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PhD
r. Ra
dosl
av P
avlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
1
Pron
unci
atio
n di
ffer
ence
s bet
wee
n B
ritis
h an
d A
mer
ican
Eng
lish
● B
rE a
nd A
mE
are
two
diff
eren
t (bu
t rel
ated
) var
ietie
s of E
nglis
h.
Q: C
an y
ou th
ink
of a
ny o
ther
var
ietie
s of E
nglis
h?
●
Bot
h B
rE a
nd A
mE
have
man
y di
ffer
ent d
iale
cts/
acce
nts,
but t
his d
iscu
ssio
n fo
cuse
s on
stan
dard
pron
unci
atio
n (th
e sp
eech
of e
duca
ted
spea
kers
).
BrE
Rec
eive
d Pr
onun
ciat
ion
– R
P (B
BC
, Oxf
ord
+ C
ambr
idge
dic
tiona
ries,
etc.
)
Am
E G
ener
al A
mer
ican
– G
A, N
etw
ork
Engl
ish,
Mid
wes
t acc
ent (
CN
N, N
PR, W
ebst
er d
ictio
narie
s)
Q: D
o yo
u kn
ow a
ny p
ronu
ncia
tion
diffe
renc
es b
etw
een
BrE
and
AmE?
E
xerc
ise
1. L
iste
n to
thes
e fiv
e di
ffer
ent s
peak
ers.
Are
they
Brit
ish
or A
mer
ican
? Sp
eake
r 1: P
resi
dent
Oba
ma
has a
nnou
nced
that
34
thou
sand
troo
ps w
ill b
e w
ithdr
awn
from
Afg
hani
stan
by
the
end
of n
ext s
umm
er.
Spea
ker 2
: Las
t mon
th P
resi
dent
Oba
ma
aske
d fo
r 80
mill
ion
dolla
rs ..
. Sp
eake
r 3: E
xper
ts a
re w
arni
ng th
at n
ew ty
pes o
f bac
teri
a ar
e be
com
ing
a pr
oble
m in
hos
pita
ls.
Spea
ker 4
. Rus
sian
scie
ntis
ts sa
y th
ey’v
e re
vive
d a
plan
t tha
t was
pre
serv
ed in
the
froz
en g
roun
d of
Si
beri
a fo
r mor
e th
an 3
0 th
ousa
nd y
ears
. Sp
eake
r 5: A
trai
n dr
iver
who
dra
nk a
bot
tle o
f whi
skey
whi
le o
n du
ty h
as b
een
jaile
d fo
r 135
day
s.
PhD
r. Ra
dosl
av P
avlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
2Th
e di
ffer
ence
s be
twee
n B
rE a
nd A
mE
will
be
desc
ribed
in
term
s of
4 m
ain
cate
gorie
s: v
owel
s, co
nson
ants
, stre
ss, a
nd n
on-s
yste
mat
ic p
ronu
ncia
tion
diff
eren
ces.
V
OW
EL
S Q
: Wha
t are
vow
els?
Q
: Wha
t is t
he d
iffer
ence
bet
wee
n m
onop
htho
ngs a
nd d
ipht
hong
s (pu
re v
owel
s and
glid
ing
vow
els)
?
Giv
e ex
ampl
es o
f mon
opht
hong
s and
dip
htho
ngs.
B
rE v
owel
syst
em
A
mE
vow
el sy
stem
//
sit
/e/ l
ate
//
sit
/e/ l
ate
/i/ m
eet
/a/ m
y
/i/ m
eet
/a/ m
y /
/ loo
k /
/ boy
// l
ook
// b
oy
/u/ f
ood
// n
o
/u/ f
ood
/o/ n
o /
/ dog
/a
/ how
// d
og
/a/ h
ow
// d
oor
// n
ear
/
/ doo
r /r
/ nea
r /
/ cut
/e
/ pai
r
// c
ut
/er/
pair
/
/ fat
her,
last
/
/ sur
e
// f
athe
r, co
p /
r/ su
re
// a
bout
, ten
der
// a
bout
// t
urn
/ÿ/
tend
er
/e
/ bed
/ÿ/
turn
// a
xe
/e/ b
ed
// a
xe, l
ast
PhD
r. Ra
dosl
av P
avlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
3●
In B
rE, v
owel
s suc
h as
//,
/e/,
//,
// o
r // a
re p
ure
mon
opht
hong
s – th
ey d
o no
t cha
nge
in q
ualit
y.
