gber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION B.E.A. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo....,----------==:.::::::;=----.

roto

o

C'lC'lC'l

o

O'oo,~-------------::::::::::=---.....,

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONB.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

..J

ooo.-r------:::::===:;;:=--~----,

,...toto

o

C'lC'lC'l

o

START TIME· 2/20 17: 06: 04 0 START TIME - 2/21 15: 27: 16END TIME - 2/20 21: 01: 51 0 END TIME - 2/22 01: 19: 58MODE-3 NEBULOSITY· 2.801 0 MODE-3 NEBULOSITY- 1.021

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0_T-.0---_T6-.0----,-[;.0---'==--=_T4-.0-..:.:.::==_=r3~.0---::.;..:.:=::-....j-2. 0Bi t Error Rate (log ber) Bi t Error Rate (log ber)

122

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo....-r---------:"..::::====-=-----------,

o

g B. E. R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBI:JTJON....1===========~=~~~~------,

r-­toto

o

(T'I(T'I(T'I

o

START TIME - 2/22 11: 01. 41END TIME - 2/22 12:01:35 gMODE-3 NEBULOSITY- 2.B1~ 0

-S.0-5.0 -4.0 -3.0 ' -2.0 0 .0Bit Error Rate (log ber)

START TIME -, 2/22 12: 34:~7,END TIME - 2/22 15: 35: 57MODE-1 NEBULOSITY.2.11l

i I I I .-S.~ -5.0 ,-4.0 -3.0 -2.0

Bi t Error R~te (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo....'-.-----------------------,

ooo:..-------------------:::;==-----,

r-­toto

o

(T'I(T'I(T'I

o

START TIME - 2/22 11:01: 41 START TIME - 2/22 12:34:37END TIME - 2/22 12:01: 35 g END TIME -2/22 15: 35: 57MODE-2' NEBULOSITY- 2.81~ 0~ -,- --r ~M~O=O~E-~2~~N=EB~U=L=OS~IrT~Y-~2~.1~1~l-1

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0. 0 -S.O - .0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bi t Error Rate (log ber) Bi t Error Rate (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo....-,::=:===-=ao ---,

ooo.... c=~=--=. ::=;.:"-'-::=:-===-='---=-'--~

.r--cn tOo~0:00..

W>H(T'I

I-~<to~o

:::J~:::JU 0 START TIME - 2/22 11: 01: 41

o END TIME - 2/22 12: 01: 35o MODE-1 NEBULOSITY- 2.81lo+-.-o------,r---------..-l---'-==-=-.-~===::..:::r--'--=-~--i

-S.O -0.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0Bit Error Rate (log ber)

123

r-­toto

o

(T'I(T'I(T'I

o

ooo

0-7 .0

START TIME· 2/22 12: 34: 37END TIME· 2/22 15: 35: 57MODE-3 NEBULOSITY- 2.11~

-~.o -5.0 -4.0 -3~-- -2.0Bi t Error Rate (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONooo...,------------------------,

ooo B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION...~========::::::==~~;;;;;:.:.:....-.--,

I'­WW

o

lTllTllTl

o

START TIME - 2/22 20: 12: 02 START TIME - 2/23 12: 30:00~~gE_1TIMENEBU~6~iT~~:g~~~~ g ~~gE.1TIMENEBU~6~~T~~: ~~~~i

-6.0 -5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 0_1;7:-.0:---1:"6-=---...,bL:'~~~--.J~~~.!.:.....!.:..!:~-l() - .. 0 -::l.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0

Bit Error Rate log ber BIt Error Rate (log ber)

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

B.E.R. CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION

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START TIME - 2/23 12: 30: 00END TIME· 2/23 16: 29: 55MODE-2 NEBULOSITY· 1.671

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APPENDIX F

Meteorological Data

Meteorological data available from the Hannover, Lindenberg, and Berlin

sites are presented in chronological order in this appendix. Whenever

simultaneous data are available .for all three sites, the computer plots of

those data are presented for all three sites in vertical format, i.e., Hannover

data are plotted at the top of the page, Lindenberg plots are directly beneath

the Hannover graph, and Berlin data for the same time are presented at the

bottom of the column. Then, the graphics for ·the next time with available data

are·presented immediately following, again with Hannover data at the top,

Lindenberg in the middle, and. Berlin at the bottom.

If data are available for only one or two sites at a given time, then the

correct portion of the page is blank· with the expression N.A. (not available)

written in the blank portion(s) for that (thos,e) site(s).

If the data from the sites are not simultaneous, then the graphs for that

period are slightly staggered across the page.

133

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----~-----

FORM NTIA-29(4-80L.,

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENAT'1.. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATiON

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET

1. PUBLICATION NO.

NTIAReport 88~232

2. Gov't Acce:ssion No. 3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TlTLE:ANO'SUBTITLEPropagation arid Performance Measurements Over theBerlin-Bocksberg Digital Troposcatter CommunicationsLink7. AUTHOR(S)

John J. Lemmon and Timothy J. Riley8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

National Telecommunication'and Information Admin.Institute for Telecommunication Sciences325 BroadwayBoulder, CO 8030311. Sponsoring Organization Name and AddressUoS~ Army Information Systems Engineering CenterUSAISECFt. Huachuca, AZ 85613-5301

14. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

5: Publication Date

Marchl9886. Performing Organization Code

NTIA/ITS9. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

10. Contract/Grant No.

12. Type of Report and Period Covered

13.

15. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If (tocument includes a significant bibliography or literaturesurvey, mention it here.)

This report discusses propagation and performance measurements that wereobtained over a digital troposcatter communication link between Bocksberg, WestGermany, and West Berlin. The measurements were unusual because three generaltypes of data were collected simultaneously over the link: propagation data,digi tal performance data, and meteorological data. The propagation datainclude received signal level (RSL) and multipath m'easurements ,m?-de with achannel probe; the performance data consist of bi t-error data obtained from a1.544 Mbps T1 bank; and the meteorological data (in the form of radiosondemessages) have been used to generate profiles of the radio refractive indexover the link.

The basiC principles and instrumentation of the channel probe and the testconfigurations used to obtain these data are discussed. Then the (cont.)

16. Key Words (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons)

Key words: multipath; PN channel probe; troposcatter

17. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

[]I UNLIMITED.

o FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION.

18. Security Class. (This report)

None19. Security Class. (This page)

None

20. Number of pages

16021. Price:

*U.S. Gqvernment Printing Office: 1980-678·4951529

Abstract (cont.)

results of analyses of these data are presented and discussed. These resultsinclude the measured impulse response of the channel, delay spread, RSL, bit~"

error ratios, aJ;ld refractive index profiles. Potential relationships among,these results are investigated in order to assess the impact of varioustroposcat,terchannelconditions on digital radio performance . In particular,the report discusses both the definition and methods of utilizing theall- importa,ntparameterof delay spread. These considerations range from thesimple parameter of 20- values to a more complete evaluation of the dynamicproperties of delay-spread derived from the channel probe data.

Previous studies have addressed many facets oftroposcatter propagation.This report attempts to bring all of these facets together, to present a morecomplete description of the troposcatter channel, and to enhance future digitalupgrades of existing troposcatter links.