The Regular past: Pronunciation and spelling

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Verbs in regular past always end in -d in their spelling, but the pronunciation of the past ending is not always the same:

Key underlined = spelling change from base form

Pronounced / d / in the past:

'b' bribed, described, robbed, rubbed

‘g' begged, dragged, plugged tugged

'ng’ banged, belonged, longed

'nge' arranged, changed, exchanged

'dge' damaged, emerged, judged, managed

'I’ called, filled, pulled, smiled, travelled

‘m’ assumed, claimed, combed

'n’ cleaned, explained, listened, opened

vowel + 'r' answered, appeared, dared

‘v’ arrived, lived, loved, moved, proved

'z’ accused, closed, excused, refused

'th' bathed, lathed

'ay' delayed, obeyed, played, weighed

'ee' agreed, freed, guaranteed

'oy' annoyed, destroyed, employed, enjoyed

'cry' cried, denied, dried, fried, qualified, replied, satisfied, terrified, tried

'bury’ buried, carried, hurried, married, worried

'o/ow' borrowed, followed, showed, videoed

'ue' argued, continued, rescued, reviewed

Pronounced /t / in the past:

/k/ asked, joked, liked, locked, looked, picked, talked, thanked, walked, worked

/s/ addressed, crossed, danced, discussed, faced, guessed, missed

/ʧ/ matched, reached, switched, touched

/ʃ/ crashed, finished, pushed, washed

/f/ coughed, laughed, stuffed

/p/ camped, developed, dropped, helped, hoped, jumped, shopped, stopped

/x/ axed, boxed, foxed, relaxed, waxed

Pronounced / ıd/ in the past:

base form ending in / d / added, afforded, attended, avoided, decided, ended, handed, included, mended, minded, needed, provided, reminded, skidded

base form ending in /t/

admitted, attempted, collected, completed, counted, dated, educated, excited, expected, greeted, hated, insisted, invited, lifted, painted, posted, printed, rested, shouted, started, tasted, visited, waited, wanted, wasted