In
Am
E, th
ese
vow
els t
end
to b
e di
phth
ongi
zed
– th
ey sl
ight
ly c
hang
e th
eir q
ualit
y an
d so
me
of th
em
ar
e le
ngth
ened
(// a
nd /
/).
BrE
A
mE
fro
nt
cen
tral
b
ack
clos
e cl
ose-
mid
op
en-m
id
open
E
xerc
ise
2. L
iste
n to
the
vow
els /
/, /e
/, /
/, /
/ and
// p
rono
unce
d fir
st in
BrE
, the
n in
Am
E.
(a)
// –
if
(
b) /
/ – fo
ot
(c
) /e
/ – d
ebt
(d
) /
/ – a
dd
(e
) /
/ – o
ff E
xerc
ise
3. E
ach
of th
e fo
llow
ing
wor
ds is
pro
noun
ced
twic
e. In
dica
te B
rE a
nd A
mE
pron
unci
atio
n.
co
st
dam
age
is
sh
ook
less
1
.
2.
1.
2
.
1.
2.
1
.
2.
1.
2
. B
rE
A
mE
PhD
r. Ra
dosl
av P
avlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
4●
BrE
// =
Am
E /
/ in
wor
ds li
ke c
op, r
ock,
not
, etc
. (/
/ in
Am
E is
not
dip
htho
ngiz
ed).
B
rE /
/ = A
mE
// w
hen
follo
wed
by
/f, s,
, ŋ
, / (
rem
embe
r tha
t // i
n A
mE
is d
ipht
hong
ized
).
E
xam
ples
: sof
t, bo
ss, c
loth
, son
g, d
og, e
tc. S
ome
Am
E sp
eake
rs u
se /
/ in
this
con
text
.
BrE
// =
Am
E /
/ in
the
wor
ds w
ant,
wha
t, w
as, e
tc.
E
xerc
ise
4. F
ill in
the
corr
ect v
owel
sym
bol a
nd p
rono
unce
thes
e w
ords
in B
rE a
nd A
mE.
BrE
A
mE
B
rE
Am
E
(a) o
ften
/ f(
)n/
/ f
()n
/
(i) b
omb
/b
m/
/b
m/
(b) l
ock
/l
k/
/l
k/
(j) c
offe
e /k
f
/ /k
f
/ (c
) wro
ng
/r ŋ/
/r
ŋ/
(k) c
omm
on
/k
mn/
/k
m
n/
(d) f
rom
/fr
m
/ /fr
m
/
(l) c
ough
/k
f/
/k
f/
(e
) ato
mic
/
t m
k/
/t
mk/
(m) h
otdo
g /h
td
/
/h
td
/(f)
mot
h /m
/ /m
/
(n) w
ant
/w
nt/
/w
nt/
(g) b
ody
/b
d/
/b
d/
(o
) hoc
key
/h
k/
/h
k/
(h) c
ross
/k
r s/
/k
r s/
(p) l
oss
/l
s/
/l
s/
● B
rE /
/ = A
mE
// w
hen
follo
wed
by
/n, s
, f, v
, ,
/ (/
/ in
Am
E is
dip
htho
ngiz
ed).
E
xam
ples
: dan
ce, g
rass
, hal
f, ba
th, r
athe
r, et
c.
B
rE /
/ = A
mE
// w
hen
follo
wed
by
‘r’ i
n th
e sp
ellin
g an
d in
som
e ot
her w
ords
.
Exam
ples
: car
, har
m, c
alm
, pal
m, g
rand
pa, e
tc.
PhD
r. Ra
dosl
av P
avlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
5E
xerc
ise
5. F
ill in
the
corr
ect s
ymbo
l and
pro
noun
ce th
ese
wor
ds in
BrE
and
Am
E.
B
rE
Am
E
BrE
A
mE
(a
) gra
ph
/r
f/
/r
f/
(i)
laug
h /l
f/
/l
f/ (b
) gag
a /
/ /
/
(j) sp
a /s
p
/ /s
p
/ (c
) tar
get
/t
t/
/t
t/
(k
) ans
wer
/
ns
/ /
ns
ÿ/ (d
) can
’t /k
n
t/ /k
n
t/
(l) b
ar
/b
/
/b
/
(e) g
rand
ma
/r
(n)m
/
/r
(n)m
/
(m
) las
t /l
st
/ /l
st
/ (f)
staf
f /s
t f
/ /s
t f
/
(n) p
arki
ng
/p
kŋ/
/p
k
ŋ/
(g) a
rgue
/
ju
/ /
ju
/
(o) g
lass
/
l s
/ /
l s
/ (h
) apa
rt
/p
t/
/p
t/
(p
) bla
h-bl
ah/b
l b
l /
/bl
bl
/ E
xerc
ise
6. W
hich
wor
ds d
o th
e fo
llow
ing
trans
crip
tions
repr
esen
t in
BrE
and
Am
E?
B
ritis
h En
glis
h
Am
eric
an E
nglis
h (a
) /k/
_
____
____
____
__
_
____
____
____
__
(b) /
kp/
_
____
____
____
__
_
____
____
____
__
(c) /
mk/
__
____
____
____
_
_
____
____
____
__
(d) /
ht/
_
____
____
____
__
_
____
____
____
__
(e) /
d/
___
____
____
____
___
____
____
____
(f
) /p
sbl
/
____
____
____
___
___
____
____
____
PhD
r. Ra
dosl
av P
avlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
6●
BrE
// =
Am
E /
/ whe
n th
ere
is n
o ‘r
’ let
ter i
n th
e sp
ellin
g: a
bove
, sof
a, te
stam
ent,
omit,
etc
.
BrE
// =
Am
E /ÿ/
whe
n th
e le
tter ‘
r’ is
in th
e sp
ellin
g, e
.g. t
each
er, h
onou
r, pe
rmit,
etc
. ●
BrE
// =
Am
E /ÿ/
in w
ords
like
bur
n, re
turn
, urg
ent,
etc.
●
BrE
// =
Am
E /
/ in
wor
ds li
ke u
p, b
lood
, fro
nt, e
tc.
B
rE /
/ = A
mE
/ÿ/
in w
ords
like
wor
ry, h
urry
, cur
ry, e
tc.
For
exa
mpl
e B
rE /
wr/
= A
mE
/wÿr
/, B
rE /
hr/
= A
mE
/hÿr
/, et
c.
Exe
rcis
e 7.
Fill
in th
e co
rrec
t vow
el sy
mbo
l and
pro
noun
ce th
ese
wor
ds in
BrE
and
Am
E.
B
rE
Am
E
BrE
A
mE
(a
) Ric
hard
/r
t
d/
/rt
d/
(i) e
ver
/ev
/
/ev
/
(b) d
irt
/d
t/
/d
t/
(j)
serv
e /s
v
/ /s
v
/ (c
) hur
rica
ne
/h
rkn/
/h
rk
en/
(k) b
ucke
t /b
k
t/ /b
k
t/ (d
) doc
tor
/d
kt
/ /d
kt
/
(l)
forg
et
/f
et/
/f
et/
(e) c
urre
nt
/k
rnt
/ /k
r
nt/
(m
) scu
rry
/sk
r/
/sk
r/
(f) u
rban
/
b
n/
/
bn/
(n) e
arth
/
/
/
/ (g
) dol
lar
/d
l /
/d
l /
(o
) dan
ger
/de
nd
//d
end
/
(h) o
ven
/ v
n/
/ v
n/
(p
) sto
mac
h /s
t m
k//s
t m
k/
● B
rE /
/ = A
mE
/o/ i
n w
ords
like
go,
clo
se, n
o, e
tc.
● B
rE /
/, /e
/, /
/ = A
mE
/r/,
/er/,
/r/
in w
ords
like
fear
, bea
r, to
ur, e
tc.
● B
rE /a
/ = A
mE
// i
n w
ords
like
civ
iliza
tion,
org
aniza
tion,
etc
. (-iz
atio
n)
● B
rE w
ord-
final
/al/
= A
mE
/()l/
in so
me
2-sy
llabl
e w
ords
end
ing
in -i
le: f
ragi
le, m
issi
le, m
obile
, etc
.
PhD
r. Ra
dosl
av P
avlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
7 E
xerc
ise
8. L
iste
n to
the
fol
low
ing
wor
ds.
Are
the
y pr
onou
nced
in
BrE
or
Am
E? C
ircle
the
cor
rect
an
swer
. (a
) slo
w
BrE
A
mE
(e
) fra
gile
B
rEA
mE
(b) y
ear
BrE
A
mE
(f
) air
line
BrE
Am
E
(c) c
ivili
zatio
n B
rE
Am
E
(g) s
hare
B
rEA
mE
(d) h
ostil
e B
rE
Am
E
(h) c
oast
B
rEA
mE
PhD
r. Ra
dosl
av P
avlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
8
CO
NSO
NA
NT
S Q
: Wha
t is a
con
sona
nt?
Giv
e so
me
exam
ples
. ●
In B
rE (R
P), t
he le
tter ‘
r’ is
pro
noun
ced
only
whe
n fo
llow
ed b
y a
vow
el (i
n pr
onun
ciat
ion)
, e.g
. rat
,
far a
way
, unr
easo
nabl
e, e
tc.
In
Am
E (G
A),
the
lette
r ‘r’
is a
lway
s pro
noun
ced,
and
it c
an fu
nctio
n ei
ther
as a
vow
el o
r a c
onso
nant
,
e.g
. tea
cher
, for
get,
hear
, rid
e, e
tc.
● Th
e co
nson
ant /
r/ ha
s a d
iffer
ent q
ualit
y in
BrE
and
Am
E.
B
rE p
osta
lveo
lar
Am
E re
trofle
x
A
mE
bunc
hed
●
BrE
uns
tress
ed in
terv
ocal
ic /t
/ = A
mE
/ t /
(fla
pped
/t/ –
a v
oice
d so
und
betw
een
/d/ a
nd /
/) in
wor
ds
lik
e ei
ghty
, lat
er, g
et o
ut, e
tc.
● B
rE u
nstre
ssed
/nt/
or /
nt/ =
Am
E /n
(t)/ o
r /n(
t)ÿ/
in w
ords
like
ple
nty,
win
ter,
etc.
●
BrE
sequ
ence
s /tju
/, /d
ju/,
/nju
/, et
c. =
Am
E /t(
j)u/,
/d(j)
u/,
/n(j)
u/,
in w
ords
like
tune
, dut
y, n
ew, e
tc.
PhD
r. Ra
dosl
av P
avlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
9 E
xerc
ise
9. F
ill in
the
corr
ect c
onso
nant
sym
bol a
nd p
rono
unce
thes
e w
ords
in B
rE a
nd A
mE.
BrE
A
mE
B
rE
Am
E
(a) a
tom
/
m
/ /
m
/
(i) a
bilit
y /
bl
/
/b
l
/ (b
) tw
enty
/t
wen
/
/tw
en
/
(j) d
entis
t /d
en
st/
/den
st
/ (c
) due
/d
u/
/d u
/
(k) T
uesd
ay
/t u
zd(e
)/
/t u
zd(e
)/
(d) a
rtic
le
/
kl/
/
kl/
(l)
mat
ter
/m
/ /m
ÿ/
(e) i
nter
natio
nal
/n
n
nl/
/n
ÿnnl
/
(m) c
entr
e /s
en
/ /s
en ÿ/
(f) re
sidu
e /r
ezd
u/
/rez
d u
/
(n) m
etal
/m
e l
/ /m
e l
/ (g
) com
pute
r /k
mpj
u
/ /k
mpj
u ÿ/
(o
) neu
tral
/n
utr
l/ /n
utr
l/ (h
) ent
er
/en
/
/en
ÿ/
(p
) par
ty
/p
/ /p
/
STR
ESS
●
In B
rE, t
he w
ord-
final
sequ
ence
s -ar
y, -b
erry
, -or
y, a
nd -m
ony
are
unst
ress
ed, i
n A
mE
they
hav
e
seco
ndar
y st
ress
: m
ilita
ry:
B
rE /
ml
tr/ –
Am
E /m
lte
r/
blac
kber
ry:
BrE
/bl
kb(
)r/ –
Am
E /b
lk
ber/
la
vato
ry:
B
rE /
lv
tr/ –
Am
E /l
vt
r/
test
imon
y:
BrE
/te
stm
n/ –
Am
E /t
est
mo
n/
PhD
r. Ra
dosla
v Pa
vlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
10●
2-sy
llabl
e ve
rbs e
ndin
g in
-ate
hav
e st
ress
on
the
first
sylla
ble
in A
mE,
but
on
the
seco
nd in
BrE
. di
ctat
e: B
rE /d
kte
t/ –
Am
E /d
kte
t/ do
nate
: BrE
/dne
t/ –
Am
E /d
one
t/ ●
Som
e w
ords
(sim
ple
or c
ompo
und)
hav
e a
diff
eren
t stre
ss p
atte
rn in
BrE
and
Am
E:
café
:
BrE
/k
fe/ –
Am
E /k
fe/,
/kfe
/ w
eeke
nd:
B
rE /
wik
end/
– A
mE
/wik
end/
ic
e-cr
eam
: B
rE /
ask
rim
/ – A
mE
/ask
rim
/ Ex
erci
se 1
0. F
ill in
the
mis
sing
sym
bols
and
pla
ce st
ress
(prim
ary
or se
cond
ary)
cor
rect
ly o
n th
ese
wor
ds.
B
rE
Am
E
(a) c
erem
ony
/ ser
m
n /
/ ser
m
n /
(b) b
alle
t / b
le /
/ b le
/ (c
) dic
tiona
ry
/ dk
r
/ / d
k
r /
(d) l
ocat
e / l
ket /
/ l
oke
t /
(e) m
agaz
ine
/ mzi
n /
/ mzi
n /
(f) c
ateg
ory
/ kt
r /
/ kt
r
/(g
) pea
nut b
utte
r / p
int b
t /
/ pin
t btÿ /
(h) m
igra
te
/ ma
ret /
/ m
are
t /
(i) st
raw
berr
y / s
trb(
)r /
/ str
ber
/
PhD
r. Ra
dosl
av P
avlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
11
NO
N-S
YST
EMA
TIC
PR
ON
UN
CIA
TIO
N D
IFFE
REN
CES
Th
ere
is a
num
ber
of w
ords
whi
ch c
anno
t be
tra
nsfo
rmed
fro
m B
rE t
o A
mE
by m
eans
of
sim
ple
syst
emat
ic ru
les.
Her
e ar
e so
me
exam
ples
. ad
vert
isem
ent:
B
rE /
dv
tsm
nt/ –
Am
E /
dvÿt
azm
nt/
depo
t:
BrE
/ de
p/ –
Am
E /d
ipo
/ va
se:
B
rE /v
z/ –
Am
E /v
es/
Q
: How
man
y di
ffere
nces
can
you
iden
tify
in th
e Br
E an
d Am
E pr
onun
ciat
ion
of th
e w
ord
‘adv
ertis
emen
t’?
Exe
rcis
e 11
. Pro
noun
ce th
ese
wor
ds. D
eter
min
e w
hich
pro
nunc
iatio
n is
Brit
ish
and
whi
ch is
Am
eric
an.
(a)
leis
ure
/le
/ /l
iÿ/
(b)
eith
er
/iÿ/
/a/
(c)
glac
ier
/l
s/
/le
ÿ/ (d
) la
bora
tory
/l
brt
r/
/lb
rtr
/ (e
) m
oust
ache
/m
st/
/mst
/ (f
) sc
hedu
le
/ed
jul/
/ske
du
l/ (g
) to
mat
o /t
me
to/
/tm
t/
(h)
figur
e /f
/ /f
jÿ/
(i)
reco
rd (n
.) /r
ekÿd
/ /r
ekd/
(j)
ze
bra
/zeb
r/
/zib
r/
(k)
prog
ress
/p
rre
s/
/pr
res/
(l)
M
osco
w
/msk
a/
/msk
/
PhD
r. Ra
dosl
av P
avlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
12K
ey to
Exe
rcis
e 1.
Sp
eake
r 1: B
ritis
h Pr
esid
ent O
bam
a ha
s ann
ounc
ed th
at 3
4 th
ousa
nd tr
oops
will
be
with
draw
n fr
om A
fgha
nist
an b
y th
e en
d of
nex
t sum
mer
. B
rE
/t/
/f
/ → /f
/ /fr
m/ →
/fr
m/
/f
nst
n/
/v/
→ /
v/
/sm
/ A
mE
/ÿt
/ /f
r/ →
/fÿ/
/frm
/ → /f
rm
//
fn
stn/
/v/
→ /
v/
/sm
ÿ/ Sp
eake
r 2: A
mer
ican
La
st m
onth
Pre
side
nt O
bam
a as
ked
for 8
0 m
illio
n do
llars
...
BrE
/l
st/
/sk
t/ /f
/ → /f
/ /e
t/
/dl
z/
Am
E /l
st/
/sk
t/ /f
r/ →
/fÿ/
/et/
/d
lÿz
/ Sp
eake
r 3: B
ritis
h Ex
pert
s are
war
ning
that
new
type
s of b
acte
ria
are
beco
min
g a
prob
lem
in h
ospi
tals
. B
rE
/eks
pts
/ /w
nŋ/
/n
ju/
/v/
→ /
v/
/bk
tr
/ /
/ → /
/ /p
rbl
m/
/hsp
tlz/
Am
E /e
kspÿt
s/
/wrn
ŋ/
/nu
/ /
v/ →
/v/
/b
ktr
/ /
r/ →
/ÿ/
/pr
blm
//h
sptlz
/ Sp
eake
r 4: A
mer
ican
Ru
ssia
n sc
ient
ists
say
the
y’ve
rev
ived
a p
lant
tha
t w
as p
rese
rved
in
the
froz
en g
roun
d of
Sib
eria
for
mor
e th
an 3
0 th
ousa
nd y
ears
. B
rE
/pl
nt/
/wz/
→ /w
z/
/pr
zvd
/ /f
/ → /f
/ /m
/ /
t/
/jz/
A
mE
/pl
nt/
/wz/
→ /w
z/
/pr
zÿv
d/
/fr/ →
/fÿ/
/mr/
/ÿt
/ /j
rz/
Spea
ker 5
: Brit
ish
A tr
ain
driv
er w
ho d
rank
a b
ottle
of w
hisk
ey w
hile
on
duty
has
bee
n ja
iled
for 1
35 d
ays.
BrE
/d
rav
/ /b
tl/
/v/
→ /
v/
/n/
/d
jut/
/h
z/ →
/(h)
z/
/bi(
)n/
/f/ →
/f/
/t/
A
mE
/dra
vÿ/
/btl/
/
v/ →
/v/
/
n//d
ut/
/h
z/ →
/(h)
z/
/bn/
/f
r/ →
/fÿ/
/ÿt
/
PhD
r. Ra
dosl
av P
avlík
, PhD
.
Com
eniu
s Uni
vers
ity, B
ratis
lava
, Slo
vaki
a
13R
ecom
men
ded
liter
atur
e:
BA
ILEY
, R.W
. and
GÖ
RLA
CH
, M. (
eds.)
(198
2). E
nglis
h as
a W
orld
Lan
guag
e. A
nn A
rbor
: The
Uni
vers
ity o
f Mic
higa
n Pr
ess.
BR
ON
STEI
N, A
. J. (
1960
). Th
e Pr
onun
ciat
ion
of A
mer
ican
Eng
lish.
An
Intr
oduc
tion
to P
hone
tics.
New
Yor
k: A
pple
ton-
Cen
tury
-C
rofts
, Inc
. C
ALV
ERT,
D.R
. (19
86).
Des
crip
tive
Phon
etic
s, 2n
d ed
ition
. New
Yor
k: T
hiem
e, In
c.
GIM
SON
, A. C
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RU
TTEN
DEN
, A. (
1994
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imso
n’s P
ronu
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nglis
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ard
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IP
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999)
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dboo
k of
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l Pho
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HN
SON
, K. (
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hone
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osto
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adsw
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AD
DIE
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e So
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ord:
Bla
ckw
ell P
ublis
hing
. LA
VER
, J. (
1994
). Pr
inci
ples
of P
hone
tics.
Cam
brid
ge: C
ambr
idge
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
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VLÍ
K, R
. (20
03).
A Th
eore
tical
Intr
oduc
tion
to E
nglis
h Ph
onet
ics a
nd P
hono
logy
. Bra
tisla
va: R
etaa
s. PU
LLU
M, G
. K. &
LA
DU
SAW
, W. A
. (19
96).
Phon
etic
Sym
bol G
uide
, 2nd
edi
tion.
Chi
cago
– L
ondo
n: T
he U
nive
rsity
of C
hica
go
Pres
s. R
OA
CH
, P. (
2009
). En
glis
h Ph
onet
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hono
logy
, 4th
edi
tion.
Cam
brid
ge: C
ambr
idge
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
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EVEN
S, K
. N. (
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oust
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hone
tics.
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he M
IT P
ress
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FFA
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AR
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hone
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ew Y
ork:
McG
raw
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k C
ompa
ny.
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IE, G
. (20
02).
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trod
uctio
n to
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eric
an E
nglis
h. O
xfor
d: B
lack
wel
l Pub
lishi
ng.
TRU
DG
ILL,
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AN
NA
H,
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nal
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ish:
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uide
to
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etie
s of
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ndar
d En
glis
h, 2
nd e
ditio
n. L
ondo
n:
Edw
ard
Arn
old.
R
ecom
men
ded
gene
ral-p
urpo
se d
ictio
nari
es:
Oxf
ord
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ance
d Le
arne
r’s D
ictio
nary
C
ambr
idge
Adv
ance
d Le
arne
r’s D
ictio
nary
Lo
ngm
an D
ictio
nary
of C
onte
mpo
rary
Eng
lish
Mac
mill
an E
nglis
h D
ictio
nary
for A
dvan
ced
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ecia
lized
pro
nunc
iatio
n di
ctio
nari
es:
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LS, J
. (20
08).
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man
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nunc
iatio
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ictio
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rson
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gman
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NES
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). En
glis
h Pr
onou
ncin
g D
ictio
nary
, 18t
h ed
ition
. Edi
ted
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. Roa
ch, J
. Set
ter,
and
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ling.
Cam
brid
ge
U
nive
rsity
Pre
ss
